Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Clinkers (ciments)'
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Bouraoui, Slaheddine. "Effet des sulfates alcalins sur les propriétés des ciments avec et sans superplastifiant." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 1997.
Find full textBresciani, Christophe. "Transcrire en toutes lettres les symboles spéciaux : simulation numérique de l'hydratation et du développement des propriétés physiques et mécaniques d'une pâte de ciment afin de sélectionner de nouveaux ajouts minéraux." Paris, ENMP, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ENMP1605.
Full textThe desire to preserve the environment is becoming more and more important in our societies. The setting up of the search for the so-called sustainable development reflects this commitment. To follow this way of sustainable development, governments are putting the industries under an ever-increasing pressure to reduce the various pollutions they generate. In the case of the cement industry, CO2 emissions and consumption of raw materials are mainly referred to reduce its environmental impact. The development of cement with mineral additions, mostly spawned from industrial processes, is a way of reducing the amount of clinker in Portland cement and therefore decreasing emissions. Such cements already exist and use industrial by-products such as blast furnace slag, silica fume or fly ash. Moreover, these cements with additions are interesting because they have specific properties, very different from CEM I type Portland cements. This last point of the specific properties of cement with additions associated with the increasing pressure of sustainable development constitutes the basement on which is built the thesis. Our work aims at developing a methodology for development of cement with mineral additions. Such a methodology would allow cement manufacturers to develop new products while walking the line of sustainable development by promoting by-products of other industries. The originality of our methodology rely on maximum use of numerical tools and simulation as a replacement of experimental works that are the main part of studies that aim at developing such cements. The main interests of our approach are cost and time reductions for cement development. Development times can be very long when they include durability studies. The work done for the thesis has first consisted in giving the methodology a functional realty. This methodology is split in three successive steps for testing the relevance of an industrial by-product as a potential addition in cement. To do this, three softwares were selected : • CHESS, a geochemical computing code, used for the first step, • VCCTL, cement paste microstructure generating code, used for the second step, • HYTEC, reactive transport simulation code, used for the third step. We had to adapt those softwares to their use in the field of the methodology in order to establish a synergy of operation between them. This adaptation has led us to perform a significant modification of the VCCTL source code in order to expand its capacity to take into account unknown additions. The work has then focused on the practical validation of the methodology by its confrontation with the results of experimental studies. This practical validation was initially focused on an OPC and then on blends of OPC with either blast furnace slag or fly ash circulating fluidized bed (CVLFC). The results achieved confirm the interest of the approach but they are also letting foresee the current limitations mostly linked to the numerical tools
Anwander, Alfred. "Segmentation d'images couleur par un opérateur gradient vectoriel multiéchelle et contour actif : application à la quantification des phases minéralogiques du clinker de cimen." Lyon, INSA, 2001. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2001ISAL0062/these.pdf.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is the quantification of cement clinker phases by analysis of color images acquired with an optical microscope. The segmentation of the crystals is approached in a double way adapted to industrial constraints. The first introduces an orignal computation of the color gradient for images acquired with a standard mono-CCD color camera. These multispectral images have the particularity of a reduced resolution of color components compared to that of luminance. The adaptation of a multiscale approach and weighting of the components are integrated in a new multiscale color gradient (MCG) operator. Comparative studies with classical techniques in the domain of edge detection, show the contribution of the MCG. The second original model concerns image segmentation by deformable contours of “balloon” type. Our model stabilizes the deformation by normalizing the contour length at each iteration. This allows big deformations of the contour without re-sampling of the contour, which is necessary in the classical approach. The algorithm is faster, more robust and allows an initial contour which is far from the final contour. The software developed in partnership with the company “Lafarge Ciments” integrates the different color image processing techniques. Pre-processing of the images, segmentation by edge detection using the MCG of the microscopic color images and edge closing. The homogeneous regions segmentation in this way are classified using color and texture parameters. The system computes a quantification of the three clinker phases and a statistical analysis of the crystal dimensions. It replaces long and tiring manual measurements and allows a high quality production by more frequent measurements at the exit of the cement kiln
Peysson, Sandrine. "Contribution à l'étude de la Stabilisation de Déchets par du Ciment Sulfo-alumineux." Lyon, INSA, 2005. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2005ISAL0008/these.pdf.
Full textCalcium sulfoaluminate cement is mainly composed of yeelimite known to be a precursor of ettringite formation. Ettringite is able to incorporate several heavy metals by isomorphous substitutions without altering its crystalline structure. The design of a binder required for immobilising heavy metals was undertaken. The hydration study of clinker, and cement containing 4 amounts of gypsum has been carried out by means of XRD, DTA and IR spectrometry. It was pointed out that the addition of gypsum enhances hydration. Two binders were selected : 80/20 and 70/30. The immobilisation of 7 pollutants was very successfull. Nevertheless, damages appeared with the binder 70/30 containing sodium chromate and dichromate : sodium caused activation of yeelimite reactivity and important dissolution of gypsum leading to important ettringite production. With a great amount of gypsum (30 %), dissolution led to secondary ettringite formation which damaged the hardened paste. Adding polyol enhances the retention of sodium chromate. On the other hand, the immobilisation of two types of weakly radioactive wastes supplied by CEA has been made. Results obtained in terms of setting time, compressive strength and leaching were excellent
Peysson, Sandrine Pera Jean Ambroise Jean. "Contribution à l'étude de la Stabilisation de Déchets par du Ciment Sulfo-alumineux." Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2005. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=peysson.
Full textRomilliat, Elodie. "Etude des modes d'action d'agents de mouture sur le broyage du clinker." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012209.
Full textNous avons montré que ces deux produits agissent aussi favorablement sur le rendement du broyage d'autres minéraux tels que le calcaire et le laitier. Leur mode d'action n'est pas dépendant de la nature du milieu de broyage puisque Mi et F sont efficaces dans des bols de broyage en acier ou en alumine.
Leur mode d'action est lié à l'amélioration de la désagglomération de la poudre au cours du broyage grâce à un effet dispersant sur le clinker.
Anwander, Alfred Neyran Bruno Baskurt Atilla. "Segmentation d'images couleur par un opérateur gradient vectoriel multiéchelle et contour actif application à la quantification des phases minéralogiques du clinker de ciment /." Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2005. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=anwander.
Full textChampenois, Jean-Baptiste. "Etude de l’hydratation des ciments sulfo-alumineux par des solutions de borate de sodium : de la spéciation du bore au retard à l'hydratation." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20252/document.
Full textIn the primary circuit of pressurized water reactors, boron helps controlling the fission reactions. The treatment of this solution produces aqueous low-level or intermediate-level and short lived radioactive with a high boron concentration (up to 1 to 3 mol/L). Stabilization/solidification of such wastes with calcium silicate cement is complicated by the strong retarding effect of borate ions on cement hydration. A calcium hydroxide addition is required to precipitate borate ions into hexahydroborite. With this approach, the hydration delay is limited, but not suppressed. Besides, hexahydroborite is unstable in the cement paste and is progressively converted into a hydrated calcium boroaluminate phase. Another strategy may consist in using belite calcium sulfoaluminate cement with high ye'elimite content. During hydration, this binder forms indeed large amounts of AFm and/or AFt phases which can incorporate borate ions into their structure.In this work, hydration of calcium sulfoaluminate cement by borated solutions was investigated at early age, and over a 2-year period, in order to determine the influence of a set of parameters (boron concentration and pH of the waste, gypsum content of the cement) on the hydration rate of the binder, on the phase assemblage formed, and on the properties of the resulting material (mechanical strength, volume change). An analytical approach was adopted, based on a progressive increase in the complexity of the investigated systems. The focus was successively placed on the speciation of boron in alkaline solution, on the study of the phases formed within the {CaO, B2O3, Na2O, H2O}, {CaO, B2O3, Al2O3, H2O} and {CaO, Al2O3, B2O3, SO3, H2O} systems, and on the characterization of cement pastes prepared with a borate solution which mimicked the waste. The experimental approach was completed by thermodynamic modelling using a database specially developed for the needs of the study. Gypsum appears to play a key role in controlling the reactivity of cement. The gypsum addition sets, by an indirect mechanism, the interstitial solution pH at a value close to 11, which promotes the precipitation of a poorly crystallized borated compound, ulexite. Dissolution of the anhydrous phases is strongly slowed down until the exhaustion of gypsum, and major delays are observed. Without any gypsum, the hydration delay is shorter. Under these conditions, the pore solution pH reaches higher values after mixing. Ulexite is consequently quickly destabilized. Borate anions are then incorporated into a mixed borate/sulphate AFt type phase. It appears that calcium sulfoaluminate cements with low gypsum contents should be recommended to solidify borated solutions
Wang, Jia. "Hydration mechanism of cements based on low-CO2 clinkers containing belite, ye’elimite and calcium alumino-ferrite." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10169/document.
Full textThe objective of this work was to better understand the hydration mechanisms of cements belonging to the family of BCSAF cement in order to develop simple mechanistic models which can help us to optimise mixtures of BCSAF clinker and other compounds for specific applications. The studied cements were made from a clinker containing 52% of belite, 33% of ye’elimite and 14% of a ferrite phase and various amounts of anhydrite and limestone. From the Detailed investigation of the hydration of cement containing 95% of clinker and 5% of anhydrite, it has been demonstrated that the mechanism of hydration has two main successive periods of hydration: the beginning of hydration is controlled by ye’elimite and anhydrite, while the remaining of hydration is governed by belite and the ferrite phase that react with some of the hydrates formed during the first period. It is C2ASH8 nucleation rate that governs the beginning of the hydration of belite. The main parameter that governs the nucleation rate of strätlingite is [SO4]2- that has to be low. C-S-H does not form as the initial hydrate for belite hydration due to the inhibition effect of high aluminate concentration on C-S-H nucleation. As a consequence, this is indirectly the sulphate concentration that controls the beginning of belite hydration and thus the reactions leading to its reduction, mainly the hydration of ye’elimite to form ettringite. Globally it is once ye’elimite has been completely reacted that strätlingite may nucleate. A synergy between the reactions of belite and ferrite is found to accelerate the formation of later hydrate, hydrogarnet and C-S-H at the expense of strätlingite.A similar mechanism of hydration has been found for cements having higher anhydrite contents at the exception of cements that have more anhydrite than the theoretical anhydrite content to consume all ye’elimite to form ettringite. For the former cements, more anhydrite can strongly delay the second period of the hydration where both belite and ferrite react. In the later cases, the mechanism of hydration is quite different as belite does start to react till the beginning of hydration certainly forming either a Si containing ettringite or C-S-H. The influence of 15% of limestone was investigated on the cement containing 95% of clinker and 5% of anhydrite. The results showed that limestone did not change the first period involving anhydrite and ye’elimite, but strongly delayed the beginning of the second period where both belite and ferrite hydrate. This may be due to a delayed nucleation of strätlingite induced by a longer period having higher [SO4]2- as ettringite is stabilised by the precipitation of carbonated AFm at the expense of calcium monosulfoaluminate hydrate, thanks to the carbonate ions brought by limestone. Finally some perspectives are given in order to reduce the duration of the first period and then to enable the hydration of both belite and ferrite more rapidly
Boulot, Karine. "Les éléments mineurs dans le procédé cimentier." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPL149N.
Full textLoock, Sébastien. "Cinématique, déformation et mise en place des laves." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00730519.
Full textKrour, Hichem. "Recyclage du ciment dans le ciment : incorporation des déchets de construction et de démolition dans le cru cimentier." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0008.
Full textThe European "SeRaMCo" project aims to manufacture precast concrete elements containing recycled aggregates and "recycled" cement. This cement is obtained by incorporating construction and demolition waste into its raw material, in particular the fine fraction which is the richest in hardened cement paste. This PhD thesis provided a better understanding of the impact of the chemical and mineralogical variability of recycled aggregates on the incorporation rate and on the proportion of other raw materials. Laboratory syntheses and associated characterizations allowed to follow the evolution of the mineralogy during the rise in temperature and for several types and rates of recycled aggregates. Tests, including transmission electron microscopy, have also shown that for a high rate of incorporation, the presence of quartz, feldspar and ceramic can affect the burnability of the cement raw meal and the reaction mechanisms. In partnership with the cement manufacturer VICAT, the work has shown that it is possible to produce an industrial "recycled" cement with usual properties by adjusting the manufacturing process as needed or by reducing the rate of incorporation. Even a limited incorporation rate allows to recover easily the waste available on a regional scale from a cement plant while preserving its natural resources. This work also offers new perspectives for the recovery of other materials in cement works and the study of their reactivity
Girod-Labianca, Caroline. "Modélisation thermodynamique des diagrammes de phases des clinkers de ciments Portland : étude de l'influence des éléments mineurs : cas du phosphore." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066158.
Full textBresciani, Christophe. "Simulation numérique de l'hydratation et du développement des propriétés physiques et mécaniques d'une pâte de ciment afin de sélectionner de nouveaux ajouts minéraux." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005221.
Full textSauvaget, Cyrille. "Influence du rapport molaire SO3/K2O du clinker sur sa réactivité chimique et son ouvrabilité." Dijon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DIJOS052.
Full textVan, Rompaey Gilles. "Etude de la réactivité des ciments riches en laitier, à basse température et à temps court, sans ajout chloruré." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210780.
Full textPar ailleurs, au cours de ces dernières années, certaines considérations telles que le réchauffement climatique et le développement durable ont mis à mal les industries qui émettent des gaz à effets de serre et qui sont grosses consommatrices d’énergie.
Or, la production de ciment Portland n’est pas uniquement consommatrice de calcaires, d’argiles, de marnes et de combustibles fossiles, elle produit et libère ces gaz à effets de serre tels que le dioxyde de carbone (CO2) et l’hémioxyde nitreux (N2O). Le dioxyde de soufre (SO2), l’acide chlorhydrique (HCl) ainsi que d’autres oxydes d’azote (NOx) sont également émis lors du processus de fabrication du clinker. Le secteur des matériaux de construction contribue de façon importante aux émissions de CO2, le principal responsable du réchauffement climatique.
La problématique majeure de l’industrie cimentière provient d’un simple processus chimique de transformation :la décarbonatation du calcaire ou de la craie, débutant vers 550°C, qui forme de la chaux (CaO) et qui libère du dioxyde de carbone selon la réaction suivante :
CaCO3 =\
Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation géologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Gineys, Nathalie. "Influence de la teneur en éléments métalliques sur les propriétés techniques et environnementales du ciment Portland." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10111/document.
Full textThe use of Portland cement to immobilise waste through the process of stabilization / solidification is particularly effective. However, the treatment of numerous wastes containing a high content in metallic elements is still problematic. Indeed, some elements may modify the reactivity of Portland cement. For example, waste from nuclear activities which contain large amounts of zinc chloride, are known to completely inhibit the reactivity of Portland cement. One solution to solve this problem would be to use an alternative method to valorise these wastes without affecting the technical and environmental properties of cement. The work investigates the potential of immobilisation in cement kilns during the process of clinker sintering wastes highly contaminated in metallic elements. Three main aspects were considered. The first one dealt with the maximum amounts (threshold limits) of trace elements that could be incorporated into the clinker. The second step consisted to compare the potential of waste immobilisation through the stabilization / solidification process and during the sintering process. Finally, a more complex system simulating wastes containing several main metallic elements was investigated. The objective was to assess whether this type of waste can be immobilise into clinker. It appeared that large amounts of metallic elements can be incorporated during the sintering process without affecting the reactivity and technical properties of the Portland cement. In addition, preliminary results suggest that the durability of the cement matrix could be improved because the metallic elements are largely incorporated into C-S-H
Berger, Stéphane. "Étude des potentialités des ciments sulfo-alumineux bélitiques pour le conditionnement du zinc : de l’hydratation à la durabilité." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10140/document.
Full textCalcium silicate cements are widely used for low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste conditioning. However, wastes produced by nuclear activities are very diverse and some of their components may chemically react with cement phases. For instance, ashes resulting from the incineration of technological wastes including neoprene and polyvinylchloride may contain substantial amounts of soluble zinc chloride. This compound is known to strongly delay or inhibit Portland cement setting. One approach to limit adverse cement-waste interactions is to select a binder showing a better compatibility with the waste while keeping cement matrix advantages (low cost, simple process, hydration with water provided by the waste…).This work thus investigates the potential of calcium sulfoaluminate cement for zinc ZnII immobilization. Four aspects were considered: hydration (kinetics and products formed), properties of hydrated binders, mechanisms of zinc retention and durability of the cement pastes (based on leaching experiments and modelling). The influence of three main parameters was assessed: the gypsum content of the cement, the concentration of ZnCl2 and the thermal evolution at early age.It follows that materials based on a calcium sulfoaluminate cement containing 20% gypsum are interesting candidates for zinc ZnII stabilization/solidification: there is no delay in hydration, mineralogy of the hydrated phases is slightly dependent on thermal history, mechanical strength is high, dimensional changes are limited and zinc ZnII is well immobilized, even if the cement paste is leached by pure water during a long period (90 d)
Jourdan, Julia. "Rôle de l’aluminium dans la réactivité pouzzolanique des métakaolins, replacé dans le contexte général de la pouzzolanicité pour des ciments à bas taux de CO2." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2024SORUS116.pdf.
Full textThe cement industry currently accounts for around 8% of global CO2 emissions, mainly from the Portland cement clinker manufacturing process. One way of effectively reducing the environmental impact of Portland cement is therefore to reduce the clinker content by using potentially hydraulic materials (PHM) (pozzolanic or latent hydraulic materials), which have a lower CO2 content and that can produce binding hydrates, as clinker, in the presence of water and lime. This thesis focuses specifically on kaolins. Through appropriate calcination and subsequent incorporation with calcium carbonate in LC3 cements, the clinker content can be reduced up to 50%. This reduction maintains performance levels comparable to CEM I cement, achieved through the pozzolanic reactivity of metakaolin and its synergistic impact with limestone.The high reactivity of metakaolins (or calcined kaolins) is acquired during calcination between 600 and 800°C, during which kaolin undergoes major structural transformations, moving from a crystallized structure (kaolinite) to a highly disordered, quasi-amorphous, structure (metakaolinite). Numerous studies have highlighted the changes in Al local environment during the calcination of kaolinite, observing Al transitions from octahedral sites in kaolinite to 5- and 4-coordination sites in metakaolinite. This change in Al coordination could be at the origin of the high reactivity of metakaolin compared to kaolin, or to other types of calcined clays (illite, montmorillonite, etc.), in which the presence of [5]Al has not been demonstrated. Thus, better knowledge of the role of aluminum in the structure of metakaolins, which is involved in the formation of binder hydrates (C-A-S-H, carboaluminates) during the hydration of LC3 cements, is essential for understanding their reactivity.The first aim of this thesis is to gain a better understanding of the structure of metakaolins, and the influence of the calcination process on this structure, using a multi-technique approach (XRD, TGA, FT-IR, etc.). Particular attention will be paid to the local environment around Al, using solid-state Al27 MAS-NMR and Al K-edge XANES spectroscopy. And secondly, to understand the structure-reactivity relationships and identify the role of Al in the reactivity of metakaolins, based on R3 reactivity tests by isothermal calorimetry and mechanical strength tests on LC3-type cements. The study is based on a sampling of different kaolins calcined at different temperatures using both a flash and a muffle furnace
Anger, Baptiste. "Caractérisation des sédiments fins des retenues hydroélectriques en vue d’une orientation vers des filières de valorisation matière." Caen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CAEN2034.
Full textSediment dredging is needed to ensure good operation of ports, waterways and reservoirs insofar as navigation or energy production is concerned. The analysis of feedback from experiments concerning beneficial uses of fine sediments dredged from marine and river environments, shows that sustainable solutions are very limited or do not exist. Land-based management of hydro-electric dams with sediments requires the integration of all resources existing in a given area. A sustainable approach to management of dredged material requires, inter alia, a change of point of view. Even if their status is that of waste, these materials deserve to be considered as a valuable potential alternative resource, bearing in mind the scarcity of natural mineral material. Therefore, this thesis proposes a global approach, adapted to dam fine sediments, to implement a decision-making tool in order to pre-screen sediments towards re-use channels. A study of five potential industrial sectors for reusing fine dam sediments was conducted, including cement works, concrete admixtures, road building, ceramics, and agriculture. It highlighted input specifications of fine dam sediments, and research on key parameters. An inventory was established for each of these industrial sectors, quoting related research works and applied engineering. These five sectors or channels were implemented and investigated in laboratory conditions using four hydroelectric dam fine sediments, representative of various typologies. First, a mineral, geotechnical and agronomic characterization was conducted, allowing to weigh sediments - industrial sectors or channels, considering input specifications of re-use objectives. Then, re-use tests followed, namely, manufacturing of a clinker, addition of sediments to a mortar, development of road material and manufacturing of a ceramic material, highlighting positive or negative characteristics of fine sediments in relation to various channels studied. A decision tool was implemented for preselecting re-use channels. It was designed from the identification and interpretation of pertinent technical criteria, and from minimal characterization of fine dam sediments. Finally, it is stressed that geographical proximity for possible re-use is of paramount importance
Brahim, Mohamed-Nadjib. "Utilisation de la spectrométrie Raman in situ pour la caractérisation de la carbonatation de liants cimentaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LORR0069.
Full textPortland cement is a commonly used cement in construction. Despite its advantages, its production releases high amounts of CO₂. To reduce the environmental impact of this material, many solutions were proposed. Among these, calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement. It can be considered as a sustainable alternative to the ordinary Portland cement (OPC), as CSA clinker production requires a lower firing temperature and produces less CO₂ than the OPC clinker. As with OPC, CSA cement is also concerned by carbonation. This reaction, which is one of the major causes of reinforcement corrosion, is one of the phenomena studied in order to predict the service life of a reinforced concrete structure. Many techniques can be used for the characterisation of cementitious materials carbonation, such as X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and measurement of carbonation depth using phenolphthalein indicator. However, these techniques can sometimes be destructive and some of them cannot be used for in situ measurements. The aim of this work is to study the carbonation of OPC and CSA cements by means of Raman spectroscopy, which is an unconventional technique in civil engineering. This is a non-destructive molecular characterisation technique, suitable for in situ measurements, and allowing the monitoring of reactions over time. This technique was used for the study of pastes made of these cements and pastes made of some cementitious phases, during their carbonation, using devices that allowed in situ and non-destructive monitoring of the core of the material. Thanks to this approach, the detection of the beginning of carbonation at a given depth of the material as well as some corresponding mineralogical changes was possible. It was also possible to measure the kinetic of this reaction experimentally, in the case of calcium sulfoaluminate cements. Results were compared to those obtained by conventional approaches
N'zi, Yoboué Guillaume. "Élaboration d'une plate-forme de calculs numériques d'un modèle d'état à la base d'une approche phénoménologique : cas d'un four rotatif de clinker." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30553/30553.pdf.
Full textThis study develops a mathematical platform going from the establishment of a knowledge database to the setting up of an adaptive model. This has required a new approach of modeling of the clinker rotary kiln (CRK). Thus, a state model of distributed parameter systems, based on physico-chemical phenomena, was designed using partial differential equations. The model structure is based on three state variables which are: the gas, clinker temperatures and the clinker mass distributions, and are elaborated with the help of heat, pressure and mass balance equations. The model parameters are defined by the functions of three state variables. Moreover, the resulting state model, decomposed into five phenomenological zones of CRK, is used as a first step to define a set of Operating Functions (OFs). These OFs has also been decomposed into longitudinal distribution of CRK to replace the constant, unknown or unmeasured parameters. We develop an identification procedure based on phenomenological and dimensional analysis where the identification of operational functions (model parameters) was performed from a stationary state of the CRK. Once the restores state variables have been evaluated, the desired input (which is treated as the control of the CRK) can be more easily found by the proposed model than by simple trial and error. Moreover, the fact that the computation time, to estimate-calibrate the OFs above-mentioned, is very short, then this dynamic computation works faster than real-time. In summary, the cooperation and coordination in real-time between industrial computers and the CRK allows for an adaptable model, where each specific set of the OFs must be analyzed by its accuracy.
Namoulniara, Diatto Kevin. "Etude expérimentale de la diffusion du CO2 et des cinétiques de carbonatation de matériaux cimentaires à faible dosage en clinker." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LAROS008/document.
Full textOne solution for reducing the environmental impact of concrete is to substitute a part of cement by mineral additions, such as granulated blast furnace slag. However, this substitution should not reduce the performances of concrete with respect to carbonation, one of the main ageing phenomena of reinforced concrete structures. Carbonation is a chemical reaction between the cement matrix and the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. In addition to the formation of calcium carbonate, this reaction results in a pH reduction of the pore solution and a risk of corrosion. Laboratory accelerated tests show a wide disparity between the carbonation resistance of high mechanical performances concretes with low porosity and the resistance of more porous and more usual ones. The objective of this thesis is to better understand the phenomenon of carbonation of cementitious materials, including those containing blast furnace slags. This work was carried out by decoupling the phenomena involved in carbonation that are gaseous diffusion, chemical reactions and water transfers. First, an experimental device for measuring the CO2 diffusion coefficient was developed. After validation, the latter was used in a parametric study carried out on cement pastes showing the influence of composition and carbonation on the diffusion coefficient. The second part of the thesis work focused on studying the kinetics of carbonation of pastes with respect to the degree of water saturation. Prior to carbonation, the studied pastes were conserved during a long period at various RH to achieve hydric equilibrium. The carbonation kinetics of small size samples of pastes was studied by means of monitoring of weight changes and thermogravimetric analyzes for identification of residual hydrates and formed carbonates. We have thus shown differences in behavior of hydrates and binders during carbonation involving the material microstructure
VALLET, DENIS. "Etude experimentale de la fragmentation de clinker de ciment : grain unique et empilement." Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066224.
Full textRoux, Bernard. "Mise au point d'une méthode d'analyse d'images qui reconnait et quantifie les phases de Clinker." Saint-Etienne, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993STET4002.
Full textKuryatnyk, Tetyana. "Insensibilisation à l'eau des mélanges à base de sulfate de calcium par ajout de clinker sulfo-alumineux." Lyon, INSA, 2007. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2007ISAL0062/these.pdf.
Full textBinders based on calcium sulfate are cheap but vulnerable in water due to their high solubility. The capacity of calcium sulfo-aluminate clinker to stabilize calcium sulfate based binders as well as the influence of the nature of calcium sulfate on the mechanical properties and microstructure of such materials were investigated. Waterproofing of gypsum based binders was carried out by addition of 30, 50 and 70 % of calcium sulfo-aluminate clinker. The present study compares the bihaviour of pastes containing respectively natural gypsum, recristallized gypsum, and β hemi-hydrate. The study of the hydration of calcium sulfate based binders containing 30, 50 and 70 % of calcium sulfo-aluminate clinker has been carried out by means of XRD, DTA, and IR spectrometry. It was pointed out that ettringite and gibbsite are the main hydrates that formed regardless of the calcium sulfate to calcium sulfo-aluminate clinker ratio or the nature of calcium sulfate. The main factors determining the microstructure and thus the physical properties and the durability of material were the following : W / C ratio, conditions of curing (water or in air), percentage of added calcium sulfo-aluminate clinker, and nature of calcium sulfate. From this study, it became possible to determine the minimal quantity (30 %) of calcium sulfo-aluminate clinker ensuring the stability in water of the different mixtures
Kuryatnyk, Tetyana Pera Jean Derevianko Viktor. "Insensibilisation à l'eau des mélanges à base de sulfate de calcium par ajout de clinker sulfo-alumineux." Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2007. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?&id=kuryatnyk.
Full textEsnault, Vivien. "Compréhension et modélisation du comportement du clinker de ciment lors du broyage par compression." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1027/document.
Full textNoindent Clinker is the material obtained by calcination of a mix of clay and limestone, and it is the main component of Portland cement, a crucial ingredient for the majority of concrete used around the world. This clinker must be finely ground to have a sufficient reactivity. Mastering the grinding process is a key issue in the cement industry: it is the first source of expense in terms of electric consumption in a factory, partially because of the overall inefficiency of the process. Compressive grinding techniques, first appeared during the 80's, allow major improvements in terms of energy efficiency, but the general implementation is yet to come, hindered by process control issues, especially for high fineness. The goal of this study is a better understanding of phenomenons occurring during compressive grinding of clinker, in order to provide better process control for industrial installations when dealing with fine products. We particularly choose to study the behaviour, on a fundamental point of view, of a granular material subjected to grain fragmentation, using the numerical simulation of an Elementary Representative Volume of material through Discrete Element Method (DEM). We also looked for a behaviour law able to provide a link between stress, strain, and grain size evolution for the ground material, using at the same time micromechanics and homogenization technique, and a semi-empirical mass balance model. Finally, we made first efforts in the direction of modelling the whole process through numerical simulation by Finite Element Method (FEM), in order to tackle the issue met by the industrials in operations
Serclerat, Ivan. "Les métaux traces dans le clinker de ciment Portland : rétention dans les mortiers et fixation dans les hydrates." Lyon, INSA, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ISAL0140.
Full textThis work aimed to assess the retention in the mortars of the heavy metals fed in a cement kiln with natural raw material, fossil fuels or waste derived fuels. Industrial cement has been studied, along with laboratory samples enriched during clinkering in lead, zinc and chromium. The relevant mortars were tested for metal release through leaching studies in various chemical contexts. Zinc appeared to be insoluble in the pH range 7-13. Lead is released only in alcaline medium above pH 12. 5. Hexavalent chromium whose salts are usually very soluble, is though retained in a hydrated phase that is stable in the chemical environment ensured by the cement matrix. Lead and chromium released are linked to the metal levels in the mortars. The solubility of the solid phases, in the chemical context of the pore fluid at the solid/liquid interface, appeared to be controlling the leaching rate of the metallic compounds. Fixation mechanisms of the heavy metals in the cement hydrates has been explored through the monitoring of the metal concentration in the liquid phase during cement hydration Chromate was found to substitute for sulfate in the ettringite crystal. The solubility studies of a chromate+sulfate ettringite revealed that chromium release is linked to its proportion in the crystal. A selective dissolution of the chromium part of ettringite has been pointed out. This Ieads to a lowering of the chromium level in such a solid contacted with water. These results improved the understanding of the release mechanisms of chromium by the mortar blocks
Faure, Antoine. "Capacité d'un sédiment à se substituer à la fraction argileuse de la matière première de l'industrie des liants hydrauliques." Thesis, Limoges, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0079/document.
Full textHydroelectric dams, as well as waterways and marine harbours, can be subject to solid particles accumulation. Although sediment is mainly managed within the watercourse by a transfer into the downstream river bed, technical or environmental reasons might imply an on-land management in the future. Albeit sediments should be considered as waste according to regulations, dredged materials appear as valuable and renewable resources. In a circular economy approach, some industrial sectors could beneficially reuse fine-grained dam sediment as alternative raw materials, including hydraulic binders industry. Then, two ways of reusing are considered in this PhD thesis with on one hand, a valorization as raw material in the clinker meal and, on the other hand, as pozzolanic substitute to clinker in blended cements.Studying 8 different sediments that were sampled on the French territory, the approach aims to encompass various contexts and define some typologies. The materials are characterized in detail on physico-chemical and mineralogical aspects. These preliminary characterisations are necessary in order to test both the beneficial reuse opportunities and check the suitability of dredged sediments.The beneficial reuse of sediment in the clinker raw meal as replacement of traditional clay resources is experimented at the lab scale. Clinkers that maximize the fine-grained sediment content, between 25 and 35 % according to the sediment, are synthetized. These clinkers exhibit some special microstructural features that can be corrected by a clay addition as a third compound. Thus, it is shown that any sediment can be reused in the raw meal and that clinker characteristics can be anticipated and adjusted. As a demonstration, a CEM I 52.5 N cement was obtained incorporating 11.4 % of sediment in the raw meal.Concerning pozzolanic reactivity development, physical and mineralogical sediment characteristics are followed according to the calcination temperature. In parallel, pozzolanic reactivity is assessed with both chemical and physical tests, with a partial substitution of Portland cement by calcined sediments in cement pastes, in order to determine an optimum calcination temperature. Kaolinite contents around 10 % for some of the studied samples lead to a moderate to high pozzolanic reactivity, that can be comparable to fly ash. However, for all the sediments that contain calcite and only illite and chlorite clays, activation is low or null
Gomes, Sylvio Dutra. "Incorporação de enxofre no silicato dicálcico do clínquer de cimento Portland: influência na estabilidade de polimorfos e na reatividade hidráulica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44144/tde-29062007-113021/.
Full textThe present study regards the incorporation of sulfur in dicalcium silicate (Ca2SiO4), a crystalline phase that represents 20 to 40 wt. % of the common Portland cement clinker. In the cement industry this compound is known as C2S (2CaO.SiO2) or belite. It has five polymorphs, and the monoclinic high temperature ?-C2S has the highest reactivity with water. The synthesis of the C2S samples was made with high purity reactants with addition of sulfur as CaSO4.2H2O, mixed according to the stoichiometric proportion 2Ca:(1-x)Si:xS, in which x corresponds to the cationic proportion of sulfur, with the values 0; 0.05; 0.3; 0.6; 0.1 and 0.2. The composition of the samples, as well as the cell parameters of the C2S polymorphs, was determined with the Rietveld method using X-ray diffraction data. Determination of micro-deformation and crystallite average size was made by peak profile function refinement, after calibration of the instrument with a cerium oxide standard. Micro-deformation values show a positive correlation with the sulfur content in the C2S structure. The reactivity of C2S with water was measured by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of the heat of hydration. The results reveal a higher reactivity and consequently higher rate of portlandite formation after hydration, in samples with increasing sulfur contents. The presence of sulfur in the C2S structure stabilizes the high temperature polymorph ?-C2S. The highest SO3 incorporation in C2S, replacing SiO2, is 5 mol%, according to mass balance calculations with chemical composition obtained by X-ray fluorescence. The presence of sulfur caused a rogressive variation in the cell parameters: up to 0.1% (Å) in the crystallographic axis (a, b, c) and 0.4% in the ? angle. This variation suggests a substitutional solid solution between Si and S in the C2S structure.
Escadeillas, Gilles. "Les ciments aux fillers calcaires : contribution a leur optimisation par l'etude des proprietes mecaniques et physiques des betons fillerises." Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30053.
Full textMungyeko, Bisulandu Baby-Jean Robert. "Modélisation de l'apport d'énergie par combustibles alternatifs dans les fours tournants de production de ciment." Thesis, Pau, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PAUU3001/document.
Full textBecause of the depletion of fossil fuels and because of its increasing cost, waste has been used as alternative fuels in cement rotary kilns for several years. In order to fulfill the requirements of environmental protection and quality of the final product, it is necessary to understand and quantify the different processes occurring in the kiln.As part of this thesis, we focused on the partial substitution of waste (used tires and Refuse Derived Fuel "RDF") and biomass (agricultural residues) in rotary kilns producing cement at a rate of 50 % of energy supply. This thesis project was funded by the Democratic Republic of Congo, led by Kongo University (UK), as part of the capacity building of Congolese universities. The research work was carried out within the Laboratory of Thermal, Energy and Processes (LaTEP) of the National School of Engineering in Industrial Technologies (ENSGTI) /University of Pau, with the aim of to study and understand the thermochemical phenomena taking place in rotary kilns for the production of cement, in the case of partial substitution of fossil fuels by alternative fuels. For this, a mathematical model with two sub-models has been established:- The stationary one-dimensional model of the bed of solids and furnace casing, characterized in its first part by the mixing of cement flour, waste and / or biomass, and gas, and while in its second part by thermal exchanges. The modeling work is performed using the Fortran 90 programming language in which the conservation equations for mass, species and energy, the load transport equation, and the algebraic equations are implemented.- The unsteady three-dimensional model relies on the use of digital fluid mechanics, and the Fluent commercial tool has been retained to represent the processes taking place above the free surface of the bed.The complete model is the coupling between the two sub models, because of the exchanges that take place there.Two large groups of simulations have been realized in this thesis: the one-dimensional case and the global case (Model 1D-3D model coupling). In both situations, the simulations were carried out in the case of operation with heavy fuel oil alone, then in the case of operation with partial substitution of the fossil fuel by alternative fuels. For the one-dimensional model, the simulations were performed by imposing the heat flux in the free surface of the bed and in the exposed wall. Whereas for the global model, the simulations were performed considering the heat flux densities associated with physico-chemical phenomena (combustion of heavy fuel oil, radiation, turbulence) taking place in the volume of gas located above the free surface of the bed.The results thus obtained allowed us to conclude on the importance of carrying out an experimental study in a pilot scale furnace in order to be able to have orders of magnitude of the different heat flows within the rotating furnace. The results obtained also allowed us to realize the necessity to model the exact geometry (location) of the burner in the rotary kiln
Renaut, Maxime. "Calcination des déchets industriels : synthèse de ciment et stabilisation/solidification des résidus de combustion." Thesis, Artois, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ARTO0203/document.
Full textSince 20th century’s end, our society started to take conscience of environmental protection and sustainable development are required to our future blooming. Directives have obliged public authorities, communities, such as industry to be reacted particularly while being implied in research. The cement-manufacturers are also concerned. The process cement-manufacturer requires large quantities of raw materials. The main objective of the thesis is to value industrial by-products by cementitious materials. Context and problem of wastes were discussed, as well as the possibility of valorization such as the cements. The methodology set up for the thesis and its originality are explained. First, the protocol of characterization of mineral wastes was developed. The results in laboratory are promising for the replacement of limestone and clay in the cement’s raw meal and different formulations. The cookings in laboratory allowed obtaining a cement containing 4 phases of Portland. The synthesis in bigger quantity of a formulation in laboratory highlighted good mechanical performances on mortars at the young age. In a second stage, the best formulations were tested on an industrial scale in the ARF’s kiln. The raw meal, mixed by hoppers agitators, was a success. Finally, immobilization of pollutants in a cement matrix of the residues after combustion, resulting from secondary fuels of ARF, was studied to be able to downgrade the waste stabilized/solidified by grading reduction of the material before stabilization/solidification
Joca, Jhonny Frank Sousa. "Determinação de manganês em amostras de cimento e clínquer por voltametria de redissolução catódica empregando eletrodos de ouro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46136/tde-31082011-160037/.
Full textThis work describes the development and application of a new alternative method for determination of manganese in cement and clinker samples by square wave cathodic stripping voltammetry using gold electrodes. After exploratory studies on the electrochemical behavior of manganese in H3BO3 0.20 mol L-1 / KCl 0.10 mol L-1 supporting electrolyte at pH 6.5 and the optimization of operating parameters for the square wave voltammetry, excellent results were obtained for determination of manganese in the samples analyzed. Most notable are the excellent linearity, verified in two distinct concentration bands and the low limits of detection and quantification obtained (3,1 x 10-8 mol L-1 e 9,8 x 10-8 mol L-1, respectively), in addiction to the concordance between the obtained results by the electroanalytical technique when compared to the provided by the flame atomic absorption spectrometry. For samples treatment were tested the efficiency of the ultrasound-assisted extraction. Were evaluated individually mineral acids (HCl, H2SO4 and HClO4 at different concentrations) in a mixture or associated with H2O2. the best results were obtained using a 3 mol L-1 HCl solution, which extracted manganese quantitatively from the analysed samples, in comparison to the standard method for extraction, targeting a later atomic absorption flame spectrometry analysis, which uses the plate heating and the same extracting solution. The obtained results for the analysed samples agrees with the cement and clinker samples of the used literature
Bouregaya, Souad. "Synthèse d'un ciment alitique à moindre impact environnemental à partir de vase de barrage et utilisant le sulfate de zinc comme minéralisateur." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ISAT0026/document.
Full textThe objective of this study is the synthesis of a cement rich in reactive phases, obtained by burning, at a temperature lower than or equal to 1300 °C, a raw material composed of sludge from a dam with a complement of lime, and using zinc sulphate as a mineralizer. This study gives the mineralogical, physical and mechanical characteristics and properties of the synthesized cement. Qualitative and quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis was used to characterize the raw materials and the minerals of the cement. The evolution of its hardening was monitored and quantified by isothermal calorimetry, DTG, X-ray diffraction and mechanical compression tests on pure paste samples. The strengths obtained at 7 and 28 days make it possible to aim at a CEM II 32.5 N classification
Gobbo, Luciano de Andrade. "Aplicação da difração de raios-X e método de Rietveld no estudo de Cimento Portland." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44137/tde-23072009-144653/.
Full textThe project has focused on the application of X-ray diffraction and Rietveld method (XRD-Rietveld) on the characterization and quantification of Portland cement, and represents a pioneer scientific contribution on the theme in Brazil. Natural and artificial pozzolans, and also industrial byproducts that are highly available in the Brazilian industry were studied, as the blast furnace slags from steel works and fly ash from power stations. Furthermore components of laboratorial cements were studied, as clinker, limestone, gypsum, and finally the Portland cement with additions, prepared in laboratory. Hydration studies to follow the reactions in a cement paste were also performed using XRD-Rietveld. The Portland cement is composed by clinker, gypsum and fillers, as limestone, pozzolan and slags. Portland cement clinker is the sintered and pelletized product from calcination of an adequate mix of limestone and clay and minor corrective materials. The Rietveld method was introduced by Hugo Rietveld in 1969 and is based on the simulation of the whole diffraction spectrum from the components structural data, allowing for refining instrumental and crystallographic parameters. Quantitative values are obtained by comparing the calculated and actual diffractograms and minimizing differences mathematically through a least squares method. To develop the project several analytical traditional techniques were used with XRD: optical microscopy, electronic microscopic (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and calorimeter. XRD-Rietveld presented as a high reproducibility technique with technical and logistics advantages. The evaluation of the instrumental conditions showed that to obtain a good quantitative result in reduced time were with a scan with 20s/step, a 10 minutes scan, possible with position sensitive detectors. Automatic (ADS) and fixed divergent slits (FDS) were tested, validating the technique in both conditions. The reduction in the time of analysis is very important to follow the cement industry interests on quality control. The technique was considered adequate to be applied on the quantification of Portland cement components such as limestone, pozzolanic materials and blast-furnace slags. With XRD-Rietveld, was possible to evaluate the clinker phases, limestone and gypsum, and using an internal standard, the technique lead to the quantification of compounds with amorphous phases, that is very important to correlate with the physic- mechanical properties of these materials. Results of limestone proportions in the quantification of cements presents a high correlation with the proportions added in the cement composition (R2=0,96-0,99), what was also observed in the case of gypsum added (R2=0,99-1,0). Good correlations were also obtained between the fly ash and slags proportions in the samples and XRD-Rietveld obtained values (R2=0,97-0,99 to fly ash; R2=0,97 to slag). XRD experiments applied to Portland cement paste were adequate to the quantitative analysis of hydrated cements and also to follow the hydration reactions. The technique permitted the quantification of hydration compounds such as ettringite, portlandite and C-S-H, that was confirmed using the calorimeter, showing good refinement results.
Maríngolo, Vagner. "Clínquer Coprocessado: Produto de Tecnologia Integrada para Sustentabilidade e Competitividade da Indústria de Cimento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44135/tde-16022006-132935/.
Full textIn August 2001, in Brazil, there were seven cement plants with and an increasing number of others on the way to get the permit to co-processing, i.e. burning industrial wastes in their kilns as substitutes for fossil fuels. For over five years now the Companhia de Cimento Ribeirão Grande has counted on partial substitution of a blend of different waste streams for fossil fuels in the burning process. Co-processed clinker makes up today the main component of their Portland cement, which has shown mechanical strengths at 1, 3, 7 and 28 days permanently above standardized minimal limits. In order to assess the immobility of trace elements incorporated to the clinkers, a methodology was used which comprised carrying out microscopy and chemical analysis by atomic absorption and X-ray spectrometry of both conventional and co-processed clinkers, leaching tests on laboratory cements prepared with co-processed clinkers, mineral chemistry by electronic microprobe and scanning electronic microscopy on experimental clinkers doped with Zn, V and Pb. The results led to the following general statements: - Co-processed clinkers showed sound microstructure just like conventional clinkers. - Raw materials limestone, clay and iron ore and fossil fuels account a great deal for the amounts of trace elements involved in the burning process. According to its composition, the blend enriches selectively co-processed clinkers. - A general compatibility of trace elements even highly volatile ones such as Cd and Hg in clinker was observed. Co and especially Pb, however, were comparatively incompatible. - Alite of experimental clinkers incorporated preferentially Zn and Pb while belite incorporated V. - No elements showed any significant solubility from laboratory cements, thus attesting retention of environmentally relevant trace elements in the crystal lattice of clinker mineral phases. Co-processed Portland clinker must present environmental quality by retaining trace elements in solid solution, while being able to keep sound textural relationships, and guarantee immobility of toxic components on the final product. This should be attested through a systematic control of clinkers and also of cements.
Rouis, Badreddine. "Contribution à l'utilisation de sous-produits industriels : application au cas du phosphogypse de Sfax." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991GRE10087.
Full textCáceres, Alberto Eulogio Arias. "Caracterização da matéria-prima (Grupo Itapucumí) e sua queimabilidade para a produção de cimento Portland na industria nacional del cemento (Paraguai)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44137/tde-25042018-161847/.
Full textThe present work deals with a detailed geological characterization of the Vallemí Mine in Paraguay, explored to manufacture of Portland cement by the National Cement Industry (INC), followed by the characterization of the raw materials, by petrography, chemical and mineralogical analyzes, and subsequent burnability tests of six experimental raw mixtures, prepared with mixtures of available raw materials. The flours were sintered and evaluated qualitatively by clinker microscopy and quantified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld method. The geology of the mine includes metapelites, sometimes in rhythmic alternations, with metalimestone of the Vallemí Formation, basal, overlapped by pure metalimestone, with intercalation of metadolomite, of the Camba Jhopo Formation, both of the Itapucumí Group (Ediacaran), arranged in fold isoclinal with inverted flank (Vallemí Folding Belt). Due to the lithological diversity and tectonic complexity, the study required detailed geological mapping (scale 1: 2000), with sample collection and concomitant chemical analysis, in the industrial quality laboratory, and updating the topography and 3D modeling. Nine lithotypes were individualized: 1) Litotipo Misto (Itá jopara); 2) Litotipo Ritmito Verde (Itá hovy?); 3) Litotipo Ritmito Vermelho (Itá pytã); 4) Litotipo Calcário Cinza (Itá hungy); 5) Litotipo Calcrete (Itá manduvi sa\'yju); 6) Litotipo Dolomito (Itá pytãngy); 7) Litotipo Arenito Vermelho (Itá atã pytã); 8) Litotipo Lamprofiro (Itá h?); 9) Litotipo Vulcânica Básica (Itá kui sa\'yju), the first five suitable for manufacturing cement. Litotipo Dolomito is applicable if used in mixtures. The others lithotype are sterile materials. Six different mixtures of lithotypes were carried out, besides the one normally used in industry, used as reference, with evaluation of the burnability index (IQ) in the laboratories of the Assocciação Brasileira de Cimento Portland (ABCP). Flours D1, D3 and D4 were classified as easy to burn, and the others, D2, D5b and D6b, with normal burning. It is possible to say that all of them have a comparable burnability index compatible with the standards required for Portland cement production, the best mixture was obtained with the raw mixture D4 (composed by Litotipo Ritmito Vermelho 83,07%, Litotipo Ritmito Verde 14,45% and iron ore 1,48%) and the D5b (composed by Litotipo Calcrete 50,17%, Litotipo Misto 48,32% and iron ore 1,52%) appear as the worst, which were corroborated in the quantification of clinker phases.
Mantegazza, Ezio. "Aspectos ambientais do co-processamento de resíduos em fornos de produção de clínquer no Estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18135/tde-18022016-100234/.
Full textThe production of industrial residues in inherent to the human development. The cement concrete is one of the most used material, manly the type portland cement, which is constituted by grinding clinker and gypsum together. Clinker can be defined as an artificial mineral obtained by applying physico-chemical reactions, at very high temperatures, to an appropriated mixture of limestone, clay, and some other materials in a rotating industrial kiln wich burns fossil fuels. In the early 1970 decade occurred the first experiences substituting fossil fuels by organic residues in USA and Europe through a technique named co-processing that results the production of certain manufacture while eliminates residues. Co-processing is based in the recovery of thermal energy and/or the mass of some constituents from some residues, with the same chemical characteristics of normal sources of energy, then economizing fuels and mass constituents and making better use of residues, otherwise useless and environmentally polluters. In the state of São Paulo this practice began in early 1990 decade and by 1997 it was started the standardization of the rules for its use in some units of the federation. Later this activity was regulated by nationally approved standard rules. In 1995 the industry Companhia de Cimento Ribeirão Grande (CCRG), a cement plant located in the city of Ribeirão Grande, São Paulo state, Brazil, started procedures searching the partial substitution of the normal fuels by a mixture of industrial residues in its two rotating kilns. The gaseous emissions from the chimneys of these two clinker kilns were studied from 1995 to 2002 about the use of residues as part of the fuel. Analyses of the final results associated with other informations concerning to the quality of raw minerals, fuels and products did not show significant alterations in atmospheric emissions, mainly for particulate material and sulfur oxides, related with the use of residues. The emissions of inorganic continued to be low and not significantly altered by the presence of residues. It was possible to conclude that the alterations in inorganic emissions depend more from the quality of the raw minerals feed in the kilns, which is more difficult to control, than from the presence of residues being burn with the fuel. It was shown a high efficiency in the destruction of dangerous organic compounds feed in the cement kilns, under test conditions.
Renaut, Maxime. "Calcination des déchets industriels : synthèse de ciment et stabilisation/solidification des résidus de combustion." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Artois, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ARTO0203.
Full textSince 20th century’s end, our society started to take conscience of environmental protection and sustainable development are required to our future blooming. Directives have obliged public authorities, communities, such as industry to be reacted particularly while being implied in research. The cement-manufacturers are also concerned. The process cement-manufacturer requires large quantities of raw materials. The main objective of the thesis is to value industrial by-products by cementitious materials. Context and problem of wastes were discussed, as well as the possibility of valorization such as the cements. The methodology set up for the thesis and its originality are explained. First, the protocol of characterization of mineral wastes was developed. The results in laboratory are promising for the replacement of limestone and clay in the cement’s raw meal and different formulations. The cookings in laboratory allowed obtaining a cement containing 4 phases of Portland. The synthesis in bigger quantity of a formulation in laboratory highlighted good mechanical performances on mortars at the young age. In a second stage, the best formulations were tested on an industrial scale in the ARF’s kiln. The raw meal, mixed by hoppers agitators, was a success. Finally, immobilization of pollutants in a cement matrix of the residues after combustion, resulting from secondary fuels of ARF, was studied to be able to downgrade the waste stabilized/solidified by grading reduction of the material before stabilization/solidification
Oliveira, Vanessa Carina Heinrichs Chirico. "Estratégias para a minimização da emissão de CO2 de concretos estruturais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3146/tde-25072016-144256/.
Full textMost of concretes CO2 emissions originate from cement production. The traditional strategy for minimizing the CO2 footprint of concrete has favored the degree of clinker replacement. This paper examines the impact of this strategy and also the influence of the choice of the cement supplier based on the fuel composition in cement production, the variation of cement usage in concretes of the same strength and the standard deviation of the production process of concrete based on the control of its production process. The method of work uses data from literature, technical standards and data from a concrete central. The traditional strategy of the choice of cement type based on its clinker content is insufficient due to the extensive and overlapping clinker content range of different cement types allowed in Brazilian technical standards. At the present time, it is estimated that the cement industry utilizes all of the blast furnace slag generated in the country and nearly all quality fly ash. Consequently, if there is an increase in the demand for cement, there is an increase in clinker production, and the rate of additions to the clinker decreases, respecting the extensive limits permitted by technical standards. In this scenario, the selection of blast furnace slag cement and fly ash cement does not necessarily offer environmental benefits to the country as a whole and does not demonstrate a global impact, despite the possibility of benefiting specific construction sites. The substitution of the fuel mix for coal from planted forest wood can lower the portion of cement emissions due to fuel burning from 350 kg to 10 kg of CO2 per tonne of clinker produced. The efficiency of the concrete mix formulation shows great potential to lower the amount of cement usage in concrete, thus lowering the total CO2 emissions of concrete. The data presented point to a variation of more than 100% of cement content in concretes of the same strength. The influence of the standard deviation of the production process shows smaller impact on lowering concrete CO2 emissions shows that there is a maximum potential of 13% of lowering cement content in concrete. The combination of the four strategies studied demonstrates the complexity of concretes emissions and the great potential for mitigating its CO2 emissions. The need for information on cements specific emissions, its clinker content and fuel mix, the concrete mix formulation and the variability of the production process of concrete show that there is, for concrete raw material suppliers as well as concrete producers and users, a lot to be done to minimize the emissions of this widely consumed material.
Rheinheimer, Vanessa. "A nanoscale study of dissolution and growth processes in cement hydrates." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285965.
Full textAquesta tesi té per objectiu proporcionar nous coneixements sobre els mecanismes, abans poc coneguts, que operen durant la hidratació de les fases de ciment i la dissolució dels seus hidrats a escala molecular. Per tal d'aconseguir aquest objectiu, un nou enfocament ha estat seguit amb l'elaboració d'un nou procediment per sintetitzar pel·lícules primes de silicats de calci, la seva caracterització en temps real del creixement del gra i de la dissolució amb les cel·les de líquid al microscopi de forces atòmiques i el seguiment de l'evolució de la seva composició química per espectroscòpia de fotoelectrons de raigs X de pel·lícules primes hidratades in-situ, evitant la seva contaminació atmosfèrica. S'han preparat pel·lícules nanomètriques de les fases del clínquer utilitzant l'evaporació per feix d'electrons. Després de la deposició en substrats de silici, es van caracteritzar el gruix mitjançant la microscòpia de forces atòmiques (AFM) i la perfilometria mecànica i la composició mineralògica amb la difracció de raigs X d'angle rasant (GAXRD). La composició química es va determinar per espectroscòpia fotoelectrònica de raigs X (XPS). Els resultats del GAXRD i d'XPS mostren que els aluminats no són adequats per a ser evaporats utilitzant l'evaporació assistida amb feix d'electrons. No obstant això, anàlisis quantitatives de les mostres de silicats de calci mostren que la relació Ca:Si de la pel·lícula dipositada és la mateixa que en el material de partida, el que confirma la idoneïtat de la tècnica per a la síntesi d'aquests materials. Les pel·lícules primes de silicat càlcic de gruixos diferents van ser sotmeses a hidratació de diferents maneres. Els resultats d`XPS descriuen canvis químics clars quan les mostres estan exposades al vapor d'aigua com s'infereix dels canvis en el pic del silici, l'eixamplament del pic del calci i la disminució en la relació Ca:Si, que es relaciona amb la polimerització del silici degut ala formació de C-S-H. La hidratació in situ en aigua o solució saturada d'hidròxid de calci a la cel·la de fluid de l'AFM permet observar la formació de partícules de C-S-H. La hidratació ocorre molt ràpidament en el C3S, que després es dissol, i és més lenta en el C2S. Finalment, la microscòpia de transmissió i escaneig de raigs X (STXM) de les mostres hidratades in situ amb aigua permet observar la formació de partícules amb diferents concentracions de calci i silici i, en alguns casos, la variació de l'estat químic . El desenvolupament d'aquesta tècnica de síntesi i els resultats obtinguts en la hidratació permeten millorar el coneixement de la hidratació de les fases del clínquer en estadis inicials a nivell molecular i entendre millor el comportament d'aquests materials, ajudant a aclarir el complex problema dels mecanismes d'hidratació dels materials del ciment
Sobral, Pedro Daniel de Oliveira. "Estágio na Cimpor - Estudo do efeito de incorporação de aditivos nas propriedades reológicas e de desempenho do cimento." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/40250.
Full textO cimento é o material de construção mais utilizado a nível mundial, constituindo-se como um ligante hidráulico, material fundamental para a infraestrutura da sociedade em todo o mundo. O processo de produção deste material tem uma pegada ecológica significativa resultante da grande utilização de energia, bem como da geração de GEE, o que faz com que a procura agressiva de medidas de mitigação de emissões de carbono seja considerada como imperativa para o futuro sustentável da indústria cimenteira. Como tal, a substituição parcial do clinquer por outro tipo de materiais, aditivos, apresenta-se como uma das principais formas de combater esta problemática. O presente trabalho enquadra-se num estágio curricular proposto pela CIMPOR, Indústria de Cimentos S.A., desenvolvido no seu Centro de Produção de Souselas (CPS). O seu principal objetivo centrou-se na identificação do parâmetro de processo que permite avaliar, da forma mais expedita possível, a presença de um determinado aditivo na constituição do cimento. Para tal, efetuou-se o estudo do efeito de incorporação do aditivo nas propriedades reológicas e de desempenho do cimento, i.e., propriedades químicas, físicas e mecânicas. Através da realização de moagens laboratoriais, foi possível recolher amostras das matérias-primas (calcário, clinquer e gesso) e do respetivo cimento resultante, tendo sido posteriormente realizadas diferentes substituições parciais de clinquer em massa (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 e 10%) pelo aditivo em estudo. Dos diferentes tipos de caracterização efetuados, à medida que se aumentou a incorporação do aditivo nas misturas de cimento, foi possível verificar, entre o Branco (Mistura de controlo) e a Mistura E (5% de substituição em massa), que: i) a perda ao fogo, a cal livre, os cloretos e o teor em CaO total e SO3 diminuíram 1, 5, 7, 5 e 5%, respetivamente; ii) o resíduo insolúvel e o teor em SiO2, Al2O3 e Fe2O3 aumentaram 237, 10, 15 e 11%, respetivamente; iii) a massa volúmica diminuiu 1.9%; o valor de Blaine e do resíduo de peneiração aumentaram 8.7 e 14.3%, respetivamente; iv) a distribuição granulométrica demonstrou que o aditivo possui uma maior percentagem de partículas finas na gama até 3μm; v) o valor de início e fim de presa e de expansibilidade diminuiu, cerca de 9, 8 e 75%, respetivamente; vi) o valor de espalhamento das pastas e argamassas aumentou 3 e 7%, respetivamente; vii) o principal parâmetro de controlo de qualidade do cimento, a resistência à compressão, revelou um crescimento menor nos primeiros estágios de cura (- 4%), enquanto em estágios finais se obtiveram valores similares aos da mistura de referência; viii) o ponto ótimo de substituição parcial de clinquer pelo aditivo situou-se entre as Misturas C e D (3 e 4%). Como forma de responder ao objetivo principal do trabalho, revelou-se promissor estudar o sistema ternário SiO2, Al2O3 e Fe2O3. Para tal foi efetuado um programa analítico, CIMADITIVO, que permitisse analisar quantitativamente este sistema, por pastilha prensada, num difratómetro de raios-X.
Cement is the building material most widely used worldwide, establishing itself as a hydraulic binder, a key material for the infrastructure of society in general. The process of production of this material has a significant ecological footprint due to the highly energyintensive consumption and the generation of greenhouse gases (GHG) that causes the aggressive demand for CO2-emission mitigation strategies as vital for a sustainable future of cement industry. Therefore, the partial substitution of clinker by other materials, called additives, presents itself as one of the main ways to struggle this problem. This work was developed under the scopo of an internship proposed by Cimpor, Indústria de Cimentos, SA, and carried out in its Centro de Produção de Souselas (CPS). The main objective focused on the search for a process parameter that could evaluate, as quickly as possible, the presence of an additive in the cement constitution. To achieve this goal, the effect of the incorporation of the additive effects on the rheological properties and cement performance, i.e., on its physicochemical and mechanical properties, was studied. A laboratory grinding was made, along which the samples of the raw materials (limestone, clinker and gypsum) and the respective resulting cement were collected. Subsequently, substitutions were made considering several mass percentages (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 10%) of the additive. From the different types of characterizations, it was observed that, as the incorporation of the additive in cement mixtures increased, between the Control Mixture and Mixture E (5% by weight): i) the loss on ignition, free lime, chlorides and the content of total CaO and SO3 decreased by 1, 5, 7, 5 and 5%, respectively; ii) the specific gravity decresead by 1.9%, Blaine and sieve residue increased by 8.7 and 14.3%, respectively; iv) particle size distribution showed that the additive has a higher percentage of fine particles in the rang up to 3μm; v) initial and final setting time and the volume expansion decreased about 9, 8 and 75%, respectively; vi) the flow value of cement pastes and mortars increased by 3 and 7%, respectively; vii) the main cement quality control parameter, compressive strength, exhibited a lower growth in the early stages of hidration (- 4%), however, in final stages of curing, similar values to those obtained in the control mixture were achieved; viii) the optimum partial replacement of cement clinker by the additive was found to be between Mixtures C to D (3 – 4%). In order to accomplish the main objective of the study, the most promising approach was to assess the ternary system SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3. Therefore, an analytical program was made, named CIMADITIVO, which allowed the quantitative analysis of this system, using pressed pellet of the cement mixtures and a X-ray diffractometer.