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Journal articles on the topic 'Cloacal malformation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Sibirskaya, E. V., I. V. Karachentsova, P. O. Nikiforova, Yu A. Kirillova, and K. I. Alamkina. "Cloacal malformation combined with multiple malformations." Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology, no. 1 (January 17, 2025): 143–47. https://doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-233-1-143-147.

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Multiple congenital malformations (MVP) are conditions when there is a violation of the structure and functioning of at least two organs or systems. They do not shorten life expectancy, but reduce its quality, require constant monitoring by specialists or certain conditions of detention. The most difficult malformation of the anorectal region in girls is a congenital cloaca - the fusion of the urethra, vagina and rectum into a single channel that opens in the genital fissure at the site of the external opening of the urethra or vagina. Often, patients with cloacal malformations often have asso

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2

Gupta, Rahul, and Jayant Radhakrishnan. "Persistent Cloaca and Cloacal Variants in Males: Qualitative Review of a Neglected Anomaly." Journal of Indian Association of Pediatric Surgeons 29, no. 4 (2024): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jiaps.jiaps_30_24.

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ABSTRACT Context: Cloacal malformations are rare and are typically reported in females. There are a few scattered reports in males. It is not clear why they are so rare in males since both sexes negotiate this stage of embryonal development. Aims: The present study aims to share our experience and review all the cases of persistent cloaca and cloacal variants in males reported in the literature. Materials and Methods: The male cloaca is defined as a single common channel of varying lengths with separate inlets for the urinary tract (urethra) anteriorly and the rectum posteriorly at its cranial

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3

Winkler, Nicole S., Anne M. Kennedy, and Paula J. Woodward. "Cloacal Malformation." Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 31, no. 11 (2012): 1843–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7863/jum.2012.31.11.1843.

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4

Huang, Ge, Chang-Jun Zheng, Guang-Yu Chu, and Shu-Yan Liu. "Cloacal malformation." Medicine 99, no. 42 (2020): e21839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000021839.

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5

Al-Shamaileh, Tamador, Laura Tiusaba, Shimon Eric Jacobs, et al. "Cloacal Malformation with Associated Urethral Atresia." European Journal of Pediatric Surgery Reports 11, no. 01 (2023): e1-e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1761206.

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Abstract Introduction Cloacal malformations comprise a heterogeneous group of anomalies that are considered the most complex anorectal malformations (ARMs) in females. Precise evaluation to identify the unique anatomy prior to reconstruction with collaboration between colorectal surgeons, urologists, and gynecologists is vital. Here, we present a rare anatomical variation in a patient with a cloacal malformation which affected operative and postoperative management. Case description A 6-year-old female with cloaca who underwent colostomy, vaginostomy, and vesicostomy as a newborn presented for

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Şahinoğlu, Zeki, Ayşenur Cerrah Celayir, Mehmet Reşit Asoglu, and Nahit Özcan. "Diagnostic Difficulties in a Case of Persistent Cloaca with Hydrocolpos." Journal of Neonatal Surgery 1, no. 4 (2012): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.47338/jns.v1.6.

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Pelvic midline cystic mass associated with renal malformation represents typical imaging features of a cloacal anomaly. We report a case of persistent cloaca that was diagnosed antenatally with fetal ultrasonography and MRI.

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Peiro, Jose L., Federico Scorletti, and Lourenco Sbragia. "Prenatal diagnosis of cloacal malformation." Seminars in Pediatric Surgery 25, no. 2 (2016): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2015.11.004.

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8

Greenberg, James A., Jennifer M. Wu, Mitchell S. Rein, and W. Hardy Hendren. "Triplets After Cloacal Malformation Repair." Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 16, no. 1 (2003): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1083-3188(02)00203-6.

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9

Cilento, Bartley G., Beryl R. Benacerraf, and James Mandell. "Prenatal diagnosis of cloacal malformation." Urology 43, no. 3 (1994): 386–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0090-4295(94)90086-8.

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10

Banu, Tahmina, Tanvir K. Chowdhury, Mozammel Hoque, and M. A. Mushfiqur Rahman. "Cloacal malformation variants in male." Pediatric Surgery International 29, no. 7 (2013): 677–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00383-013-3322-8.

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11

Najib, Chiboub, Ben Tayeb Tayeb, Alaoui Othmane, Mahmoudi Abdelhalim, Khattala Khalid, and Bouabdallah Youssef. "Cloacal malformations in the pediatric surgery department of Fez." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 22, no. 2 (2024): 398–404. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14554623.

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<strong>Introduction</strong>: Cloacal malformations, which exclusively occur in females. These anomalies are rare. The immediate prognosis depends mainly on the severity of the associated malformations and relies on the quality of the surgical repair. <strong>Patients and methods</strong>: This is a retrospective descriptive study of 5 patients managed in the pediatric surgery department of the Hassan II University Hospital of Fez, during a 13-year period from January 2008 to January 2021. <strong>Results</strong>: The diagnosis is made postnatally following systematic clinical examination in

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12

Najib Chiboub, Tayeb Ben Tayeb, Othmane Alaoui, Abdelhalim Mahmoudi, Khalid Khattala, and Youssef Bouabdallah. "Cloacal malformations in the pediatric surgery department of Fez." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 22, no. 2 (2024): 398–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.22.2.1354.

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Introduction: Cloacal malformations, which exclusively occur in females. These anomalies are rare. The immediate prognosis depends mainly on the severity of the associated malformations and relies on the quality of the surgical repair. Patients and methods: This is a retrospective descriptive study of 5 patients managed in the pediatric surgery department of the Hassan II University Hospital of Fez, during a 13-year period from January 2008 to January 2021. Results: The diagnosis is made postnatally following systematic clinical examination in the delivery room, with only one case presenting w

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13

Lin, Xueyun, Xiaohong Xu, Yuping Yang, Jiang Wu, Xiaohui Xian, and Xiaodong Chen. "Preoperative evaluation of persistent cloaca using contrast-enhanced ultrasound in an infant." Medical Ultrasonography 22, no. 2 (2020): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.11152/mu-2039.

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Persistent cloaca (PC) is the most intricate anorectal malformation. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is safe for hepatic, renal, splenic, vascular, and intracavitary assessment in children, but it is little applied for cloacal malformation. Our results demonstrate that CEUS can not only display the uterine, vagina, bladder, urethra, rectum, and rectovaginal fistula, but also measure the length of the common channel, bladder neck to the common channel, and distal urethra to the perineum. To our knowledge this may be the first report of preoperative evaluation by CEUS in an infant with PC.

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14

Robin, Nathaniel H., Achara Sathienkijkanchai, and C. D. Anthony Herndon. "A genetic model for cloacal exstrophy, the extreme cloacal malformation." Journal of Pediatric Urology 3, no. 3 (2007): 214–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2006.08.003.

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15

Smith, Caitlin A., Manish Patel, and Kevin S. H. Koo. "Complex Cloacal Malformations: The Application and Importance of Cloacagrams." Digestive Disease Interventions 03, no. 04 (2019): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1700524.

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AbstractCloaca is a rare complex anorectal malformation in female patients where the urinary, gynecologic, and gastrointestinal tracts empty through a single pathway, known as the common channel. Previously, cloacas were measured through endoscopic evaluation alone. In recent years, radiographic imaging of the cloaca with a 3D cloacagram, has been a valuable tool for the characterization of the specific anatomical variables in each cloaca, and provides additional information that is beneficial for the preoperative surgical planning. This article reviews the embryology of cloaca, as well as the

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16

Sack, Bryan, K. Elizabeth Speck, Anastasia Hryhorczuk, et al. "An Interdisciplinary Approach to Müllerian Outflow Tract Obstruction Associated with Cloacal Malformation and Cloacal Exstrophy." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 15 (2022): 4408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11154408.

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People with cloacal malformation and 46,XX cloacal exstrophy are at risk of developing Müllerian outflow tract obstruction (OTO). Management of OTO requires expertise of many medical and surgical specialties. The primary presenting symptom associated with OTO is cyclical and later continuous pain and can be initially quelled with hormonal suppression as a temporizing measure to allow for patient maturation. The decision for timing and method of definitive treatment to establish a patent outflow tract that can also be used for penetrative sexual activity and potential fertility is a complicated

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17

KASUGA, Yoshifumi, Kei MIYAKOSHI, Marie FUKUTAKE, Tadashi MATSUMOTO, Kazuhiro MINEGISHI, and Mamoru TANAKA. "Prenatal sonographic findings of cloacal malformation." Choonpa Igaku 42, no. 2 (2015): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3179/jjmu.jjmu.a.28.

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18

GREENBERG, J., and W. HARDYHENDREN. "Vaginal delivery after cloacal malformation repair." Obstetrics & Gynecology 90, no. 4 (1997): 666–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(97)00407-9.

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19

Sharma, Shilpa, and Devendra K. Gupta. "Early vaginal replacement in cloacal malformation." Pediatric Surgery International 35, no. 2 (2018): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00383-018-4407-1.

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20

Patil, Prashant Sadashiv, Paras Kothari, Abhaya Gupta, et al. "Cloacal Exstrophy with Mature Teratoma: A Rare Association in a Neonate." Journal of Neonatal Surgery 5, no. 2 (2016): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47338/jns.v5.284.

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Cloacal exstrophy is a very rare and complex malformation. We report a neonate of cloacal exstrophy with mature teratoma presenting as a component of exstrophy. To our knowledge this has not been reported in the literature.

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21

Novozhilov, V. A., Natalia М. Stepanova, and E. M. Petrov. "DIAGNOSTICS AND TREATMENT OF THE CLOACA POSTERIOR IN A 3-YEAR-OLD CHILD." Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery 23, no. 3 (2019): 161–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9510-2019-23-3-161-162.

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The posterior cloaca (cloaca posterior) is the most rare type of cloacal anomaly representing one of the most complicated problems for the operative correction of the defect. A variety of options for the fusion of structures involved in the formation of urogenital sinus, vaginal and uterine anomalies cause the lack of a unified approach to surgical correction which would allow to obtain good anatomical and functional outcomes and a decent quality of life. The authors discuss a clinical case of successful treatment of a rare form of anorectal malformation - cloaca posterior in a 3-year old chil

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22

Gupta, Rahul, Pramila Sharma, ArvindKumar Shukla, Manisha Goyal, and Ashok Gupta. "Cloacal malformation variant in a male neonate." Journal of Indian Association of Pediatric Surgeons 23, no. 2 (2018): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jiaps.jiaps_118_17.

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23

Wagner, G., A. Holschneider, and M. Gharib. "A Complex, High Cloacal Malformation: Case Report." European Journal of Pediatric Surgery 8, no. 03 (1998): 182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1071150.

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24

Angerpointner, Thomas A. "A complex, high cloacal malformation: Case report." Journal of Pediatric Surgery 34, no. 1 (1999): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3468(99)90297-x.

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25

Miguelez, J., E. H. Uemura, C. P. Grau, J. A. Pinto, S. L. Humberto, and M. H. Carvalho. "VP09.02: Prenatal diagnosis of classic cloacal malformation." Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 56, S1 (2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.22434.

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26

Varygin, Vitalij, Šarūnas Bernotas, Pranas Gurskas, et al. "Cloacal Exstrophy: A Case Report and Literature Review." Medicina 47, no. 12 (2012): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina47120100.

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Cloacal exstrophy is an extremely rare congenital malformation resulting in an exstrophy of the urinary, intestinal, and genital organs and associated with anomalies of other organ systems. We present a complicated case of cloacal exstrophy and the recent progress in the management of this probably most complicated anomaly in pediatric urology and surgery.

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27

Cohen, Alan R. "The Mermaid Malformation: Cloacal Exstrophy and Occult Spinal Dysraphism." Neurosurgery 28, no. 6 (1991): 834–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199106000-00008.

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Abstract Five infants with cloacal exstrophy underwent neurological evaluation and radiographic examination of the caudal spine shortly after birth. Each was found to have occult spinal dysraphism. Four had terminal myelocystoceles, and one had a lipomyelomeningocele. Pathological anatomy was confirmed during surgery for the release of the tethered spinal cords. The striking association between cloacal exstrophy and occult spinal dysraphism suggests a common developmental defect in the caudal pole of the embryo. A hypothesis is offered to explain this association. Terminal myelocystocele and l

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28

Valfrè, L., A. Conforti, A. Zaccara, et al. "EP29.01: Persistent cloacal malformation: prenatal diagnosis predict endeavour." Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 60, S1 (2022): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.25652.

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29

Vikani, Mehul, Dattatray Bhusare, Aniruddha Bhagwat, Sagar Shetty, Renu Bakshi, and Sheetal Aggarwal. "Surgical reconstruction of cloacal malformation: A case report." International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences 2, no. 4 (2013): 985. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.2319-5886.2.4.160.

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30

Sato, Yumi, Takashi Murakami, Masahiro Kadowaki, Ryo Konno, Shigehiko Yoshida, and Kunihiro Okamura. "A remnant tubal pregnancy after cloacal malformation repair." Fertility and Sterility 75, no. 2 (2001): 440–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(00)01722-2.

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31

Jaramillo, D., R. L. Lebowitz, and W. H. Hendren. "The cloacal malformation: radiologic findings and imaging recommendations." Radiology 177, no. 2 (1990): 441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.177.2.2217782.

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32

Nishi, Mirian Yumie, Thais Cotrim Martins, Elaine Maria Frade Costa, Berenice Bilharinho Mendonca, Amilcar Martins Giron, and Sorahia Domenice. "Y chromosome aberration in a patient with cloacal-bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex: an unusual finding." Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia 57, no. 2 (2013): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-27302013000200009.

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Chromosome aberrations or genetic syndromes associated with cloacal-bladder exstrophy complex have rarely been reported. The aim of this report is to describe a 14 year-old female Brazilian patient with a complex urogenital malformation, short stature, lack of secondary sexual characteristics and Y chromosome aberration. A girl with cloacal bladder exstrophy complex was referred for evaluation of short stature and absence of secondary sexual characteristics. Pre-pubertal levels of gonadotropins and sex steroids were observed at the beginning of monitoring, but follow-up showed a progressive in

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33

Jacobs, Shimon E., Laura Tiusaba, Tamador Al-Shamaileh, et al. "Fetal and Newborn Management of Cloacal Malformations." Children 9, no. 6 (2022): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9060888.

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Cloaca is a rare, complex malformation encompassing the genitourinary and anorectal tract of the female in which these tracts fail to separate in utero, resulting in a single perineal orifice. Prenatal sonography detects a few cases with findings such as renal and urinary tract malformations, intraluminal calcifications, dilated bowel, ambiguous genitalia, a cystic pelvic mass, or identification of other associated anomalies prompting further imaging. Multi-disciplinary collaboration between neonatology, pediatric surgery, urology, and gynecology is paramount to achieving safe outcomes. Perina

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34

Braña, Jennifer Clarize, Marie Janice Alcantara-Boquiren, and Carol Marjorie Pacioles - Flavier. "#151 : Partial Urorectal Septum Malformation Sequence." Fertility & Reproduction 05, no. 04 (2023): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s266131822374362x.

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Background and Aims: Cloacal malformations represent a wide range of defects and are considered one of the most challenging and interesting diseases. Occurrence is at 1 in 50,000 newborns and still with an unknown etiology. Partial urorectal septal malformation sequence (URSMS) is a rare and complex congenital anomaly that represents an embryonic event of urinary-rectal septal malformation resulting in the presence of a cloaca. A 17-year-old nulligravid with imperforate anus at birth with primary amenorrhea was admitted for difficulty urinating. Genital examination noted fused labia with vagin

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35

Navarro, Victoria, Maribel Acién, and Pedro Acién. "Applicability and Suitability of the Embryological–Clinical Classification of Female Genital Malformations: A Systematic Review." Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 10 (2024): 2988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm13102988.

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Complex urogenital malformations are clinically highly relevant; thus, they must be appropriately diagnosed and classified before initiating treatment. Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the applicability and suitability of the embryological–clinical classification of female genital malformations. Methods: A systematic review of cases of genital malformations reported in the literature from 2000 to 2020 was conducted. Case reports and series with the following combinations: “female genital tract” AND (malformation OR anomaly OR müllerian anomaly OR uterine anomaly OR cervical

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36

Telmesani, A. "A rare association of myelomeningocele with cloacal duplication malformation." Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 14, no. 3 (1994): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724936.1994.11747725.

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37

Robin, Nathaniel H., Julie A. Neidich, Lynn D. Bason, et al. "Frontonasal malformation and cloacal exstrophy: A previously unreported association." American Journal of Medical Genetics 61, no. 1 (1996): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19960102)61:1<75::aid-ajmg15>3.0.co;2-t.

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38

Manfroi, Cesar, Rafael Miranda Lima, and Edevard José De Araújo. "Female urogenital reconstruction in a case of sexual development disorder (46, XY) with cloacal exstrophy associated with diphallia." VITTALLE - Revista de Ciências da Saúde 34, no. 1 (2022): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/vittalle.v34i1.13867.

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Disorders (or differences) of Sex Development (DSD) comprise a state of genetic, gonadal and genital variation. Among the conditions associated with DSD is cloacal exstrophy, a rare congenital malformation part of the exstrophy-epispadias malformation complex. Thus, the case of a patient with rare involvement of DSD 46, XY cloacal exstrophy associated with diphallia who underwent surgical treatment for female urogenital reconstruction is reported. The patient's electronic medical record was reviewed after presenting and accepting the Informed Consent. Sociodemographic and clinical-epidemiologi

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39

Versteegh, H. P., D. van den Hondel, H. IJsselstijn, R. M. H. Wijnen, C. E. J. Sloots, and I. de Blaauw. "Cloacal malformation patients report similar quality of life as female patients with less complex anorectal malformations." Journal of Pediatric Surgery 51, no. 3 (2016): 435–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.07.020.

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40

Rentea, Rebecca Maria, Devin R. Halleran, Hira Ahmad, et al. "Preliminary Use of Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Angiography and Value in Predicting the Vascular Supply of Tissues Needed to Perform Cloacal, Anorectal Malformation, and Hirschsprung Reconstructions." European Journal of Pediatric Surgery 30, no. 06 (2019): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1700548.

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Abstract Introduction Reconstructive techniques for cloaca, anorectal malformations (ARM), and Hirschsprung disease (HD) may require intestinal flaps on vascular pedicles for vaginal reconstruction and/or colonic pull-throughs. Visual assessment of tissue perfusion is typically the only modality used. We investigated the utility of intraoperative indocyanine green fluorescence angiography (ICG-FA) and hypothesized that it would be more accurate than the surgeon's eye. Materials and Methods Thirteen consecutive patients undergoing cloacal reconstruction (9), HD (3), and ARM repair (1) underwent

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Aurore, Albane Essomba, Zicfried Kamsu, Euranie Kouam Jeannette, et al. "OEIS complex: A case report and literature review of a rare polymalformative syndrome." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 14, no. 3 (2022): 284–90. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7731530.

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<strong>Introduction</strong>: The OEIS complex or syndrome is the most severe form of the exstrophy-epispadias complex and is characterized by the existence of an omphalocele, bladder exstrophy, anal imperforation and spina bifida. We report an atypical case of OEIS complex associated with further birth defects admitted to our department. The diagnostic and therapeutic approach to the complex congenital malformations involved are highlighted, as well as difficulties encountered in a limited resource setting. <strong>Case Report</strong>: This was a neonate referred for the management of a con

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Ganarin, Alba, Michele Corroppolo, Giosuè Mazzero, Clara Revetria, Fabio Beretta, and Enrico Ciardini. "Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex Variants: A Hybrid Case." Pediatric Reports 13, no. 2 (2021): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pediatric13020024.

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The term exstrophy-epispadias complex refers to a group of midline defects ranging from epispadias to cloacal exstrophy. Bladder exstrophy is the most frequent malformation of this spectrum and it can present as a classical or a variant form. We report a case of a hybrid bladder exstrophy variant having some characteristics of both a duplicate bladder exstrophy and a superior vesical fistula.

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Fernandez, Nicolas, Daniela Varela, Juliana Villanueva, Jorge Lopez Camelo, and Ignacio Zarante. "Association between Genitourinary and Congenital Heart Defects: A 52-year Case-Control Study of the Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC)." Revista Urología Colombiana / Colombian Urology Journal 31, no. 04 (2022): e143-e148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1746203.

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Abstract Background Congenital urological anomalies are present in 4.3/10 thousand newborns, and their association with other anomalies may increase the overall mortality and disability. The present study establishes the risk of having congenital urological anomalies presenting associated cardiopathies. Methods We conducted a retrospective case-control study using the Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (Estudio Colaborativo Latino Americano de Malformaciones Congénitas, ECLAMC, in Spanish). The analysis included all registered cases of congenital urological malforma

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Nishida, Miyuki, Noriko Suzuki, Shirahata Mineko, Noriko Hayata, Ikuko Oikawa, and Chikaho Nomaguchi. "The Developmental Difficulties for Children With Cloacal Malformation and Their Families." Journal of Sexual Medicine 14, no. 5 (2017): e324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.04.543.

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45

Khuja, Mehtap, Aria Nouri, Jan Wilczyński, et al. "Clinical challenges in the management of a prenatally diagnosed cloacal malformation." Congenital Anomalies 51, no. 2 (2011): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-4520.2010.00292.x.

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46

Mishra, Vineet, Suwa Ram Saini, Priyankur Roy, Rohina Aggarwal, Ruchika Verneker, and Shaheen Hokabaj. "Uterine conserving surgery in a case of cervicovaginal agenesis with cloacal malformation." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 3 (2017): 1144. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20170604.

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Cervico-vaginal agenesis (MRKHS) with normally formed uterus along with cloacal malformation is a very rare mullerian anomaly. We report a case, of a 13-year-old girl who was admitted at our tertiary care center with complaints of primary amenorrhea and cyclical lower abdominal pain for 3 months. Clinical examination and radiological investigations revealed complete cervico-vaginal agenesis with normal uterus with hematometra with horse shoe kidney. Vaginoplasty was done by McIndoe’s method with uterovaginal anastomosis and neocervix formation. Malecot’s catheter was inserted in uterine cavity

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47

Le Borgne, H., H. J. Philippe, and C. Le Vaillant. "Contribution of Three-Dimensional Ultrasonography in Depicting Perineal Features in Cloacal Malformation." Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 30, no. 3 (2011): 239–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000331447.

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Shrim, Alon, Tiina Podymow, Lesley Breech, and Michael H. Dahan. "Term Delivery After In Vitro Fertilization in a Patient With Cloacal Malformation." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 33, no. 9 (2011): 952–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1701-2163(16)35021-6.

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Chin, Taiwai, Chiusu Liu, Hsinlin Tsai, and Choufu Wei. "Vaginal reconstruction using urinary bladder flap in a patient with cloacal malformation." Journal of Pediatric Surgery 42, no. 9 (2007): 1612–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.04.040.

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Angerpointner, Thomas A. "Repair of cloacal malformation using combined posterior sagittal and abdominal perineal approaches." Journal of Pediatric Surgery 23, no. 3 (1988): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3468(88)80781-4.

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