Relevant bibliographies by topics / Closed hydrostatic circuit

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Closed hydrostatic circuit'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Closed hydrostatic circuit"

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Mandal, S. K., K. Dasgupta, S. Pan, and A. Chattopadhyay. "Theoretical and experimental studies on the steady-state performance of low-speed high-torque hydrostatic drives. Part 2: Experimental investigation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 223, no. 11 (July 6, 2009): 2675–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1203.

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The performance investigations of an open-circuit and a closed-circuit low-speed high-torque hydrostatic drive are presented. The modelling of both drives and determination of their loss coefficients are presented in Part 1 of this article (pg. 2663 of this issue). This study determines and analyses the overall efficiency and slip characteristics of the hydrostatic drives using the expressions describing the characteristics of their loss coefficients. The effects of critical control parameters of the pumps and the motor are investigated on the basis of their steady-state performance. This investigation is based on the performance of the hydrostatic transmission drives at different torque levels.
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Kumar, N., K. Dasgupta, and SK Ghoshal. "Dynamic analysis of a closed-circuit hydrostatic summation drive using bent axis motors." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 229, no. 8 (May 15, 2015): 761–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959651815583197.

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Stan, Gheorghe. "Floating Hydrostatic Bearings for Numerically Controlled Machine Tools." Applied Mechanics and Materials 809-810 (November 2015): 730–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.809-810.730.

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The use of hydrostatic guideways in CNC machine-tools is very common as a result of their low friction coefficient. The major problem of hydrostatic guideways represents the recovery of the fluid used in guideways, where the fluid should be protected against mechanical impurities and then led towards the hydraulic aggregate. The floating support described in this paper resolves the collection of fluid by using a closed circuit, without exposing the fluid to mehanical impurities and to a gravitational collecting.
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Mandal, S. K., K. Dasgupta, S. Pan, and A. Chattopadhyay. "Theoretical and experimental studies on the steady-state performance of low-speed high-torque hydrostatic drives. Part 1: Modelling." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 223, no. 11 (July 6, 2009): 2663–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1202.

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In this article the steady-state models of an open-circuit and a closed-circuit hydrostatic transmission (HST) drive have been developed to study their performances. A low-speed high-torque multi-stroke cam plate type radial piston motor is considered for both HST drives. Bondgraph simulation technique has been used to model the drives. The multi-bondgraph representation of the HST drives is presented; it takes into account the compression and expansion phases, which occur sequentially in the hydraulic motor. A reduced bondgraph model of the drives has been proposed, where various losses are lumped into suitable resistive elements. The relationships of the loss coefficients with other state variables, obtained from the reduced model, are identified through experimental investigation. The loss coefficients are found to have a non-linear relationship with the load torque and the supply flowrate. Using the characteristics of these loss coefficients, the steady-state performances of the hydrostatic drives are studied in Part 2 of this article (pg. 2675 of this issue).
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Kumar, N., and K. Dasgupta. "Steady-state performance investigation of hydrostatic summation drive using bent-axis hydraulic motor." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 229, no. 17 (November 17, 2014): 3234–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406214559410.

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This article investigates the steady-state performance of a closed-circuit hydrostatic summation drive used in heavy earth moving machine through modelling and experiment. The proposed drive basically consists of variable displacement pump and bent-axis motor. The performance studies of the drive have been made for its two different modes of operation: using single motor and two motors. Bondgraph simulation technique is used to model the drive, where various losses are lumped into suitable resistive elements. The relationships of the losses with the state variables obtained from the model are identified through experiments. The dependencies of the loss characteristics on the load torque and the pump displacement ratio are studied. The model has been verified experimentally. The performances of the hydrostatic drives are studied at different torque levels with respect to its slip, torque-loss and overall efficiency, using the expressions describing the characteristics of the loss-coefficients. The investigation also identifies the operating range of the proposed hydrostatic drives with reasonable efficiency.
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Pandey, Ajit Kumar, Alok Vardhan, and K. Dasgupta. "Theoretical and experimental studies of the steady-state performance of a primary and secondary-controlled closed-circuit hydrostatic drive." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 233, no. 5 (January 16, 2019): 1024–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408918821779.

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In this article, performance of a closed-circuit hydrostatic drive in primary and secondary mode of operations has been studied through theory and experiment. This drive consists of a variable displacement pump that supplies pressurized fluid to a variable displacement hydro-motor of bent axis design. Bond graph simulation method is adopted for system modeling. In the model, the losses of the drive are accounted by suitable resistive elements, and their characteristics are identified through experiments. The predicted drive’s performances are studied with respect to the overall efficiency, torque loss (%), and slip at different torque levels which are also validated experimentally. The investigation made in the article identifies the efficient zone of operation of the drive which will be useful to the practicing engineers to select such a drive used in heavy constructional equipment. From the steady-state performance of the pump and the motor, their critical control parameters are identified. The studies may be useful for the design of the suitable control strategy to obtain the optimum performance of the drives.
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Choukroun, M. L., and P. Varene. "Adjustments in oxygen transport during head-out immersion in water at different temperatures." Journal of Applied Physiology 68, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): 1475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.68.4.1475.

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Respiratory gas exchange was investigated in human subjects immersed up to the shoulders in water at different temperatures (Tw = 25, 34, and 40 degrees C). Cardiac output (Qc) and pulmonary tissue volume (Vti) were measured by a rebreathing technique with the inert gas Freon 22, and O2 consumption (VO2) was determined by the closed-circuit technique. Arterial blood gases (PaO2, PaCO2) were analyzed by a micromethod, and alveolar gas (PAO2) was analyzed during quiet breathing with a mass spectrometer. The findings were as follows. 1) Immersion in a cold bath had no significant effect on Qc compared with the value measured at Tw = 34 degrees C, whereas immersion in a hot bath led to a considerable increase in Qc. Vti was not affected by immersion at any of the temperatures tested. 2) A large rise in metabolic rate VO2 was only observed at Tw = 25 degrees C (P less than 0.001). 3) Arterial blood gases were not significantly affected by immersion, whatever the water temperature. 4) O2 transport during immersion is affected by two main factors: hydrostatic pressure and temperature. Above neutral temperature, O2 transport is improved because of the marked increase in Qc resulting from the combined actions of hydrostatic counter pressure and body heating. Below neutral temperature, O2 transport is altered; an increase in O2 extraction of the tissue is even calculated.
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Lakshminarayan, S., S. K. Jindal, W. Kirk, and J. Butler. "Acute increases in anastomotic bronchial systemic to pulmonary blood flow due to generalized lung injury." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 2358–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.6.2358.

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Since pulmonary blood flow to regions involved in adult respiratory disease syndrome (ARDS) is reduced by hypoxic vasoconstriction, compression by cuffs of edema, and local thromboses, we postulated that the bronchial circulation must enlarge to provide for the inflammatory response. We measured anastomotic bronchial systemic to pulmonary blood flow [QBr(s-p)] serially in a lung lobe in 31 open-chest dogs following a generalized lobar injury simulating ARDS. The pulmonary circulation of the weighed left lower lobe (LLL) was isolated and perfused (zone 2) with autologous blood in anesthetized dogs. QBr(s-p) was measured from the amount of blood which overflowed from this closed vascular circuit corrected by any changes in the lobe weight. The LLL was ventilated with 5% CO2 in air. The systemic blood pressure (volume infusion), gases, and acid-base status (right lung ventilation) were kept constant. We injured the LLL via the airway by instilling either 0.1 N HCl or a mixture of glucose and glucose oxidase or via the pulmonary vessels by injecting either alpha-naphthylthiourea or oleic acid into the LLL pulmonary artery. In both types of injury, there was a prompt rise in QBr(s-p) (mean rise = 247% compared with control), which was sustained for the 2 h of observation. The cause of this increase in flow was studied. Control instillation of normal saline into the airways or into the pulmonary vessels did not change QBr(s-p) nor did a similar increase in lobar fluid (weight) due to hydrostatic edema. Neither cardiac output nor systemic blood pressure increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Stephenson, R. "DIVING ENERGETICS IN LESSER SCAUP (AYTHYTA AFFINIS, EYTON)." Journal of Experimental Biology 190, no. 1 (May 1, 1994): 155–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.190.1.155.

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Mechanical and aerobic energy costs of diving were measured simultaneously by closed-circuit respirometry in six lesser scaup Aythya affinis Eyton (body mass=591±30 g) during bouts of voluntary feeding dives. Durations of dives (td=13.5±1.4 s) and surface intervals (ti=16.3±2.2 s) were within the normal range for ducks diving to 1.5 m depth. Mechanical power output (3.69±0.24 W kg-1) and aerobic power input (29.32±2.47 W kg-1) were both higher than previous estimates. Buoyancy was found to be the dominant factor determining dive costs, contributing 62 % of the mechanical cost of descent and 87 % of the cost of staying at the bottom while feeding. Drag forces, including the contribution from the forward-moving hindlimbs during the recovery stroke of the leg-beat cycle, contributed 27 % and 13 % of the mechanical costs of descent and feeding, respectively. Inertial forces created by net acceleration during descent contributed approximately 11 % during descent but not at all during the feeding phase. Buoyant force at the start of voluntary dives (6.2±0.35 N kg-1) was significantly greater than that measured in restrained ducks (4.9±0.2 N kg-1). Loss of air from the plumage layer and compression due to hydrostatic pressure decreased buoyancy by 32 %. Mechanical work and power output were 1.9 and 2.4 times greater during descent than during the feeding phase. Therefore, energetic costs are strongly affected by dive-phase durations. Estimates by unsteady and steady biomechanical models differ significantly during descent but not during the feeding phase.
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Hogan, P. A., C. R. Burrows, K. A. Edge, R. M. Atkinson, M. R. Montakhab, and D. J. Woollons. "Automated Fault Analysis for Hydraulic Systems: Part 2: Applications." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 206, no. 4 (November 1992): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1992_206_337_02.

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The paper provides further details of the automated failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) program outlined in Part 1. Some of the more difficult development problems are discussed, and solutions are presented. The functionality of the program was tested through application to two experimental rigs, namely a closed-loop hydrostatic transmission with a dynamometer and a regenerative pump test rig. Non-destructive faults, such as abnormally low relief valve settings and excessive loads, were manually inserted into these rigs, and the measured effects were compared with the predictions from the program to validate the software. The difference in complexity and configuration evident in the two examples considered serves to highlight the generality of the approach. The ease of reconfigurability of the software reflects the key aim of producing a program capable of analysing a wide range of hydraulic circuits.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Closed hydrostatic circuit"

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Dano, Matej. "Hydrostatický pohon pojezdového ústrojí harvestoru." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232039.

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The object of this master’s thesis is design of a suitable hydrostatic travel drive for harvester. The first part dedicates of constructions of harvesters and actual different conceptions of travel drive. Next, there are design of hydrostatic circuit, calculation of general hydraulic parameters and design of hydraulic components in the second part. The last part deals with issue of combustion engine and cooler.
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Gerec, Matúš. "Pohonný a brzdový systém motorového vozu železnice pro muzeum průmyslových železnic." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-318852.

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This thesis deals with the design of the propulsion and braking system for narrow gauge railcar. It contains the design of hydrostatic drive system with closed-loop hydraulic circuit. Then thesis describes the concept of propulsion system placement in the frame of the railcar and design of the braking system.
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Book chapters on the topic "Closed hydrostatic circuit"

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Vardhan, Alok, K. Dasgupta, and Mohit Bhola. "Experimental Study on the Steady-State Performance of Closed-Circuit Hydrostatic Transmission Drives for the Rotary Head of Blast Hole Drill Machine Using Different Capacities Bent Axis Hydro-Motor." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 93–103. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6469-3_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Closed hydrostatic circuit"

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Wiens, Travis, and Douglas Bitner. "An Efficient, High Performance and Low-Cost Energy Recovering Hydrostatic Linear Actuator Concept." In BATH/ASME 2016 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2016-1775.

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Hydrostatic or closed-circuit pump-controlled hydraulic systems are attractive due to their high energy efficiency; their lack of throttling losses and ability to recover energy onto the pump shaft have made them a common design choice in systems using rotary actuators such as ground drive transmissions. However, the natural asymmetrical flow of typical hydraulic cylinders have prevented the widespread adoption of closed-circuit systems for linear actuators. Some hydrostatic linear actuator systems have been developed, but these suffer from a large dead volume and reduced force if using a symmetrical dual rod cylinder, or increased cost and complexity if using a specialized cylinder geometry or flow balancing circuits. This paper presents a concept system which uses a pair of common single-rod hydraulic cylinders to achieve the efficiency of a pump-controlled hydrostatic system with the opportunity for energy recovery. The system’s available force is equal to a standard valve-controlled system with a greater maximum velocity. This is achieved using only commercially-available components. The paper will present an analysis of the theoretical energy recovery potential over a representative work cycle for a hydraulic excavator. It will also present a controller design analysis and experimental verification.
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Liu, Zhengxing, and Hongyun Li. "Dynamic Response Control of Piezoelastic Laminated Cylindrical Shells Under Hydrostatic Pressure." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33574.

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Based on classical laminated plate theory and Navier solutions, the control of the piezoelastic laminated cylindrical shell’s dynamic response under hydrostatic pressure is discussed in this paper. Considering the direct and inverse piezoelectric effects of piezoelectric materials and from Hamilton’s principle, the nonlinear dynamic equations of the piezoelastic laminated cylindrical shell are derived first. Using close circuit method, the charge enclosed in the piezoelectric sensor layer can be measured. Furthermore, the voltage applied on the actuator layer can be obtained based on the closed-circuit charge signal of the sensor and velocity negative feedback control algorithm. An active dynamic response control model of simply supported laminated cylindrical shells with piezoelectric sensor/actuator under various dynamic loads is established in this paper at last. Three types of loading conditions, namely sinusoidal distributed load, line load and moving point load, are considered in numerical examples to investigate the performance of the control model. The numerical results show that the active control model presented in this paper can suppress the vibration of the structure under dynamic loading effectively.
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Deur, Josˇko, Vladimir Ivanovic´, Josˇko Petric´, Matthew Hancock, and Francis Assadian. "A Control-Oriented Model of Hydrostatic Transmission With Application on Torque Vectoring Differential Modeling." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-67394.

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The paper presents a control-oriented model of a closed circuit hydrostatic transmission. The model includes the pump speed, motor speed, and pressure difference state variables, and nonlinear static maps for the flow loss resistance and pump and motor torque losses. The model maps are obtained by experimental identification conducted on a hydrostatic transmission setup. The model is validated against the experimental data for a wide range of operating conditions. The validated model is used for bond graph modeling and analysis of a hydrostatic transmission-based torque vectoring differential. The torque vectoring features are illustrated by computer simulation.
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Kohma¨scher, Torsten, Robert Rahmfeld, Hubertus Murrenhoff, and Eckhard Skirde. "Improved Loss Modeling of Hydrostatic Units: Requirement for Precise Simulation of Mobile Working Machine Drivelines." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41803.

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The aim of this paper is to analyze different loss modeling methods for hydrostatic pumps and motors as an input for dynamic system simulation. Using dynamic simulation in an early design phase allows for optimization of driveline, driveline control and working hydraulic within several operating conditions. Using precise loss modeling methods enables prediction of energy consumption and energy losses over various duty cycles. Rising energy costs, enhanced government guidelines and increased environmental awareness require more efficient drive concepts especially in mobile working machines. Because of the complex machine structure with numerous hydraulic power consumers, like driveline, working, steering and braking hydraulic, dynamic system simulation is a need in the early design phase. This paper focuses on partial and full hydrostatic drivelines of mobile working machines which operate mostly on basis of a closed circuit hydrostatic transmission. Hydrostatic power lines connect pump and motor directly without additional losses because of valves or system characteristics. Therefore losses in the hydrostatic units have major relevance for the loss behavior of the hydrostatic transmission. The use of precise loss models is essential for analyzing hydrostatic transmission by means of dynamic system simulation. In the scope of this paper, one physical-empiric and four mathematical loss modeling methods are introduced, investigated and compared. Finally, the most promising modeling method is used for the simulation of a state of the art hydrostatic transmission.
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Padovani, D., and M. Ivantysynova. "Energy Efficient Hydraulic Rotary Drive: Analysis and Comparison of Two Different Displacement Controlled Solutions." In 8th FPNI Ph.D Symposium on Fluid Power. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpni2014-7842.

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This paper discusses, analyzes, and compares two different displacement controlled solutions for a rotary drive of a mobile machine. In particular, the first solution is a hydrostatic transmission based on a closed circuit structure while the second solution employs secondary controlled hydraulic drives. In detail, these alternatives are evaluated in the context of a machine with a huge mass that performs repetitive working cycles with frequent stops and goes that require a precise positioning. Consequently, the ability to recover energy via regenerative breaking becomes a key aspect in order to improve the global efficiency of the machine. Therefore, the paper will present a dynamic system model that was used to compare the two alternatives.
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Kolks, Giacomo, and Jürgen Weber. "Symmetric Single Rod Cylinders With Variable Piston Area? A Comprehensive Approach to the Right Solution." In BATH/ASME 2018 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2018-8810.

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In contrast to rotational hydraulic displacement units, such as pumps or motors, conventional hydraulic cylinder actuators do not allow a continuous variation of their displacement quantity: the piston area is regarded constant. In order to adapt to varying load and velocity requirements in a load cycle under torque restrictions of the driving motor, cylinder drives often implement pumps with variable displacement. In this paper, cylinders with discretely variable effective piston area by means of variable circuitry of multi-chamber cylinders are discussed. Hydraulic symmetry or constant asymmetry of the hydraulic cylinder are traits of the cylinder that are required to fit the cylinder to pump structures for closed-circuit displacement control, as given in electro-hydrostatic compact drives (ECD). A methodology to generate all possible solutions of variable area cylinders under the constraint of ECD requirements is proposed. A comprehensive description of the solution space is given, based on combinatorics and solution of equation systems. The methodology dealing with abstract cylinder areas is backed up by a general approach to describe the mechanical cylinder design space to combine multiple cylinder areas in one structural unit. Examples for design of three and four area cylinders are given and results are discussed. The paper concludes with the development of a demonstrator design to allow experimental validation in a subsequent step.
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Schmidt, Lasse, Torben O. Andersen, Henrik C. Pedersen, and Anders H. Hansen. "An Energy Efficient Hydraulic Winch Drive Concept Based on a Speed-Variable Switched Differential Pump." In ASME/BATH 2017 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2017-4266.

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The application of valve driven hydraulic winch drives is related to substantial power losses, primarily due to throttle generated valve flows. More energy efficient solutions are also commonly applied in terms of conventional hydrostatic closed circuit drives as well as so-called secondary controls. Such solutions are typically constituted by many and rather expensive components, and are furthermore often suffering from low frequency dynamics. In this paper an alternative solution is proposed for winch drive operation, which is based on the so-called speed-variable switched differential pump, originally designed for direct drive of hydraulic differential cylinders. This concept utilizes three pumps, driven by a single electric servo drive. The concept is redesigned for usage in winch drives, driven by flow symmetric hydraulic motors and single directional loads as commonly seen in e.g. active heave compensation applications. A general drive configuration approach is presented, along with a proper control strategy and design. The resulting concept is evaluated when applied for active heave compensation. Results demonstrate control performance on level with conventional valve solutions in terms of motion tracking, however with improved efficiency, especially in the event that the electrical servo drive can realize four quadrant operation.
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Keller, Nathan, and Monika Ivantysynova. "A New Approach to Sizing Low Pressure Systems." In ASME/BATH 2017 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2017-4344.

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Closed-circuit hydraulic systems, like hydrostatic transmissions and Displacement Controlled (DC) architecture systems, require an integrated low-pressure system. These low-pressure systems provide several important functions to the hydraulic system. They prevent cavitation, provide cooling flow through the cooler, replenish the hydraulic system with cool oil, assist in the oil filtration process, provide pressure to the hydraulic unit control systems and, in the case of DC systems with differential cylinders, balance the unequal cylinder flow. Traditionally, the sizing of low-pressure systems is accomplished using a static sizing approach. In this approach, a constant efficiency of the hydraulic units is assumed, and the system is operating at a maximum power condition. The result is often an oversized charge pump and accumulator, if one is present. A dynamic sizing method has been developed using MATLAB/Simulink® with high fidelity empirical loss models for hydraulic displacement machines. Using realistic duty cycles for hydraulic systems and measured data, the low-pressure system can be accurately sized. Dynamically sizing low-pressure systems reduce parasitic losses on the prime mover because of smaller pump sizes, thus freeing power to be used elsewhere. Another concept presented in this work is the possibility of isolating the hydraulic unit control pressure supply and the low-pressure system. Realistic examples have been simulated to demonstrate the power savings of dynamically sizing low-pressure systems.
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Deldar, Majid, Afshin Izadian, and Sohel Anwar. "Configuration Analysis and Design of a Wind Turbine With Hydrostatic Transmission System." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67307.

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This paper presents a methodology for designing and dimensioning of hydrostatic transmission system (HTS) configurations for wind turbines. HTS provides an alternative method to the gearbox in wind power applications. It decouples the turbine and the generator such that the generator can be driven at synchronous speed regardless of wind speed variation. A comparison of different HTS configurations shows that the functionality and performance of the proposed system depends on proper dimensioning of hydraulic components and the circuit configuration. Practical constraints of wind turbine and hydraulic technologies are considered in the design to configure an industrial scale system. The design objectives include obtaining the maximum system efficiency at the rated and high efficiency at partial load. Different hydrostatic systems were designed and simulated to show potentials for improving the overall efficiency of wind power using HTS. It was shown that the larger swept area and moderate speed generator improve efficiency of hydrostatic drivetrain. Optimization of the entire HTSWT can improve output power from a HTSWT to an extent that its annual energy production (AEP) becomes closely equal to AEP of a geared WT.
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Reports on the topic "Closed hydrostatic circuit"

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Clarke, John R. Optimal Hydrostatic Loading for Closed-Circuit Underwater Breathing Apparatus Design. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada234290.

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