Relevant bibliographies by topics / Closed-loop PID controller

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Closed-loop PID controller'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Closed-loop PID controller"

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Gupta, Suraj, and Pabitra Kumar Biswas. "Comparative Study of PID, PD-FLC and PID-FLC for Active Magnetic Bearing." Journal of Applied Research and Technology 21, no. 5 (2023): 713–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/icat.24486736e.2023.21.5.1875.

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In this manuscript, a closed loop active magnetic bearing system (AMB) is proposed, dynamically modelled and linearized in form of unstable transfer function. To achieve proper bearing operation, the proposed AMB system is controlled by two separate controllers, one to control the current in the electromagnet coils by forming an inner closed loop and second to stabilize the position of the suspending object at equilibrium. To maintain the position of suspending object at equilibrium, for the proposed AMB system (considering inner closed loop as unity) a conventional PID controller, a PD-fuzzy logic controller (PD-FLC) and a PID-fuzzy logic controller (PID-FLC) is designed and their performance is observed and compared. Later, the effect of designed controllers on the complete proposed AMB system is studied with the help of control system plots and improvement among their performances is observed. The plotted step responses and calculated transient state parameters will verify that by changing the conventional PID controller to a PID-FLC could result in 48.34% improvement in overshoot, 41.52% increment in speed of response and 32.23% increment in the relative stability.
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Zhuchenko, Anatolii, and Redrikh Putiatin. "Method for PID-tuning via feedback control system pole placement." Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving, no. 4 (December 23, 2022): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2617-9741.4.2022.269779.

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Pole placement is the only PID-tuning technic that allows one to obtain a control system with desired, and, moreover, highly predictable performance and control quality. Number of controller tuning parameters is equal to number of poles closed-loop poles it can precicely place, so that PID-controller can place exactly three poles, and PI- can place only two. For this reason PI-controller is best used with first-order processes (second-order closed loop system), and PID-controller with second-orded ones (third-order closed loop system). However, many processes have higher order than two, and still are controlled with PID-controllers. To tune it using pole placement techniques, it is necessary to consider only dominant poles, which affect performance of the system to the greatest extent. First, it is necessary to study a PI-controller with a second-order process, which is the most basic case. Tuning is performed using global optimization methods to fit dominant poles of a tuned system to dominant poles of a reference system.
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Dhanabalan, Gnanasekaran, Sankar Tamil Selvi, and Miroslav Mahdal. "Scan Time Reduction of PLCs by Dedicated Parallel-Execution Multiple PID Controllers Using an FPGA." Sensors 22, no. 12 (2022): 4584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22124584.

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A programmable logic controller (PLC) executes a ladder diagram (LD) using input and output modules. An LD also has PID controller function blocks. It contains as many PID function blocks as the number of process parameters to be controlled. Adding more process parameters slows down PLC scan time. Process parameters are measured as analog signals. The analog input module in the PLC converts these analog signals into digital signals and forwards them to the PID controller as inputs. In this research work, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based multiple PID controller is proposed to retain PLC scan time at a lower value. Concurrent execution of multiple PID controllers was assured by assigning separate FPGA hardware resources for every PID controller. Digital input to the PID controller is routed by the novel idea of analog to digital conversion (ADC), performed using a digital to analog converter (DAC), comparator, and FPGA. ADC combined with dedicated PID controller logic in an FPGA for every closed-loop control system confirms concurrent execution of multiple PID controllers. The time required to execute two closed-loop controls was identified as 18.96000004 ms. This design can be used either with or without a PLC.
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Zhu, Jie Tang, Shi Ying Zhang, Jiao Chen, Lei Luo, and Peng Gao. "A Study of Turbine Engine PID Control Method Based on Closed-Loop Gain Shaping Algorithm." Advanced Materials Research 468-471 (February 2012): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.143.

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This paper aims at the application of closed-loop gain shaping algorithm in turbine engine PID control. It introduces calculation examples, showing how to build a PID controller through parameters with physical significances; it also establishes mathematic models of turbine engine and fuel supply system, in order to test the performances of the PID controller, based on the comparison between PID controllers of series type and closed-loop gain shaping. Simultaneously, simulations are conducted using Matlab. The Simulations indicate no overshoot, proper control time as well as a narrow range of amplitude of oscillation. Therefore, the study succeeds in proving that the closed-loop gain shaping PID controller has excellent performance and good robustness, which is particularly useful for turbine engine control system.
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Arof, Saharul, Emilia Noorsal, Saiful Zaimy Yahaya, et al. "Pole placement tuning of proportional integral derivative feedback controller for knee extension model." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 34, no. 3 (2024): 1566. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v34.i3.pp1566-1581.

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Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has shown potential in rehabilitative exercises for patients recovering from spinal cord injuries. In recent developments, conventional open-loop FES control techniques have evolved into closed-loop systems that employ feedback controllers for automation. However, closed-loop FES systems often face challenges due to muscle non-linear effects, such as fatigue, time delays, stiffness, and spasticity. Therefore, an accurate non-linear knee model is required during the design stage, and precise tuning of the feedback controller parameters is vital. A proportional– integral–derivative (PID) controller is commonly used as a feedback controller due to its simplicity and ease of implementation. However, most PID tuning methods are complex and time consuming. This paper investigates the viability of employing the pole placement technique for tuning a PID controller that regulates the non-linear knee extension model. The pole placement method aims to improve the control and adaptability of the PID controller in closed-loop FES systems, specifically by facilitating knee extension exercises. MATLAB Simulink was used to assess the effectiveness of this tuning approach. Results showed that the PID controller performed satisfactorily without non-linearities, but performance varied with the inclusion of specific non-linearities. The pole placement tuning method facilitated preliminary assessments of PID controller performance, preceding highly advanced optimization.
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Arof, Saharul, Emilia Noorsal, Saiful Zaimy Yahaya, et al. "Pole placement tuning of proportional integral derivative feedback controller for knee extension model." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 34, no. 3 (2024): 1566–81. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v34.i3.pp1566-1581.

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Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has shown potential in rehabilitative exercises for patients recovering from spinal cord injuries. In recent developments, conventional open-loop FES control techniques have evolved into closed-loop systems that employ feedback controllers for automation. However, closed-loop FES systems often face challenges due to muscle non-linear effects, such as fatigue, time delays, stiffness, and spasticity. Therefore, an accurate non-linear knee model is required during the design stage, and precise tuning of the feedback controller parameters is vital. A proportional– integral–derivative (PID) controller is commonly used as a feedback controller due to its simplicity and ease of implementation. However, most PID tuning methods are complex and time consuming. This paper investigates the viability of employing the pole placement technique for tuning a PID controller that regulates the non-linear knee extension model. The pole placement method aims to improve the control and adaptability of the PID controller in closed-loop FES systems, specifically by facilitating knee extension exercises. MATLAB Simulink was used to assess the effectiveness of this tuning approach. Results showed that the PID controller performed satisfactorily without non-linearities, but performance varied with the inclusion of specific non-linearities. The pole placement tuning method facilitated preliminary assessments of PID controller performance, preceding highly advanced optimization.
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Mfoumboulou, Yohan Darcy. "Design of a model reference adaptive PID control algorithm for a tank system." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 1 (2021): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i1.pp300-318.

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This paper describes the design of an adaptive controller based on model reference adaptive PID control (MRAPIDC) to stabilize a two-tank process when large variations of parameters and external disturbances affect the closed-loop system. To achieve that, an innovative structure of the adaptive PID controller is defined, an additional PI is designed to make sure that the reference model produces stable output signals and three adaptive gains are included to guarantee stability and robustness of the closed-loop system. Then, the performance of the model reference adaptive PID controller on the behaviour of the closed-loop system is compared to a PI controller designed on MATLAB when both closed-loop systems are under various conditions. The results demonstrate that the MRAPIDC performs significantly better than the conventional PI controller.
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Yohan, Darcy Mfoumboulou. "Design of a model reference adaptive PID control algorithm for a tank system." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 1 (2021): 300–318. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i1.pp300-318.

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This paper describes the design of an adaptive controller based on model reference adaptive PID control (MRAPIDC) to stabilize a two-tank process when large variations of parameters and external disturbances affect the closed-loop system. To achieve that, an innovative structure of the adaptive PID controller is defined, an additional PI is designed to make sure that the reference model produces stable output signals and three adaptive gains are included to guarantee stability and robustness of the closed-loop system. Then, the performance of the model reference adaptive PID controller on the behaviour of the closed-loop system is compared to a PI controller designed on MATLAB when both closed-loop systems are under various conditions. The results demonstrate that the MRAPIDC performs significantly better than the conventional PI controller.
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K, Aseem, and Selva Kumar S. "Closed loop control of DC-DC converters using PID and FOPID controllers." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, no. 3 (2020): 1323. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i3.pp1323-1332.

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Fractional order controllers are nowadays used in various power electronic converters as it is giving superior control performance compared with conventional PID controllers. This paper presents the closed loop control of different DC-DC converters using PID controllers and Fractional Order PID (FOPID) controllers. The closed loop control of the basic converters such as buck, boost, buck-boost converters and dual input single output DC-DC converters were designed, modeled and analyzed using conventional PID controller and FOPID controllers. The performance of the controllers are compared in terms of the different time domain specifications like overshoot, rise time, settling time, etc. and simulated in MATLAB Simulink platform. For all types of the DC-DC converters, FOPID controller gives far better performance compared with conventional PID controllers.
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Aseem, K., and Kumar S. Selva. "Closed loop control of DC-DC converters using PID and FOPID controllers." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS) 11, no. 3 (2020): 1323–32. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i3.pp1323-1332.

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Fractional order controllers are nowadays used in various power electronic converters as it is giving superior control performance compared with conventional PID controllers. This paper presents the closed loop control of different DC-DC converters using PID controllers and Fractional Order PID (FOPID) controllers. The closed loop control of the basic converters such as buck, boost, buck-boost converters and dual input single output DC-DC converters were designed, modeled and analyzed using conventional PID controller and FOPID controllers. The performance of the controllers are compared in terms of the different time domain specifications like overshoot, rise time, settling time, etc. and simulated in MATLAB Simulink platform. For all types of the DC-DC converters, FOPID controller gives far better performance compared with conventional PID controllers.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Closed-loop PID controller"

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Jones, Omar. "DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF AN EMBEDDED DC MOTOR CONTROLLER USING A PID ALGORITHM." Thesis, Linköping University, Electronics System, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-58947.

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<p>This project was held at London South Bank University in the UK, with corporation with staff from Linköping University in Sweden as Bachelor thesis.</p><p>This report will guide you through the used techniques in order to achieve a successful cooler/Fan project with a minimum budget and good energy saving methods.</p><p>The steps of setting the used software and components are supported with figures and diagrams. You will find full explanation of the used components and mathematics, in additional to a complete working code.</p>
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Zhao, Xiaojuan. "Contribution to the implementation of a process control system for continuous powder mixing." Phd thesis, Ecole des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00975251.

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Powder mixing is an essential operation in various industrial fields, such as pharmaceuticals, agro-food, cements, etc. Continuous powder mixing, as an alternative to conventional batch mixing, has attracted a lot of interest mainly due to its capacity in handling high volume manufacturing. This work aims at the contribution to the implementation of process control applications for powder mixing in a pilot-scale continuous mixer. Prior to developing process control strategies, new developments have been presented for better understanding continuous mixing of two components. Hold-up weight and relative hold-up weight distribution of each component in the whole mixer have been experimentally investigated under different operating conditions. An improved Markov chain model has been finally presented to predict the mean concentration of the mixtures obtained at the mixer's outlet. The implementation of a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller has been experimentally performed as an initial attempt to real-time control the homogeneity of the mixture produced. The rotational speed of the stirrer, identified as an important deciding factor towards the mixer's efficiency, has been considered as the manipulated variable. The closed-loop control is based on either the mean concentration or the relative standard deviation. The performances of the proposed closed-loops have been evaluated for continuous mixing subjected to step changes in feed rates of the mixer. Four case studies have been defined and presented. The main challenge in the process control system is the tuning of PID parameters. The performance of closed-loop control of either the mean concentration or the relative standard deviation has been compared to open-loop operation.
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Korsa, Filip. "Revitalizace testeru regulace hydraulických obvodů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230422.

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High-quality simulation of hydraulic mechanism saves the time and other costs associated with the changes of inappropriately designed circuit. The aim of this thesis is to revitalize the test rig intended for simulating hydraulic circuits in order to verify the results of the simulation program Hyvos used internally by Bosch Rexroth Company. It is expected that the simulation of the hydraulic machinery cycles under the influence of disturbances will be carry out on the test rig and measured data are compared with results of the virtual models which are designed using the mentioned software Hyvos. The work deals with the so called position and pressure control which represent the classical modes of pressing machines or hydraulic press brakes operation cycles. The parameters of the hydraulic closed-loop axis controller for electrohydraulic drives (HACD) are set using the software Bodac.
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Αμπλάς, Γρηγόριος. "Ανάπτυξη εφαρμογής βιομηχανικού αυτοματισμού με Προγραμματιζόμενο Λογικό Ελεγκτή και τεχνητούς πνευματικούς μύες". Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10889/6720.

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Η διπλωματική εργασία συνίσταται στο σχεδιασμό, την κατασκευή και τον έλεγχο μιας πειραματικής διάταξης παράλληλου ρομποτικού μηχανισμού, η οποία περιλαμβάνει ηλεκτροπνευματικό εξοπλισμό, όπως τέσσερα πνευματικά έμβολα τύπου τεχνητών μυών, ισάριθμες ανάλογικές βαλβίδες πεπιεσμένου αέρα και έναν προγραμματιζόμενο λογικό ελεγκτή (PLC) που ελέγχει τη λειτουργία της διάταξης. Η πειραματική διάταξη που σχεδιάσαμε και κατασκευάσαμε είναι ένας παράλληλος ρομποτικός μηχανισμός πέντε βαθμών ελευθερίας, ο οποίος αποτελείται από τέσσερις δοκούς, δύο βασικά γρανάζια περιστροφής, δύο οδοντωτούς ιμάντες, μια βάση στήριξης και επιπρόσθετα βοηθητικά στηρίγματα. Οι δοκοί συνδέονται μεταξύ τους μέσω περιστροφικών αρθρώσεων και αποτελούν μια κλειστή κινηματική αλυσίδα, στα άκρα της οποίας τοποθετούνται οι κινητήριες αρθρώσεις (γρανάζια). Στόχος είναι με τον έλεγχο της περιστροφής των γραναζιών να εξασφαλίζεται μια επιθυμητή τροχιά του τελικού σημείου. Ο έλεγχος της περιστροφής των γραναζιών επιτυγχάνεται μέσω της ανταγωνιστικής λειτουργίας των μυών της διάταξης μας. Η τροφοδοτούμενη πίεση στους μύες, ελέγχεται μέσω του PLC. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, οι επιθυμητές τροχιές που επιχειρήθηκαν ήταν η παράλληλη, η κατακόρυφη και η κυκλική τροχιά. Οι έλεγχοι που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν ήταν ένας έλεγχος ανοιχτού βρόχου και ένας PID έλεγχος κλειστού βρόχου. Συμπερασματικά, τα ζητήματα που μας απασχόλησαν κατά τη διεξαγωγή της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι ο προγραμματισμός του PLC, οι πνευματικοί μύες, η ανταγωνιστική τους λειτουργία, η μαθηματική περιγραφή του μοντέλου του παράλληλου μηχανισμού και ο έλεγχος για την επίτευξη των επιθυμητών τροχιών.<br>The thesis consists of designing, manufacturing and controlling a parallel robotic mechanism, including electro-pneumatics equipment, such as four pneumatic artificial muscles, four analogue pneumatic valves and a programmable logical controller (PLC), in order to control the structure's operation. This structure is a 5-degrees-of-freedom robotic mechanism, consisting of four beams, two basic rotating gears, two toothed belts and other complementary brackets. Beams are connected to each other by use of rotary joints and, therefore, constitute a closed kinematic chain. At the ends of the chain are placed the rotating gears. The thesis goal is to achieve the mechanism's end successful move through a certain track by controlling the gears' rotating angles. This is achieved by the competitive operation of pneumatic artificial muscles. Pneumatic muscles' pressure is controlled through the PLC. A parallel, a vertical and a circular track were executed. An open loop and a PID closed loop controller where designed. In conclusion, issues taken into consideration in this thesis were PLC programming, pneumatic artificial muscles and their competitive operation, parallel mechanism's mathematical model description and control implementation.
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Book chapters on the topic "Closed-loop PID controller"

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Chang, Tsu-Shuan, and A. Nazli Gündeş. "MIMO PID Controller Synthesis with Closed-Loop Pole Assignment." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8919-0_29.

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Singh, Bharat, Shabana Urooj, and Ravi Sharma. "Closed-Loop Blood Glucose Control for Type I Diabetes Patients Using PID Controller." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7329-8_23.

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Javvaji, Hemalatha, and Basavaraja Banakara. "Closed-Loop Control of Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter Using Fractional Order—PID Controller." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7330-6_49.

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Banu, U. Sabura. "Chapter 13 Closed Loop Simulation Of Quadruple Tank Process Using Adaptive Multi-Loop Fractional Order Pid Controller Optimized Using Bat Algorithm." In Evolutionary Computation. Apple Academic Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315366388-14.

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Arof, Saharul, N. M. Noor, M. F. Alias, Emilia Noorsal, Philip Mawby, and H. Arof. "Digital Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) Controller for Closed-Loop Direct Current Control of an Electric Vehicle Traction Tuned Using Pole Placement." In Advanced Structured Materials. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46036-5_8.

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Zhang, M. M., L. Cheng, and Y. Zhou. "Closed-Loop Control of the Resonant Flow-Structure Interaction Using PID Controllers." In IUTAM Symposium on Integrated Modeling of Fully Coupled Fluid Structure Interactions Using Analysis, Computations and Experiments. Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0995-9_18.

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Calvo-Rolle, Jose Luis, Héctor Alaiz-Moretón, Javier Alfonso-Cendón, Ángel Alonso-Álvarez, and Ramón Ferreiro-García. "Development of a Conceptual Model for a Knowledge-Based System for the Design of Closed-Loop PID Controllers." In Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning - IDEAL 2009. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04394-9_8.

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Meneses, Helber, Michael Alfaro, Orlando Arrieta, and Ramon Vilanova. "Design of a Closed-Control Loop Based on Simple Tuning Rules for Fractional PID Controllers for Integrating Systems with Robustness Considerations." In CONTROLO 2022. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10047-5_45.

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Ostalczyk, Piotr, and Piotr Duch. "Variable, Fractional-Order PID Controller Synthesis Novelty Method." In Advance Innovation and Expansion of PID Controllers [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95232.

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The novelty method of the discrete variable, fractional order PID controller is proposed. The PID controllers are known for years. Many tuning continuous time PID controller methods are invented. Due to different performance criteria there are optimized three parameters: proportional, integral and differentiation gains. In the fractional order PID controllers there are two additional parameters: fractional order integration and differentiation. In the variable, fractional order PID controller fractional orders are generalized to functions. Nowadays all PID controllers are realized by microcontrollers in a discrete time version. Hence, the order functions are discrete variable bounded ones. Such controllers offer better transient characteristics of the closed loop systems. The choice of the order functions is still the open problem. In this Section a novelty intuitive idea is proposed. As the order functions one applies two spline functions with bounded functions defined for every time subinterval. The main idea is that in the final time interval the variable, fractional order PID controller transforms itself to the classical one preserving the stability conditions and zero steady-state error signal. This means that in the last time interval the discrete integration order is −1 and differentiation is 1.
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Yu Wen-Shyong and Lu Tien-Ching. "Dynamical Neural PID Control Design." In Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press, 2015. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-522-7-508.

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In this paper, a dynamic neural PID control scheme is presented based on the Ziegler-Nichols-like formula. The neural PID with a single estimate is tuned according to the Lyapunov type stability criterion. The proposed control scheme can guarantee convergence of the estimate in neuron and the stability of the closed-loop system. Procedures are provided for selecting the most appropriate tuning method for a given application based on the primary function of the feedback loop (servo against regulatory) as well as the relative importance of control effort and robustness. In addition, the neural PID version of the Ziegler-Nichols controller, a popular strategy for systems with delays, was found to yield excellent setpoint following but sluggish rejection of unmeasured disturbances acting at the plant input. Simulation examples and comparisons using Ziegler-Nichols PID controllers and that of the fuzzy selftuning of PID control scheme for system with time delays are given to illustrate the performance of the proposed control scheme.
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Conference papers on the topic "Closed-loop PID controller"

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Sanathana, Jahnavi, Swathi Bathula, Dola Gobinda Padhan, D. S. Naga Malleswara Rao, and V. Vijaya Rama Raju. "IMC Based Tuning of PID Controller for Closed Loop Control of BLDC Motor." In 2024 IEEE 4th International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Future Electric Transportation (SEFET). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sefet61574.2024.10718164.

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Arof, S., E. Noorsal, Z. Hussain, et al. "PID-DTC Controller for Nonlinear Knee Extension Model with Time Delay Effect in Closed-Loop FES." In 2024 IEEE 14th International Conference on Control System, Computing and Engineering (ICCSCE). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccsce61582.2024.10696007.

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T�mer, Beril, Deniz Sanli Yildiz, and Yaman Arkun. "Minimization of Hydrogen Consumption via Optimization of Power Allocation Between the Stacks of a Dual-Stack Fuel Cell System." In The 35th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering. PSE Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.69997/sct.126938.

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A dual-stack fuel cell model was developed to simulate the hydrogen consumption a fuel cell-powered vehicle for a specific drive cycle. Two fuel cell stacks, each consisting of 65 parallel cells at different aging status and thus with different efficiency profiles (i.e., low and high) were considered. A constrained optimization for power distribution between individual stacks was performed where the objective function was to minimize the hydrogen consumption while meeting the total demand. For proper power management each stack has its own power controller which manipulates the stack current to control the stack power at its desired-set point. Computed optimal power values constitute the desired set-points for the local power PID controllers of the individual stacks. Closed-loop simulations were performed by simulating the developed mechanistic model together with optimization and PID controllers in SIMULINK platform. The closed loop simulations demonstrate how well the power demand of the drive cycle is tracked and the hydrogen consumption is minimized. To assess the impact of optimization strategy used, hydrogen consumption is compared to that of equal power sharing and a daisy-chain strategies. The results demonstrate that the optimization strategy effectively reduces the total hydrogen consumption.
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Abhishek, Abhishek, Shashikant Kadukar, Ramdas Gadekar, et al. "Design, Development, and Closed-loop Flight-Testing of a Single Power Plant Variable Pitch Quadrotor Unmanned Air Vehicle." In Vertical Flight Society 73rd Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0073-2017-12020.

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This paper describes the design, development and flight testing of a single power plant variable pitch quadrotor unmanned air vehicle (UAV). The use of variable pitch rotor enables replacement of four motors of the conventional quadrotor design with a single power plant, opening up the possibility of use of fuel engine. The work is carried out in two phases. In the first phase, a proof-of-concept prototype of variable pitch quadrotor powered by a single brushless DC motor is fabricated to demonstrate the variable pitch concept and to develop the control strategy required for attitude stabilization and trajectory tracking. A PID based closed loop controller is developed and implemented on PixHawk autopilot board and its performance is demonstrated through flight test of the electric quadrotor prototype. In the second phase, two stroke internal combustion engine powered prototypes are developed based on the understanding generated from the first phase. The gasoline powered quadrotor with all up weight of 10 kg is estimated to offer hovering endurance of 2.4 hours with 2 liters of fuel. This design revisits the possibility of developing helicopters without cyclic pitch control which was first explored nearly a century ago.
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5

Karuppiah, M., K. Karthikumar, and A. Arunbalj. "A transformerless buck-boost converter with PID controller (closed loop controller)." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Techniques in Control, Optimization and Signal Processing (INCOS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itcosp.2017.8303145.

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Rouhani, Hossein, Michael Same, Kei Masani, Ya Qi Li, and Milos R. Popovic. "Closed-loop control of standing neuroprosthesis using PID controller." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (SMC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smc.2017.8122953.

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Gupta, Suraj, Jonathan Laldingliana, Sukanta Debnath, and Pabitra Kumar Biswas. "Closed Loop Control Of Active Magnetic Bearing Using PID Controller." In 2018 International Conference on Computing, Power and Communication Technologies (GUCON). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gucon.2018.8675123.

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Kamalesh, K., Polakamma Sriram Prasad Reddy, and J. Suganthi Vinodhini. "Open loop and closed loop comparision for single phase Cyclo converter (PID controller)." In 2016 Second International Conference on Science Technology Engineering And Management (ICONSTEM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iconstem.2016.7560868.

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Salisbury, Shaun P., David F. Waechter, Ridha Ben Mrad, S. Eswar Prasad, Richard G. Blacow, and Bin Yan. "Tracking Controller for a Piezoworm™ Stage." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15913.

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In this paper, a closed-loop tracking controller is described that expands the application of the piezoworm stage. A dynamic model of the piezoworm is presented complete with a rule-based friction model to accurately capture the clamp behavior. This dynamic model is used to assess different closed loop controllers for tracking performance. It is determined that a PID controller would offer good performance when the motor is subject to step and sinusoidal signals and state feedback control did not lead to improved performance when compared to the PID performance.
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Mitra, Lopamudra, and Nibedita Swain. "Closed loop control of solar powered boost converter with PID controller." In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pedes.2014.7041973.

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