Relevant bibliographies by topics / Clostridium tetani

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Clostridium tetani'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Clostridium tetani"

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Hallit, Rabih Riad, Muhammad Afridi, Raymund Sison, Elie Salem, Jack Boghossian, and Jihad Slim. "Clostridium tetani bacteraemia." Journal of Medical Microbiology 62, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.044941-0.

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Hao, Nguyen Van, Nguyen Ngoc My Huyen, Nguyen Thi Han Ny, Vo Thi Nhu Trang, Nguyen Van Minh Hoang, Duong Bich Thuy, Nguyen Thanh Nguyen, et al. "The Role of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Toxigenic Clostridium tetani Infection: A Case-Control Study." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 105, no. 2 (August 11, 2021): 494–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0146.

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ABSTRACT. Tetanus arises from wound contamination with Clostridium tetani, but approximately one fifth of patients have no discernable entry wound. Clostridium tetani is culturable from animal feces, suggesting the gastrointestinal tract could be an endogenous reservoir or direct-entry portal, but human data are lacking. In this study of 101 Vietnamese adults with tetanus and 29 hospitalized control subjects, admission stool samples were cultured for C. tetani. Anti-tetanus toxin antibodies were measured by ELISA. Clostridium tetani toxigenicity was evaluated using polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Toxigenic C. tetani was cultured from stool samples in 50 of 100 (50%) tetanus cases and 12 of 28 (42.9%) control subjects (P = 0.50), and stool samples of 44 of 85 (52.4%) tetanus cases with clinically identified wounds compared with 6 of 15 (47.6%) patients without clinically identified wounds (P = 0.28). Nine of 12 (75%) control subjects with toxigenic C. tetani in their stool samples lacked protective antibody concentrations. These findings fail to show evidence of an association between gastrointestinal C. tetani and tetanus infection, but emphasize the importance of increasing vaccination coverage.
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Shirokawa, Masamitsu, Yasuhiro Shibuya, Makoto Mitsusada, Akihiko Yamamoto, and Masaaki Iwaki. "Tetanus Case Isolating Clostridium tetani from Scab." Nihon Kyukyu Igakukai Zasshi 19, no. 5 (2008): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3893/jjaam.19.279.

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Bolte, E. R. "Autism and clostridium tetani." Medical Hypotheses 51, no. 2 (August 1998): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-9877(98)90107-4.

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Brüggemann, Holger, Elzbieta Brzuszkiewicz, Diana Chapeton-Montes, Lucile Plourde, Denis Speck, and Michel R. Popoff. "Genomics of Clostridium tetani." Research in Microbiology 166, no. 4 (May 2015): 326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2015.01.002.

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Möller, Jens, Max Edmund Kraner, and Andreas Burkovski. "More than a Toxin: Protein Inventory of Clostridium tetani Toxoid Vaccines." Proteomes 7, no. 2 (April 16, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proteomes7020015.

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Clostridium tetani is the etiological agent of tetanus, a life-threatening bacterial infection. The most efficient protection strategy against tetanus is a vaccination with the C. tetani neurotoxin, which is inactivated by formaldehyde-crosslinking. Since we assumed that besides the tetanus toxin, other proteins of C. tetani may also be present in toxoid preparations, we analyzed commercially available vaccines from different countries in respect to their protein content using mass spectrometry. In total 991 proteins could be identified in all five analyzed vaccines, 206 proteins were common in all analyzed vaccines and 54 proteins from the 206 proteins were potential antigens. The additionally present proteins may contribute at least partially to protection against C. tetani infection by supporting the function of the vaccine against the devastating effects of the tetanus toxin indirectly. Two different label-free protein quantification methods were applied for an estimation of protein contents. Similar results were obtained with a Total Protein Approach (TPA)-based method and Protein Discoverer 2.2 software package based on the minora algorithm. Depending on the tetanus toxoid vaccine and the quantification method used, tetanus neurotoxin contributes between 14 and 76 % to the total C. tetani protein content and varying numbers of other C. tetani proteins were detected.
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Cohen, Jonathan E., Rong Wang, Rong-Fong Shen, Wells W. Wu, and James E. Keller. "Comparative pathogenomics of Clostridium tetani." PLOS ONE 12, no. 8 (August 11, 2017): e0182909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182909.

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Chapeton-Montes, Diana, Lucile Plourde, Cecile Deneve, Dominique Garnier, Fabien Barbirato, Vincent Colombié, Sandy Demay, et al. "Tetanus Toxin Synthesis is Under the Control of A Complex Network of Regulatory Genes in Clostridium tetani." Toxins 12, no. 5 (May 15, 2020): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12050328.

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Clostridium tetani produces a potent neurotoxin, the tetanus toxin (TeNT), which is responsible for an often-fatal neurological disease (tetanus) characterized by spastic paralysis. Prevention is efficiently acquired by vaccination with the TeNT toxoid, which is obtained by C. tetani fermentation and subsequent purification and chemical inactivation. C. tetani synthesizes TeNT in a regulated manner. Indeed, the TeNT gene (tent) is mainly expressed in the late exponential and early stationary growth phases. The gene tetR (tetanus regulatory gene), located immediately upstream of tent, encodes an alternative sigma factor which was previously identified as a positive regulator of tent. In addition, the genome of C. tetani encodes more than 127 putative regulators, including 30 two-component systems (TCSs). Here, we investigated the impact of 12 regulators on TeNT synthesis which were selected based on their homology with related regulatory elements involved in toxin production in other clostridial species. Among nine TCSs tested, three of them impact TeNT production, including two positive regulators that indirectly stimulate tent and tetR transcription. One negative regulator was identified that interacts with both tent and tetR promoters. Two other TCSs showed a moderate effect: one binds to the tent promoter and weakly increases the extracellular TeNT level, and another one has a weak inverse effect. In addition, CodY (control of dciA (decoyinine induced operon) Y) but not Spo0A (sporulation stage 0) or the DNA repair protein Mfd (mutation frequency decline) positively controls TeNT synthesis by interacting with the tent promoter. Moreover, we found that inorganic phosphate and carbonate are among the environmental factors that control TeNT production. Our data show that TeNT synthesis is under the control of a complex network of regulators that are largely distinct from those involved in the control of toxin production in Clostridium botulinum or Clostridium difficile.
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Popoff, Michel R. "Tetanus in animals." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 32, no. 2 (February 18, 2020): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638720906814.

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Tetanus is a neurologic disease of humans and animals characterized by spastic paralysis. Tetanus is caused by tetanus toxin (TeNT) produced by Clostridium tetani, an environmental soilborne, gram-positive, sporulating bacterium. The disease most often results from wound contamination by soil containing C. tetani spores. Horses, sheep, and humans are highly sensitive to TeNT, whereas cattle, dogs, and cats are more resistant. The diagnosis of tetanus is mainly based on the characteristic clinical signs. Identification of C. tetani at the wound site is often difficult.
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Munir, Anum, Shaukat Iqbal Malik, and Khalid Akhtar Malik. "Proteome Mining for the Identification of Putative Drug Targets For Human Pathogen Clostridium Tetani." Current Bioinformatics 14, no. 6 (July 16, 2019): 532–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574893613666181114095736.

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Background: Clostridium tetani are rod-like, anaerobic types of pathogenic bacteria of the genus Clostridium. It is Gram-positive in nature and appears as a tennis racket or drumsticks on staining with the dye. Tetanus is a neuromuscular disease wherein the Clostridium tetani exotoxin produces muscle fits in the host. Tetanus is the second leading cause of worldwide deaths occurring from the family of immunization-preventable diseases. Methods: In this research, subtractive proteome analysis of C. tetani was performed to identify putative drug targets. The proteins were subjected to blast analysis against Homo sapiens to exclude homologous proteins. The database of Essential Genes was used to determine the essential proteins of the pathogen. These basic proteins were additionally analyzed to anticipate the corresponding metabolic pathways. Results: Cellular localization analysis was carried out to determine the possibility of the protein presence in the outer membrane. The study has recognized 29 essential genes and 20 unique pathways of 2314 proteins as potential drug targets. There are 29 essential proteins, out of which, 3 membrane proteins were also identified as putative drug targets. Conclusion: Virtual screening in contrast to these proteins can be valuable in the identification of novel clinical compounds for the C. tetani infections in Homo sapiens.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Clostridium tetani"

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Raffestin, Stéphanie. "Régulation de la toxinogenèse chez Clostridium botulinum et Clostridium tetani." Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA077044.

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Holliday, Malcolm G. "The immunochemistry and metabolism of Clostridium tetani." Thesis, Keele University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328569.

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Brüggemann, Holger. "Die vollständige Entschlüsselung der Genomsequenz des Tetanus-Erregers Clostridium tetani und die Analyse seines genetischen Potentials." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=969514581.

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Marvaud, Jean-Christophe. "Contribution a l'etude des proteines associees aux neurotoxines clostridiennes et vectorisation de proteines dans les cellules (doctorat : microbiologie)." Paris 11, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA114851.

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Fratelli, Fernando. "Avaliação da produção de toxina tetânica por \"Clostridium tetani\" cultivado por processos fermentativos descontínuo e descontínuo alimentado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9134/tde-06122007-163303/.

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A toxina tetânica é uma proteína sintetizada pelo bacilo Clostridium tetani que após destoxificação através da ação do formol, continua apresentando propriedades antigênicas e imunogênicas, obtendo a denominação toxóide tetânico. A síntese dessa proteína ocorre quando esse bacilo encontra-se na sua forma vegetativa e em meio de cultura específico relativamente complexo contendo glicose e peptonas. O efeito simultâneo de diferentes níveis de glicose (Go) e N-Z Case TT® (NZo) como fontes de carbono e nitrogênio, respectivamente, na produção de toxina tetânica foi investigada nesta primeira parte do trabalho em cultivo estático por meio de planejamento fatorial em estrela com cinco níveis e avaliado por metodologia de superfície de resposta, com a finalidade de otimização do processo. O valor mais alto de toxina tetânica encontrado, correspondente a Go = 9,7 g/L e NZo = 43,5 g/L, foi 79% maior que aqueles obtidos em condições padrões de cultivo (Go = 8,0 g/L e NZo = 25,0 g/L). Também foram realizados cultivos de C. tetani utilizando o processo descontínuo alimentado com diferentes protocolos para a correção da concentração de glicose no meio de cultivo ao longo do tempo em diferentes concentrações iniciais de N-Z Case TT®. Dois grupos de ensaios foram executados: a) experimentos realizados com a correção da concentração de glicose para 3,0 g/L nos instantes 16, 56 e 88 h e b) experimentos com correção inicial da concentração de glicose para 3,0 g/L e após esta cair para 1-1,5 g/L. O primeiro protocolo de correção da concentração de glicose e NZo = 50,0 g/L foram as melhores condições para obtenção de toxina tetânica. Nestas condições, o título de toxina tetânica foi 300% maior que aqueles obtidos em cultivos padrão.
The tetanus toxin is a neurotoxin synthesized by the bacillus Clostridium tetani that, after detoxification with formaldehyde, still exhibits antigenic and immunologic properties, hence its denomination of tetanus toxoid. Such a neurotoxin is produced by cultivations of the microorganism in vegetative form on a relatively complex specific medium containing glucose and peptone. The simultaneous effects of the starting levels of glucose (Go) and N-Z Case TT® (NZo) as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, on the production of tetanus toxin, have been investigated in this work in static cultivations by means of a five-levels star-shaped experimental design and evaluated by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for optimization purposes. The highest final average yield of tetanus toxin, achieved at Go = 9.7 g/L and NZo = 43.5 g/L, was 79% higher than that obtained with standard cultivations (Go = 8.0 g/L and NZo = 25.0 g/L). Also, there were carried out cultivations of C. tetani using fed-batch process at different protocols to correct the glucose concentration in the cultivation medium along the time at different initial N-Z Case TT® concentrations (NZo). Two series of runs were performed: a) experiments with the correction of the glucose concentration to 3.0 g/L in the times 16, 56 and 88 hours and b) experiments with initial correction of the glucose concentration to 3.0 g/L and after it to drop to 1-1,5 g/L. The former protocol to correct the glucose concentration and NZo = 50.0 g/L were the best condition to obtain tetanus toxin. In these conditions, the yield of tetanus toxin was 300% higher than that obtained with standard cultivations.
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Roßkopf, Ute. "Validierung der Wirksamkeitsprüfung für Clostridium tetani Impfstoffe ad usum veterinarium durch den direkten Nachweis von Tetanus-Antitoxin im Zieltier mittels ELISA." Giessen : VVB Laufersweiler, 2007. http://geb.uni-giessen.de/geb/volltexte/2007/4469/index.html.

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Roßkopf, Ute [Verfasser]. "Validierung der Wirksamkeitsprüfung für Clostridium-tetani-Impfstoffe ad usum veterinarium durch den direkten Nachweis von Tetanus-Antitoxin im Zieltier mittels ELISA / eingereicht von Ute Roßkopf." Giessen : VVB Laufersweiler, 2007. http://d-nb.info/988682664/34.

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Moser, Rebekka. "IgG Antiköperbestimmung gegen Haemophilus influenza Typ b, Streptococcus pneumoniae Stereotypen 14 und 19F und Clostridium tetani Toxin in Nabelschnurseren und Seren von 0-6 Monate alten Säuglingen /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1998. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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Schutze, Marie-Paule. "Suppression epitopique et vaccins synthetiques : evidences, mecanismes et alternatives." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066619.

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Serra, Vincent. "Influence de l'association C3b-toxine tétanique sur la production de peptides immunogéniques." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10046.

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La proteine c3 est impliquee dans de nombreux mecanismes de defense de l'organisme contre des elements etrangers pathogenes. C3 participe a la reponse immune naturelle : element clef du syteme du complement, elle intervient dans l'elimination des complexes immuns. Cette proteine participe egalement a la reponse immune specifique : son influence dans l'activation b a clairement ete etablie. Un role dans l'appretement et la presentation de l'ag a egalement ete suggere. Mon projet de recherche a vise a determiner l'influence de c3b sur la generation de peptides antigeniques de la tt au cours de l'appretement dans la cpa. Je me suis d'abord interesse a mieux definir les effets de l'association de c3b a la toxine tetanique (tt) dans la presentation par les cpa aux cellules t. Les complexes tt-c3b activent tous les clones t specifiques des epitopes p2 et p30 a des doses 100 fois moins importantes, par rapport a la tt libre. Cette meilleure efficacite de presentation des cpa ne resulte pas, dans mon systeme experimentale, d'une modification de neosynthese de molecules hla-dr ou de b7. Mon etude s'est portee dans un deuxieme temps sur l'analyse de l'influence des complexes tt-c3b sur la stabilite en sds des molecules hla-dr. L'appretement de complexes tt-c3b permet la synthese de 2 fois plus de formes hla-dr1 compactes qu'avec la tt libre. Ces resultats demontrent que la proteine c3b modifie une ou plusieurs etapes de l'appretement de l'ag qui lui est associe. La production de formes hla-dr compactes en presence de complexes tt-c3b est preferentiellement observee dans les compartiments tardifs de la voie endocytaire, de type lysosomal. Je me suis enfin efforce de determiner les sequences des peptides de la tt naturellement generes par une cpa et associes aux molecules hla-dr, ainsi que d'analyser l'influence de l'association de c3b. L'appretement des complexes tt-c3b permet de generer des epitopes t differents de ceux de la tt, dont la quantite (ou l'immunogenicite) est responsable d'une meilleure activation des clones t utilises. Ces resultats suggerent donc un role direct de c3b dans la generation des epitopes t au cours de l'appretement de la tt, en favorisant la production de peptides immunogeniques differents, capables de se lier aux molecules hla-dr et d'activer de facon plus importante les clones t specifiques.
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Books on the topic "Clostridium tetani"

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Lipman, Jeffrey, and Robert J. Boots. Diagnosis, assessment, and management of tetanus, rabies, and botulism. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0245.

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Tetanus, rabies and botulism are all infections characterized by the production of a neurotoxin, and generally do not give rise to a systemic inflammatory response. Typically tetanus result from the infection of wounds by the ubiquitious soil-borne bacteria Clostridium tetanii, botulism is most commonly due to toxin produced in food contaminated with Clostridium botulinum. Rabies usually results from an animal bite infected with the rabies virus of the Lyssavirus group. Neurological involvement by all three infections is characterized by paralysis and autonomic instability with tetanus also being associated with muscular rigidity. Importantly, the autonomic dysfunction of tetanus can be severe and may necessitate prolonged treatment in an intensive care unit (ICU). Active immunization can prevent or minimize the symptoms of tetanus and rabies, while passive immunization may slow symptom progression in botulism. Intensive care support is often required to manage respiratory failure and autonomic dysfunction. Rabies is typically fatal in the absence of prior immunization.
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Stafstrom, Carl E. Disorders Caused by Botulinum Toxin and Tetanus Toxin. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0156.

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Anaerobic organisms of the genus Clostridia (C) can cause significant human disease. Exotoxins secreted by C botulinum and C tetani cause botulism and tetanus, respectively (summarized in Table 156.1). Botulinum neurotoxin causes neuromuscular blockade by interfering with vesicular acetylcholine release, leading to cholinergic blockade at the neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle, and consequently, symmetric flaccid paralysis. Tetanus toxin prevents release of inhibitory neurotransmitters at central synapses, leading to overactivity of motor neurons and muscle rigidity and spasms. This chapter reviews clinical features of botulism and tetanus and discusses their pathophysiological basis.
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Harrison, Mark. Clostridial infection. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198765875.003.0015.

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This chapter describes the microbiology of clostridial infection as it applies to Emergency Medicine, and in particular the Primary FRCEM examination. The chapter outlines the key details of the source, clinical features, and principles of treatment and prevention of clostridial colitis, clostridial gas gangrene, and tetanus. This chapter is laid out exactly following the RCEM syllabus, to allow easy reference and consolidation of learning.
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Montecucco, C., ed. Clostridial Neurotoxins: The Molecular Pathogenesis of Tetanus and Botulism. SPRINGER-VERLAG, 1995.

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Matthews, Philippa C. Infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Edited by Philippa C. Matthews. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737773.003.0002.

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This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, and tables to summarize Gram-positive organisms that are significant causes of disease in the tropics and subtropics. This includes anthrax, tetanus, clostridial infections, diphtheria, and streptococci. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
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Book chapters on the topic "Clostridium tetani"

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Coia, John, and Heather Cubie. "Clostridium tetani." In The Immunoassay Kit Directory, 688–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0359-3_9.

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Schütt-Gerowitt, Heidi. "Clostridium tetani." In Lexikon der Infektionskrankheiten des Menschen, 177–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39026-8_200.

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Stechenberg, Barbara. "Clostridium tetani." In The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes, 231–34. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-391-2_20.

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Nagoba, Basavraj, Mahesh Dharne, and Kushal N. Gohil. "Molecular Methods for Identification of Clostridium tetani by Targeting Neurotoxin." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 37–47. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6958-6_4.

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Popoff, Michel R. "Tetanus." In Clostridial Diseases of Animals, 293–302. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118728291.ch25.

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Hatheway, Charles L. "Bacteriology and Pathology of Neurotoxigenic Clostridia." In Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins, 491–502. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9542-4_55.

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Niemann, Heiner, Thomas Binz, Oliver Grebenstein, Hisao Kurazono, Arno Kalkuhl, Shinji Yamasaki, Ulrich Eisel, et al. "Dissecting the L Chains of Clostridial Neurotoxins." In Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins, 361–75. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9542-4_40.

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Simpson, Lance L. "Current Concepts on the Mechanism of Action of Clostridial Neurotoxins." In Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins, 5–15. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9542-4_2.

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Poulain, Bernard, Ulrich Weller, Thomas Binz, Heiner Niemann, Anton de Paiva, J. Oliver Dolly, Christiane Leprince, and Ladislav Tauc. "Functional Roles of Domains of Clostridial Neurotoxins: The Contribution from Studies on Aplysia." In Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins, 345–60. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9542-4_39.

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Vugia, Duc J., S. Benson Werner, and Celia J. I. Woodfill. "Wound Botulism, Tetanus, and Necrotizing Fasciitis among Injecting Drug Users in California: the Clostridial Connection." In Emerging Infections 6, 111–20. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555816995.ch8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Clostridium tetani"

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Valentim, Francisco das Chagas Diassis Jácome, Sâmya Pires Batista De Azevêdo, Thayonara Irineu Da Costa, and Jamile Rodrigues Cosme De Holanda. "FATORES QUE PROPICIAM A INFECÇÃO POR CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI: UMA REVISÃO DE LITERATURA." In I Congresso Nacional de Microbiologia Clínica On-Line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/1180.

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Introdução: A bactéria Clostridium tetani, é um habitante natural do solo e encontrada nas fezes humanas e de animais domésticos, sendo mais conhecido como o agente causador do Tétano. Ela libera suas neurotoxinas transmissíveis que irão, posteriormente, cessar a neurotransmissão inibitória. E assim, podendo causar rigidez, espasmos musculares e disfunção autonômica em pessoas infectadas. Objetivos: Reunir evidências científicas a respeito da bactéria Clostridium tetani e os fatores que propiciam a sua possível infecção, bem como o tratamento ideal. Material e Métodos: Foi realizado por meio da revisão bibliográfica e relatos de caso, entre os anos de 2011 e 2020, por meio dos bancos de dados: SCIELO e MEDLINE. Resultados: Diante a realização da pesquisa, foi evidenciado que a areia, galhos, arbustos, instrumentos de lavoura, fezes de animais ou humanas, são ambientes que, em contato com algum ferimento, propiciam a infecção por Clostridium tetani. Outras pesquisas e relatos, ainda destacam também a existência desse agente infeccioso em metais enferrujados, sendo esse, o ambiente mais comum e fácil para o contágio do ser humano. Portanto, a criança ou adulto, pode se infectar tanto através de superfícies enferrujadas quanto o contato direto com o solo. Segundo dados epidemiológicos a maior incidência de tétano é acidental, através de um corte ou laceração de um material metálico enferrujado, variando de 500 mil a 1 milhão de casos no mundo, mesmo havendo a realização da vacina contra difteria, tétano e Coqueluche (DTP) antes dos dois meses de idade ou feita a reposição antitetânica quando adulto. Quando desenvolvida a infecção, a abordagem terapêutica ideal para o seu tratamento consiste, inicialmente, na limpeza do ferimento e antibioticoterapia. Em casos graves contabilizando: rigidez, espasmos musculares e a disfunção autonômica, realiza-se: sedação, bloqueio neuromuscular e suporte ventilatório. Conclusão: Tem-se que os objetos metálicos enferrujados e o contato de feridas com o solo, são as formas mais propícias à infecção pelo C. tetani. Seguidos do descuido com o protocolo imunização da vacina antitetânica.
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2

Silva, Tatiane Cristina Pereira da, Gabriel Jabismar Guelpa, Kauan Jaci Barbosa, and Filipe Ruiz Zambão. "TÉTANO CANINO - RELATO DE CASO." In I Congresso On-line Nacional de Clínica Veterinária de Pequenos Animais. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/1838.

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Abstract:
Introdução: O tétano é causado por uma neurotoxina pelo Clostridium tetani no corpo infectado. A epidemiologia desta patologia ocorre quando suas formas resistentes são inseridas em feridas ou lesões, através dos esporos que vegetam em resposta a condições anaeróbicas no local de lesão, vários fatores contribuem para a proliferação desta bactéria, tais como: necrose tecidual, na presença de outros microrganismos, corpos estranhos ou na formação de abscessos. Objetivo: Este estudo objetiva relatar caso de tétano em cão, acompanhado durante estágio extracurrilar, com o intuito de explorar as formas de diagnóstico e terapêuticas para está patologia pouco relatada. Material e Método: Animal de espécie canina, cor amarela, macho, SRD, adulto, pesando 28kg, atendido na Cliníca Veterinária Adamantina. Na anamnese foram relatadas alterações no paciente, sendo queixa principal de disfagia e hiporexia há 2 dias, com evolução progressiva, tosse esporádica, ferida em membro posterior esquerdo com prurido e vivia em área rural, com sinais clínicos presente no exame físico como: espasmos musculares, reflexos miotáticos, reflexos flexores deprimidos, protução da terceira pálpebra, enoftalmia, riso sardônico, fronte enrugada e posição de cavalete e o trismo (“mandíbula fechada”). Resultado: Pelo histórico e sinais clínicos firmou-se o diagnóstico de tétano. Instituindo a terapêutica com soro antitetânico 15.000 UI, dose única lento e diluído, Hidrocortizona (50 mg/kg - IV) e Prometazina (2 mg/kg - IM) somente em caso de reação alérgica, Diazepam (0,3 mg/kg - IV/TID), Sulfa + Trimetoprim (25mg/kg - IV/BID), Fluidoterapia com Ringer Lactato 134 ml/h, 500ml de RL + 3 ml de KCl 19%, no próximo dia realizou Fluidoterapia 3216 ml/24h, 134 ml/h 500 ml de RL + 3 ml de KCl 19,1%, Sulfa + Trimetoprim (25mg/kg - IV/BID), Metronidazol (25mg/kg - IV/SID) e Midazolam (0,5 mg/kg - IV/TID), seguindo com Fluidoterapia 1607 ml/24h, 67 ml/h 500 ml de RL + 3 ml de KCl 19%, Sulfa +Trimetoprim (25mg/kg -IV/BID); Metronidazol (25mg/kg - IV/SID); Midazolam (0,3mg/kg - IV/TID); Acepram 0,2% na dose (0,05mg/kg - IV) diluído em 3ml lento/BID. Conclusão: Os animais de vida livre, no qual possui feridas abertas sem devido cuidado estão predispostos ao tétano, podendo acometer qualquer faixa etária dos animais, mesmo os carnívoros sendo mais resistentes à patologia.
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