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Journal articles on the topic 'Clostridium tetani'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Fouch, Sarah. "Clostridium tetani." Biomedical & Life Sciences Collection 2025, no. 5 (2025): e1006584. https://doi.org/10.69645/ucbn3351.

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2

Hallit, Rabih Riad, Muhammad Afridi, Raymund Sison, Elie Salem, Jack Boghossian, and Jihad Slim. "Clostridium tetani bacteraemia." Journal of Medical Microbiology 62, no. 1 (2013): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.044941-0.

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3

Shirokawa, Masamitsu, Yasuhiro Shibuya, Makoto Mitsusada, Akihiko Yamamoto, and Masaaki Iwaki. "Tetanus Case Isolating Clostridium tetani from Scab." Nihon Kyukyu Igakukai Zasshi 19, no. 5 (2008): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3893/jjaam.19.279.

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4

Bolte, E. R. "Autism and clostridium tetani." Medical Hypotheses 51, no. 2 (1998): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-9877(98)90107-4.

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5

Brüggemann, Holger, Elzbieta Brzuszkiewicz, Diana Chapeton-Montes, Lucile Plourde, Denis Speck, and Michel R. Popoff. "Genomics of Clostridium tetani." Research in Microbiology 166, no. 4 (2015): 326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2015.01.002.

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6

Chapeton-Montes, Diana, Lucile Plourde, Cecile Deneve, et al. "Tetanus Toxin Synthesis is Under the Control of A Complex Network of Regulatory Genes in Clostridium tetani." Toxins 12, no. 5 (2020): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12050328.

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Clostridium tetani produces a potent neurotoxin, the tetanus toxin (TeNT), which is responsible for an often-fatal neurological disease (tetanus) characterized by spastic paralysis. Prevention is efficiently acquired by vaccination with the TeNT toxoid, which is obtained by C. tetani fermentation and subsequent purification and chemical inactivation. C. tetani synthesizes TeNT in a regulated manner. Indeed, the TeNT gene (tent) is mainly expressed in the late exponential and early stationary growth phases. The gene tetR (tetanus regulatory gene), located immediately upstream of tent, encodes a

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7

Popoff, Michel R., and Holger Brüggemann. "Regulatory Networks Controlling Neurotoxin Synthesis in Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani." Toxins 14, no. 6 (2022): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14060364.

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Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani are Gram-positive, spore-forming, and anaerobic bacteria that produce the most potent neurotoxins, botulinum toxin (BoNT) and tetanus toxin (TeNT), responsible for flaccid and spastic paralysis, respectively. The main habitat of these toxigenic bacteria is the environment (soil, sediments, cadavers, decayed plants, intestinal content of healthy carrier animals). C. botulinum can grow and produce BoNT in food, leading to food-borne botulism, and in some circumstances, C. botulinum can colonize the intestinal tract and induce infant botulism or adult

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8

Mamo, Gezahegne, Eskendir Kedir, Hika Waktole, et al. "Short communication : Isolation and identification of Clostridium tetani from tetanus suspected equine and their environment in selected sites of central Ethiopia." Ethiopian Veterinary Journal 26, no. 1 (2022): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/evj.v26i1.9.

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A cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2016 to May 2017 to isolate and identify Clostridium tetani. A total of 71 samples (equine deep wound swabs, feces, soil from the feces contaminated environment) were collected. Isolation of Clostridium tetani was carried out using an anaerobic Viande et Foie (VF) medium. Out of the 71 samples cultured on VF medium, 27 (38%) of them were grown and all were confirmed to be Clostridium tetani using spore staining and biochemical tests. Study site and sample type had a statistically significant association (p<0.05) with C. tetani isolation

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9

Cohen, Jonathan E., Rong Wang, Rong-Fong Shen, Wells W. Wu, and James E. Keller. "Comparative pathogenomics of Clostridium tetani." PLOS ONE 12, no. 8 (2017): e0182909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182909.

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10

Hao, Nguyen Van, Nguyen Ngoc My Huyen, Nguyen Thi Han Ny, et al. "The Role of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Toxigenic Clostridium tetani Infection: A Case-Control Study." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 105, no. 2 (2021): 494–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0146.

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ABSTRACT. Tetanus arises from wound contamination with Clostridium tetani, but approximately one fifth of patients have no discernable entry wound. Clostridium tetani is culturable from animal feces, suggesting the gastrointestinal tract could be an endogenous reservoir or direct-entry portal, but human data are lacking. In this study of 101 Vietnamese adults with tetanus and 29 hospitalized control subjects, admission stool samples were cultured for C. tetani. Anti-tetanus toxin antibodies were measured by ELISA. Clostridium tetani toxigenicity was evaluated using polymerase chain reaction an

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11

Alshanqiti, Fatimah M., Saad B. Al-Masaudi, Ahmed M. Al-Hejin, and Elrashdy M. Redwan. "Adjuvants for Clostridium tetani and Clostridium diphtheriae vaccines updating." Human Antibodies 25, no. 1-2 (2017): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/hab-160302.

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12

PETER, SAIKALI, SEQUEIRA HERMAN, WINTER STEPHEN, and SHUMBAIRERWA SAMSON. "TETANUS FROM WOUND CONTAMINATION BY ELEPHANT DUNG: A CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF THE RECOGNITION AND EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE TETANUS INFECTION." Journal of Medicine and Health Research 3, no. 1 (2018): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1412250.

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Tetanus, a vaccine-preventable neuroinvasive disease, is caused by <em>Clostridium tetani</em>. Although incidence rates in the western world have decreased drastically when compared with developing nations, these numbers will be on the rise given the increasing immigration rates to developed countries, as seen in recent outbreaks of several other vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States of America. This article highlights a case of a Zimbabwean man with an unexpected method of <em>C. tetani</em> inoculation through application of elephant dung on a malignant foot lesion, and the need

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13

Uzal, Francisco A., Mauricio A. Navarro, Javier Asin, and Eileen E. Henderson. "Clostridial Diseases of Horses: A Review." Vaccines 10, no. 2 (2022): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020318.

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The clostridial diseases of horses can be divided into three major groups: enteric/enterotoxic, histotoxic, and neurotoxic. The main enteric/enterotoxic diseases include those produced by Clostridium perfringens type C and Clostridioides difficile, both of which are characterized by enterocolitis. The main histotoxic diseases are gas gangrene, Tyzzer disease, and infectious necrotic hepatitis. Gas gangrene is produced by one or more of the following microorganisms: C. perfringens type A, Clostridium septicum, Paeniclostridium sordellii, and Clostridium novyi type A, and it is characterized by

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14

ONUKI, Tomoyo, Shin NIHONYANAGI, Masaki NAKAMURA, et al. "Clostridium tetani Isolated from Patients with Systemic Tetanus." Kansenshogaku Zasshi 87, no. 1 (2013): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi.87.33.

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15

KOBAYASHI, Toyoko, Kunitomo WATANABE, and Kazue UENO. "Distribution of Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani in Okinawa Prefecture." Journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases 66, no. 12 (1992): 1639–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.66.1639.

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16

Marvaud, Jean-Christophe, Stéphanie Raffestin, Maryse Gibert, and Michel Robert Popoff. "Regulation of the toxinogenesis in Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani." Biology of the Cell 92, no. 6 (2000): 455–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0248-4900(00)01097-2.

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17

Connan, Chloé, Cécile Denève, Christelle Mazuet, and Michel R. Popoff. "Regulation of toxin synthesis in Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani." Toxicon 75 (December 2013): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.06.001.

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18

Ríos Prego, Mónica, Alba García Velo, Eide Diana Alves Pereira, Ruth Brea Aparicio, and Jesús Manuel Núñez Fernández. "Infección por Clostridium tetani: sospecharla para diagnosticarla." Galicia Clínica 77, no. 4 (2016): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.22546/38/1057.

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19

Tangney, Martin, and Wilfrid J. Mitchell. "Clostridium tetani encodes a phosphocarrier protein, HPr." Microbiology 150, no. 3 (2004): 525–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.26965-0.

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20

Mayall, Barrie C., Elizabeth A. Snashall, and Margaret M. Peel. "Isolation of clostridium tetani from anaerobic empyema." Pathology 30, no. 4 (1998): 402–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00313029800169716.

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21

Hanif, Hajra, Muhammad Imran, Bashir Ahmad, et al. "Isolation and Antibiogram of Clostridium tetani from Clinically Diagnosed Tetanus Patients." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93, no. 4 (2015): 752–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.15-0040.

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22

Munir, Anum, Shaukat Iqbal Malik, and Khalid Akhtar Malik. "Proteome Mining for the Identification of Putative Drug Targets For Human Pathogen Clostridium Tetani." Current Bioinformatics 14, no. 6 (2019): 532–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574893613666181114095736.

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Background: Clostridium tetani are rod-like, anaerobic types of pathogenic bacteria of the genus Clostridium. It is Gram-positive in nature and appears as a tennis racket or drumsticks on staining with the dye. Tetanus is a neuromuscular disease wherein the Clostridium tetani exotoxin produces muscle fits in the host. Tetanus is the second leading cause of worldwide deaths occurring from the family of immunization-preventable diseases. Methods: In this research, subtractive proteome analysis of C. tetani was performed to identify putative drug targets. The proteins were subjected to blast anal

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23

Huang, I.-Hsiu, and Mahfuzur R. Sarker. "Complementation of a Clostridium perfringens spo0A Mutant with Wild-Type spo0A from Other Clostridium Species." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 9 (2006): 6388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02218-05.

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ABSTRACT To evaluate whether C. perfringens can be used as a model organism for studying the sporulation process in other clostridia, C. perfringens spo0A mutant IH101 was complemented with wild-type spo0A from four different Clostridium species. Wild-type spo0A from C. acetobutylicum or C. tetani, but not from C. botulinum or C. difficile, restored sporulation and enterotoxin production in IH101. The ability of spo0A from C. botulinum or C. difficile to complement the lack of spore formation in IH101 might be due, at least in part, to the low levels of spo0A transcription and Spo0A production

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24

Möller, Jens, Max Edmund Kraner, and Andreas Burkovski. "More than a Toxin: Protein Inventory of Clostridium tetani Toxoid Vaccines." Proteomes 7, no. 2 (2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proteomes7020015.

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Clostridium tetani is the etiological agent of tetanus, a life-threatening bacterial infection. The most efficient protection strategy against tetanus is a vaccination with the C. tetani neurotoxin, which is inactivated by formaldehyde-crosslinking. Since we assumed that besides the tetanus toxin, other proteins of C. tetani may also be present in toxoid preparations, we analyzed commercially available vaccines from different countries in respect to their protein content using mass spectrometry. In total 991 proteins could be identified in all five analyzed vaccines, 206 proteins were common i

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25

Bruggemann, H., S. Baumer, W. F. Fricke, et al. "The genome sequence of Clostridium tetani, the causative agent of tetanus disease." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100, no. 3 (2003): 1316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0335853100.

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26

Sinnott, John T., Charurut Somboonwit, and Asa Oxner. "Clostridium tetani Infection in a Haitian Earthquake Victim." Clinical Microbiology Newsletter 33, no. 5 (2011): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2011.02.002.

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27

Temaru, E., S. Shimura, and T. Karasawa. "Clostridium tetani Is a Phospholipase (Lecithinase)-Producing Bacterium." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 43, no. 4 (2005): 2024–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.43.4.2024-2025.2005.

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28

Fournier, P. E., P. Y. Levy, M. Million, et al. "Genome of a chronic osteitis-causing Clostridium tetani." New Microbes and New Infections 2, no. 1 (2014): 25–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2052-2975.27.

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29

Aronoff, David M. "Clostridium novyi, sordellii, and tetani: Mechanisms of disease." Anaerobe 24 (December 2013): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.08.009.

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30

Ortiz, Diego, and Luis Carlos Villamil. "Bacterias anaerobias del suelo responsables de la muerte súbita bovina en sabanas tropicales: investigaciones realizadas en Colombia." Corpoica Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 9, no. 1 (2008): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol9_num1_art:110.

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<p>El estudio de las clostridiosis en Colombia debe ser una prioridad para nuestras autoridades sanitarias debido al impacto sanitario que causan estas bacterias en la salud animal. Así mismo, la agudeza de los signos y síntomas clínicos de estas patologías, y el hecho que afectan animales en buenas condiciones de carne, hacen que tengan fuerte impacto económico. Se presenta una revisión de las principales investigaciones realizadas sobre clostridiosis en los últimos años, algunas publicadas en literatura científica y otras en literatura gris. Se hace énfasis en la muerte súbita bovina,

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31

Raffestin, Stéphanie, Jean Christophe Marvaud, Rosario Cerrato, Bruno Dupuy, and Michel R. Popoff. "Organization and regulation of the neurotoxin genes in Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani." Anaerobe 10, no. 2 (2004): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2004.01.001.

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32

Popoff, Michel R. "Tetanus in animals." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 32, no. 2 (2020): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638720906814.

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Tetanus is a neurologic disease of humans and animals characterized by spastic paralysis. Tetanus is caused by tetanus toxin (TeNT) produced by Clostridium tetani, an environmental soilborne, gram-positive, sporulating bacterium. The disease most often results from wound contamination by soil containing C. tetani spores. Horses, sheep, and humans are highly sensitive to TeNT, whereas cattle, dogs, and cats are more resistant. The diagnosis of tetanus is mainly based on the characteristic clinical signs. Identification of C. tetani at the wound site is often difficult.

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33

Fratelli, Fernando, Tatiana Joly Siquini, Sally Müller Affonso Prado, Hisako Gondo Higashi, Attilio Converti, and João Carlos Monteiro de Carvalho. "Effect of Medium Composition on the Production of Tetanus Toxin by Clostridium tetani." Biotechnology Progress 21, no. 3 (2008): 756–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bp049571b.

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34

Marvaud, Jean-Christophe, Ulrich Eisel, Thomas Binz, Heiner Niemann, and Michel R. Popoff. "TetR Is a Positive Regulator of the Tetanus Toxin Gene in Clostridium tetani and Is Homologous to BotR." Infection and Immunity 66, no. 12 (1998): 5698–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.12.5698-5702.1998.

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ABSTRACT The TetR gene immediately upstream from the tetanus toxin (TeTx) gene was characterized. It encodes a 21,562-Da protein which is related (50 to 65% identity) to the equivalent genes (botR) inClostridium botulinum. TetR has the feature of a DNA binding protein with a basic pI (9.53). It contains a helix-turn-helix motif and shows 29% identity with other putative regulatory genes inClostridium, i.e., uviA from C. perfringens and txeR from C. difficile. We report for the first time the transformation of C. tetani by electroporation, which permitted us to investigate the function of tetR.

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35

Pennings, Jeroen L. A., Eric Abachin, Raphaël Esson, et al. "Regulation of Clostridium tetani Neurotoxin Expression by Culture Conditions." Toxins 14, no. 1 (2022): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14010031.

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Background: Ensuring consistency of tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) production by Clostridium tetani could help to ensure consistent product quality in tetanus vaccine manufacturing, ultimately contributing to reduced animal testing. The aim of this study was to identify RNA signatures related to consistent TeNT production using standard and non-standard culture conditions. Methods: We applied RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) to study C. tetani gene expression in small-scale batches under several culture conditions. Results: We identified 1381 time-dependent differentially expressed genes (DEGs) reflecting,

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36

Iyer, Mohan N., George Kranias, and Michael E. Daun. "Post-traumatic endophthalmitis involving Clostridium tetani and Bacillus spp." American Journal of Ophthalmology 132, no. 1 (2001): 116–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(00)00948-x.

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37

Sangani, Chetan, Nimesh Shah, Manish Patel, and Ranjan Patel. "Microwave assisted synthesis of novel 4h-chromene derivatives bearing phenoxypyrazole and their antimicrobial activity assess." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 77, no. 9 (2012): 1165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc120102030s.

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A new series of 4H-chromene derivatives 4(a-p) bearing 5-phenoxypyrazole nucleus has been synthesized under microwave irradiation by reaction of 5-phenoxypyrazole-4-carbaldehyde 1(a-h), malononitrile 2 and compounds (Cyclohexanedione, Dimedon) 3(a-b) in presence of NaOH as basic catalyst. All the compounds were screened against three Gram positive bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Clostridium tetani, Bacillus subtilis), three Gram negative bacteria (Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli) and two fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans) using broth microdilution MIC (Mini

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38

Lai, Xiaofei, Felycia Fernanda Hosyanto, and Lei Xu. "Risk of Clostridium tetani infection in an elderly patient following hemorrhoid ligation." Journal of International Medical Research 48, no. 10 (2020): 030006052096398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060520963983.

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Tetanus after gastrointestinal surgery is an extremely rare but very dangerous disease caused by infection with Clostridium tetani. Tetanus can occur due to bacterial infection during surgery or dressing change, or the bacteria may exist in the patient’s intestines and be discharged with feces. This report describes a 71-year-old woman who developed tetanus 3 days after a hemorrhoidal ligation. Clinicians need to be aware of symptoms of C. tetani infection that might present in patients who have undergone gastrointestinal procedures.

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39

Hernández-Chavarría, Francisco, Fernando Cháves, and Maricela Umaña. "Aislamiento de Clostridium tetani en la ciudad de Puntarenas, Costa Rica y el fenómeno de swarming." REVISTA BIOMÉDICA 12, no. 2 (2001): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32776/revbiomed.v12i2.260.

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Objetivo. Determinar la ocurrencia de Clostridium tetani a partir de muestras de suelo colectadas en la ciudad de Puntarenas, Costa Rica, y evaluar su toxigenicidad usando una prueba de ELISA de captura. Material y métodos. Treinta muestras de suelo fueron colectadas y secadas a 35°C durante al menos dos semanas. De cada muestra se hizo una suspensión de1g en 5 mL de solución salina estéril. Se tomaron dos alícuotas de 1.5 mL, una se calentó (60°C/10 min) y ambas se inocularon en medio de carne picada e incubaron a 35°C por 7 días. A los 2 y 7 días se tomaron alícuotas de 0.1 mL que fueron ino

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40

Verma, Monesh, Gourav Patidar, and Garima Namdev. "Tetanus in a Non-Immunized Adult: Early Diagnosis and Successful Management - A Case Report." National Journal of Medical Research 15, no. 03 (2025): 220–23. https://doi.org/10.55489/njmr.150320251124.

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Introduction Tetanus is an acute infectious disease of the nervous system caused by Clostridium tetani (C. tetani) characterized by muscle spasms that are caused by the toxin-producing spores of the anaerobic bacteria. These spores are ubiquitous in soil, ash, the intestinal tract of animals and humans, and on the surface of skin and rusty tools like nails, needles, and barbed wire, leading it to be a high-mortality disease. Clinical features of this disease include muscle spasms that begin in the jaw (lockjaw), painful muscle spasms, seizures, headache and fever. Case report: This report desc

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Zaragoza, Orellana, Moonen, Moutafis, and Marcellin. "Vaccine Production to Protect Animals Against Pathogenic Clostridia." Toxins 11, no. 9 (2019): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11090525.

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Clostridium is a broad genus of anaerobic, spore-forming, rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria that can be found in different environments all around the world. The genus includes human and animal pathogens that produce potent exotoxins that cause rapid and potentially fatal diseases responsible for countless human casualties and billion-dollar annual loss to the agricultural sector. Diseases include botulism, tetanus, enterotoxemia, gas gangrene, necrotic enteritis, pseudomembranous colitis, blackleg, and black disease, which are caused by pathogenic Clostridium. Due to their ability to sporula

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42

Montecucco, C., G. Schiavo, Z. Gao, E. Bauerlein, P. Boquet, and B. R. DasGupta. "Interaction of botulinum and tetanus toxins with the lipid bilayer surface." Biochemical Journal 251, no. 2 (1988): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2510379.

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The interaction of botulinum neurotoxins serotypes A, B and E (from Clostridium botulinum) and of tetanus neurotoxin (from Clostridium tetani) with the surface of liposomes made of different lipid compositions was studied by photolabelling with a radioiodinated photoactive phosphatidylethanolamine analogue [125I-dipalmitoyl (3,4-azidosalicylamido)phosphatidylethanolamine]. When the vesicles were made of negatively charged lipids (asolectin), each of these neurotoxic proteins was radioiodinated, thus providing evidence for their attachment to the membrane surface. The presence of gangliosides o

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43

Rana, Sushmita, and Arvind Kumar. "Development and Statistical Optimization of Tetanus Toxoid Loaded Mannosylated Bilosomesfor Immunization against Clostridium tetani." International Journal of pharma and Bio Sciences 12, no. 1 (2021): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22376/ijpbs.2021.12.1.p45-58.

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44

Morozova, E. A., V. V. Kulikova, D. V. Yashin та ін. "Kinetic Parameters and Cytotoxic Activity of Recombinant Methionine γ-Lyase from Clostridium tetani, Clostridium sporogenes, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Citrobacter freundii". Acta Naturae 5, № 3 (2013): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32607/20758251-2013-5-3-92-98.

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The steady-state kinetic parameters of pyridoxal 5-phosphate-dependent recombinant methionine -lyase from three pathogenic bacteria, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium sporogenes, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, were determined in - and -elimination reactions. The enzyme from C. sporogenes is characterized by the highest catalytic efficiency in the -elimination reaction of L-methionine. It was demonstrated that the enzyme from these three sources exists as a tetramer. The N-terminal poly-histidine fragment of three recombinant enzymes influences their catalytic activity and facilitates the aggregat

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45

HANEDA, Jun, Yasumasa SHIOBARA, Masami INUI, et al. "Distribution of Clostridium tetani in Topsoil from Sagamihara, central Japan." Journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases 80, no. 6 (2006): 690–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.80.690.

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46

Esposito, Gloria, Elisa Scarselli, and Cinzia Traboni. "Phage display of a human antibody against Clostridium tetani toxin." Gene 148, no. 1 (1994): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(94)90252-6.

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Düğeroğlu, Harun. "Things to know about tetanus." Ankyra Medical Journal 3, no. 5 (2024): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.51271/ankmj-0027.

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Tetanus is a disease of the nervous system characterised by muscle spasms caused by toxins produced by an anaerobic bacterium called Clostridium tetani (C. tetani) found in soil. These muscle spasms may occur frequently in the jaw and neck but may also be generalised throughout the body. The diagnosis can be made clinically and by history. The causative agent of tetanus, C. tetani, produces toxins that trigger muscle contractions after contamination from saliva, faeces, contaminated products and soil. Tetanus is a disease that can be prevented by vaccination. In case of a possible tetanus risk

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Faqih, Fauzan, M. Awalul Rizky Aritiah, Illiyani Solihatin, et al. "Getting to Know More about Tetanus." PROMOTOR 8, no. 3 (2025): 346–51. https://doi.org/10.32832/pro.v8i3.1188.

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Tetanus is an acute disease that affects the central nervous system caused by tetanospasmin toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus is a deadly disease in developing countries, killing approximately 500,000 people per year. This is due to lack of hygiene, easy contamination, poor wound care, lack of public awareness of the importance of hygiene and tetanus vaccination. In general, tetanus is characterized by rigidity, muscle spasm and autonomic disorders. Spasms almost always occur in the neck and jaw muscles causing jaw closure (trismus, lockjaw) and involve not only the extremity muscl

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Gobbur, R. H., P. Jagruthi, Anilkumar Sajjan, and S. S. Kalyanshettar. "An unusual cause for neck rigidity?" IP International Journal of Medical Paediatrics and Oncology 7, no. 3 (2021): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijmpo.2021.031.

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Otogenic tetanus is a subtype of cephalic tetanus, limited to the head & neck, but can progress to a more generalized form. Caused by the spore-forming bacillus, Clostridium tetani, It produces a potent toxin, tetanospasmin, preventing inhibitory neurotransmitters' release, hence causing rigidity.

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SHINOHARA, Haruyuki, and Masashi SUGIURA. "A case of tetanus in which Clostridium tetani was isolated from a scab." Japanese Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 62, no. 5 (2016): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5794/jjoms.62.267.

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