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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cloud physics. Clouds Remote sensing'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Williams, Robyn D. "Studies of Mixed-Phase Cloud Microphysics Using An In-Situ Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Platform." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7252.

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Cirrus clouds cover between 20% - 50% of the globe and are an essential component in the climate. The improved understanding of ice cloud microphysical properties is contingent on acquiring and analyzing in-situ and remote sensing data from cirrus clouds. In ??u observations of microphysical properties of ice and mixed-phase clouds using the mini-Video Ice Particle Sizer (mini-VIPS) aboard robotic unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide a promising and powerful platform for obtaining valuable data in a cost-effective, safe, and long-term manner. The purpose of this study is to better understan

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2

Miller, Daniel J. "Satellite Simulator Studies of the Impact of Cloud Inhomogeneity on Passive Cloud Remote Sensing Retrievals." Thesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10642202.

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<p> Satellite cloud remote sensing provides us the opportunity to study the spatial and temporal distributions of marine boundary layer clouds, as well as their connections with environments on a global scale. However, cloud remote sensing is not without difficulties; retrievals require numerous simplifying assumptions, placing limits on our understanding of cloud processes. Passive remote sensing retrievals often assume that clouds are homogeneous slabs, when in reality, these clouds often have complex inhomogeneous vertical and horizontal structures. Enhancing our understanding of how cloud

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3

Platnick, Steven Edward. "Remote sensing the susceptibility of cloud albedo to changes in drop concentration." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185632.

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The role of clouds in reflecting solar radiation to space and thereby reducing surface heating is of critical importance to climate. Combustion processes that produce greenhouse gases also increase cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations which in turn increase cloud drop concentrations and thereby cloud albedo. A calculation of cloud susceptibility, defined in this work as the increase in albedo resulting from the addition of one cloud drop per cubic centimeter (as cloud liquid water content remains constant), is made through satellite remote sensing of cloud drop radius and optical thi

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4

Xu, Liming 1958. "Estimating rainfall from satellite infrared imagery: Cloud patch analysis." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282573.

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Most infrared-based techniques of satellite rainfall estimation contain substantial uncertainties due to the indirect relationship between precipitation particles and space-borne infrared observations of clouds. Generally, these uncertainties include (1) IR temperature threshold defining cold clouds; (2) inclusion of no-rain clouds; (3) exclusion of warm rain clouds; and (4) the coefficients between rain rate and cloud-top properties. To address these uncertainties, a methodology, Cloud Patch Analysis, was developed to estimate rainfall by removing large portion of no-rain clouds from IR cloud

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5

Loeb, Norman Gary. "Evidence of three-dimensional cloud effects in satellite measurements of reflected solar radiation." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40181.

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The purpose of this study is to assess the performance of the plane parallel model in analyzing satellite measurements of clouds, and to examine what role 3D cloud effects may play in explaining any discrepancies. Direct comparisons between one year of Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) scanner radiances and plane parallel model calculations are carried out under different Sun-Earth-satellite viewing configurations over ocean between 30$ sp circ$N and 30$ sp circ$S. When the plane parallel model calculations are matched to observations at nadir on a pixel-by-pixel basis by adjusting cloud

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6

Horvath, Akos. "Differences between satellite measurements and theoretical estimates of global cloud liquid water amounts." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280553.

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This dissertation investigated the estimation of global cloud water amounts. The study was prompted by the large discrepancy in published global mean values of cloud liquid water path. Microwave and optical satellite measurements of this quantity range from 25 g/m² to 80 g/m². Theoretical estimates are significantly larger with a current best guess value of 380 g/m². The major limitations of microwave measurements were found to be the inadequate separation of the cloud- and rainwater components, and the lack of retrievals over land. Optical observations were found to be constrained by the trun

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7

Hong, Yang. "Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Network-Cloud Classification System." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280418.

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Precipitation estimation from satellite information (VISIBLE , IR, or microwave) is becoming increasingly imperative because of its high spatial/temporal resolution and board coverage unparalleled by ground-based data. After decades' efforts of rainfall estimation using IR imagery as basis, it has been explored and concluded that the limitations/uncertainty of the existing techniques are: (1) pixel-based local-scale feature extraction; (2) IR temperature threshold to define rain/no-rain clouds; (3) indirect relationship between rain rate and cloud-top temperature; (4) lumped techniques to mode

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8

Esmaelili-Mahani, Shayesteh. "Improving high-resolution IR satellite-based precipitation estimation: A procedure for cloud-top relief displacement adjustment." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284113.

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An efficient and simple method has been developed to improve quality and accuracy of satellite-based VIS/IR images through cloud-top relief spatial displacements adjustment. The products of this algorithm, including cloud-top temperatures and heights, atmospheric temperature profiles for cloudy sky, and displacement-adjusted cloud images, can be useful for weather/climate and atmospheric studies, particularly for high-resolution hydrologic applications such as developing IR satellite-based rainfall estimates, which are urgently needed by mesoscale atmospheric modeling and studies, severe weath

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9

Silva, André Cezar Pugliesi da. "Estudo do ciclo horário de propriedades microfísicas de nuvens na bacia Amazônica utilizando medidas efetuadas pelo satélite GOES 13." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-25092018-142526/.

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Nuvens desempenham um papel fundamental no balanço radiativo terrestre, e o conhecimento de suas propriedades micro e macrofísicas é importante para o estudo do clima global. O desenvolvimento convectivo de nuvens está intimamente relacionado ao comportamento microfísico de seus hidrometeoros, os quais são influenciados pela variação nas concentrações de aerossóis disponíveis na atmosfera. Este trabalho utiliza o sensoriamento remoto por satélites para analisar a evolução diurna de propriedades ópticas de hidrometeoros de nuvens sobre a Amazônia. Para tanto, medidas de radiância efetuadas pelo

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10

Pilewskie, Peter Andrew. "Cloud phase discrimination by near-infrared remote sensing." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184674.

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A ground-based near-infrared spectroradiometer was built and used to measure relative spectral reflectance from cumulus congestus and cumulonimbus clouds during the 1985 and 1986 Arizona summer monsoon seasons. Thermodynamic phase was inferred from spectral features in the regions between 1.55-1.75μm and 2.1-2.3μm where there are distinct differences between absorption in liquid water and ice and absorption by water vapor is very weak. Although liquid water and ice are nearly transparent in the visible, they absorb weakly in the near-infrared and that absorption is amplified by multiple scatte

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11

Mahesh, Ashwin. "Ground-based infrared remote sensing of cloud properties over the Antarctic Plateau /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6834.

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12

Kox, Stephan. "Remote sensing of the diurnal cycle of optically thin cirrus clouds." Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-151170.

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13

Schmidt, Eric Otto. "Cloud properties as inferred from HIRS/2 multi-spectral data." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26817.

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14

Lewis, Hugh G. "The use of shape, appearance and the dynamics of clouds for satellite image interpretation." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287000.

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15

Marquis, Jared Wayne. "Estimating optically-thin cirrus cloud induced cold bias on infrared radiometric satellite sea surface temperature retrieval in the tropics." Thesis, The University of North Dakota, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10163609.

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<p> Passive longwave infrared radiometric satellite-based retrievals of sea surface temperature (SST) at instrument nadir are investigated for cold bias caused by unscreened optically-thin cirrus (OTC) clouds (cloud optical depth ≤ 0.3; COD). Level 2 split-window SST retrievals over tropical oceans (30° S - 30° N) from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) radiances collected aboard the NASA Aqua satellite (Aqua-MODIS) are collocated with cloud profiles from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument, mounted on the independent NASA CALI

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16

Grützun, Verena, Johannes Quaas, Cyril J. Morcrette, and Felix Ament. "Evaluating statistical cloud schemes: what can we gain from ground-based remote sensing?" Wiley, 2013. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13450.

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Statistical cloud schemes with prognostic probability distribution functions have become more important in atmospheric modeling, especially since they are in principle scale adaptive and capture cloud physics in more detail. While in theory the schemes have a great potential, their accuracy is still questionable. High-resolution three-dimensional observational data of water vapor and cloud water, which could be used for testing them, are missing. We explore the potential of ground-based remote sensing such as lidar, microwave, and radar to evaluate prognostic distribution moments using the “pe

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17

Thurairajah, Brentha. "Thermal infrared imaging of the atmosphere : the infrared cloud imager." Thesis, Montana State University, 2004. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2004/thurairajah/ThurairajahB04.pdf.

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18

Xu, Siyao. "THE RECONSTRUCTION OF CLOUD-FREE REMOTE SENSING IMAGES: AN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS (ANN) APPROACH." [Kent, Ohio] : Kent State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=kent1248112891.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Kent State University, 2009.<br>Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Mar. 11, 2010). Advisor: Mandy Munro-Stasiuk. Keywords: Remote Sensing Image; Cloud-free; Artificial Neural Networks. Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-59).

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19

Wang, Zhen, and Zhen Wang. "Interactions Between Atmospheric Aerosols and Marine Boundary Layer Clouds on Regional and Global Scales." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626640.

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Airborne aerosols are crucial atmospheric constituents that are involved in global climate change and human life qualities. Understanding the nature and magnitude of aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions is critical in model predictions for atmospheric radiation budget and the water cycle. The interactions depend on a variety of factors including aerosol physicochemical complexity, cloud types, meteorological and thermodynamic regimes and data processing techniques. This PhD work is an effort to quantify the relationships among aerosol, clouds, and precipitation on both global and regional

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20

Grob, Hans Christian [Verfasser], and Bernhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Mayer. "Aerosol remote sensing from ground-based polarized sky-radiance under cloudy conditions / Hans Christian Grob ; Betreuer: Bernhard Mayer." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2019. http://d-nb.info/120201139X/34.

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21

Wang, Die. "Millimeter and sub-millimeter satellite observations for ice cloud characterization : towards the ice cloud imager onboard MetOp-SG." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066366/document.

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Les observations météorologiques depuis les satellites dans le domaine des micro-ondes sont actuellement limitées à 190 GHz. La prochaine génération de satellites météorologiques opérationnels européens (EUMETSAT Polar System-Second Generation-EPS-SG), em- portera un instrument, le Ice Cloud Imager (ICI), avec des fréquences sub-millimétriques jusqu’à 664 GHz, afin d’améliorer la caractérisation globale des nuages de glace. Pour préparer l’exploitation de ces nouvelles données, durant cette thèse, des travaux ont été effectués sur quatre axes complémentaires. Des simulations réalistes de trans

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22

Arosio, Carlo. "Antarctic cloud spectral emission from ground-based measurements, a focus on far infrared signatures." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/7837/.

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The present work belongs to the PRANA project, the first extensive field campaign of observation of atmospheric emission spectra covering the Far InfraRed spectral region, for more than two years. The principal deployed instrument is REFIR-PAD, a Fourier transform spectrometer used by us to study Antarctic cloud properties. A dataset covering the whole 2013 has been analyzed and, firstly, a selection of good quality spectra is performed, using, as thresholds, radiance values in few chosen spectral regions. These spectra are described in a synthetic way averaging radiances in selected inter

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23

Thomas, Anita. "Classification of Man-made Urban Structures from Lidar Point Clouds with Applications to Extrusion-based 3-D City Models." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429484410.

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24

Bühl, Johannes. "Combined lidar and radar observations of vertical motions and heterogeneous ice formation in mixed-phase layered clouds." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-171998.

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Im Rahmen der Arbeit wurden Lidar- und Wolkenradarmessungen von troposphärischen Schichtwolken durchgeführt und ausgewertet, um den Zusammenhang zwischen Vertikalwinden und Eisbildung in diesen Wolken zu untersuchen. Der Eis- und Flüssigwassergehalt von Schichtwolken wurde mit einer Kombination aus Raman-Lidar und Wolkenradar untersucht. Die vertikalen Windbewegungen an der Wolkenunterkante wurden mit einem Doppler-Lidar aufgezeichnet. Durch die Auswertung vorangegangener Messkampagnen konnte die Vertikalwindstatistik in mittelhohen Schichtwolken zwischen den Standorten Leipzig und Praia (Kap

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25

Wærsted, Eivind. "Description of physical processes driving the life cycle of radiation fog and fog–stratus transitions based on conceptual models." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX053/document.

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Le brouillard cause des dangers pour le trafic par la réduction de visibilité. L’amélioration des prévisions du brouillard est donc un objectif scientifique. Cette thèse analyse le cycle de vie des brouillards continentaux autour de Paris, observés par télédétection au sol à l’observatoire atmosphérique SIRTA. La thèse se focalise sur la compréhension des processus en jeu dans la dissipation après le lever du soleil, sous l’hypothèse d’une couche de brouillard adiabatique. Pendant 4 ans, plus de 100 événement de brouillard sont documentés par l’observation de la base du nuage (par télémètre),

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26

Jin, Hongchun 1980. "Satellite Remote Sensing of Mid-level Clouds." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148185.

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This dissertation aims to study the mid-level clouds using satellite observations. It consists of two major parts: characteristics (including cloud top/base heights, cloud top pressure and temperature, and cloud thickness) and thermodynamic phase of mid-level clouds. Each part devotes to a particular issue of significant importance for satellite-based remote sensing of mid-level clouds. The first part of this dissertation focuses on the impacts of three definitions of the mid-level clouds based on cloud top pressure, cloud top height, and cloud base height on mid-level cloud characteristics.

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27

Meyer, Kerry Glynne. "Global ice cloud observations: radiative properties and statistics from moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer measurements." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1421.

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Ice clouds occur quite frequently, yet so much about these clouds is unknown. In recent years, numerous investigations and field campaigns have been focused on the study of ice clouds, all with the ultimate goal of gaining a better understanding of microphysical and optical properties, as well as determining the radiative impact. Perhaps one of the most recognized instruments used for such research is the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), carried aboard the NASA EOS satellites Terra and Aqua. The present research aims to support ongoing efforts in the field of ice cloud

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28

Chen, Yi-Chung, and 陳臆中. "Clouds and Their Shadow Removal and Cloud Height Estimation in Remote Sensing Image." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29227311141656769597.

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碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>遙測科技碩士學位學程<br>99<br>Taiwan is an island located at monsoon climate section in the Pacific Ocean. There are often clouds in the sky which poses restrictions for the development of optical remote sensing. Cloudless images over the island will take months to retrieve. For the sensors of visible and infrared light on earth resource satellites, the interference of cloud becomes a serious issue to deal with. In this case, we have to locate the cloud from the satellite image. We transfer image from (Red, Green, Blue) RGB system to the (Hue, Saturate, Intensity) HSI system to locate cl

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29

Sinclair, Kenneth Allan. "Polarimetric Retrievals of Cloud Droplet Number Concentration: Towards a Better Understanding of Aerosol-Cloud Interactions." Thesis, 2019. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-c0p8-2743.

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A longstanding source of uncertainty within the climate system is our understanding of clouds and their response to aerosols. The resulting cloud optical property changes constitute the largest uncertainty in our understanding of 20th century climate change. Central to being able to monitor and better understand the effects aerosols composition, size and concentration have on cloud reflectivity are accurate observations of the cloud droplet number concentration. Cloud droplet number concentrations couple aerosol properties to changes in cloud brightness. In the first portion of this dissertat

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30

Burden, Arthur R. "Improved determination of cloud-free radiances for oceans." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/28882.

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Improvements have been made to the spatial coherence method for automatically determining cloud-free ocean radiances in satellite imagery by incorporating the spectral signatures of reflecting surfaces. The spatial coherence method relies on the fact that small-scale cloud-free regions typically exhibit uniform emission and uniform reflection. While small-scale overcast regions typically exhibit uniform emission, they often exhibit considerable variability in reflectance. On rare occasions the requirements of spatial uniformity are not met and errors are produced in estimated cloud-free radian

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31

Chang, Fu-Lung. "Toward the estimation of errors in cloud cover derived by threshold methods." Thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/28781.

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The accurate determination of cloud cover amount is important for characterizing the role of cloud feedbacks in the climate system. Clouds have a large influence on the climate system through their effect on the earth's radiation budget. As indicated by the NASA Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), the change in the earth's radiation budget brought about by clouds is ~-15 Wm⁻² on a global scale, which is several times the ~4 Wm⁻² gain in energy to the troposphere-surface system that would arise from a doubling of CO₂ in the atmosphere. Consequently, even a small change in global cloud amo

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32

Stevermer, Amy J. "Identification of layered cloud occurrences from the Lidar In-Space Technology Experiment and advanced very high resolution radiometer imagery." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/28697.

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Realistic assessment of the vertical distribution of clouds, particularly the occurrence of multi-layered systems, is critical for accurate calculations of radiative transfer in general circulation models. Such information is also useful in the design and improvement of satellite retrieval techniques. Current methods for retrieving cloud properties from satellite data assume that the clouds reside in single-layered systems. These methods are not expected to be successful for multi-layered systems. Attempts to specifically address the question of cloud layering have thus far been limited, due i

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33

Zhang, Zhibo. "Satellite-based remote sensing of cirrus clouds: hyperspectral radiative transfer modeling, analysis of uncertainties in in-situ cloud extinction measurements and intercomparison of cirrus retrievals from a-train instruments." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2876.

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This dissertation consists of three parts, each devoted to a particular issue of significant importance for satellite-based remote sensing of cirrus clouds. In the first part, we develop and present a fast infrared radiative transfer model on the basis of the adding-doubling principle. The model aims to facilitate the radiative transfer computations involved in hyperspectral remote sensing applications. The model is applicable to a variety of cloud conditions, including vertically inhomogeneous or multilayered clouds. It is shown that for hyperspectral applications the model is two order-of-ma

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34

Zuiderweg, Adriaan T. Liu Guosheng. "Microwave radiative transfer modeling of ice in the atmosphere a critical examination of cloud ice utilizing remote sensing /." Diss., 2006. http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04062006-191417.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Florida State University, 2006.<br>Advisor: Guosheng Liu, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Meteorology. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed June 7, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains v, 42 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

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35

Ehrlich, André [Verfasser]. "The impact of ice crystals on radiative forcing and remote sensing of arctic boundary-layer mixed-phase clouds / vorgelegt von André Ehrlich." 2009. http://d-nb.info/994470355/34.

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Wolf, Kevin. "Evaluation of the Radiation Scheme of a Numerical Weather Prediction Model by Airborne Measurements of Spectral Irradiance above Clouds." 2019. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A70582.

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In this work spectral airborne measurements of upward irradiance and a novel remote sensing technique for the cloud droplet number concentration are used to evaluate the representation of clouds in current operational weather prediction models.

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Bley, Sebastian. "Investigation of Warm Convective Cloud Fields with Meteosat Observations and High Resolution Models." Doctoral thesis, 2017. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A16715.

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Die hohe raumzeitliche Variabilität von konvektiven Wolken hat erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Quantifizierung des Wolkenstrahlungseffektes. Da konvektive Wolken in atmosphärischen Modellen üblicherweise parametrisiert werden müssen, sind Beobachtungsdaten notwendig, um deren Variabilität sowie Modellunsicherheiten zu quantifizieren. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation ist die Charakterisierung der raumzeitlichen Variabilität von warmen konvektiven Wolkenfeldern mithilfe von Meteosat Beobachtungen sowie deren Anwendbarkeit für die Modellevaluierung. Verschiedene Metriken wurden untersucht,

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38

Heredia, Sebastián Darío. "Estudio de la transferencia radiativa de nubes en la región de microondas - RTM." Bachelor's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11086/58.

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Tesis (Lic. en Física)--Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía y Física, 2011.<br>Se elaboró un modelo que simula la interacción de la radiación con la parte líquida de las nubes en la región de microondas (23.8 y 36.5GHz) y su correspondiente código. Se creó y codificó un modelo geométrico para las nubes precipitativas y no precipitativas, representándolas mediante cilindros. Se implementaron estos códigos en el Modelo de Transferencia Radiativa (RTM), para calcular las temperaturas de brillo que mediría un sensor pasivo de microondas a bordo de un satélite en pre

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Bühl, Johannes. "Combined lidar and radar observations of vertical motions and heterogeneous ice formation in mixed-phase layered clouds: Field studies and long-term monitoring." Doctoral thesis, 2014. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13366.

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Im Rahmen der Arbeit wurden Lidar- und Wolkenradarmessungen von troposphärischen Schichtwolken durchgeführt und ausgewertet, um den Zusammenhang zwischen Vertikalwinden und Eisbildung in diesen Wolken zu untersuchen. Der Eis- und Flüssigwassergehalt von Schichtwolken wurde mit einer Kombination aus Raman-Lidar und Wolkenradar untersucht. Die vertikalen Windbewegungen an der Wolkenunterkante wurden mit einem Doppler-Lidar aufgezeichnet. Durch die Auswertung vorangegangener Messkampagnen konnte die Vertikalwindstatistik in mittelhohen Schichtwolken zwischen den Standorten Leipzig und Praia (Kap

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Eswaran, Kruthika. "The Retrieval of Aerosols above Clouds and their Radiative Impact in Tropical Oceans." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/3214.

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Aerosols affect the global radiation budget which plays an important role in determining the state of the Earth's climate. The heterogeneous distribution of aerosols and the variety in their properties results in high uncertainty in the understanding of aerosols. Aerosols affect the radiation by scattering and absorption (direct effect) or by modifying the cloud properties which in turn affects the radiation (indirect effect). The current work focuses only on the direct radiative effect of aerosols. The change in the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflected flux due to the perturbation of aerosols an

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