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1
Kizer, Kenneth W. "Clove Cigarettes." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 261, no. 18 (1989): 2635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1989.03420180059018.
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Kizer, K. W. "Clove cigarettes." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 261, no. 18 (1989): 2635b—2635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.261.18.2635b.
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Anggarani, Ni Kadek Nova, D. J. Djoko H.S., and Unggul P. Juswono. "Identification of Free Radical in Main Stream Cigarette Smoke in Cigarette with Clove mix (Kretek) and Cigarette without Clove mix (White)." BULETIN FISIKA 21, no. 2 (2020): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/bf.2020.v21.i02.p06.
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Cigarette smoke is a source of free radicals. Cigarette smoke is a component of Aerosols and free gases that contain large amounts of chemical compounds. Cigarette smoke can be divided into two: main smoke and side smoke. The main smoke of cigarettes inhaled by smokers is known to cause a buildup of harmful substances and causes of oxidative stress so that research is carried out using ESR Leybold Heraeus. The sample used is a smoke sample from two types of cigarettes that are popular in Indonesia. The measurement is done by pulling smoke directly into the measurement tube. Then the resonance pattern is observed and the external magnetic field is calculated and the value of the lande factor is based on frequency and current data. Measurements result showed resonance in both types of cigarettes, at a frequency of 32.4-70.8 MHz and obtained values of lande factors that vary and have a value between 1.9-2.1 with two acquisition values that are outside the range that is 1.8368; and 2.2060. There are differences in the number of resonances that occur for each sample. This difference can be due to differences in the constituent of content and the texture of cigarettes which can affect the results of the combustion process.
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Suprihanti, Antik, NFN Harianto, Bonar Marulitua Sinaga, and Reni Kustiari. "Dampak Kebijakan Cukai Rokok terhadap Distribusi Surplus Ekonomi Industri Rokok di Indonesia." Jurnal Agro Ekonomi 37, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jae.v37n1.2019.1-23.
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<strong>English</strong><br />Indonesian government has applied cigarette excise tax policy on clove cigarette which impacts on the rise of cigarette price and cigarette production. Because of tobacco and clove demand are derived demand of cigarette supply, so the change on cigarette production impacts on demand of cigarettes input (tobacco and clove) and it eventually impact on the price of these commodities. The rise of cigarette excise not only impacts on economic surplus of producer and consumer of cigarettes, but also on tobacco and clove farmers. Clove cigarette encompasses hand-rolled clove cigarettes (SKT), machine-rolled clove cigarettes (SKM) and klobot cigarettes (SKB). The aim of this research was to analyze the impact of the rise of cigarette excise tax policy toward economic surplus distribution among the economic agents on Indonesian cigarette industries. This research accomodated the data series of 1990-2016 with simultaneous equation system which consisting of 36 structural equations and 25 identity equations. This model was estimated by using 2 SLS (Two-Staged Least Squares) method. The results showed that cigarette excise tax impacted on the rise of government revenue and total economic surplus negatively. The rise of excise tax impacted on negative surplus of cigarette producer decreased, negative surplus of cigarette consumer increased, and farmer surplus decreased (negative). In order to keep positive economic surplus of the farmer, the rise of SKT cigarette tax maximum should be constituted no more than 5,8%. To anticipate the loss of farmer surplus and the decrease of tobacco and clove demand ini the future, the government can use the tax revenue to develop alternative crops besides tobacco such as vegetables, intensification of tobacco as import subtitution and develop diversification of clove products for essential oil, preservatives and others.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Pemerintah Indonesia telah menerapkan kenaikan tarif cukai rokok kretek yang berdampak pada kenaikan harga rokok dan produksi rokok. Oleh karena permintaan tembakau dan cengkeh merupakan permintaan turunan dari penawaran rokok, maka perubahan produksi rokok akan berdampak pada permintaan input (tembakau dan cengkeh) dan berdampak pada harga kedua komoditas tersebut. Kenaikan cukai tidak hanya berdampak pada surplus ekonomi produsen dan konsumen rokok, tetapi juga petani tembakau dan cengkeh. Industri sigaret kretek meliputi sigaret kretek tangan (SKT), sigaret kretek mesin (SKM) dan rokok klobot (SKB). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis dampak kenaikan cukai rokok terhadap distribusi surplus ekonomi di antara pelaku ekonomi pada industri rokok di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan data deret waktu tahun 1990-2016 dengan sistem persamaan simultan yang terdiri dari 36 persamaan struktural dan 25 persamaan identitas, yang diestimasi menggunakan metode 2SLS (<em>Two-Staged Least Squares</em>). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya tarif cukai rokok akan menambah penerimaan pemerintah namun berdampak negatif terhadap total surplus ekonomi. Kenaikan cukai rokok berdampak pada negatif surplus produsen rokok makin menurun, negatif surplus konsumen rokok makin meningkat dan surplus petani menjadi turun (negatif). Agar surplus ekonomi petani tetap positif, maka kenaikan tarif cukai khususnya SKT ditetapkan tidak lebih dari 5,8%. Pemerintah dapat memanfaatkan sebagian penerimaan cukai rokok untuk melakukan upaya pengembangkan alternatif tanaman lain selain tembakau seperti sayuran, intensifikasi tanaman tembakau subtitusi impor dan melakukan diversifikasi produk cengkeh sebagai minyak esensial, pengawet dan lainnya untuk mengatasi kerugian petani dan mengantisipasi turunnya permintaan tembakau dan cengkeh pada masa depan.
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Yadayna, Khofifatul. "Cigarette Rod Sorting System on Conveyors." Jurnal Jartel: Jurnal Jaringan Telekomunikasi 10, no. 1 (2020): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jartel.v10i1.160.
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Kretek cigarettes are a type of cigarette that is still in demand today. The manufacturing of kretek cigarettes in factories still has limitations, especially in the process weighing cigarettes per stick. From this problem, a tool is needed to separate cigarettes based on the weight of the cigarette that has been determined per stick. And the results of the cigarette weight sorter can be monitored via the website to reduce errors in the size of the clove cigarette. The method used in this study is to make a cigarette sorting tool using a conveyor with a DC servo motor component as a driving force for the conveyor to be 3 parts by weight, namely parts weigh <1.5 grams, parts weight> 1.5 grams and parts = 1.5. gram. Based on the results of the study, 1 pack of cigarettes where each pack contains 12 cigarettes shows that there are 2 cigarettes <1.5 grams, 7 cigarettes> 1.5 grams and 3 cigarettes corresponding to 1.5 grams. The results of the study indicate that the manufacture of a cigarette sorting system on the conveyor can help the cigarette weighing process to be more precise.
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Muhammad Farris Ghondur Siregar. "KASUS DISKRIMINASI ROKOK KRETEK INDONESIA OLEH AMERIKA SERIKAT." Paradigma POLISTAAT: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik 6, no. 1 (2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.23969/paradigmapolistaat.v6i1.8498.
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Indonesia officially filed an issue on the United States following the declaration of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009, Public Law 111-31. The act forced a prohibition on all clove cigarettes, except menthol cigarettes. Indonesia saw this as discrimination towards their tobacco in the United States cigarette market. As the biggest exporter of clove cigarettes in the United States, Indonesia will experience a considerable loss because of the new act. On June 2010, Indonesia requested the establishment of the Panel in the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) of the World Trade Organizations (WTO), in the hope of settling the issue with the United States. The goal of this research is to understand how Indonesia might be affected by the policy that is seen as discriminating towards its kretek cigarettes by the United States.
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&NA;, &NA;. "CLOVE CIGARETTES: A HAZARDOUS FAD." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 85, no. 9 (1985): 950–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-198509000-00005.
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Bailey, William J., and Roland J. Lamarine. "Clove Cigarettes: Problem or Symptom?" Journal of School Health 56, no. 1 (1986): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.1986.tb05679.x.
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McGrady, Benn. "Panel Report US – Clove Cigarettes." European Journal of Risk Regulation 2, no. 4 (2011): 600–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00001689.
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In September 2011, the World Trade Organization (WTO) panel report in US – Clove Cigarettes was released. The report addressed a complaint brought by Indonesia concerning prohibitions on certain flavored tobacco products implemented by the United States (US). The dispute is one of a number of contemporary disputes under the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement). Given that relatively few disputes have been resolved under the TBT Agreement, the outcome may have significant implications for interpretation of the agreement and risk regulation through technical regulations. The panel report may also have more specific implications for risk regulation in the context of tobacco products (author's headnote).
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Susabda, Gabriel Bin, and Ryan Eleazar. "ENHANCING BUSINESS PERFORMANCE OF PT. BENTOEL PRIMA." International Journal of Applied Business and International Management 2, no. 3 (2018): 86–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.32535/ijabim.v2i3.24.
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Currently, PT. Bentoel Internasional Investama, Tbk ("Bentoel" or "Company") and its subsidiaries, is a member of the British American Tobacco Group, the world's second largest tobacco group by global market share with trademarks in more than 200 countries.
 Bentoel is the fourth largest cigarette producer in Indonesia with a market share of 7%. Bentoel manufactures and markets a wide range of tobacco products such as machine clove cigarettes, hand-rolled cigarettes and white cigarettes. Our main portfolio includes Dunhill Filter, Dunhill Mild, Club Mild and Lucky Strike Mild. We also produce and market local brands such as Neo Mild, Tali Jagat, Bintang Buana, Sejati, Star Mild and Uno Mild, as well as global brands such as Lucky Strike and Dunhill.
 Bentoel employs over 6,000 employees, from starting to build partnerships with tobacco farmers, buying and processing leaf tobacco and cloves, to cigarette production, marketing and distribution.
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Prijanti, Ani Retno, and AA Hawali. "Syzygium aromaticum (CLOVE) EFFECT ON CATALASE ACTIVITY DUE TO CARBON TETRACHLORIDE-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN RAT LIVER." Acta Biochimica Indonesiana 1, no. 1 (2018): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32889/actabioina.v1i1.5.
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Background: Clove is known as antioxidant spice that used in cigarettes, spice for food/soup, and traditional medicine. It is believed that clove could protect smokers from cigarette-free radicals. Otherwise, study on clove as an antioxidant was still confused.Objective: To reveal that clove can overcome carbon tetra chloride (CCl4) and its free radical derivesMethod: This study was an experimental research, using 20 Wistar rats that were divided into 4 groups, Group 1 (CCl4 + cloves 3), group 2 (CCl4 + cloves 1), group 3 (normal control, without being offered treatment), group 4 (positive control, induced by CCl4 and followed by 100 mg alpha-tocopherol), and group 5 (negative control, only induced by CCl4). Rat livers were homogenized and followed with CAT activity measurement using spectrophotometry method of Mates.Results: There was a significant difference in mean between the groups (p= 0,001). Further test, the Post Hoc showed that there is a significance different between group 1 and 4 (p=0.008), 1 and 5 (p=0.001), 2 and 5 (p=0.001), 3 and 5 (p=0.001), and 4 and 5 (p=0.007). Group 1 (CCl4+Clove3) has the highest catalase activity.Conclusion: Syzygium aromaticum (clove) oral administration with the dose of 200 mg/kg rat body weight against 0.55 mg/kgBW CCl4 show increased of catalase activity but did not overcome the oxidative stress.
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Budian, Nurpangestu, Kharimah Yusrotun, Linggasati Fita, and Bahrudin Mochamad. "The effect of e-cigarette and a conventional cigarette to the alveolus on Wistar male rats." International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences (IJAAS) 8, no. 4 (2019): 251–56. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v8.i4.pp251-256.
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Smoking can cause a variety of diseases one of them on pulmonary organs, e-cigarettes are also considered to be safer than conventional cigarettes and the number of smokers in Indonesia is increasing every year. The purpose of this study to determine differences in pulmonary alveolar damage in male rats (Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain) on electric cigarette smoke exposure and conventional cigarettes. This research is true experimental with post-test only control group design. Male rats were used as many as 25 rats were divided into 5 groups, namely the group P0 as a negative control group; P1 group was exposed to clove cigarettes; P2 group is exposed to a filter cigarette; P3 group was exposed to e-cigarette 0mg; P4 group exposed the ecigarette 3mg. Samples were treated for 30 days. Data were analyzed using Kruskal Wallis with p < 0.05. The results showed that there were significant differences in alveolar damage in the fifth group (p = 0.003). With Mann Whitney shows that groups P1, P2, P3, and P4 there are no significant differences. The conclusion of this study is there is no difference in alveolar damage on Wistar male rats by e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes exposure.
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Nurpangestu, Budian, Yusrotun Kharimah, Fita Linggasati, and Moch Bahrudin. "The effect of e-cigarette and a conventional cigarette to the alveolus on Wistar male rats." International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences 8, no. 4 (2019): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v8.i4.pp251-256.
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Smoking can cause a variety of diseases one of them on pulmonary organs, e-cigarettes are also considered to be safer than conventional cigarettes and the number of smokers in Indonesia is increasing every year. The purpose of this study to determine differences in pulmonary alveolar damage in male rats (Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain) on electric cigarette smoke exposure and conventional cigarettes. This research is true experimental with post-test only control group design. Male rats were used as many as 25 rats were divided into 5 groups, namely the group P0 as a negative control group; P1 group was exposed to clove cigarettes; P2 group is exposed to a filter cigarette; P3 group was exposed to e-cigarette 0mg; P4 group exposed the e-cigarette 3mg. Samples were treated for 30 days. Data were analyzed using Kruskal Wallis with p &lt;0.05. The results showed that there were significant differences in alveolar damage in the fifth group (p = 0.003). With Mann Whitney shows that groups P1, P2, P3, and P4 there are no significant differences. The conclusion of this study is there is no difference in alveolar damage on Wistar male rats by e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes exposure.
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Bagaskara, Gregorius Luna, Aluisius Hery Pratono, and Firman Rosjadi. "SENGKETA PERDAGANGAN ROKOK KRETEK ANTARA INDONESIA DAN AMERIKA SERIKAT DI WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis 20, no. 2 (2016): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/jeb.v20i2.1600.
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Since its establishment, the WTO has been issued a lot of policies that are deemed by the WTO Dispute Settlement Body to violate GATT and other WTO agreements. One of the policies is the dispute on clove cigarettes between Indonesia and the United States of America. In 22nd of June 2009, United States issued an act called Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, where the Section 907(a)(1)(A) stated about the restriction against the selling of characterized flavors cigarettes but excluding menthol cigarettes from the restriction. As the biggest clove cigarettes exporter to the United States, Indonesia is suffering from a huge loss due to the implementation of the act. This study aims to analyze the clove cigarettes dispute resolution process between Indonesia and United States. By using Scenario Building method, the analysis indicates the four dispute resolution scenarios. The scenario with the condition of Indonesia won the dispute clove cigarettes is the best solution because the positive impact on the economy, social and politics, especially bilateral relations between Indonesia and the United States of America.
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Pallares, David E. "Link between clove cigarettes and urticaria?" Postgraduate Medicine 106, no. 4 (1999): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/pgm.1999.10.1.726.
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Ecker, Charles R. "Clove Cigarettes: Is the Caution Unfounded?" American Journal of Nursing 86, no. 1 (1986): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3425265.
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ECKER, CHARLES R. "CLOVE CIGARETTES: IS THE CAUTION UNFOUNDED?" AJN, American Journal of Nursing 86, no. 1 (1986): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-198601000-00012.
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Braun, Markus, Laura Lian Marsidi, Doris Klingelhöfer, and David A. Groneberg. "Kretek Cigarettes and Particulate Matter Emissions—An Aerosol Spectrometric Study on Typical Indonesian Brands Flavored With Cloves." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 24, no. 5 (2021): 778–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntab209.
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Abstract Introduction In Indonesia, smoking is widespread. The same applies to second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure. More than 90% of Indonesian smokers smoke clove cigarettes, so-called Kreteks. They often contain more tar and nicotine than conventional cigarettes, but little is known about particulate matter (PM) emissions. In smokers’ homes, SHS is the main source of PM that is hazardous to health. This study presents data of PM emissions from Kreteks. Methods SHS was generated in a closed 2.88 m³ measuring chamber. PM fractions (PM10, PM2.5, PM1) of three popular Kretek brands (two king-sized and one slim-sized) in comparison to conventional cigarettes and a reference cigarette were measured by laser aerosol spectroscopy in real-time. Results The king-sized Kreteks reached PM10 and PM2.5 mean concentrations of up to about 3000 µg/m³, and PM1 mean concentrations of up to about 2700 µg/m³. Consequently, these Kreteks emitted up to about 100% more PM10 and PM2.5, respectively 84% more PM1 than the reference cigarette, and up to about 260% more PM10 and PM2.5, respectively 234% more PM1 than the other investigated cigarettes. Conclusions PM emissions from Kreteks can be very high. The Indonesian public should be informed and warned about it, considering the high prevalence of smoking and SHS exposure, in particular. The Indonesian tobacco control regulation is limited, and it is overdue to start with a serious and effective tobacco control policy. PM declaration to government authorities could be useful in smoking prevention and tobacco control. Implications Research data are limited for Kretek cigarettes, including data on particulate matter (PM). The clove buds in Kretek cigarettes are for flavoring the smoke and shall soften the smoke feeling. That makes them very popular in Indonesia, in particular. The declaration of PM data of Kreteks and other tobacco products can play a key role in a more effective tobacco policy to reduce consumption of tobacco products, not only in Indonesia. To provide data on PM emissions, this study ascertained PM amounts in passive smoke from Indonesian Kreteks.
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Arini, Aisyah Anindita, Christy Handoko Jessica, and drg M. Kes Tantiana. "Effect of clove cigarettes on blood clotting time in post-tooth extraction patients." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 24, no. 2 (2024): 2553–56. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15128941.
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<strong>Background</strong>: Cigarettes are one of the processed tobacco. Clove cigarettes are cigarettes that are more consumed than other types of cigarettes. Smoking can cause the appearance of free radicals. Free radicals can interfere with the process of hemostasis, so it will interfere with the process of stopping bleeding if blood vessels are damaged. Tooth extraction is the procedure of removing a tooth from its socket. The duration of wound healing after tooth extraction can be influenced by several factors. One habit that can inhibit the wound healing process is smoking. <strong>Purpose</strong>: This paper aims to provide information about the effect of smoking on blood clotting time in patients after tooth extraction. Methods: This article review is done by searching for journals with keywords "clove cigarettes, blood clots, clotting time, post-tooth extraction" through PubMed, PMC free article, and Google Scholar search sites. <strong>Results</strong>: Smoking is one factor that can increase plasma hemosistein levels. Increased hemosistein can prolong blood clotting time. In addition, smoking for years can also cause hardening of the arteries, which is caused by the accumulation of fat in the blood vessels due to nicotine contained in cigarettes. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: In post-tooth extraction patients, smoking can cause a longer blood clotting time so that wound healing in the tooth socket after tooth extraction can be inhibited
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McGrady, Benn. "Appellate Body Report, United States – Clove Cigarettes." European Journal of Risk Regulation 3, no. 2 (2012): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00002130.
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In September 2011, the World Trade Organization (WTO) released the report of a panel tasked with considering a complaint brought by Indonesia concerning prohibitions on certain flavored tobacco products implemented by the United States (US). The panel concluded that the US violated WTO law and recommended that the US be asked to bring its laws into conformity with WTO law.The US appealed the panel's decision. The Appellate Body of the WTO upheld the panel report on April 4, 2012. This case note gives a brief overview of the Appellate Body's report and examines the implications for tobacco control and public health more generally.
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Hackett, P. H. "Clove cigarettes and high-altitude pulmonary edema." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 253, no. 24 (1985): 3551–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.253.24.3551.
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Rodriguez, Gil. "Clove Cigarettes and High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 253, no. 24 (1985): 3551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1985.03350480059015.
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Laurenza, Eugenia Costanza. "Latest Procedural Developments Related to the WTO Dispute US – Clove Cigarettes." European Journal of Risk Regulation 4, no. 4 (2013): 548–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00003202.
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On 13 August 2013, the Government of Indonesia requested a special meeting of the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (hereinafter, DSB) in order to obtain authorisation to suspend concessions or other obligations (i.e., to ‘retaliate’) against the United States (hereinafter, the US). This request stems from the US alleged failure to comply with the rulings and recommendations of the WTO DSB in the dispute US – Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes (hereinafter, US – Clove Cigarettes). In that dispute, the WTO dispute settlement organs found that Section 907(a)(1)(A) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (hereinafter, the FFDCA), introduced by Section 101(b) of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act discriminated against Indonesian clove cigarettes in favour of ‘like’ domestic menthol cigarettes, in a manner which was inconsistent with, inter alia, Article 2.1 of the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (hereinafter, TBT Agreement). The DSB recommended that the US bring its legislation relating to the ban on flavoured cigarettes into conformity with its obligations under the WTO. On 22 August 2013, the US objected to the level of suspension of concessions proposed by Indonesia and requested that the matter be referred to arbitration. Following such request from the US, the DSB agreed that the matter be referred to arbitration and informed WTO Members that arbitration would be carried out by the original panel.
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Kevin, Kegan, and Hermawan Pri. "Decision Analysis to Improve Company's Time Utilization during Clove Harvest-Interval Using Analytical Hierarchy Process and Situation Appraisal." International Journal of Current Science Research and Review 06, no. 07 (2023): 4156–71. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8131668.
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Abstract : Indonesia is a country that has very diverse natural resources, one of which is spices. Various kinds of spices such as cloves, nutmeg, ginger, turmeric, candlenut, pepper, cinnamon, and vanilla are what make Indonesian spices known worldwide and contribute to the country’s economy. Clove is a typical Indonesian spice originating from the Maluku islands (Ternate and Tidore). Currently, cloves have been cultivated in various regions in Indonesia, namely Java, Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and others. Clove season in Indonesia occurs once or twice a year, namely from April to May and October to November. The farmers will harvest ripe clove flowers, then the clove flowers are dried in the sun and processed as raw materials for the production of cigarettes, cosmetics, and others. CV. Rempah Jaya is one of the leading and best clove suppliers in Indonesia. Especially variations of cloves such as whole cloves, clove oil, dried clove leaves, dried clove stems, and clove ash. Usually, the supply of cloves to the cigarette factory is held every few months in large quantities, so a lot of spare time is available before sending it to the factory. Therefore CV. Rempah Jaya needs the right work to be done when there is a time vacuum. The purpose of this study is to increase the time utilization of CV companies. Rempah Jaya during the clove harvest interval. In this study, a situation analysis was carried out using the Kepner-Tregoe method, then external and internal analysis was carried out using Mendelow’s Matrix and SWOT Analysis methods. After that, root cause analysis was carried out using Ishikawa Diagram. Then the decision-making process is carried out using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. From the results of the AHP method, alternative values were obtained for the three available criteria, namely oil distillation, spice mixtures, and collaboration with the food and beverage industry with values of 0.64, 0.19, and 0.17.
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Arini Aisyah Anindita, Jessica Christy Handoko, and Tantiana drg M Kes. "Effect of clove cigarettes on blood clotting time in post-tooth extraction patients." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 24, no. 2 (2024): 2553–56. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.24.2.3598.
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Background: Cigarettes are one of the processed tobacco. Clove cigarettes are cigarettes that are more consumed than other types of cigarettes. Smoking can cause the appearance of free radicals. Free radicals can interfere with the process of hemostasis, so it will interfere with the process of stopping bleeding if blood vessels are damaged. Tooth extraction is the procedure of removing a tooth from its socket. The duration of wound healing after tooth extraction can be influenced by several factors. One habit that can inhibit the wound healing process is smoking. Purpose: This paper aims to provide information about the effect of smoking on blood clotting time in patients after tooth extraction. Methods: This article review is done by searching for journals with keywords "clove cigarettes, blood clots, clotting time, post-tooth extraction" through PubMed, PMC free article, and Google Scholar search sites. Results: Smoking is one factor that can increase plasma hemosistein levels. Increased hemosistein can prolong blood clotting time. In addition, smoking for years can also cause hardening of the arteries, which is caused by the accumulation of fat in the blood vessels due to nicotine contained in cigarettes. Conclusion: In post-tooth extraction patients, smoking can cause a longer blood clotting time so that wound healing in the tooth socket after tooth extraction can be inhibited
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Voon, Tania. "Flexibilities in WTO Law to Support Tobacco Control Regulation." American Journal of Law & Medicine 39, no. 2-3 (2013): 199–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009885881303900201.
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Cases concerning the regulation of tobacco have long existed within the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 (GATT 1947), although often these cases have not centered on the detrimental health impact of tobacco products. With the 2012 circulation of the Report of the WTO Appellate Body in U.S.—Clove Cigarettes, the potential friction between international trade law and tobacco regulation in the context of public health has come to the fore. In that Report, the Appellate Body found in part against the United States’ flavored cigarette ban. Combined with the ongoing WTO challenges to mandatory plain tobacco packaging in Australia—Tobacco Plain Packaging, governments might begin to fear that the WTO agreements represent an insurmountable barrier to ambitious tobacco control measures. However, careful examination of the Clove Cigarettes case alongside the two other recent Appellate Body Reports (U.S.—Tuna II (Mexico)5 and U.S.—COOL6) on the WTO's Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement)7 demonstrates that the TBT Agreement has ample flexibility to accommodate health objectives underlying tobacco regulation.
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Pratiwi, Gustyanita, and Lukytawati Anggraeni. "ANALISIS STUKTUR, KINERJA, DAN PERILAKU INDUSTRI ROKOK KRETEK DAN ROKOK PUTIH DI INDONESIA PERIODE 1991-2008." Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia 1, no. 1 (2013): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jai.2013.1.1.59-70.
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<em>Tobacco industry is one of important manufacturing industry in Indonesia. There are several changes in structure, performance, and behavior of this industry during 1991-2008. This study aim is to analyze the differences between clove cigarette and white cigarette industries with SCP method. Analysis of industrial structure with CR4 index and barriers to entry. Industry performance is measured by Price Cost Margin (PCM) approach. Factors that affect the performance itself are analyzed by the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method. The results of structural analysis show that the level of industry concentration of clove cigarettes went from tight oligopoly (84.29 percent) to medium oligopoly (52.65 percent) during research period. In contrast, white cigarette industry remained in tight oligopoly level with an average value of CR4 about 94.33 percent. The average value of MES which reflects the barrier to entry in white cigarette industries is higher (95.17 percent) than in cigarette industries (72.85 percent). Regression analysis on a clove cigarette industry indicates that the variable X-eff and growth are significantly positive, whereas a variable number of firms significantly negative effect on PCM. In white cigarette industry, a significant variable to the PCM is the X-eff (0.366799). The analysis of behavior between the two industries cannot be separated from government regulation, especially in setting of the selling price. Promotion, although it increasing production costs, remains to be important strategy to maintain the industry market share.</em>
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Nathaniel Hiwandika, Susana Elya Sudrajat, and Ika Rahayu. "Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Clove Extract (Syzygium Aromaticum): Review." Eureka Herba Indonesia 2, no. 2 (2021): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/ehi.v2i2.18.
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Cloves is one of the native Indonesian plants and is used in many aspects of life. Cloves are used in multiple industries and as detergents, soaps, perfumes, food seasonings, aromatherapy, etc. Cloves are mainly used for ingredients in kretek cigarettes in Indonesia. Various studies of cloves reported they have good pharmacological and therapeutic effects. The main compounds of clove extract are eugenol and β-caryophyllene, which are powerful antibacterial and antifungal agents. The clove ethanolic extract showed the activity to inhibit Gram positive and negative bacteria such as B. cereus, S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, A. hydrophila, K. pneumoniae, P. gingivalis, and P. mirabilis. Clove essential oil has shown the ability to inhibit the growth of V. inaequalis, C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. tropicalis. Cloves extract can be used as an essential ingredient of various medicines. However, it requires further research and trials.
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Bachtiar, Boy Muchlis, Basri A. Gani, Astri Deviana, Nastiti Rilo Utami, Anissa Dien Andriyani, and Endang Winiati Bachtiar. "The discrepancy between Clove and Non-Clove Cigarette Smoke-Promoted Candida albicans Biofilm Formation with precoating RNA-aptamer." F1000Research 10 (May 11, 2021): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.52266.1.
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This study explores the influence of precoating aptamer (Ca-apt1) on C. albicans viability while the fungus was growing in the presence of exposing condensed cigarette smoke (CSC), prepared from clove (CCSC) and non-clove (NCSC) cigarettes, for 48 h. Using qPCR, we found that mRNA expression of adhesion-associated genes (ALS3 and HWP1) was impaired by precoating C. albicans yeast cells with the aptamer. Conversely, the gene transcription was upregulated when aptamer-uncoated yeast was pre-treated with either CSC. In addition, by analysing the result of MTT ([3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide] assay, we found that the presence of added CCSC or NCSC in growth medium for 48 h was significantly enhanced C. albicans biofilm development. However, the presence of precoated aptamer was significantly impaired biofilm development accelerated by the NCSC. The inhibitory effect of the Ca-apt1 was not dependent on the precoated aptamer (1 and 10%). Interestingly, we noted that the enhancer effect of treated CCSC was no longer effective when the yeast had been precoated with 10% aptamer tested. Additionally, light microscopy analysis revealed that precoating aptamer alleviates morphological changes of C. albicans (from yeast to hypha formation) that are enhanced by adding CCSC or NCSC in the growth medium. In conclusion, these results suggest that administration on Ca-ap1 exhibits a significant protective effect on CSC-induced biofilm formation by C. albicans.
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Bachtiar, Boy Muchlis, Basri A. Gani, Astri Deviana, Nastiti Rilo Utami, Anissa Dien Andriyani, and Endang Winiati Bachtiar. "The Discrepancy between Clove and Non-Clove Cigarette Smoke-Promoted Candida albicans Biofilm Formation with Precoating RNA-aptamer." F1000Research 10 (July 29, 2021): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.52266.3.
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This study explores the influence of precoating aptamer (Ca-apt1) on C. albicans viability while the fungus was growing in the presence of exposing condensed cigarette smoke (CSC), prepared from clove (CCSC) and non-clove (NCSC) cigarettes, for 48 h. Using qPCR, we found that mRNA expression of adhesion-associated genes (ALS3 and HWP1) was impaired by precoating C. albicans yeast cells with the aptamer. Conversely, the gene transcription was upregulated when aptamer-uncoated yeast was pre-treated with either CSC. In addition, by analysing the result of MTT ([3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide] assay, we found that the presence of added CCSC or NCSC in growth medium for 48 h was significantly enhanced C. albicans biofilm development. However, the presence of precoated aptamer was significantly impaired biofilm development accelerated by the NCSC. The inhibitory effect of the Ca-apt1 was not dependent on the precoated aptamer (1 and 10%). Interestingly, we noted that the enhancer effect of treated CCSC was no longer effective when the yeast had been precoated with 10% aptamer tested. Additionally, light microscopy analysis revealed that precoating aptamer alleviates morphological changes of C. albicans (from yeast to hypha formation) that are enhanced by adding CCSC or NCSC in the growth medium. In conclusion, these results suggest that administration on Ca-ap1 exhibits a significant protective effect on CSC-induced biofilm formation by C. albicans.
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Bachtiar, Boy Muchlis, Basri A. Gani, Astri Deviana, Nastiti Rilo Utami, Anissa Dien Andriyani, and Endang Winiati Bachtiar. "The Discrepancy between Clove and Non-Clove Cigarette Smoke-Promoted Candida albicans Biofilm Formation with Precoating RNA-aptamer." F1000Research 10 (July 12, 2021): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.52266.2.
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This study explores the influence of precoating aptamer (Ca-apt1) on C. albicans viability while the fungus was growing in the presence of exposing condensed cigarette smoke (CSC), prepared from clove (CCSC) and non-clove (NCSC) cigarettes, for 48 h. Using qPCR, we found that mRNA expression of adhesion-associated genes (ALS3 and HWP1) was impaired by precoating C. albicans yeast cells with the aptamer. Conversely, the gene transcription was upregulated when aptamer-uncoated yeast was pre-treated with either CSC. In addition, by analysing the result of MTT ([3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide] assay, we found that the presence of added CCSC or NCSC in growth medium for 48 h was significantly enhanced C. albicans biofilm development. However, the presence of precoated aptamer was significantly impaired biofilm development accelerated by the NCSC. The inhibitory effect of the Ca-apt1 was not dependent on the precoated aptamer (1 and 10%). Interestingly, we noted that the enhancer effect of treated CCSC was no longer effective when the yeast had been precoated with 10% aptamer tested. Additionally, light microscopy analysis revealed that precoating aptamer alleviates morphological changes of C. albicans (from yeast to hypha formation) that are enhanced by adding CCSC or NCSC in the growth medium. In conclusion, these results suggest that administration on Ca-ap1 exhibits a significant protective effect on CSC-induced biofilm formation by C. albicans.
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Murjani, Ahmadi. "Price Elasticity of Demand for Cigarette Items: Evidence from South Kalimantan Province of Indonesia." JURNAL DINAMIKA EKONOMI PEMBANGUNAN 4, no. 2 (2021): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jdep.4.2.107-115.
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Smoking can affect health conditions that can lead to many adverse impacts in a wider scope. The government of Indonesia has applied some excise tax regulations on tobacco products to control the consumption of cigarette items. With very limited studies in Indonesia about the price elasticity of demand for tobacco products, this paper aims to fill the gaps in the demand for cigarette items in Indonesia. By using a new approach to calculate the price elasticity of demands which is AIDS and QUAIDS with the ILLS approach, this paper found significant findings. It is found that only the filtered clove cigarettes that inelastic to the price increases. The government should carefully apply the excise tax regulation based on the cigarette items.
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Rahmanisa, Soraya, Natasya Hayatillah, and Evi Kurniawaty. "The Effect of Ethanol Extract 96% o Brown Rice Bran to the Number and Viability of White Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Spermatozoa Sprague dawley Strains Induced by Clove Cigarette Smoke." Berkala Kedokteran 14, no. 2 (2018): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jbk.v14i2.5327.
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Abstract: Indonesia has the greatest number of smokers in Southeast Asia dominated by male consume kretek cigarette. Cigarette’s smoke is source of free radicals that can cause oxidative stress to sperm and lead it to infertility. Red rice bran extract has lot of potential antioxidants to stop oxidatif stress. This study was experimental within 30 days. The 25 Sprague dawley male rats divided into 5 groups: K1 wasn’t treated, K2,P1,P2, and P3 exposed to smokes of 2 kretek cigarettes, given 96% ethanol extract of red rice bran dosage 100 mg/Kg (P1), 200 mg/Kg (P2) and 400 mg/Kg (P3). Spermatozoa number and viability was observed. Data tested with One Way Anova. There was significant effect from red rice bran extract toward sperm number and viability (p=0,00). Average spermatozoa number was 91.90±7.72 (K1), 39.68±7,51 (K2), 79.88±8.63 (P1), 86.40±10.5 (P2), 86.00±5.78 (P3). Average viability was 65.00±6.85 (K1), 29.6±5.85 (K2), 51.4±3.50 (P1), 60.00±6.67 (P2), 61,00±2.91 (P3). The increasing of number and viability has been achived at dose 100mg/Kg and best at 400 mg/KgBB. The 96% ethanol extract of red rice bran can prevent the decreasing number and viability of rat spermatozoa exposed by kretek cigarette. Keywords: Clove cigarette, spermatozoa, rice bran extract
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Polzin, Gregory M., Stephen B. Stanfill, Candace R. Brown, David L. Ashley, and Clifford H. Watson. "Determination of eugenol, anethole, and coumarin in the mainstream cigarette smoke of Indonesian clove cigarettes." Food and Chemical Toxicology 45, no. 10 (2007): 1948–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.04.012.
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Ulum, Roudlotul, and Misbach Munir. "IMPLEMENTASI SIX SIGMA DENGAN PENDEKATAN POKA YOKE GUNA REDUKSI BAGIAN CASE PACKER PADA PT. X." JKIE (Journal Knowledge Industrial Engineering) 6, no. 1 (2020): 11–23. https://doi.org/10.35891/jkie.v6i1.2046.
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X is one of the companies engaged in the manufacturing industry that produces cigarettes with the type of Machine-made Clove Cigarettes (SKM), or commonly known as clove cigarettes. known at the time of the packaging process (packaging) there are often problems that cause the appearance of the resulting product is not good. In order to achieve this condition continuous improvement must be made. To avoid high defects in the packaging process, one of the ways to do this is to apply six sigma with a poka yoke approach, starting from identifying problems or defects, improving steps, and establishing standards to maintain these qualities, which aim to achieve product quality which can meet the desired specifications of the company. Based on the results of the analysis conducted a comparison of the results of the number of defects before and after experiencing improvement based on the percentage of the average number of defects from 0,00066342% to 5.70032% so that after improvements have increased 5.7%.
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Muwaffaq, Muhammad Asror, and Edy Supriyo. "Optimization of clove flower oil extraction (Syzgium aromaticum L.) With Factorial Design Method." Journal of Vocational Studies on Applied Research 3, no. 2 (2021): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jvsar.v3i2.12182.
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Solid-liquid extraction or commonly called leaching is the removal of the solute fraction (solute) from a solid to a liquid solvent. This extraction has become a widespread oil extraction process due to the high percentage of oil produced. Soxhletation method is an extraction method that contacts a solid and a liquid by dissolving it in the liquid phase at reflux. Clove oil is an essential oil that can be produced from distillation method on parts of the clove plant, especially the leaves and flowers of cloves. All parts of the clove plant contain oil, but the flowers contain the most oil. Because the leaves and twigs of cloves also produce oil, they also become a side income for clove farmers who harvest clove flowers for cigarettes. One of the most important ingredients in clove oil is eugenol, eugenol has many benefits from antiseptic to stimulant. Isopropyl alcohol is a unwell-known solvent specially to essential oil solvent, isopropyl alcohol is a solvent that can be recovered back into a solvent form usually using distillation method. The selection of isopropyl alcohol as a solvent is based on its high boiling point compared to other solvents and has elements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that can dissolve polar molecules and their alkyl groups.
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Bigwanto, Mouhamad, and Widyastuti Soerojo. "CONTENT ANALYSIS OF CIGARETTE PACKS IN INDONESIA: REGULATORY NON- COMPLIANCE AND PRODUCT PROMOTION ADVANTAGE." Public Health of Indonesia 6, no. 1 (2020): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36685/phi.v6i1.330.
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Background: A cigarette pack is the most intimate property and frequently seen by smokers every time they want to start smoking. It gives tobacco industry the opportunity to scrutinize every single space including the inside part of the pack to promote tobacco product and it is often called a mini billboard.Objective: To analyze possible violations if any against the existing regulations on packaging and labelling and to uncover packaging design and types of promotional elements on cigarette packs. Methods: A purposive sample based on the assessment and discussion with the representatives of National Agency of Drug and Food Control that generated a total of 42 cigarette packs representing 18 sample from Jakarta, 5 most popular brands, 18 special edition packs, and 1 illegal cigarettes. The observation units, variables and observable signs that covered the materials, size, content of the entire pack including the cigarettes stick were set by Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance and analyzed against the existing regulation.Results: There were two brands produced in 2019 that did not comply with the latest sets of Pictorial Health Warning. About 40.5% of sample (n=17) did not include information on production dates on the pack as mandated by Government Regulation Number 109/2012. The back panels of the top of pictorial health warning in all machine-made cigarettes were partially bunged up by excise tax stamps with exception of hand-rolled clove cigarettes. The tobacco industry took the advantage of the cigarette packs’ violations for product promotion, among others providing information on filter technology, promoting the upcoming tobacco-sponsored events, relating the product with imported goods by mentioning the country of brand origin, and using the flip lid of the pack to promote the brand name reputation. A total of 83.3% (n=35) samples gives additional products description such as bold, mild, lights, super, and special.Conclusion: The tobacco industry uses the ample spaces on both outer and inner panels of cigarette packs to promote their products, no single corners are left empty. The study confirmed violations of the regulation for product promotion.
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McGrady, Benn, and Alexandra Jones. "Tobacco Control and Beyond: The Broader Implications of United States—Clove Cigarettes for Non-Communicable Diseases." American Journal of Law & Medicine 39, no. 2-3 (2013): 265–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009885881303900204.
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As implementation of the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) accelerates and states seek to address risk factors for non-communicable disease more broadly, tension has increased between the law of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and public health. For example, Indonesia recently brought a successful claim against a U.S. law that prohibits cigarettes with a characterizing flavor other than menthol or tobacco. Indonesia succeeded in arguing that the regulation discriminates against clove-flavored cigarettes of Indonesian origin in favor of menthol-flavored cigarettes of U.S. origin.Also in the WTO context, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, and Ukraine have challenged an Australian law prohibiting the presence of branding on tobacco packaging other than product and variant names in a standardized location, font size, and style. This regulation, commonly referred to as “plain packaging,” is the first of its kind and may represent a turning point in the regulation of tobacco packaging.
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Nuryunarsih, Desy, Sarah Lewis, and Tessa Langley. "Health Risks of Kretek Cigarettes: A Systematic Review." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 23, no. 8 (2021): 1274–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntab016.
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Abstract Introduction The objective of this study is review the evidence on the health risks associated with smoking kretek cigarettes compared with not smoking or smoking regular cigarettes. Methods We conducted a systematic literature search in five electronic databases: EMBASE (Ovid), ASSIA, PubMed and Scopus. Since kretek use is largely restricted to Indonesia, we identified additional studies using an online search for grey literature and studies in Indonesian journals and the National Library of Indonesia. We included relevant search terms in English (“kretek” and “clove cigarettes”) and Bahasa (“rokok” and “merokok”). We selected studies which compared any health outcome between smokers of kretek cigarettes and non-smokers or smokers of regular cigarettes. We included studies in any smokers compared to non-smokers in Indonesia, since most Indonesian smokers use kretek, but analysed these separately. Study data were extracted by a single reviewer and checked by two reviewers. Methodological quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Results We identified 32 studies, all from Indonesia. There were 31 cross-sectional studies and one case control study. This systematic review identified a relatively limited number of studies, and most of these were of poor quality as assessed by the Newcastle Ottawa score. They were generally cross-sectional, small and lacking justification for sample size, had high potential for selection bias because of lack of data on non-respondents or those lost to follow up, and missing information about the statistical analysis. Fourteen studies looked specifically at kretek exposure and eighteen looked at any type of cigarette exposure but were conducted in Indonesia are therefore likely to predominantly reflect kretek exposure. Kretek were found to be associated with oral cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic health disease, myocardial infarction, asthma, and oral diseases. Conclusions Although existing studies are of poor quality, kretek are likely to be at least as harmful as regular cigarettes.
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Shahani, Garima. "The Sequencing Dilemma: Will the European Union Succeed against Indonesia?" Journal of World Trade 49, Issue 3 (2015): 517–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2015021.
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The issue of sequencing has been the subject of discussion for quite some time now as the Members have been unsuccessful in progressing with the amendments to the DSU. This article discusses this very debate that has resurfaced after the European Union (EU) filed a complaint against Indonesia for its recourse to Article 22.2 in the US - Clove Cigarettes case. It discusses the US - Clove Cigarettes case in brief before moving on to a discussion of the compliance aspect of the existing dispute between the EU and Indonesia. It then discusses the jurisprudence that has evolved through case law and examines the reforms suggested by Mr Soto to resolve the apparent contradiction between Articles 21.5 and 22.6.The article concludes with an examination of the other Members' views on the sequencing aspect of this complaint along with the author's opinion on its resolution.
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BROUDE, TOMER, and PHILIP I. LEVY. "Do you mind if I don't smoke? Products, purpose and indeterminacy in US – Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes." World Trade Review 13, no. 2 (2014): 357–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745614000044.
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AbstractThe AB Report in US–Clove Cigarettes confirmed the Panel's conclusions that imported clove cigarettes were ‘like’ US menthol cigarettes, and accorded ‘less favourable treatment’ for the purpose of national treatment under Article 2.1 TBT, but it employed significantly different logic. The AB's reasoning extends earlier GATT jurisprudence into the TBT, applying competition-oriented analysis to the question of product definition, while reserving consideration of regulatory purpose to the comparison of treatment. We consider this emphasis from the perspectives of legal and economic indeterminacy, which we find run in parallel to each other. In the particular questions of the appeal, the AB's decisions are sensible from both perspectives, but ultimately do not add significantly to determinacy. We find it impossible to ignore regulatory purpose in discrimination cases, and we provide a novel economic model for analysing regulatory utility in this respect. In our view, there is not much economic difference in analysing regulatory purpose separately from more observable market considerations, but this sequencing does add political logic, analytical focus and formal transparency, all of which may enhance the legitimacy of WTO dispute settlement rulings, although ideally, further specification from the WTO Membership regarding the methodological content of the national treatment discipline would be preferred.
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Welker, Marina. "Indonesia’s Cigarette Culture Wars: Contesting Tobacco Regulations in the Postcolony." Comparative Studies in Society and History 63, no. 4 (2021): 911–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417521000293.
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AbstractThis article juxtaposes representations of Indonesia’s tobacco control as temporally backwards with a counter-discourse defending its clove-laced cigarettes—called kretek—as a form of distinctive cultural heritage. These opposing discourses, which I characterize as public health evolutionism and commodity nationalism, structure clashes over Indonesian tobacco regulations. Public health evolutionism can take the form of voyeuristic, exoticizing, and Othering representations, but it can also be used to argue for more equitable access to global tobacco control knowledge and practices. Commodity nationalists insist that the kretek industry should be a source of pride rather than shame, depicting tobacco control as a neocolonial plot to destroy an indigenous industry that benefits small farmers, factory workers, and home industries. This subaltern emphasis obscures the fact that a few large companies dominate the industry, which is increasingly foreign-owned and mechanizing to increase production while reducing employment. The cigarette industry takes advantage of both discourses by marketing supposedly safer products to consumers alarmed by public health messaging, while also promoting the cigarettes-as-national-heritage narrative and undermining regulations. The stakes of these debates are high in the world’s second largest cigarette market, with over three hundred billion sticks smoked each year and more than two hundred thousand tobacco-related deaths.
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Voon, Tania. "United States—Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes." American Journal of International Law 106, no. 4 (2012): 824–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.106.4.0824.
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Sellato, Bernard. "Kretek. The Culture and Heritage of Indonesia’s Clove Cigarettes, Mark Hanusz." Moussons, no. 4 (December 1, 2001): 152–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/moussons.4194.
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Warikandwa, Tapiwa Victor, and Patric C. Osode. "Managing the Trade-Public Health Linkage in Defence of Trade Liberalisation and National Sovereignty: An Appraisal of United States-Measures affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 17, no. 4 (2017): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2014/v17i4a2164.
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Under the legal framework of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), countries have great flexibility to unilaterally adopt environmental regulations that have effect within their territories only. However, the same discretion does not apply to measures that adversely affect imports or exports. An absence of clear guidelines on how to address some of the attendant issues poses challenges to the effectiveness of a trade-environment linkage. Not surprisingly, attempts to link the environment and trade have resulted in a number of jurisprudentially significant cases in which the WTO's Panel and Appellate Body have tried to address critical questions about the Organisation's capacity to address or manage legal or quasi-legal subjects falling outside the scope of its legal framework. In this regard the Panel and Appellate Body reports in the case of United States - Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes (US-Clove Cigarettes) have re-ignited the debate on the Organisation's existential challenge of balancing the rights of the sovereign to freely regulate matters pertaining to health or the environment within its domestic domain with the need to maintain the sanctity of the multilateral trade order. This article demonstrates that in the US-Clove Cigarettes case the WTO Panel and Appellate Body, whilst managing to successfully defend the integrity of WTO Member States' treaty commitments and the overarching importance of trade liberalisation within the organisation's policy foundations even in the context of public health-related regulations, failed to provide any substantive affirmation of the development-related challenges facing developing countries that are part of the WTO family.
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Arsita, Wina, Yadi Mardiansyah, and Muhammad Rosyid Ridho. "Perjuangan Kesetaraan dalam Novel Fatatu As-Sajair Karya Ratih Kumala (Kajian Kritik Sastra Feminis)." Az-Zahra: Journal of Gender and Family Studies 4, no. 1 (2023): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/azzahra.v4i1.27852.
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Abstract: This study explains the struggle for gender equality of female figures in several of its parts. The novel Fatatu As-Sajair presents a female characters who has an influence on the development of cigarettes in Indonesia. The representation of female characters in this novel not only places women in an inferior position, but can also be in a superior position. The purpose of this study is to explain the socialist feminism contained in the novel. This study uses a qualitative descriptive analysis method with a type of literary criticism approach, namely feminist literary criticism. The research results from the novel Fatatu As-Sajair show that the novel contains female characters fighting for gender equality by working in the clove cigarette sector.
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Tereposky, Greg. "USA Pork and Beef? Dolphin Safe? Low Carbon? Labeling Regulation and the International Trade Rules of the WTO." International Journal of Legal Information 41, no. 1 (2013): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500011641.
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In 2012, the WTO Appellate Body issued three reports which clarified the framework governing technical regulations under Articles 2.1 (non-discrimination) and 2.2 (unnecessary obstacles to trade) of the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (“TBT Agreement”): U.S. - Clove Cigarettes; U.S. - Tuna Dolphin II; and U.S. - COOL.
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Ety, Rosa Setyawati, Endar Suswatiningsih Tri, Dwi Kusumayanti Maharani, and Purwanti Setyastuti. "Growth Responses of Clove Seedlings (Sizigium aromaticum L) to Natural Auxin and Household Waste Media." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LIFE SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURE RESEARCH 02, no. 07 (2023): 174–80. https://doi.org/10.55677/ijlsar/V02I07Y2023-04.
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ABSTRACT Indonesia is the number 1 clove producing country in the world, in amount of 140,812 tons (The Ministry of Indonesian Agriculture, 2022). Cloves are commonly used as a flavor enhancer for food and drinks. Its warm and spicy sensation is quite popular among people, especially those who live in cold areas. In addition, cloves are also useful for aromatic mixture of cigarettes. In addition, cloves are also good for the health of the body because they are known contain phosphorus, iron, magnesium, calcium, potassium, zinc, sodium and vitamins. This study aims were to determine the optimum concentration of organic auxin and the effect of using household waste media on the growth of clove plant seedlings. This study used a factorial experimental method which was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of two factors. The first factor was the dose of household waste consisting of L0 = no household waste (control/ only with 2.5 g NPK fertilizer); L1 = household waste 10%; L2 = household waste 20% and L3 = household waste 30%. The second factor was the type of organic auxins, which consist of A0 = without organic auxin; A1 = red onion organic auxin; A2 = tomato organic auxin; A3 = auxin organic mung bean sprouts. Each treatment was repeated 4 times, resulting in 64 experimental units. The results showed that there was no interaction between the dose of household waste and natural auxins on the growth of clove seedling. Household waste can replace NPK fertilizer starting from a dose of 10 g/plant. Kinds of natural auxin did not affect the growth of clove seedlings. The seedling cultivation is enough profitable.
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Fadhila, Arifa Farras, and Donny Avianto. "Sistem Klasifikasi Kualitas Bunga Cengkeh Kering berbasis Website menggunakan Logika Fuzzy Metode Tsukamoto." Edumatic: Jurnal Pendidikan Informatika 8, no. 2 (2024): 704–13. https://doi.org/10.29408/edumatic.v8i2.27983.
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Indonesian cloves have strong competitiveness in the main market due to their economic benefits, such as being raw materials for kretek cigarettes, spices, and the perfume industry. However, high global competition demands improvements in product quality and consistency. The manual and subjective sorting of cloves often leads to inaccuracies and inconsistencies in quality, which can be detrimental to farmers, especially in smallholdings. The objective of our research is to develop a web-based system for classifying the quality of dried clove flowers using the Tsukamoto fuzzy logic method. The stages of system development using the waterfall method include system requirements analysis, architecture and interface design, website implementation with the Tsukamoto fuzzy method, and testing. The Tsukamoto fuzzy logic implementation method was chosen due to its ability to process uncertain data and produce consistent output. Our findings successfully produced a web-based system called 'Clove Tester', with an average sensitivity of 45.99% from sensitivity testing based on modifications to the membership function of condition and quality variables. These results indicate that the system has a good adaptability to variations in input data, making it suitable for application to data with a high level of uncertainty or ambiguity in this research.
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Rizqi, M. Nur, and Muhammad Ramdhany. "Perbandingan Kinerja Tenaga Penjual Sebelum dan Setelah Menggunakan PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) Pada PT. Bentoel Prima Asmo (Area Sales & Marketting Officer) Bogor." Jurnal Ilmiah Binaniaga 5, no. 1 (2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33062/jib.v5i1.215.
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Cigarette industry in Indonesia is an industry that absorbs a lot of manpower/human resources (HR). HR needs ranging from planting tobacco and clove plantations, drying tobacco and cloves, chopped pelintingan tobacco and cigarattes in the factories to street vendors who sell cigarettes on the streets. Cigarette industry in Indonesia, employing about 500.000 employees, who work directly on the plant and at all levels of organizational structure (Siska ,2004). It often happens to overlap tasks to complete a series of activities to produce an output. Linkage of a job, sections, departments, divisions within an organization is a narulal thing, but the need for regulating the organization in order to avoid miscommunication, a prolonged conflict between functions or even let go of responsibilities, which can ultimately result in descreased performance of the organization it self (Dessler, 1998). The result of research conducted with two different test average of salesperson performance comparison before and after the use of PDAs by using independent sample test. This is demonstrated by the results obtained pengujan where the average value 3.42 before the use of PDAs and PDA after the use-value 3.91. Standard deviation value 0.49 before the use of PDAs and PDA after the use-value 0.55, which means greater than 0.00. Salesperson performance in sales volume before and after use of a PDA in PT. Bentoel Prima Bogor ASD are real or significant.