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1
Haque, I., and N. Z. Lupwayi. "Effectiveness of Egyptian phosphate rock on clover production in Ethiopia." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 29, no. 9-10 (1998): 1143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103629809370015.
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Tadesse, Abate, and Tesfaye Kassahun. "Genetic diversity in quarin clover (T. quartinianum) accessions of Ethiopia using ISSR markers." African Journal of Biotechnology 16, no. 16 (2017): 869–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb2015.14846.
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Haque, I., N. Z. Lupwayi, and H. Ssali. "Agronomic evaluation of unacidulated and partially acidulated Minjingu and Chilembwe phosphate rocks for clover production in Ethiopia." European Journal of Agronomy 10, no. 1 (1999): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1161-0301(98)00048-3.
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Andersen, Knud Tage. "The Queen of the Habasha in Ethiopian history, tradition and chronology." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 63, no. 1 (2000): 31–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00006443.
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It is well known from relatively recent Ethiopic tradition that Ethiopia was once ruled by a queen called Gudit, Yodit, Isat or Gaՙwa, with both positive and negative characteristics. On the one hand she was a beautiful woman of the Ethiopian royal family, much like the Queen of Sheba, and on the other she was a despicable prostitute who, at a time of political weakness, killed the Ethiopian king, captured the throne, and as a cruel ruler destroyed Aksum, the capital, persecuted the priests, and closed the churches.
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Provvidenti, R., and R. O. Hampton. "Inheritance of Resistance to White Lupin Mosaic Virus in Common Pea." HortScience 28, no. 8 (1993): 836–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.8.836.
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Resistance to white lupin mosaic virus (WLMV), a recently characterized member of the potyvirus group, was found in pea (Pisum sativum L.) plant introductions from Ethiopia (PI 193835) and India (PI 347485). In cross and backcross populations between plants of resistant PI 193835 with those of susceptible `Bonneville' and PP-492-5, this resistance was demonstrated to be governed by a single recessive gene. This gene was distinct from other genes previously found in PI 193835 and PP-492-5 (from PI 347492, India) conferring resistance to clover yellow vein virus (CYVV) and three strains of pea seedborne mosaic virus (PSbMV). Indirect evidence suggests that this newly recognized viral resistance gene, wlv, is a member of a cluster of closely linked genes located on chromosome 6. This gene cluster includes sbm-1, sbm-3, and sbm-4, which govern resistance to three PSbMV pathotypes, and cyv-2, which governs resistance to CYVV.
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Shibabaw, Agegnehu, Getachew Alemayehu, Enyew Adgo, Jörn Germer, Folkard Asch, and Bernhard Freyer. "Growth and biomass yield response of clover (Trifolium decorum) to preceding crop and organic treatment in the highlands of Awi Administrative Zone, Ethiopia." Ethiopian Journal of Science and Technology 10, no. 3 (2017): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejst.v10i3.1.
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Stebek, Elias N. "Ethiopia’s 2006 Legal Education Reform Programme: Aspirations and Standards." Mizan Law Review 13, no. 2 (2019): 191–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/mlr.v13i2.1.
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Ethiopia’s Legal Education Reform Programme (launched in 2006) was based on series of studies which identified the problems in Ethiopia’s legal education, the causes and consequences of the problems and the standards that are required to be attained by law schools. After more than a decade, however, the level of compliance with the standards is still an issue of concern. This calls for self-assessment by each law school based on check-list regarding (i) the level of awareness about the standards for Ethiopian law schools, (ii) standards that are partly achieved and should be enhanced, (iii) what has not been achieved and should be pursued, and (iv) the problems that have been aggravated. Such self-assessment requires closer examination into the entry point (i.e., student admission and academic staff employment), inputs, processes, student-learning environment, and outputs. This article discusses the factors that necessitated the 2006 legal education reform programme and examines the core elements of the reform without, however, dealing with the details on achievements and challenges.
 Key terms
 Legal education · Quality · Standards · LL.B programmes · Reform · Ethiopia
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Abbink, Jon. "The Ethiopian Second Republic and the Fragile “Social Contract”." Africa Spectrum 44, no. 2 (2009): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203970904400201.
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Eighteen years after the change of power and the ushering in of the second Ethiopian republic in 1991, the political process in Ethiopia has, according to most observers, rigidified and largely closed the space for representative democracy. This paper will look at the main organizing political ideas or ideology of the current Ethiopian republic and to the nature of its governance techniques in the face of domestic and international challenges with reference to the debate on “failing” or “fragile” states. The new “social contract” defined after 1991 and codified in the 1994 Constitution is precarious. Dissent and ethno-regional resistance to federal policies are dealt with mainly by coercion and discursive isolation. Oppositional forces voice the need for a rethinking of the organizing ideas and institutions of the second republic in order to enhance political consensus and a shared political arena, but get little response. The paper will sketch an interpretation of governance in Ethiopia, focusing on the dilemma of reconciling local and modernist political practices, and will discuss the status of “republican” ideas, in name important in Ethiopia but mostly absent in practice. Explicit debate of these ideas is usually sidelined – also in academic commentaries – in favour of a focus on the ethno-federal ideology of the Ethiopian state.
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Kahurananga, J. "Intercropping Ethiopian Trifolium Species with Wheat." Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 4 (1991): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700019359.
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SUMMARYTrials were conducted in 1987 and 1988 to test methods of intercropping annual Ethiopian clovers, Trifolium spp, with wheat. Several different clover varieties, sowing methods, plant spacings, planting dates and rates of phosphorus application were compared. Planting in single or double alternative rows 20 cm apart did not affect wheat grain and straw yield but broadcast sowing of Trifolium in wheat rows 20 cm apart reduced wheat yield. The Trifolium species used significantly affected legume yield. Phosphorus fertilizer increased yield significantly, especially that of the legume component. The trials indicated that the intercropping of Ethiopian clovers in wheat has potential under African highland conditions.Siembra simultanea de trigo/ Trifolium en Etiopía
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Jury, Mark R., and Sen Chiao. "Representation of Ethiopian Wet Spells in Global and Nested Models." Advances in Meteorology 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/237374.
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Weather forecast and reanalysis models exhibit different performance in daily rainfall estimation over the Ethiopian highlands, 2000–2012, with ECMWF closer to observations than other models. Background is given to illustrate the Hadley circulation and easterly jets over Ethiopia, using sections on 37°E in July–August 2011. ECMWF reanalysis has a narrow band of rainfall >15 mm/day on 10°N, consistent with TRMM satellite estimates, associated with a steep gradient in meridional wind. MERRA and GFS models have a wider band of rainfall and weaker gradients in meridional winds. The contrasting background states influence a nested WRF model simulation of heavy rain in the upper Nile Valley on 29 July, 2011. The GFS (ECMWF) initialization yields stronger northerly (southerly) winds north (south) of Ethiopia, while aircraft observations are southerly at 850 mb and northerly at 700 mb. ECMWF produces heavy and widespread rainfall consistent with observations, with a potentially more realistic simulation of the Hadley circulation.
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Haque, I., and N. Z. Lupwayi. "Landform and phosphorus effects on nitrogen fixed by annual clovers and its contribution to succeeding cereals in the Ethiopian highlands." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, no. 8 (1999): 1393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar98200.
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Poor drainage of Vertisols and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deficiencies are some of the major constraints to food and feed production in the Ethiopian highlands. The effects of soil drainage and P supply on N fixation by annual Trifolium species and their residual value to succeeding crops was investigated in field experiments on Vertisols at Addis Ababa and Ginchi. In one experiment, the Trifolium spp. fixed 55–122 kg N/ha when P fertiliser was applied, and the increase in grain yields of oats following different clovers ranged from 20% for T. steudneri to 55% for T. rueppellianum compared with yields of continuous oats. In another experiment, landform treatments designed to effect drainage had no significant effects on N fixation and clover dry matter, or on yields of wheat following the clovers. Phosphorus applied at 50 kg P/ha increased N fixation from 11 to 72 kg N/ha on the broadbed-and-furrow landform and from 10 to 64 kg N/ha on the flat landform, and herbage yield responded similarly. Only the wheat following P-applied clover, particularly when supplemented with N fertiliser at 50 kg N/ha, had significantly higher wheat grain yields compared with continuous wheat grown without N fertiliser. These results confirm the critical importance of P in increasing the productivity of clovers in the Ethiopian highlands.
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Wells, Anna Redhair. "Hagiography as Source: Gender and Conversion Narratives in The Book of the Saints of the Ethiopian Church." Religions 11, no. 6 (2020): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11060307.
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Drawing on the work of Jeanne-Nicole Mellon Saint-Laurent, this essay proposes utilizing hagiographies from the The Book of the Saints of the Ethiopian Church, a fifteenth-century Ethiopian collection of saints’ lives, to explore various aspects of conversion. Other scholars employ a similar approach when analyzing hagiographical literature found in medieval Europe. While acknowledging that these texts do not provide details about the historical experience of conversion, they can assist scholars in understanding the conception of conversion in the imagination of the culture that created them. This essay specifically focuses on the role of women in conversion throughout the text and argues that, although men and women were almost equally represented as agents of conversion, a closer examination reveals that their participation remained gendered. Women more frequently converted someone with whom they had a prior relationship, especially a member of their familial network. Significantly, these observations mirror the patterns uncovered by contemporary scholars such as Dana Robert, who notes how women contributed to the spread of Christianity primarily through human relationships. By integrating these representations of conversion from late medieval Ethiopia, scholarship will gain a more robust picture of conversion in Africa more broadly and widen its understanding of world Christianity.
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Nnadi, L. A., I. Haque, and L. M. Mugwira. "Phosphorus response and mineral composition of ethiopian highland trifolium (clover) species." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 24, no. 7-8 (1993): 641–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103629309368830.
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Chang, Chen, and Getaye Aytenew. "Facing Challenges of Covid-19: The Perspective of China and Ethiopia Educational Institutions." JETL (Journal of Education, Teaching and Learning) 6, no. 1 (2021): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26737/jetl.v6i1.2288.
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<p>Concerning the fast spread of COVID-19, countries all over the world have closed academic institutions to stop the pandemic. It is now apparent that students and teachers require other options that have to be more versatile, easily accessible, and support the current technologies and conditions to face the unpredictable future. From the review, literature disclosed that universities throughout the globe are establishing and implementing electronics learning platforms as a basic need in academic institutions. This manuscript aimed to assess the status of electronics learning in China and Ethiopian educational institutions to counter the challenges of the closure of schools because of the outbreak of the pandemic. The paper highlights concerning e-learning in the sense of China and Ethiopia, e-learning challenges, and successful experiences. This review paper also suggests educators use e-learning and distance learning as a necessity to advance learning, particularly during this pandemic season.</p>
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Melberg, Andrea, Alemnesh Hailemariam Mirkuzie, Tesfamichael Awoke Sisay, Mitike Molla Sisay, and Karen Marie Moland. "‘Maternal deaths should simply be 0’: politicization of maternal death reporting and review processes in Ethiopia." Health Policy and Planning 34, no. 7 (2019): 492–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz075.
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Abstract The Maternal Death Surveillance and Response system (MDSR) was implemented in Ethiopia in 2013 to record and review maternal deaths. The overall aim of the system is to identify and address gaps in order to prevent future death but, to date, around 10% of the expected number of deaths are reported. This article examines practices and reasoning involved in maternal death reporting and review practices in Ethiopia, building on the concept of ‘practical norms’. The study is based on multi-sited fieldwork at different levels of the Ethiopian health system including interviews, document analysis and observations, and has documented the politicized nature of MDSR implementation. Death reporting and review are challenged by the fact that maternal mortality is a main indicator of health system performance. Health workers and bureaucrats strive to balance conflicting demands when implementing the MDSR system: to report all deaths; to deliver perceived success in maternal mortality reduction by reporting as few deaths as possible; and to avoid personalized accountability for deaths. Fear of personal and political accountability for maternal deaths strongly influences not only reporting practices but also the care given in the study sites. Health workers report maternal deaths in ways that minimize their number and deflect responsibility for adverse outcomes. They attribute deaths to community and infrastructural factors, which are often beyond their control. The practical norms of how health workers report deaths perpetuate a skewed way of seeing problems and solutions in maternal health. On the basis of our findings, we argue that closer attention to the broader political context is needed to understand the implementation of MDSR and other surveillance systems.
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Alehegn, Abatihun. "Academic Staff Practices and Challenges of Publishing:." International Journal of African Higher Education 8, no. 1 (2021): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ijahe.v8i1.13375.
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This article reports on the findings of a study undertaken to establish practices and challenges to academic publishing at a higher education institution in Ethiopia. A descriptive survey design was employed and con- -venience and purposive sampling were used to select the sample. The data were gathered by means of a questionnaire with closed- and open-ended questions and were analysed using descriptive and thematic analysis. The results show that, despite the benefits of publishing, not all academics in the university are publishing in local and international journals due to a number of challenges. These include a lack of commitment and motivation, lack of experience and exposure to publishing, and inadequate information,knowledge and skills to access accredited journals. Academics also suffer from work overload, a lack of support from the university to publish, and challenges emanating from journals themselves. It is recommended thatthe university, the Ethiopian Ministry of Science and Higher Education and other relevant stakeholders should collaborate to address this situation.
 Key words: academics, academic publishing, higher education institution, challenges, practices, university
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Skjerdal, Terje, and Sintayehu Gebru. "Not quite an echo chamber: ethnic debate on Ethiopian Facebook pages during times of unrest." Media, Culture & Society 42, no. 3 (2020): 365–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163443719895197.
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Social media commonly function as alternative channels for debate in controlled media societies, often supported by the digital diaspora. This study takes a closer look at Ethiopia, where communication traditionally has been controlled by the government. The situation was particularly tense between 2016 and 2017, when a state of emergency act was declared following anti-government protests. The study scrutinizes three of the most popular online channels during the unrest (Ethiopian DJ, Mereja.com and Zehabesha), all of which used Facebook as their primary means of communication. The findings show that the stories posted by the sites were overwhelmingly political, with a particular focus on ethnic issues. Reader reactions show a slightly different pattern, concentrating less on politics and more on society and culture. This could be an expression of felt anxiety among the public due to the tense political situation. Interestingly, when users did comment on ethnic issues, they were not in agreement, but debated the issues intensely and fiercely. A diversity of views was represented. The study concludes that an echo chamber effect was not detected. For lack of appropriate channels for public discussion in the mainstream media, Facebook accommodated a space for political exchange during the state of emergency.
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Mamo, Y., T. Dukessa, A. Mortimore, et al. "Non-communicable disease clinics in rural Ethiopia: why patients are lost to follow-up." Public Health Action 9, no. 3 (2019): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/pha.18.0095.
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Background: Providing medical care for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in rural sub-Saharan Africa has proved to be difficult because of poor treatment adherence and frequent loss to follow-up (LTFU). The reasons for this are poorly understood.Objective: To investigate LTFU among patients with two different but common NCDs who attended rural Ethiopian health centres.Method: The study was based in five health centres in southern Ethiopia with established NCD clinics run by nurses and health officers. Patients with epilepsy or hypertension who were lost to follow-up and non-LTFU comparison patients were identified and traced; a questionnaire was administered enquiring about the reasons for LTFU.Results: Of the 147 LTFU patients successfully located, 62 had died, moved away or were attending other medical facilities. The remaining 85 patients were compared with 211 non-LFTU patients. The major factors associated with LTFU were distance from the clinic, associated costs and a preference for traditional treatments, together with a misunderstanding of the nature of NCD management.Conclusions: The delivery of affordable care closer to the patients' homes has the greatest potential to address the problem of LTFU. Also needed are increased levels of patient education and interaction with traditional healers to explain the nature of NCDs and the need for life-long management.
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Shih, S. L., S. K. Green, W. S. Tsai, L. M. Lee, J. T. Wang, and A. Tesfaye. "First Report of a Begomovirus Associated with Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Disease in Ethiopia." Plant Disease 90, no. 7 (2006): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0974a.
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During December 2003, severe leaf yellowing, leaf curling, and stunting symptoms were observed in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plantings in Melkassa (1,550 m above sea level), Ethiopia. Eleven symptomatic samples were collected and tested for the presence of a begomovirus using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the begomovirus-specific degenerate primer pair PAL1v1978/PAR1c715 (3). Samples were also tested for Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Potato virus Y (PVY), Tobacco etch virus (TEV), Pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV), and Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All samples were negative for CMV, PVY, TEV, PVMV, and ToMV. However, the expected 1.4-kb PCR product for begomoviruses was obtained from all samples. DNA-B and DNA-beta were not detectable using PCR with the DNA-B specific primer pairs DNABLC1/DNABLV2 and DNABLC2/ DNABLV2 (2) and the DNA-beta primer pair Beta01/Beta02 (1), respectively. The 1.4-kb PCR product of one sample was cloned and sequenced. On the basis of the sequence of the 1.4-kb DNA product, specific primers were designed to complete the DNA-A sequence. The DNA-A consisted of 2,785 nucleotides (GenBank Accession No. DQ358913) and was found to contain the six predicted open reading frames (ORFs V1, V2, C1, C2, C3, and C4). A BLAST analysis was conducted with geminivirus sequences available in the GenBank database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (Bethesda, MD), and DNAMAN software (Lynnon Corporation, Quebec, Canada) was used for further comparisons. The DNA-A sequence of the virus associated with yellow leaf curl disease of tomato from Ethiopia showed highest sequence identity (92%) with Tomato yellow leaf curl Mali virus (TYLCMLV; GenBank Accession No. AY502934). On the basis of the DNA-A sequence comparison and the ICTV demarcation of species at 89% sequence identity, the Ethiopian virus is a provisional strain of TYLCMLV described from Mali. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a begomovirus associated with tomato yellow leaf curl disease in Ethiopia. References: (1) R. W. Briddon et al. Mol. Biotechnol. 20:315, 2002. (2) S. K. Green et al. Plant Dis. 85:1286, 2001. (3) M. R. Rojas et al. Plant Dis. 77:340, 1993.
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Melesse, Wondemhunegn Ezezew. "Business cycles in Ethiopia under alternative monetary policy rules." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 10, no. 3 (2019): 299–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-12-2018-0395.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to compare business cycle fluctuations in Ethiopia under interest rate and money growth rules. Design/methodology/approach In order to achieve this objective, the author constructs a medium-scale open economy dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model. The model features several nominal and real distortions including habit formation in consumption, price rigidity, deviation from purchasing power parity and imperfect capital mobility. The paper also distinguishes between liquidity-constrained and Ricardian households. The model parameters are calibrated for the Ethiopian economy based on data covering the period January 2000–April 2015. Findings The main result suggests that: the model economy with money growth rule is substantially less powerful or more muted for the amplification and transmission of exogenous shocks originating from government spending programs, monetary policy, technological progress and exchange rate movements. The responses of output to fiscal policy shocks are relatively stronger under autarky which appears to confirm the findings of Ilzetzki et al. (2013) who suggest bigger multipliers in self-sufficient, closed economies. With regard to positive productivity shock, however, the model with interest rate feedback rule generates a decline in output and an increase in inflation, which are at odds with conventional empirical regularities. Research limitations/implications The major implication is that a central bank regulating some measure of monetary stocks should not expect (fear) as much expansion (contraction) in output following currency devaluation (liquidity withdrawal) as a sister central bank that relies on an interest rate feedback rule. As emphasized by Mishra et al. (2010) the necessary conditions for stronger transmission of interest-rule-based monetary policy shocks are hardly existent in emerging and developing economies targeting monetary aggregates; hence the relatively weaker responses of output and inflation in the model economy with money growth rule. Monetary policy authorities need to be cautious when using DSGE models to analyze business cycle dynamics. Quite often, DSGE models tend to mimic the proverbial “crooked house” built to every man’s advise. Whenever additional modification is made to an existing baseline model, previously established regularities break down. For instance, this paper documented negative response of output to technology shock. Such contradictions are not uncommon. For example, Furlanetto (2006) and Ramayandi (2008) have also found similarly inconsistent responses to fiscal and productivity shocks, respectively. Originality/value Using DSGE models for research and teaching purposes is not common in developing economies. To the best of the author’s knowledge, only one other Ethiopian author did apply DSGE model to study business cycle fluctuation in Ethiopia albeit under the implausible assumption of perfect capital mobility and a central bank following interest rate rule. The contribution of this paper is that it departs from these two unrealistic assumptions by allowing international risk premium as a function of the net foreign asset position of the country and by applying money growth rule which closely mimics the behavior of central banks in low-income economies such as Ethiopia.
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Teshale, Mulu, and Negasi Tekeste. "Growth and Yield Response of Garlic (Allium Sativum L.) to Intra-row Spacing and Variety at Selekeleka, Northern Ethiopia." Open Biotechnology Journal 15, no. 1 (2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874070702115010001.
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Background: Garlic is an important condiment and cash crop in Ethiopia. Low yield and productivity of the crop are the major characteristics of the crop in the country. Many factors affect the productivity of the crop in the country, however poor agronomic practices, especially the use of low-yielding varieties and inappropriate spacing, are the major ones. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the growth and yield response of garlic to intra-row spacing and variety, and to identify the optimum intra-row spacing and high-yielding variety. Methods: The field experiment was composed of three garlic varieties vis-a-vis Tsedey 92, Bishoftu Netch and Local and four levels of intra-row spacing with 5cm, 7.5cm, 10cm and 12.5 cm laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design replicated three times. Data pertaining growth, yield and yield-related parameters were collected and analyzed using Genstat software. Results: Main effects of variety and intra-row spacing significantly(p≤0.05) affected days to maturity, plant height, leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, bulb length, bulb diameter, clove number per bulb, mean bulb weight, and clove diameter. Interaction effects of variety and intra-row spacing significantly (p≤0.05) influenced clove length, fresh biomass yield, dry biomass yield, marketable cloves per bulb, marketable, unmarketable and total bulb yield. The highest total bulb yield of 8.98 tha-1 was obtained from treatment combination of variety Tsedey 92 and 5cm intra-row spacing although at par with treatment combinations of Bishoftu Netch variety and 5cm intra-row spacing which gave 8.70 tha-1 while the lowest (5.37 tha-1) was obtained at treatment combinations of local variety and intra-spacing of 12.5cm. The highest (8.05 tha-1) and lowest (4.94 tha-1) marketable bulb yield of garlic were obtained at treatment combinations of variety Tsedey 92 planted with 5cm intra-row spacing and local variety planted with 12.5cm, respectively. Conclusion: Tsedey 92 variety together with an intra-row spacing of 5cm could be suggested for high total and marketable bulb yield in the study area.
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Easton, Z. M., D. R. Fuka, E. D. White, et al. "A multi basin SWAT model analysis of runoff and sedimentation in the Blue Nile, Ethiopia." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 3 (2010): 3837–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-3837-2010.
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Abstract. A multi basin analysis of runoff and erosion in the Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia was conducted to elucidate sources of runoff and sediment. Erosion is arguably the most critical problem in the Blue Nile Basin, as it limits agricultural productivity in Ethiopia, degrades benthos in the Nile, and results in sedimentation of dams in downstream countries. A modified version of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was developed to predict runoff and sediment losses from the Ethiopian Blue Nile Basin. The model simulates saturation excess runoff from the landscape using a simple daily water balance coupled to a wetness index in ways that are consistent with observed runoff processes in the basin. The spatial distribution of landscape erosion is thus simulated more correctly. The model was parameterized in a nested design for flow at eight and sediment at two subbasin locations in the basin. Subbasins ranged in size from 4.8 to 174 000 km2, and interestingly, the partitioning of runoff and infiltrating flow could be predicted by topographic information. Model predictions showed reasonable accuracy (Nash Sutcliffe Efficiencies ranged from 0.53–0.92) with measured data across all sites except Kessie, where the water budget could not be closed; however, the timing of flow was well captured. Runoff losses increased with rainfall during the monsoonal season and were greatest from shallow soils. Analysis of model results indicate that upland landscape erosion dominated sediment delivery to the main stem of the Blue Nile in the early part of the growing season before the soil was wetted up and plant cover was established. Once plant cover was established in mid August landscape erosion was negligible and sediment export was dominated by channel processes and re-suspension of landscape sediment deposited early in the growing season. These results imply that targeting small areas of the landscape where runoff is produced can be the most effective at controlling erosion and protecting water resources. However, it is not clear what can be done to manage channel erosion, particularly in first order streams in the basin.
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ullendorff, edward. "a tigrinya letter from an eritrean notable." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 68, no. 2 (2005): 295–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x05000145.
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tigrinya (t[schwa]gr[schwa]ňňa) is, next to amharic, the most widely spoken semitic language in ethiopia, mainly in the tigre province and in eritrea. in most respects it is closer to the orthodox semitic typology than amharic. in terms of the number of semitic language speakers in general it follows arabic and amharic and surpasses hebrew by those who speak that language indigenously.
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Gemechu, Getachew E. "Participatory potato (solanum tuberosum l.) variety development in Ethiopia. A review." International Journal of Agricultural Extension 7, no. 1 (2019): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/ijae.007.01.2651.
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Participatory potato variety development includes the identification of the main components, participants and stakeholders, their roles, types of interactions and constraints identified in the system. Some research result indicate that, there is a less complex potato innovation system was observed at the plot site of Ethiopia and a more complex and dynamic system was observed in the case of Peru. Many Achievements were gained by participatory potato variety development in different part of Ethiopia. In southern Ethiopia, Umbulowach, Hawassa Zuria Wereda of Sidama Zone; Marachere variety was preferred by farmers for its excellent response in yield and other traits. In Tigray region of Atsbi woreda, from seven varieties three best performing varieties: Jalene, Gera, and Gudene were selected for their disease resistance and other quality traits. In North-western Ethiopia, With aid of CASCAPE project in South Achefer, Burie and Jabitehenan Districts, Belete variety was selected for its superior yield, disease and insect tolerance; In West shewa, at Jeldu, Dendi, Wolmera and Degem district, both Farmers Field School (FFS) and Farmers research Group (FRG) were established and a chances were given Farmers to select potato clones suitable to their conditions based on late blight disease resistance and yield. As a result, farmer’s ranked as 1st, a potato clone CIP–392650.516 which is the highest yielder and late blight resistant among the tested clones); in Jimma area kersa (serbo), Seka Chekorsa and Dedo Districts, Farmers select Abalolarge 1 st, abateneh 2 nd and Gudane 3 rd as three high yielder variety and in Jimma and Illuababora zone area, variety “Guasa” was selected due to its earliness, high yield advantage and market demand.
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Friedericks, J. B., C. Hagedorn, and R. B. Reneau. "Evaluation of African annual clovers to moisture stress in two Ethiopian highland soils." Plant and Soil 133, no. 2 (1991): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00009199.
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Shukla, Shastri Prasad, Zinabu Hailu, and Yemene Kehsay. "In vivo Rooting, Acclimatization and Ex situ Conservation of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (Beles) in Tigray Region of Ethiopia, Africa." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 5, no. 04 (2019): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v5i04.6.
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Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. commonly known as prickly pear or Beles is a xerophytic, succulent, CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) plant introduced in Ethiopia (Africa), particularly to Tigray region between 1848 and 1920. It is known as a multipurpose plant since it can be used as human food (fruits and vegetables), medicine and ornamental plants, fodder, natural wind barrier, soil stabilizer, re-vegetation resource in eroded soils. Stem of this plant has been reported to treat diabetes and useful in the cure of hyperlipidemy (excess of lipids in the blood) and obesity. It is well recognized for their wound healing properties and anticancer effects. Conventionally, it is propagated by seeds but physiological limitations of the seeds, such as; low germination rate, genetic segregation, less guarantee of genetic stability, a long juvenile stage, less availability and low viability, and slow seedling growth rate are major constraints in the multiplication of this species in nature. In the present study we developed an efficient procedure for mass multiplication, acclimatization and ex-situ conservation of this succulent plant in Adigrat region of Ethiopia (Africa). In the present study out of six used in vitro - raised clones, maximum average height of the plantlet (13 cm.) and width (8.5 cm.) were observed in the plantlets (X6 ) and (X5 ) clones at 30.29 and 29.15oC temperatures, respectively on a modified substrate. Here, the effects of temperature and duration were significant in the increment of clones height and width. Thus, the developed efficient acclimatization techniques of this crop will ensure the supply of the in vitro-raised plantlets throughout the year to the consumers in Tigray region of Ethiopia.
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Samnegård, Ulrika, Peter A. Hambäck, Sileshi Nemomissa, and Kristoffer Hylander. "Dominance of the semi-wild honeybee as coffee pollinator across a gradient of shade-tree structure in Ethiopia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 30, no. 5 (2014): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467414000327.
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Abstract:Mass-flowering plant species are often pollinated by social bees that are able to use the abundant resource by recruiting workers from their colonies. In this study we surveyed pollinators on the mass-flowering perennial crop coffee (Coffea arabica) in its native range in Ethiopia. Previous studies in areas where coffee is introduced often find the social honeybee, Apis mellifera, to be the dominant pollinator. In those areas, the bee-species composition visiting coffee varies with a higher bee diversity closer to forest or in less modified habitats. We surveyed pollinators of coffee under different shade-tree structures, by collecting hoverflies and bees landing on coffee flowers in 19 sites in south-west Ethiopia. We found the native honeybee (A. mellifera) to be the dominant visitor of coffee flowers in all sites. Honeybee abundance was not affected by the local shade-tree structure, but was positively affected by the amount of coffee flower resources. Other pollinators were positively affected by complex shade-tree structures. To conclude, the honeybee is clearly the dominant pollinator of coffee in Ethiopia along the whole shade-tree structure gradient. Its high abundance could be a consequence of the provision of traditional bee hives in the landscape, which are colonized by wild swarming honeybees.
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Stockmans, Jep, and Karen Büscher. "A spatial reading of urban political-religious conflict: contested urban landscapes in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Modern African Studies 55, no. 1 (2017): 79–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x1600077x.
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ABSTRACTThis article presents a spatial approach to the recent history of conflict and confrontation between the Ethiopian Government and Ethiopian Muslim Communities in Addis Ababa. Based on original ethnographic data and inspired by existing academic studies on political-religious relationships in Addis Ababa, this study takes a closer look at the significance of the urban public landscape in power-struggles between the EPRDF and the Muslim communities. The article argues that political-religious struggle in Addis Ababa shapes the current urban landscape, as use of and control over urban public space and place forms a crucial element in the strategies of public authority of all involved actors.
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Easton, Z. M., D. R. Fuka, E. D. White, et al. "A multi basin SWAT model analysis of runoff and sedimentation in the Blue Nile, Ethiopia." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 10 (2010): 1827–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1827-2010.
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Abstract. A multi basin analysis of runoff and erosion in the Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia was conducted to elucidate sources of runoff and sediment. Erosion is arguably the most critical problem in the Blue Nile Basin, as it limits agricultural productivity in Ethiopia, degrades benthos in the Nile, and results in sedimentation of dams in downstream countries. A modified version of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was developed to predict runoff and sediment losses from the Ethiopian Blue Nile Basin. The model simulates saturation excess runoff from the landscape using a simple daily water balance coupled to a topographic wetness index in ways that are consistent with observed runoff processes in the basin. The spatial distribution of landscape erosion is thus simulated more correctly. The model was parameterized in a nested design for flow at eight and sediment at three locations in the basin. Subbasins ranged in size from 1.3 to 174 000 km2, and interestingly, the partitioning of runoff and infiltrating flow could be predicted by topographic information. Model predictions showed reasonable accuracy (Nash Sutcliffe Efficiencies ranged from 0.53–0.92) with measured data across all sites except Kessie, where the water budget could not be closed; however, the timing of flow was well captured. Runoff losses increased with rainfall during the monsoonal season and were greatest from areas with shallow soils and large contributing areas. Analysis of model results indicate that upland landscape erosion dominated sediment delivery to the main stem of the Blue Nile in the early part of the growing season when tillage occurs and before the soil was wetted up and plant cover was established. Once plant cover was established in mid August landscape erosion was negligible and sediment export was dominated by channel processes and re-suspension of landscape sediment deposited early in the growing season. These results imply that targeting small areas of the landscape where runoff is produced can be the most effective at controlling erosion and protecting water resources. However, it is not clear what can be done to manage channel erosion, particularly in first order streams in the basin.
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Kebede, Wassie. "Social Work Education in Ethiopia: Past, Present and Future." International Journal of Social Work 6, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijsw.v6i1.14175.
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The study presents the history and current status of social work education in Ethiopia. Five heads of social work schools, eight social work educators and 35 social work professionals participated in the study. Data from participants were gathered through online survey. Qualitative tools were designed for each group and distributed by email. In addition, review of literature was made to generate data about history of social work in Ethiopia. Results of the study revealed that social work education was closed for 30 years [1974-2004]. In less than two decades since its re-birth in 2004, social work education is expanded to 13 universities. The study further revealed that social work education in Ethiopia experiences various challenges related to poor curricula contents, limited number of social work educators, and absence of coordination to regulate the quality of education and practice. The study suggests the need for immediate revision of curricula and creating harmonized and modularized curriculum. The study also suggests to establish a national social work council and professional association to regulate the quality of social work education and practice.
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Z., Yemataw, Mohamed H., Diro M., Addis T., and Blomme G. "Ethnic-based diversity and distribution of enset (Ensete ventricosum) clones in southern Ethiopia." Journal of Ecology and The Natural Environment 6, no. 7 (2014): 244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jene2014.0450.
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Workayehu, Manamno, Wassu Mohammed, and Tesfaye Abebe. "Estimation of Heterosis Among Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Crosses in Ethiopia." Journal of Tropical Crop Science 8, no. 02 (2021): 110–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.8.02.110-123.
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Determination of heterosis in tetraploid potato crosses is necessary for identification of superior genotypes for variety development or breeding program. However, producing heterotic potato genotypes through local crossing is not a common practice in Ethiopia. Hence, this study was conducted to estimate the magnitude of better, and standard check heteroses in potato clones that are produced from local crossing. This will help identify potential of hybrid for future breeding schemes. Heterosis of 75 clones were evaluated using a 9 x 9 Simple Lattice design. Results of the analysis of variance showed significant differences for all the growth characters, except medium-sized tubers and specific gravity of tuber. These results indicate the presence of genetic variability among the samples. The clones exhibited as high as 55.62 and 58.31 t.ha-1 marketable and total tuber yield, respectively. These clones also displayed mid, better parent and standard heterosis of 118.8%, 90.5% and 239.1%, respectively, for marketable tuber yield. This result indicates the presence of high magnitude heterosis which could be used to exploit the hybrid vigor. In addition, mid, better parent, and standard check heterosis were estimated at 79.36%, 61.04% and 209.17% for total tuber yield, respectively. Our results show the highest chance of getting heterotic offspring than parental and standard check varieties to developing new potato varieties. The information generated from this study would be valuable for researchers who intend to develop high-yielding varieties of potato
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Grigoras, Ioana, Tatiana Timchenko, Lina Katul, Ana Grande-Pérez, Heinrich-Josef Vetten, and Bruno Gronenborn. "Reconstitution of Authentic Nanovirus from Multiple Cloned DNAs." Journal of Virology 83, no. 20 (2009): 10778–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01212-09.
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ABSTRACT We describe a new plant single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) virus, a nanovirus isolate originating from the faba bean in Ethiopia. We applied rolling circle amplification (RCA) to extensively copy the individual circular DNAs of the nanovirus genome. By sequence analyses of more than 208 individually cloned genome components, we obtained a representative sample of eight polymorphic swarms of circular DNAs, each about 1 kb in size. From these heterogeneous DNA populations after RCA, we inferred consensus sequences of the eight DNA components of the virus genome. Based on the distinctive molecular and biological properties of the virus, we propose to consider it a new species of the genus Nanovirus and to name it faba bean necrotic stunt virus (FBNSV). Selecting a representative clone of each of the eight DNAs for transfer by T-DNA plasmids of Agrobacterium tumefaciens into Vicia faba plants, we elicited the development of the typical FBNSV disease symptoms. Moreover, we showed that the virus thus produced was readily transmitted by two different aphid vector species, Aphis craccivora and Acyrthosiphon pisum. This represents the first reconstitution of a fully infectious and sustainably insect-transmissible nanovirus from its cloned DNAs and provides compelling evidence that the genome of a legume-infecting nanovirus is typically comprised of eight distinct DNA components.
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Zegeye, Abebe. "Neither Reform nor Revolution: Social Change and Security in Post-1991 Ethiopia." Journal of Developing Societies 33, no. 3 (2017): 278–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x17716993.
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The post-1991 political dynamics in Ethiopia has been defined by political polarization amidst multidimensional changes. The political discourse on the federal system and the ethno-national political configuration is stretched between two opposing stances namely the apocalyptic narrative of the opposition and the renaissance narrative of the ruling party. This paper contends that even though the two sides at face value appear different, however, a closer look at both sides reveals that both narratives are harping on the same narrative of invoking fear of disintegration and ethnic mayhem. The difference is one divulges on capitalizing the federal system as recipe for inevitable disaster while the other to have already averted it by instilling a federal system based on Ethno-territorial organization of self-rule. Consequently, the possibility of assessing the multidimensional dyna mics is made to fall between the cracks. Because, the discourse has been truncated to the size of binary interpretation of the overall post-1991 political dynamics, social change and security. Therefore, the imperative for engaging contemporary Ethiopia dynamics by transcending the binary divide.
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Friedericks, J. B., C. Hagedorn, and S. W. Vanscoyoc. "Isolation of Rhizobium leguminosarum (biovar trifolii) Strains from Ethiopian Soils and Symbiotic Effectiveness on African Annual Clover Species." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 56, no. 4 (1990): 1087–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.56.4.1087-1092.1990.
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Young, Julie K., D. Layne Coppock, Jacopo A. Baggio, Kerry A. Rood, and Gidey Yirga. "Linking Human Perceptions and Spotted Hyena Behavior in Urban Areas of Ethiopia." Animals 10, no. 12 (2020): 2400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122400.
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Humans have shaped carnivore behavior since at least the Middle Paleolithic period, about 42,000 years ago. In more recent times, spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) in Ethiopia have adapted to living in urban areas, while humans have adapted to living with hyenas. Yet, relationships between coexisting humans and carnivores are rarely addressed beyond mitigating conflicts. We provided a case study for how to broadly think about coexistence and how to study it when measuring if humans and carnivores affect one another. We collected data in four Ethiopian cities: Mekelle, Harar, Addis Ababa, and Arba Minch. We held focus groups and key informant interviews that incorporated feedback from 163 people, representing a wide array of religious, economic, and educational backgrounds. We also determined how many hyenas resided in these cities, hyena behavioral responses to humans using a flight initiation test, and problem-solving abilities via puzzle box trials. We found that in three of the cities, hyenas and humans coexist at high densities and frequently encounter each other. While all participants recognized the importance of hyenas as scavengers to maintain a clean environment, there was pronounced variation in cultural perspectives across cities. For example, while the people of Harar revere hyenas in spiritual terms, in Arba Minch hyenas were regarded as nuisance animals. Hyenas were universally respected as a formidable predator across cities but reports of attacks on livestock and humans were few. Flight initiation tests revealed hyenas fled at significantly closer distances in Harar and Addis Ababa than in Mekelle. Hyenas succeeded at solving a puzzle box in Harar but not in Mekelle. These variable behavior in hyenas correlated to different human perceptions. Our case study results suggest that the hyena–human dynamic is highly variable across these locations. We conclude by exploring the implications of these findings for how humans and hyenas can shape one another’s behavior. Developing studies to link human perceptions and animal behavior could advance wildlife conservation, especially in urban areas.
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Kalu, Amare Worku, Nigus Fikrie Telele, Shambhu G. Aralaguppe, et al. "Coreceptor Tropism and Maraviroc Sensitivity of Clonally Derived Ethiopian HIV-1C Strains Using an in-house Phenotypic Assay and Commonly Used Genotypic Methods." Current HIV Research 16, no. 2 (2018): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570162x16666180515124836.
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Objectives:Genotypic Tropism Testing (GTT) tools are generally developed based on HIV-1 subtype B (HIV-1B) and used for HIV-1C as well but with a large discordance of prediction between different methods. We used an established phenotypic assay for comparison with GTT methods and for the determination of in vitro maraviroc sensitivity of pure R5-tropic and dual-tropic HIV-1C.Methods:Plasma was obtained from 58 HIV-1C infected Ethiopians. Envgp120 was cloned into a luciferase tagged NL4-3 plasmid. Phenotypic tropism was determined by in house method and the V3 sequences were analysed by five GTT methods. In vitro maraviroc sensitivity of R5-tropic and dual-tropic isolates were compared in the TZMbl cell-line.Results:The phenotypes were classified as R5 in 92.4% and dual tropic (R5X4) in 7.6% of 79 clones. The concordance between phenotype and genotype ranged from 64.7% to 84.3% depending on the GTT method. Only 46.9% of the R5 phenotypes were predicted as R5 by all GTT tools while R5X4 phenotypes were predicted as X4 by four methods, but not by Raymond’s method. All six tested phenotypic R5 clones, as well as five of six of dual tropic clones, showed a dose response to maraviroc.Conclusion:There is a high discordance between GTT methods, which underestimates the presence of R5 and overestimates X4 strains compared to a phenotypic assay. Currently available GTT algorithms should be further improved for tropism prediction in HIV-1C. Maraviroc has an in vitro activity against most HIV-1C viruses and could be considered as an alternative regimen in individuals infected with CCR5-tropic HIV-1C viruses.
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LUPWAYI, N. Z., I. HAQUE, and F. B. HOLL. "Effectiveness, competitiveness and persistence of inoculant Rhizobium for perennial African clovers in a highland Vertisol." Journal of Agricultural Science 129, no. 4 (1997): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859697004942.
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The effectiveness of 20 strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii was evaluated with Trifolium semipilosum and T. burchellianum grown in a Vertisol soil in the glasshouse at the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) in Addis Ababa. Several effective strains were identified for both species. In T. semipilosum, inoculation significantly increased nodule DM and root N yield over the uninoculated control; Ethiopian Rhizobium isolates outperformed isolates from other sources for shoot DM and N yield. In T. burchellianum, contrast analysis revealed that there was no significant response to inoculation, although one effective strain was identified. Inoculant strains failed to overcome the competitive dominance of indigenous strains as reflected in mean nodule occupancies by inoculant strains of 15 and 7% in T. semipilosum and T. burchellianum, respectively. The 20 strains showed variable persistence following a 5-week drought period; only two of eight (T. semipilosum) and six of eight (T. burchellianum) strains were recovered from nodules on seedlings planted in the soil following the drought period. Overcoming the constraints of low nodule occupancy and variable persistence will require further understanding of the competitive interaction and the factors affecting access to nodule infection sites if superior Rhizobium–clover combinations are to be identified and developed.
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Tesfaye, Tadesse, Bekele Atnafua, Tsegaye Engida, et al. "Performance of cassava (Manihot esculanta. Cratz) clones in potential and low moisture stressed areas of Ethiopia." African Journal of Agricultural Research 12, no. 20 (2017): 1738–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajar2016.11365.
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Ullendorff, Edward. "An Ethiopic Inscription in Westminster Abbey." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 2, no. 2 (1992): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186300002352.
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Early in the spring of 1990, Professor Josef van Ess of Tübingen University came to visit me at my home at Oxford. In the course of conversation he asked me about an Ethiopic memorial tablet he had seen in Westminster Abbey. To my chagrin I had to own that the existence of such an inscription was quite unknown to me. In the hope of removing (or at least of mitigating) this stain of inexcusable ignorance, I hastened to the Abbey the following week – only to find it closed to visitors on account of a broadcast recording performance. I then wrote to the Assistant Librarian of Westminster Abbey (Mrs Enid Nixon) who proved to be immensely helpful and knowledgeable and was kind enough to answer my queries and to provide me with precious information. I have since been able to inspect the monument in situ.
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Maleita, Carla, Joana M. S. Cardoso, Leidy Rusinque, Ivânia Esteves, and Isabel Abrantes. "Species-Specific Molecular Detection of the Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne luci." Biology 10, no. 8 (2021): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10080775.
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Meloidogyne luci has been identified in various countries around the world parasitizing economically important crops and, due to its potential to cause serious damage to agriculture, was included in the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Alert List in 2017. This species shares morphological and molecular similarities with M. ethiopica and M. inornata, and a M. ethiopica group was therefore established. Although specific primers for the DNA amplification of species belonging to the M. ethiopica group have been developed previously, the primers were not species-specific, so molecular markers for the specific detection of M. luci are still needed. The objective of this study was to develop a SCAR marker for the detection of M. luci and the discrimination from other Meloidogyne spp. based on the intraspecific variability found in RAPD markers. RAPD screening of M. luci and M. ethiopica genome was used for the identification of a specific amplification product on M. luci, which was cloned, sequenced and converted into a SCAR marker. The specificity of the designed primers (Mlf/r) was tested and produced a fragment (771 bp) for all nine M. luci isolates with no amplification for the other nine Meloidogyne spp., including M. ethiopica and M. inornata. Additionally, the proper amplification of the M. luci SCAR-marker was also successful with DNA from galls of M. luci infected tomato roots. The results obtained in this study reveal that the specific molecular detection of M. luci was achieved and that the developed methodology can be used for routine diagnosis purposes, which are essential to monitoring the distribution and spread of M. luci in order to implement future effective and integrated nematode pest management programs.
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Williamson, Charmaine, and John Lee. "Closer to home… ? Experiences of candidates on a doctoral education programme in two Sub-Saharan countries: South Africa and Ethiopia." Cogent Education 6, no. 1 (2019): 1643274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2331186x.2019.1643274.
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Haile-Selassie, Yohannes, Stephanie M. Melillo, and Denise F. Su. "The Pliocene hominin diversity conundrum: Do more fossils mean less clarity?" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 23 (2016): 6364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1521266113.
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Recent discoveries of multiple middle Pliocene hominins have raised the possibility that early hominins were as speciose as later hominins. However, debates continue to arise around the validity of most of these new taxa, largely based on poor preservation of holotype specimens, small sample size, or the lack of evidence for ecological diversity. A closer look at the currently available fossil evidence from Ethiopia, Kenya, and Chad indicate that Australopithecus afarensis was not the only hominin species during the middle Pliocene, and that there were other species clearly distinguishable from it by their locomotor adaptation and diet. Although there is no doubt that the presence of multiple species during the middle Pliocene opens new windows into our evolutionary past, it also complicates our understanding of early hominin taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships.
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Tilahun, Mekonnen, Diro Mulugeta, Sharma Manju, and Negi Tadesse. "Protocol optimization for in vitro mass propagation of two sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) clones grown in Ethiopia." African Journal of Biotechnology 13, no. 12 (2014): 1358–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb2013.13575.
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Motsenbocker, Carl E., and Thomas J. Monaco. "Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) Clones Differ in Response to Ethyl-Metribuzin." Weed Technology 9, no. 3 (1995): 546–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00023836.
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Six commercial sweet potato clones were evaluated in field and greenhouse studies for the ethylthio analog of metribuzin (ethyl-metribuzin) tolerance. ‘Southern Delite’ was most tolerant in field studies and ‘Cordner’ the most tolerant in the greenhouse. ‘White Delite’ was the most susceptible clone in the field and greenhouse. Considering the rates used in this study, all the sweet potato clones generally were tolerant to ethyl-metribuzin. When averaged over all clones, sweet potato injury increased as the ethyl-metribuzin rate increased from 1.6 to 3.2 kg/ha but injury decreased as the season progressed and was minimal in late season. Ethyl-metribuzin did not reduce marketable yields at Clayton, NC. At Clinton, NC, ethiozin PRE, POST, or PRE followed by POST at 3.2 kg/ha or PRE at 1.6 kg/ha reduced yield.
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Gemechu, Getachew Etana, Samrawit Silas Simmon, and Efrem Asfaw. "Enset (Enset ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman) Breeding for Various Purposes - A Review." Journal of Plant Studies 10, no. 2 (2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jps.v10n2p39.
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Enset (Enset ventricosum (Welw) Cheesman) is a well-known cultivated crop in Ethiopia and a cultural staple food for over 20 million humans in different parts of Ethiopia. It bears flowers that developed into fruits and seeds. It bears seeds and propagated vegetativly. Attempts have been done for maintenance, conservation, improving cultivars, diversity, and variability study. About 623 Enset germplasm were collected from 12 main growing areas and ex-situ conserved at Areka. Seeds of Enset were stored at the millennium gene bank. Seedlings and specimens are held in the garden of Cambridge Cottage and Wakehurst. In the research effort 6 cultivars: 3 early set cultivars: Yanbulle, Gewada, Endale, and 3 late set cultivars: Kelisa, Zerita, Mesena were released. Variability study revealed that corn yields were significantly affected by location, cultivar, and cultivar Vs location. Genotypes: Suite, Warke, Bidu, Astera, and Kekari showed 100% disease symptoms after 30 days of inoculation. Symptoms weren&#39;t observed on Meziya, Bedadet, Hiniba, and Nech Enset clones after 90 days of inoculation. ISSRs primers revealed that, in all parameters, Kefficho genotypes have been more diversified than genotypes from Essera areas. The Partitioning of Shannon&#39;s diversity index indicated that the major variations were occurred within populations than between the two populations.
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Breyer, Francis Amadeus Karl. "Die altäthiopischen Monatsnamen ägyptisch-koptischer Herkunft: Beispiele wiederholter Entlehnung aus einer sich verändernden Matrixumgebung." Aethiopica 8 (November 19, 2012): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.8.1.330.
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The amount of different spellings for the Ethiopian month names originally borrowed from Coptic has always been confusing. On a closer look, they can be divided into two groups, whose differences exactly correspond to those between the Coptic dialects Sahidic and Bohairic. Thus, the nouns in question are not only of greatest value for our understanding of Coptic phonology – and through their etymological connections to Old Egyptian even for this very early stage of the language - , they show very clearly, how the successive borrowing of loanwords from changing linguistical environments works. The first Coptic month names were borrowed from the Saidic dialect, but when the patriarch’s see moved from Kairo to Alexandria, the corresponding words were borrowed again, this time from the northern Bohairic dialect. After the Coptic names had been borrowed in Arabic and the Coptic language itself came to be extinct, those words were borrowed a third time, their forms being now taken from Arabic. On the level of phonology, special attention should be given to the consonants, which have been reconstructed as being postglottalized in Old Egyptian, a proposal which is confirmed by the Ethiopian evidence.
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MEKONNEN, ALEMU. "Valuation of community forestry in Ethiopia: a contingent valuation study of rural households." Environment and Development Economics 5, no. 3 (2000): 289–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x00000188.
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Community forestry projects in Ethiopia have been implemented using the top–down approach, which may have contributed to the failure of most of these projects. The so-called community plantations practically belonged to the government and the labour contribution of the local communities in the establishment of the plantations was mainly in exchange for wages. In this paper, we use the contingent valuation method to examine the determinants of the value of community forestry in rural Ethiopia and its feasibility, when the plantations are established, managed, and used by the communities themselves. The value elicitation format used is discrete question with open-ended follow-up which is closer to the market scenario our respondents are familiar with compared, for example, with the single discrete choice format. Unlike most other studies, we use a tobit model with sample selection in the empirical analysis of the bid function to correct for the effect of excluding invalid responses (protest zeros, outliers and missing bids) from the analysis. The analysis of the bid function shows that household size, household income, distance of homestead to proposed place of plantation, number of trees owned and sex of household head are significant variables that explain willingness to pay. We also find that there are significant differences in willingness-to-pay across sites. It is hoped that this study contributes to the limited empirical literature on community forestry in developing countries by indicating some of the conditions under which community plantations will be acceptable and feasible.
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Sibhatu, Berhane, Hayelom Berhe, Gebremeskel Gebrekorkos, and Kasaye Abera. "Effect of Tied Ridging and Fertilizer on the Productivity of Sorghum [Sorghum Bicolor (L.)Moench] at Raya Valley, Northern Ethiopia." Current Agriculture Research Journal 5, no. 3 (2017): 396–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.5.3.20.
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Water deficit and poor fertility of soil are among the main constraints to sustain production of sorghum in the semi-arid regions of northern Ethiopia. Thus, one experiment was conducted to determine the appropriate tied-ridging practice and planting method that maximizes sorghum productivity under rainfed conditions. It was carried out in 2015 and 2016 cropping seasons. Treatments comprised flatbed planting as control; open tied ridge, furrow planting; open tied ridge, planting on ridges; closed tied ridge, furrow planting; and closed tied ridge, planting on ridges were tested separately under fertilized and unfertilized conditions. These treatments were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. According to the current result, days to heading, plant height and panicle length were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced while grain and biomass yields were significantly influenced in both fertilized and unfertilized conditions. Accordingly, the maximum grain yield (3226.70 - 4621.00 kg ha-1) under fertilized and (2678.00 - 4318.80 kg ha-1) unfertilized conditions was obtained from closed tied ridge with planting in furrow. Moreover, the highest biomass yield (6844.40 - 11471.00 kg ha-1) was produced from closed tied ridge integrated with fertilizer in furrow planting. On the other hand, the minimum average yields were obtained from flat planting (farmers' practice) with and without fertilizer. It is concluded that closed tied ridge with planting in furrow can be recommended for sorghum growers in Raya Valley areas and other places with similar agro-ecologies to enhance sorghum yield.
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Gebremedhin, Berhanu, John Pender, and Girmay Tesfay. "Community natural resource management: the case of woodlots in Northern Ethiopia." Environment and Development Economics 8, no. 1 (2003): 129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x0300007x.
Full textAbstract:
This paper examines the nature of community management of woodlots and investigates the determinants of collective action and its effectiveness in managing woodlots, based on a survey of 100 villages in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Despite limited current benefits received by community members, the woodlots contribute substantially to community wealth, increasing members' willingness to provide collective effort to manage the woodlots. We find that benefits are greater and problems less on woodlots managed at the village level than those managed at a higher municipality level, and that the average intensity of management is greater on village-managed woodlots. The factors that do significantly affect collective action include population density (higher collective labor input and lower planting density at intermediate than at low or high density), market access (less labor input, planting density and tree survival where market access is better), and presence of external organizations promoting the woodlot (reduces local effort to protect the woodlot and tree survival). The finding of an inverse U-shaped relationship between population density and collective labor input is consistent with induced innovation theory, with the increased labor/land ratio promoting collective effort to invest in resources as population density grows to a moderate level, while incentive problems may undermine collective action at high levels of population density. These findings suggest collective action may be more beneficial and more effective when managed at a more local level, when the role of external organizations is more demand-driven, and when promoted in intermediate population density communities more remote from markets. In higher population density settings and areas closer to markets, private-oriented approaches are likely to be more effective.