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Chioqueta, Andrea P., and Tore C. Stiles. "Assessing Suicide Risk in Cluster C Personality Disorders." Crisis 25, no. 3 (May 2004): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.25.3.128.
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Abstract: The aim of the study was to assess suicide risk in psychiatric outpatients with specific cluster C personality disorders (avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive). A sample of 142 psychiatric outpatients was used for the study. The sample was composed of 87 outpatients meeting diagnostic criteria for a personality disorder and 53 psychiatric outpatients meeting criteria for an axis I disorder only. The results showed that dependent, but not avoidant or obsessive-compulsive, personality disorders, as well as the clusters A and B personality disorders, were significantly associated with suicide attempts. This association remained significant after controlling for both a lifetime depressive disorder and severity of depression for the cluster A and the cluster B personality disorders, but not for dependent personality disorder. The results underline the importance of assessing suicide risk in patients with cluster A and cluster B personality disorders, while the assessment of suicide risk in patients with cluster C personality disorders seems to be irrelevant as long as assessment of a comorbid depressive disorder is appropriately conducted.
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Huang, Yueqin, Roman Kotov, Giovanni de Girolamo, Antonio Preti, Matthias Angermeyer, Corina Benjet, Koen Demyttenaere, et al. "DSM–IV personality disorders in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys." British Journal of Psychiatry 195, no. 1 (July 2009): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.058552.
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BackgroundLittle is known about the cross-national population prevalence or correlates of personality disorders.AimsTo estimate prevalence and correlates of DSM–IV personality disorder clusters in the World Health Organization World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys.MethodInternational Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE) screening questions in 13 countries (n = 21 162) were calibrated to masked IPDE clinical diagnoses. Prevalence and correlates were estimated using multiple imputation.ResultsPrevalence estimates are 6.1% (s.e. = 0.3) for any personality disorder and 3.6% (s.e. = 0.3), 1.5% (s.e. = 0.1) and 2.7% (s.e. = 0.2) for Clusters A, B and C respectively. Personality disorders are significantly elevated among males, the previously married (Cluster C), unemployed (Cluster C), the young (Clusters A and B) and the poorly educated. Personality disorders are highly comorbid with Axis I disorders. Impairments associated with personality disorders are only partially explained by comorbidity.ConclusionsPersonality disorders are relatively common disorders that often co-occur with Axis I disorders and are associated with significant role impairments beyond those due to comorbidity.
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Samuels, Jack, William W. Eaton, O. Joseph Bienvenu, Clayton H. Brown, Paul T. Costa, and Gerald Nestadt. "Prevalence and correlates of personality disorders in a community sample." British Journal of Psychiatry 180, no. 06 (June 2002): 536–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180.6.536.
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Background Knowledge of the prevalence and correlates of personality disorders in the community is important for identifying treatment needs and for provision of psychiatric services. Aims To estimate the prevalence of personality disorders in a community sample and to identify demographic subgroups with especially high prevalence. Method Clinical psychologists used the International Personality Disorder Examination to assess DSM-IV and ICD-10 personality disorders in a sample of 742 subjects, ages 34–94 years, residing in Baltimore, Maryland. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between demographic characteristics and DSM - IV personality disorder clusters. Results The estimated overall prevalence of DSM - IV personality disorders was 9%. Cluster A disorders were most prevalent in men who had never married. Cluster B disorders were most prevalent in young men without a high school degree, and cluster C disorders in high school graduates who had never married. Conclusions Approximately 9% of this community sample has a DSM-IV personality disorder. Personality disorders are over-represented in certain demographic subgroups of the community
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Nordahl, Hans M., and Tore C. Stiles. "THE SPECIFICITY OF COGNITIVE PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS IN CLUSTER C PERSONALITY DISORDERS." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 28, no. 3 (July 2000): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465800003040.
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The aim of the study was to examine whether there are specific cognitive personality traits that are related to specific cluster C personality disorders as suggested by Beck's cognitive model. The study included 135 psychiatric outpatients and 41 healthy controls. The subjects were diagnosed according to DSM-III-R axis I and axis II. The cognitive dimensions of sociotropy, autonomy and dysfunctional attitudes were assessed. The results indicated some cognitive specificity, especially when the effects of a lifetime depressive disorder were statistically controlled for. Dependent personality disorder was significantly associated with higher scores on all sociotropic subscales and dysfunctional attitudes. Avoidant personality disorder was significantly associated with the sociotropic subscales “concern about disapproval” and “pleasing others” as well as dysfunctional attitudes, while obsessive-compulsive personality disorder was associated with only higher scores on the sociotropic subscale “concern about disapproval”.
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Benjet, Corina, Guilherme Borges, and Maria Elena Medina-Mora. "DSM-IV personality disorders in Mexico: results from a general population survey." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 30, no. 3 (September 2008): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462008000300009.
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OBJECTIVE: This paper reports the first population estimates of prevalence and correlates of personality disorders in the Mexican population. METHOD: Personality disorders screening questions from the International Personality Disorder Examination were administered to a representative sample of the Mexican urban adult population (n = 2,362) as part of the Mexican National Comorbidity Survey, validated with clinical evaluations conducted in the United States. A multiple imputation method was then implemented to estimate prevalence and correlates of personality disorder in the Mexican sample. RESULTS: Multiple imputation method prevalence estimates were 4.6% Cluster A, 1.6% Cluster B, 2.4% Cluster C, and 6.1% any personality disorder. All personality disorders clusters were significantly comorbid with DSM-IV Axis I disorders. One in every five persons with an Axis I disorder in Mexico is likely to have a comorbid personality disorder, and almost half of those with a personality disorder are likely to have an Axis I disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Modest associations of personality disorders with impairment and strong associations with treatment utilization were largely accounted for by Axis I comorbidity suggesting that the public health significance of personality disorders lies in their comorbidity with, and perhaps effects upon, Axis I disorders rather than their direct effects on functioning and help seeking.
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Muquebil Ali Al Shaban Rodriguez, O. W., J. R. López Fernández, C. Huergo Lora, S. Ocio León, M. J. Hernández González, A. Alonso Huerta, M. Gómez Simón, et al. "Personality Disorders and Suicide Attempts." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1867.
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IntroductionThe personality disorders are defined according to the DSM-5 like “an enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating markedly from those accepted by the individual's cultures. These patterns develop in adolescence and the beginning of adulthood, and are associated with significant distress or disability”. The personality disorders can be a risk factor for different processes of the psychiatric pathology like suicide. The personality disorders are classified in 3 groups according to the DSM-5:– cluster A (strange subjects): paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal;– cluster B (immature subjects): antisocial, bordeline, histrionic and narcissistic;– cluster C (frightened subjects): avoidant, dependent and obsessive-compulsive.AimsTo describe the influence of personality disorders in suicide attempts.MethodologyExhibition of clinical cases.ResultsIn this case report, we exhibit three clinical cases of suicide attempts which correspond to a type of personality disorder belonging to each of the three big groups of the DSM-5 classification, specifically the paranoid disorder of the cluster A, the disorder borderline of cluster B and the obsessive compulsive of cluster C.ConclusionsThe personality disorders have a clear relation with the suicide attempts, increasing this influence in some of them, especially the borderline personality disorder.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Oliva, F., S. Bramante, A. Portigliatti Pomeri, C. Carezana, G. Nibbio, C. Mangiapane, and G. Maina. "Personality Traits and Disorders Among Adult ADHD Patients: Is Borderline Personality Disorder as Common as we Expect?" European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.060.
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IntroductionPatients with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have shown a high risk to develop a DSM cluster B (i.e., Borderline, OR = 13.16; Antisocial, OR = 3.03; Narcissistic, OR = 8.69) and DSM Avoidant personality disorder (OR = 9.77). Similarly, higher rates of DSM cluster B personality disorder were found among adult ADHD patients (6-25%) than general population. Although some authors investigated the prevalence of personality traits and disorders among adult ADHD patients, no studies have been yet reported about the assessment of Millon's Evolution-Based Personality profiles in adult ADHD patients.AimsTo explore the prevalence of personality traits and disorders among adult ADHD patients.MethodsMillon's personality traits and disorders were assessed in a consecutive sample of 35 adult ADHD outpatients accessing the Service for Adult ADHD of the AOU San Luigi Gonzaga (Orbassano, TO) using the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory–III (MCMI-III).ResultsAccording to the MCMI-III manual, ADHD patients in our sample showed more frequently both Cluster C and Cluster A traits and disorders, with a high prevalence of avoidant/depressive (8.6%/14.3%) and negativistic/self-defeating (20%/5.7%) personality disorders. Conversely, we found a low prevalence of Narcissistic (5.7%) and Histrionic (5.7%) traits, and no patient showed Borderline personality traits or disorder.ConclusionsUnexpectedly, the dimensional assessment of adult ADHD personality reveals a high prevalence of cluster C and cluster A personality traits and disorders, and a low prevalence of cluster B personality disorders.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Pesic, Danilo, Tara Adzic, Olivera Vukovic, Marko Kalanj, and Dusica Lecic-Tosevski. "Analysis of personality disorder profiles obtained by five-factor personality model." Vojnosanitetski pregled 77, no. 9 (2020): 950–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp180424175p.
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Background/Aim. In spite of the growing body of evidence in the field of personality disorders, these disorders still retain the lowest diagnostic reliability of any major category of mental disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences of personality profiles in patients diagnosed with personality disorder in comparison with the group of healthy control subjects, as well as to establish to what extent the five-factor personality model domains determine the specific clusters of personality disorders. Methods. The study group comprised 97 patients diagnosed as personality disorders (according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ? DSM-IV criteria), aged between 18 and 65 years [mean = 35.78 years, standard deviation (SD) = 13.72 years], 67% were female. Control group included 58 healthy subjects (student population) aged between 20 to 35 years (mean = 22.48 years, SD = 2.56 years), 56% were female. The assessment was carried out by the new version of the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PIR), form S, and the Structured Clinical Interview (SCID II) for DSM-IV disorders. Results. The three clusters were found by the use of regression analysis: cluster A ? eccentrics (low scores in agreeableness), cluster B ? dramatics (high score in extroversion, low score in agreeableness, and cluster C ? anxious (low score in extroversion). The findings showed that the high level of neuroticism was a non-specific predictor of all three clusters, while dimension openness to experience had no predictive power for any of the three clusters. Conclusion. Our findings support the meta-analysis which suggests consistently high level of neuroticism and low level of agreeableness in most personality disorders. The study showed that it is possible to conceptualize personality disorders by using five-factor personality model of normal personality. Integrating the psychiatric classification with the dimensional model of general personality structure could enable the uncovering of essential parameters for setting the diagnosis.
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Eskedal, Glen A., and Jamie M. Demetri. "Etiology and Treatment of Cluster C Personality Disorders." Journal of Mental Health Counseling 28, no. 1 (December 20, 2005): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17744/mehc.28.1.7yjq6tabcexb1a6j.
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Of challenge to mental health counselor's (MHCs) is the management and treatment of personality disorders. This article will elaborate on the etiological development of Cluster C personality disorders (avoidant, dependant, and obsessive-compulsive), review the self-maintenance functions they provide, and review the cognitive-behavioral, group, and psychodynamic treatments for each of the three Cluster C personality disorders. The central aim of this manuscript is to assist MHCs in better understanding biological and environmental antecedents, treatment interventions, and to ensure that personality dynamics are not overlooked in the treatment process.
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Schiavone, Paolo, Stella Dorz, Donatella Conforti, Caterina Scarso, and Giuseppe Borgherini. "Comorbidity of DSM–IV Personality Disorders in Unipolar and Bipolar Affective Disorders: A Comparative Study." Psychological Reports 95, no. 1 (August 2004): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.95.1.121-128.
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The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of Personality Disorders assessed by Structured Clinical Interview for Axis-II in 155 inpatients diagnosed with Unipolar Disorder vs inpatients with Bipolar Disorder (39). The most frequent Axis II diagnoses among Unipolar inpatients were Borderline (31.6%), Dependent (25.2%), and Obsessive-Compulsive (14.2%) Personality Disorders. Among Bipolar inpatients, the most prevalent personality disorders were Borderline (41%), Narcissistic (20.5%), Dependent (12.8%), and Histrionic disorders (10.3%). Using chi squared analysis, few differences in distribution emerged between the two groups: Unipolar patients had more recurrent Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder than Bipolar patients (χ12 = 6.24, p < .005). Comorbid Narcissistic Personality Disorder was significantly more frequent in the Bipolar than in the Unipolar group (χ12 = 6.34, p < .01). Considering the three clusters (DSM–IV classification), there was a significant difference between the groups, Cluster C (fearful, avoidant) diagnoses being more frequent in the Unipolar than in the Bipolar group (48.4% vs 20.5%, respectively). Cluster B (dramatic, emotionally erratic) diagnoses were found more frequently in patients with Bipolar Disorders (71.8% vs 45.2% in Unipolar patients, χ22 = 10.1, p < .006). The differences in the distribution and prevalence of Personality Disorders between the two patient groups are discussed.
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Besteiro-González, J. L., S. Lemos-Giráldez, and J. Muñiz. "Neuropsychological, Psychophysiological, and Personality Assessment of DSM-IV Clusters of Personality Disorders." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 20, no. 2 (January 2004): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.20.2.99.
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Testing the construct validity of the three DSM-IV cluster groupings of personality disorders, in terms of neuropsychological, psychophysiological, and personality traits measures, was the purpose of this study. The results hardly confirm significant differences between B and C cluster groups in their neuropsychological functioning, but, instead, suggest that Cluster A could have some empirical validity based on executive prefrontal deficits (concept formation and sustained attention tasks) and clinical features. Similarly, no consistent differences among groups emerge when psychophysiological measures are compared. With regard to the Big-Five personality dimensions, the results also indicate that clusters may be more heterogeneous than the DSM-IV suggests. It appears, therefore, that the categorical division of DSM personality disorders into three discrete clusters may not be empirically justified.
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Diefenbacher, A., U. Golombek, and J. J. Strain. "Personality Disorders in Consultation-liaison Psychiatry - an Empirical Investigation." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70571-1.
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Up to now hardly any quantitative research regarding diagnosis of personality disorders in the environment of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine is available.The data of 3032 patients aged 17-65 years seen between 1988 and 1997 at the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York, NY, were recorded and analyzed using the Micro-Cares Database System.19,7% (N=598) of patients exhibited a personality disorder. Out of those 7,7% distributed to Cluster A (Odd or Eccentric Behavior), 54,3% to Cluster B and 38,0% to Cluster C.89% of patients with personality disorders showed at least one additional specific psychiatric disorder.Patients with a personality disorder had a lower incidence of somatic disease, but exhibited a higher level in psychosocial impairment and a higher comorbidity in substance abuse. During the previous year they used psychiatric treatment more often and were in need of a more intense social and psychotherapeutical treatment.The age group of 17-40 year old patients with a personality disorder was hospitalized shorter and had less of a lag between hospitalization and time of psychiatric consultation.More reasons for a psychiatric consultation were given when patients with a personality disorder were referred.In the environment of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine every 5th to 6th patient requires a specific, psychiatric, psychotherapeutic or social treatment because of a personality disorder.The classification of personality disorders into clusters did not yield an additional benefit.
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Diefenbacher, A., U. Golombek, and J. J. Strain. "Personality Disorders in Consultation-liaison Psychiatry - an Empirical Investigation." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71305-7.
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Up to now hardly any quantitative research regarding diagnosis of personality disorders in the environment of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine is available.The data of 3032 patients aged 17-65 years seen between 1988 and 1997 at the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York, NY, were recorded and analyzed using the Micro-Cares Database System.19,7% (N=598) of patients exhibited a personality disorder. Out of those 7,7% distributed to Cluster A (Odd or Eccentric Behavior), 54,3% to Cluster B and 38,0% to Cluster C.89% of patients with personality disorders showed at least one additional specific psychiatric disorder.Patients with a personality disorder had a lower incidence of somatic disease, but exhibited a higher level in psychosocial impairment and a higher comorbidity in substance abuse. During the previous year they used psychiatric treatment more often and were in need of a more intense social and psychotherapeutical treatment.The age group of 17-40 year old patients with a personality disorder was hospitalized shorter and had less of a lag between hospitalization and time of psychiatric consultation.More reasons for a psychiatric consultation were given when patients with a personality disorder were referred.In the environment of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine every 5th to 6th patient requires a specific, psychiatric, psychotherapeutic or social treatment because of a personality disorder.The classification of personality disorders into clusters did not yield an additional benefit.
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Hsu, Chih-Wei, Liang-Jen Wang, Pao-Yen Lin, Chi-Fa Hung, Yao-Hsu Yang, Yu-Ming Chen, and Hung-Yu Kao. "Differences in Psychiatric Comorbidities and Gender Distribution among Three Clusters of Personality Disorders: A Nationwide Population-Based Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 15 (July 26, 2021): 3294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10153294.
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Personality disorders (PDs) are grouped into clusters A, B, and C. However, whether the three clusters of PDs have differences in comorbid mental disorders or gender distribution is still lacking sufficient evidence. We aim to investigate the distribution pattern across the three clusters of PDs with a population-based cohort study. This study used the Taiwan national database between 1995 and 2013 to examine the data of patients with cluster A PDs, cluster B PDs, or cluster C PDs. We compared the differences of psychiatric comorbidities classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition across the three clusters of PDs. Moreover, we formed gender subgroups of the three PDs to observe the discrepancy between male and female. Among the 9845 patients, those with cluster A PDs had the highest proportion of neurodevelopmental disorders, schizophrenia and neurocognitive disorders, those with cluster B PDs demonstrated the largest percentage of bipolar disorders, trauma and stressor disorders, feeding and eating disorders, and substance and addictive disorders, and those with cluster C PDs had the greatest proportion of depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorders, somatic symptom disorders, and sleep–wake disorders. The gender subgroups revealed significant male predominance in neurodevelopmental disorders and female predominance in sleep–wake disorders across all three clusters of PDs. Our findings support that some psychiatric comorbidities are more prevalent in specified cluster PDs and that gender differences exist across the three clusters of PDs. These results are an important reference for clinicians who are developing services that target real-world patients with PDs.
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Pena-Garijo, Josep, Silvia Edo Villamón, Amanda Meliá de Alba, and M. Ángeles Ruipérez. "Personality Disorders in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Comparative Study versus Other Anxiety Disorders." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/856846.
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Objective. The purpose of this paper is to provide evidence for the relationship between personality disorders (PDs), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and other anxiety disorders different from OCD (non-OCD) symptomatology.Method. The sample consisted of a group of 122 individuals divided into three groups (41 OCD; 40 non-OCD, and 41 controls) matched by sex, age, and educational level. All the individuals answered the IPDE questionnaire and were evaluated by means of the SCID-I and SCID-II interviews.Results. Patients with OCD and non-OCD present a higher presence of PD. There was an increase in cluster C diagnoses in both groups, with no statistically significant differences between them.Conclusions. Presenting anxiety disorder seems to cause a specific vulnerability for PD. Most of the PDs that were presented belonged to cluster C. Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) is the most common among OCD. However, it does not occur more frequently among OCD patients than among other anxious patients, which does not confirm the continuum between obsessive personality and OCD. Implications for categorical and dimensional diagnoses are discussed.
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Quirk, Shae E., Michael Berk, Julie A. Pasco, Sharon L. Brennan-Olsen, Andrew M. Chanen, Heli Koivumaa-Honkanen, Lisa M. Burke, et al. "The prevalence, age distribution and comorbidity of personality disorders in Australian women." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 51, no. 2 (July 11, 2016): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867416649032.
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Objective: We aimed to describe the prevalence and age distribution of personality disorders and their comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders in an age-stratified sample of Australian women aged ⩾25 years. Methods: Individual personality disorders (paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, antisocial, avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive), lifetime mood, anxiety, eating and substance misuse disorders were diagnosed utilising validated semi-structured clinical interviews (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Non-patient Edition and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders). The prevalence of personality disorders and Clusters were determined from the study population ( n = 768), and standardised to the Australian population using the 2011 Australian Bureau of Statistics census data. Prevalence by age and the association with mood, anxiety, eating and substance misuse disorders was also examined. Results: The overall prevalence of personality disorders in women was 21.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 18.7, 24.9). Cluster C personality disorders (17.5%, 95% CI: 16.0, 18.9) were more common than Cluster A (5.3%, 95% CI: 3.5, 7.0) and Cluster B personality disorders (3.2%, 95% CI: 1.8, 4.6). Of the individual personality disorders, obsessive-compulsive (10.3%, 95% CI: 8.0, 12.6), avoidant (9.3%, 95% CI: 7.1, 11.5), paranoid (3.9%, 95% CI: 3.1, 4.7) and borderline (2.7%, 95% CI: 1.4, 4.0) were among the most prevalent. The prevalence of other personality disorders was low (⩽1.7%). Being younger (25–34 years) was predictive of having any personality disorder (odds ratio: 2.36, 95% CI: 1.18, 4.74), as was being middle-aged (odds ratio: 2.41, 95% CI: 1.23, 4.72). Among the strongest predictors of having any personality disorder was having a lifetime history of psychiatric disorders (odds ratio: 4.29, 95% CI: 2.90, 6.33). Mood and anxiety disorders were the most common comorbid lifetime psychiatric disorders. Conclusions: Approximately one in five women was identified with a personality disorder, emphasising that personality disorders are relatively common in the population. A more thorough understanding of the distribution of personality disorders and psychiatric comorbidity in the general population is crucial to assist allocation of health care resources to individuals living with these disorders.
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Völlm, B. A., S. Farooq, M. Ferriter, H. Jones, N. Smailagic, N. Khalifa, N. Huband, et al. "Pharmacotherapy in patients with cluster a personality disorders." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 2107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73810-x.
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BackgroundAmong the 10 categories of personality disorders (PDs), interventions for antisocial and borderline personality disorder are best studied. However, the remaining PDs also pose major problems in everyday health care settings. People affected often additionally present with Axis-I disorders such as substance-related, mood or anxiety disorders, and are among those most difficult to treat. Cluster A PDs (paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal) are of particular significance as some authors argue that they may be part of a continuum of mental disorders and be considered as sub-syndrome of schizophreniaMethodsIn the context of Cochrane Collaboration reviews for Cluster A, B and C PDs, exhaustive literature searches were completed to identify the current RCT evidence for PD treatments. Retrievals were assessed and evaluated by two reviewers independently and trials for Cluster A PD were identified.ResultsOnly very few (under five) RCTs specifically for Cluster A PDs were identified. Some studies reported on mixed PD samples but it was not always possible to extract data specifically for Cluster A disorders. Participants mostly also suffered from Axis-I disorders. Reported outcomes also focus on Axis-I disorder outcomes or general measures such as overall functioning rather than specific PD symptoms.ConclusionsThe current evidence for psychpathological treatment of Cluster A PD is sparse and does not allow for distinct treatment recommendations. Symptom-driven treatment regimes as suggested by several guidelines are not supported by current evidence.
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Agbayewa, M. Oluwafemi. "Occurrence and Effects of Personality Disorders in Depression: Are They the Same in the Old and Young?" Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 41, no. 4 (May 1996): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379604100406.
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Objectives: To determine the frequency and effects of personality disorders on episodes of depression in elderly and young inpatients. Personality disorders are common and may affect the prognosis of Axis I disorders. Methods: Clinical records of 89 elderly inpatients and a matched comparison group of 119 young inpatients were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis of a major depressive episode according to the DSM-III-R criteria. The frequency of personality disorder diagnoses in the 2 groups was determined. Within each group, severity, functioning, and treatment were compared between those with and without personality disorders. Results: Personality disorders were diagnosed more frequently in the young (40.3%) than in the elderly (27%). Both rates were similar to previous reports. Cluster C disorders were the most common personality disorders found in the elderly, compared to cluster B disorders in the young. Personality disorder in the young was associated with longer episodes of depression (P = 0.035) and poorer family relations (P < 0.001); whereas in the elderly, personality disorder was associated with more severe episodes (P = 0.014). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the frequency and effects of personality disorders on the depressed patient may differ according to age.
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Soeteman, Djøra I., Roel Verheul, Anke M. M. A. Meerman, Uli Ziegler, Bert V. Rossum, Jos Delimon, Piet Rijnierse, Moniek Thunnissen, Jan J. V. Busschbach, and Jane J. Kim. "Cost-Effectiveness of Psychotherapy for Cluster C Personality Disorders." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 72, no. 01 (October 5, 2010): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.09m05228blu.
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Arntz, Arnoud, Anoek Weertman, and Sjoerd Salet. "Interpretation bias in Cluster-C and borderline personality disorders." Behaviour Research and Therapy 49, no. 8 (August 2011): 472–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.05.002.
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Bierer, Linda M., Rachel Yehuda, James Schmeidler, Vivian Mitropoulou, Antonia S. New, Jeremy M. Silverman, and Larry J. Siever. "Abuse and Neglect in Childhood: Relationship to Personality Disorder Diagnoses." CNS Spectrums 8, no. 10 (October 2003): 737–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900019118.
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ABSTRACTBackground:Childhood history of abuse and neglect has been associated with personality disorders and has been observed in subjects with lifetime histories of suicidality and self-injury. Most of these findings have been generated from inpatient clinical samples.Methods:This study evaluated self-rated indices of sustained childhood abuse and neglect in an outpatient sample of well-characterized personality disorder subjects (n=182) to determine the relative associations of childhood trauma indices to specific personality disorder diagnoses or clusters and to lifetime history of suicide attempts or gestures. Subjects met criteria for ~2.5 Axis II diagnoses and 24% reported past suicide attempts. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire was administered to assess five dimensions of childhood trauma exposure (emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and emotional and physical neglect). Logistic regression was employed to evaluate salient predictors among the trauma measures for each cluster, personality disorder, and history of attempted suicide and self-harm. All analyses controlled for gender distribution.Results:Seventy-eight percent of subjects met dichotomous criteria for some form of childhood trauma; a majority reported emotional abuse and neglect. The dichotomized criterion for global trauma severity was predictive of cluster B, borderline, and antisocial personality disorder diagnoses. Trauma scores were positively associated with cluster A, negatively with cluster C, but were not significantly associated with cluster B diagnoses. Among the specific diagnoses comprising cluster A, paranoid disorder alone was predicted by sexual, physical, and emotional abuse. Within cluster B, only antisocial personality disorder showed significant associations with trauma scores, with specific prediction by sexual and physical abuse. For borderline personality disorder, there were gender interactions for individual predictors, with emotional abuse being the only significant trauma predictor, and only in men. History of suicide gestures was associated with emotional abuse in the entire sample and in women only; self-mutilatory behavior was associated with emotional abuse in men.Conclusion:These results suggest that childhood emotional abuse and neglect are broadly represented among personality disorders, and associated with indices of clinical severity among patients with borderline personality disorder. Childhood sexual and physical abuse are highlighted as predictors of both paranoid and antisocial personality disorders. These results help qualify prior observations of the association of childhood sexual abuse with borderline personality disorder.
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Tamam, Lut, Nurgul Ozpoyraz, and Gonca Karatas. "Personality disorder comorbidity among patients with bipolar I disorder in remission." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 16, no. 3 (June 2004): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5215.2004.00074.x.
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Background:Comorbid personality disorders have been shown to be a prominent factor affecting symptom severity and course in bipolar disorder (BD) patients. Bipolar patients with personality disorder had more relapses, poorer prognosis and worse treatment response than those without an axis II diagnosis.Objective:We evaluated the prevalence rate of comorbid personality disorder in 74 bipolar I disorder cases who were in remission and tried to elucidate the possible relationship between comorbid axis II disorders and prognosis, severity and treatment features of BD cases.Methods:Diagnosis of all personality disorder comorbidities was evaluated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Axis-II Disorders (SCID-II), while the general psychopathology level was assessed using the Symptom Check List (SCL-90-R). A questionnaire for acquiring sociodemographic and clinical variables was also used.Results:Sixty-two per cent of bipolar I patients in this sample had at least one comorbid axis II disorder. The most common comorbid cluster of personality disorder was cluster C (48.6%), followed by cluster A (25.7%) and cluster B (20.3%) personality disorders. Assessment of demographic and clinical variables revealed that bipolar patients with comorbid personality disorder were mainly female, had multiple affective episodes, and had attempted suicide more often than patients without personality disorder.Conclusions:The results of this study suggest that comorbid personality disorder might alter the course of BD and result in a poorer prognosis and more severe psychopathology. Further prospective controlled studies minimizing the bias of interviewers and other confounding factors would help us to understand the pure impact of personality disorder on the course of BD, its prognosis and response to treatment.
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Rossi, Alessandro, Maria Grazia Marinangeli, Giancarlo Butti, Artemis Kalyvoka, and Concetta Petruzzi. "Pattern of Comorbidity Among Anxious and Odd Personality Disorders: The Case of Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder." CNS Spectrums 5, no. 9 (September 2000): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900021623.
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AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the pattern of comorbidity among obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) and other personality disorders (PDs) in a sample of 400 psychiatric inpatients. PDs were assessed using the Semistructured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders (SCID-II). Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated to determine significant comorbidity among OCPD and other axis II disorders. The most elevated odds ratios were found for the cooccurrence of OCPD with cluster A PDs (the “odd” PDs, or paranoid and schizoid PDs). These results are consistent with those of previous studies showing a higher cooccurrence of OCPD with cluster A than with cluster C (“anxious”) PDs. In light of these observations, issues associated with the nosologic status of OCPD within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders clustering system remain unsettled.
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del Río, Elena Fernández, Ana López, and Elisardo Becoñta. "Personality Disorders and Premature Dropout from Psychological Treatment for Smoking Cessation." Psychological Reports 106, no. 3 (June 2010): 679–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.106.3.679-684.
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The relation between personality disorders and premature dropout (attending half of the sessions or fewer) from a psychological treatment for giving up smoking was examined in a sample of 202 smokers. Percent of premature dropout was significantly higher for smokers with personality disorder in general, specifically for smokers with dependent personality disorder and with Cluster C personality disorder, than in smokers without such psychopathology.
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MULDER, R. T., P. R. JOYCE, P. F. SULLIVAN, C. M. BULIK, and F. A. CARTER. "The relationship among three models of personality psychopathology: DSM-III-R personality disorder, TCI scores and DSQ defences." Psychological Medicine 29, no. 4 (July 1999): 943–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291799008533.
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Background. Current systems of describing personality pathology have significant shortcomings. A polydiagnostic approach is used to study the relationship between psychological, psychoanalytical and psychopathological models of personality.Methods. The subjects were 256 patients enrolled in treatment studies of major depression and bulimia nervosa. Subjects were assessed using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DMS-III-R personality disorders (SCID-II).Results. Subjects had high rates of DSM-III-R personality disorders with 52% having at least one personality disorder. Cluster A personality disorders were correlated with low reward dependence, high harm avoidance and low self-directedness and cooperativeness. Cluster B personality disorders were related to high novelty seeking and low self-directedness and cooperativeness. Cluster C personality disorders were correlated with high harm avoidance and low novelty seeking and low self-directedness. Immature defences were related to DSM-III-R personality symptoms, but individual defences were not related to personality clusters in a predictable way. Immature defences were strongly related to low self-directedness and cooperativeness. Both TCI self-directedness scores and immature defence scores were moderately predictive of the presence and number of personality disorders.Conclusion. A widely accepted clinical nosology (DSM-III-R personality disorders) rated using a clinical interview correlates reasonably predictably with two theoretical models derived from different paradigms and rated using self-reports. This might be seen as providing concurrent validity for all three models. However, serious methodological shortcomings confront studies of this type, including sample selection and measurement of personality dysfunction. One way to begin to resolve these problems is to study which personality measures are best related to treatment response and prognosis.
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Barzega, G., G. Maina, S. Venturello, and F. Bogetto. "Gender-related distribution of personality disorders in a sample of patients with panic disorder." European Psychiatry 16, no. 3 (April 2001): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(01)00560-0.
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SummaryObjectiveWe examined gender differences in the frequency of DSM-IV personality disorder diagnoses in a sample of patients with a diagnosis of panic disorder (PD).MethodOne hundred and eighty-four outpatients with a principal diagnosis of PD (DSM-IV) were enrolled. All patients were evaluated with a semi-structured interview to collect demographic and clinical data and to generate Axis I and Axis II diagnoses in accordance with DSM-IV criteria.ResultsMales were significantly more likely than females to meet diagnoses for schizoid and borderline personality disorder. Compared to males, females predominated in histrionic and cluster C diagnoses, particularly dependent personality disorder diagnoses. A significant interaction was found between female sex and agoraphobia on personality disorder (PD) distribution.ConclusionsMale PD patients seem to be characterized by more severe personality disorders, while female PD patients, particularly with co-morbid agoraphobia, have higher co-morbidity rates with personality disorders belonging to the ‘anxious-fearful cluster’.
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Schoenleber, Michelle, and Howard Berenbaum. "Shame aversion and shame-proneness in Cluster C personality disorders." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 119, no. 1 (2010): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0017982.
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Rubino, I. Alex, Alberto Sonnino, Bianca Pezzarossa, Nicola Ciani, and Roberto Bassi. "Personality Disorders and Psychiatric Symptoms in Psoriasis." Psychological Reports 77, no. 2 (October 1995): 547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.77.2.547.
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Two groups of psoriatic outpatients ( ns = 192 and 119) were given, respectively, the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II and Foulds' Delusions-Symptoms-States Inventory. They were compared with dental ( n = 192) and with general surgical ( n = 190) patients. The psoriatic group presented clearly higher mean scores and frequencies on most of the personality disorder scales. On Foulds' inventory, psoriatic patients showed higher frequencies of neurotic and psychotic class allocations. A cluster analysis of personality scores provided evidence for 4 different personality clusters of patients with psoriasis: (a) Avoidant, Dependent, Schizoid, and Self-defeating (32.2%), (b) Compulsive, Narcissistic, and Aggressive (30.7%), (c) no personality disorder (18.2%), (d) Borderline, Paranoid, and Schizotypal, etc. (18.8%).
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Bachrach, Nathan, and Arnoud Arntz. "Group schema therapy for patients with cluster‐C personality disorders: A case study on avoidant personality disorder." Journal of Clinical Psychology 77, no. 5 (February 4, 2021): 1233–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23118.
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Mors, O., and LV Sørensen. "Incidence and comorbidity of personality disorders among first ever admitted psychiatric patients." European Psychiatry 9, no. 4 (1994): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924933800002030.
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SummaryDuring a period of one year, 157 first ever admitted psychiatric patients in the age group 18-49 years from a catchment area of 217,649 persons were interviewed with the Present State Examination 10th edition, development version and the Personality Disorder Examination, 1988 version. Of the sample, 23% received at least one DSM III-R personality disorder (PD) diagnosis. Rates avoidant PD, very few borderline PDs were found. Almost all patients with PDs also had major psychiatric disorders and the sample was biased towards younger individuals with more severe Axis I symptomatology compared with first ever admitted psychiatric patients aged 18-49 years in Denmark. Cluster A was associated with schizophrenia, cluster B with alcohol or other substance use disorders, and cluster C with anxiety disorders. Within Axis II, schizotypal PD was associated with avoidant and dependent PD, and paranoid with antisocial and dependent PD.
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林, 玉凤. "Contingent Self-Esteem of Cluster-C Personality Disorders Positive College Students." Advances in Psychology 09, no. 06 (2019): 1141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ap.2019.96141.
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Pozza, A., S. Domenichetti, G. P. Mazzoni, and D. Dèttore. "The comorbidity of cluster C personality disorders in obsessive compulsive disorder as a marker of anxiety and depression severity." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S202—S203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.482.
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IntroductionComorbid Cluster C Personality Disorders (PDs) are the most prevalent PDs in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Investigating clinical correlates associated to OCD with Cluster C PDs may allow identifying tailored treatment strategies.ObjectivesThe current study examined whether OCD with comorbid cluster C PDs is associated to more severe OCD symptoms, anxiety and depression relative to OCD with comorbid cluster B PDs or OCD alone.MethodsTwo hundred thirty-nine patients with OCD were included (mean age = 35.64, SD = 11.08, 51% females). Seventeen percent had a comorbid Cluster C PD, 8% had a comorbid Cluster B PD, and 75% had OCD alone. The Structured Clinical Interview for Axis II Disorders, Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory-II were administered.ResultsPatients with comorbid Cluster C PDs reported more severe depression and anxiety than those with comorbid Cluster B PDs (F = 10.48, P < 0.001) or with OCD alone (F = 9.10, P < 0.001). Patients with comorbid Cluster C PDs had more severe OCD symptoms than those with OCD alone but not than those with comorbid Cluster B PDs (F = 3.12, P < 0.05).ConclusionsOCD with Cluster C PDs could be a subtype with more severe anxiety and depression. These findings could be explained with the fact that Cluster C PDs are characterized by behaviours, which can be seen as maladaptive attempts to cope with anxiety and depression. Tailored treatment strategies for OCD with comorbid Cluster C PDs are discussed to target co-occurring anxiety and depression.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Ruocco, Anthony C., Michael S. McCloskey, Royce Lee, and Emil F. Coccaro. "Indices of orbitofrontal and prefrontal function in Cluster B and Cluster C personality disorders." Psychiatry Research 170, no. 2-3 (December 2009): 282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2008.12.003.
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Albein-Urios, Natalia, Jose M. Martinez-Gonzalez, Oscar Lozano-Rojas, and Antonio Verdejo-Garcia. "Executive functions in cocaine-dependent patients with Cluster B and Cluster C personality disorders." Neuropsychology 28, no. 1 (2014): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/neu0000007.
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Taiminen, Tero, Laura Kuusalo, Laura Lehtinen, Heli Forssell, Nora Hagelberg, Olli Tenovuo, Sinikka Luutonen, Antti Pertovaara, and Satu Jääskeläinen. "Psychiatric (axis I) and personality (axis II) disorders in patients with burning mouth syndrome or atypical facial pain." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 2, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2011.06.004.
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AbstractBackground and aimsBurning mouth syndrome (BMS) and atypical facial pain (AFP) are often persistent idiopathic pain conditions that mainly affect middle-aged and elderly women. They have both been associated with various psychiatric disorders. This study examined current and lifetime prevalence of psychiatric axis I (symptom-based) and II (personality) disorders in patients with chronic idiopathic orofacial pain, and investigated the temporal relationship of psychiatric disorders and the onset of orofacial pain.MethodForty patients with BMS and 23 patients with AFP were recruited from Turku university hospital clinics. Mean age of the patients was 62.3 years (range 35–84) and 90% were female. BMS and AFP diagnoses were based on thorough clinical evaluation, and all patients had undergone clinical neurophysiological investigations including blink reflex and thermal quantitative tests. Current and lifetime DSM-IV diagnoses of axis I and II disorders were made on clinical basis with the aid of SCID-I and II-interviews. The detected prevalence rates and their 95% confidence intervals based on binomial distribution were compared to three previous large population-based studies.ResultsOf the 63 patients, 26 (41.3%) had had an axis I disorder that preceded the onset of orofacial pain, and 33 (52.4%) had had a lifetime axis I disorder. Rate of current axis I disorders was 36.5%, indicating that only about 16% of lifetime disorders had remitted, and they tended to run chronic course. The most common lifetime axis I disorders were major depression (30.2%), social phobia (15.9%), specific phobia (11.1%), and panic disorder (7.9%). Twelve patients (19.0%) had at least one cluster C personality disorder already before the emergence of orofacial pain. Patients with cluster C personality disorders are characterized as fearful and neurotic. None of the patients had cluster A (characterized as odd and eccentric) or B (characterized as dramatic, emotional or erratic) personality disorders. The most common personality disorders were obsessive–compulsive personality (14.3%), dependent personality (4.8%), and avoidant personality (3.2%). The majority of the patients (54%) had also one or more chronic pain conditions other than orofacial pain. In almost all patients (94%) they were already present at the onset of orofacial pain.ConclusionsOur results suggest that major depression, persistent social phobia, and neurotic, fearful, and obsessive–compulsive personality characteristics are common in patients with chronic idiopathic orofacial pain. Most psychiatric disorders precede the onset of orofacial pain and they tend to run a chronic course.ImplicationsWe propose that the high psychiatric morbidity, and comorbidity to other chronic pain conditions, in chronic idiopathic orofacial pain can be best understood in terms of shared vulnerability to both chronic pain and specific psychiatric disorders, most likely mediated by dysfunctional brain dopamine activity.
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Jamali, M., and M. Bayrami. "Comparison of Cluster C personality disorders in couples with normal divorce." Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 8, no. 3 (August 18, 2016): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v8i3s.170.
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Goretti, S., M. D. C. Sanchéz Sanchéz, P. Lucas Borja, G. Bautista Rivera, and M. Rodríguez Lara. "The relationship between personality disorders and substance abuse disorders." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S473—S474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.547.
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IntroductionA frequently observed fact in clinical practice is the relationship between Substance Abuse Disorders and Personality Disorders (PD). Epidemiological investigations have found that diagnoses of PD seem to increase vulnerability to other pathologies, including substance abuse and addiction, and it is possible to speak of comorbidity or dual pathology.ObjectiveTo describe the comorbidity between PD and substance abuse disorders.MethodsSystematic review of the literature on the subject. The databases consulted were Dialnet, Pubmed and Cochrane.ResultsThe various studies allow estimating that between 65% and 90% of subjects treated for substance abuse or dependence have at least one concomitant PT. Studies show a higher prevalence of Cluster C for alcohol consumption and Histrionic, Narcissistic, Boundary and Antisocial Disorders (Cluster B) for illegal drugs, mainly cocaine. Cluster B is the one that the literature has most related to substance use. It is also the group in which there is a greater predominance of impulsivity, which would be worth remembering its role as a vulnerability factor for addictions.ConclusionsWhat the research has shown is that a good deal of the problems that accompany substance use come from dysfunctional patterns of behavior that are maintained over time with high stability and can justify, in part, both the persistence of The addictive behavior as the difficulty of handling the patients who present them. At present, although the high comorbidity between TP and substance use is sufficiently documented, many questions still remain to be solved.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Finogenow, Maria. "Schema modes and mode models for cluster B and C personality disorders." Psychoterapia 192, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12740/pt/118732.
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Kool, S., J. Dekker, I. Duijsens, F. De Jonghe, P. De Jong, and S. Schouws. "PERSONALITY DISORDERS AND SOCIAL FUNCTIONING IN DEPRESSED PATIENTS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 28, no. 2 (January 1, 2000): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2000.28.2.163.
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There is a high level of comorbidity of personality disorders with major depression. Patients who suffer from both depression and an axis II disorder are, in general, more severely ill and ill for longer periods. The presence of personality disorders also has a negative influence on the social functioning of depressed patients, and it has emerged that certain demographic characteristics are present to a significant extent. This article presents the results of a study of 244 out-patients suffering from major depression. The issues addressed were: Firstly, which axis II disorders are found in this group and are there correlations with the demographic characteristics? Secondly, is there a relationship between individual axis II disorders and the severity of the depression and social functioning? It emerges that 60% of the patients with a Hamilton score of at least 14 have one or more axis II disorders according to the VKP self-report, and that 30% have three or more, with more than 50% in cluster C. It was found also that the schizoid and borderline personality disorders in particular are significantly linked to several demographic characteristics. The patients here are more often single and those with a lower level of education. Using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, little significant correlation was found between the presence of an axis II disorder and the severity of the depression. A significant difference was found using the Symptom Check List -90. In social functioning, the citizen role, the social role and the family role turn out to be correlated most significantly, as are the total number of impairments. In addition, the highest correlation is found particularly in cluster C, and the number of axis II disorders is almost always significantly related to the individual roles. The discussion turns to the influence of the measuring instruments used and to the composition of the population, as well as the clinical relevance of the diagnosis of axis II disorders and social functioning in patients with a major depression.
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Ottosson, Hans, Martin Grann, and Gunnar Kullgren. "Test-Retest Reliability of a Self-Report Questionnaire for DSM-IV and ICD-10 Personality Disorders." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 16, no. 1 (January 2000): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//1015-5759.16.1.53.
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Summary: Short-term stability or test-retest reliability of self-reported personality traits is likely to be biased if the respondent is affected by a depressive or anxiety state. However, in some studies, DSM-oriented self-reported instruments have proved to be reasonably stable in the short term, regardless of co-occurring depressive or anxiety disorders. In the present study, we examined the short-term test-retest reliability of a new self-report questionnaire for personality disorder diagnosis (DIP-Q) on a clinical sample of 30 individuals, having either a depressive, an anxiety, or no axis-I disorder. Test-retest scorings from subjects with depressive disorders were mostly unstable, with a significant change in fulfilled criteria between entry and retest for three out of ten personality disorders: borderline, avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Scorings from subjects with anxiety disorders were unstable only for cluster C and dependent personality disorder items. In the absence of co-morbid depressive or anxiety disorders, mean dimensional scores of DIP-Q showed no significant differences between entry and retest. Overall, the effect from state on trait scorings was moderate, and it is concluded that test-retest reliability for DIP-Q is acceptable.
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Roncero, C., A. De Miguel, A. Fumero, L. Grau-López, R. Martin, L. Rodriguez-Cintas, J. M. Bethencourt, et al. "Anxiety and Depression in Drug-dependents Patients with Cluster C Personality Disorders." European Psychiatry 30 (March 2015): 1530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(15)32061-7.
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Peter, M., A. Arntz, T. A. Klimstra, M. Faulborn, and A. J. J. M. Vingerhoets. "Subjective emotional responses to IAPS pictures in patients with borderline personality disorder, cluster-C personality disorders, and non-patients." Psychiatry Research 273 (March 2019): 712–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.01.105.
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Gaudio, S., C. Bufacchi, M. Andreotti, N. Gregorini, and F. Montecchi. "Relationships between eating disorders and personality disorders in adolescents." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72427-0.
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IntroductionSeveral research studies have investigated Personality Disorder (PD) comorbidity in adult with Eating Disorders (ED), which showed an association between the two types of disorder.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to examine the relationships between ED and PD in a sample of adolescents between 14 to 18 years of age.MethodSixty-seven adolescents with ED treated in an outpatients setting [23 Anorexia Nervosa (AN), 17 Bulimia Nervosa (BN) and 27 Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS)] were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders (SCID-II), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT).ResultsOverall, 13 (19.4%) of ED patients had one or more PD. Cluster C PDs were the most common specific PDs. No significant difference was found between AN and BN based on the general presence of PDs. EDNOS patients had a lower prevalence of PDs compared to AN and BN patients. ED patients with a PD had an higher BDI rates compared to ED patients without PDs. No significant difference was observed in EAT rates between ED patients with and without PDs.ConclusionsCluster C PDs were the most frequent PDs found in ED adolescent patients. The prevalence of PDs is similar in AN and BN patients, whilst EDNOS patients have a lower prevalence of PDs compared to AN and BN patients. ED adolescent patients with current PD comorbidity show higher depression scores.
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Leue, Anja, Bernd Borchard, and Jürgen Hoyer. "Mental disorders in a forensic sample of sexual offenders." European Psychiatry 19, no. 3 (May 2004): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2003.08.001.
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AbstractObjectiveThe present study examined the prevalence of DSM IV axis I disorders and DSM IV personality disorders among sexual offenders in Forensic State Hospitals in Germany.MethodCurrent and lifetime prevalence rates of mental disorders were investigated based on clinical structured interviews among sexual offenders (n = 55). Additionally, subgroups were analyzed on the basis of diagnostic research criteria, with 30 sexual offenders classified as paraphiliacs and 25 sexual offenders as having an impulse control disorder (without paraphilia).ResultsAnxiety disorders, mood disorders, and substance use disorders were common among sexual offenders, as were cluster B and cluster C personality disorders. While social phobia was most common among paraphilic sexual offenders, major depression was most prevalent in impulse control disordered sexual offenders.ConclusionThe results replicate recent findings of high psychiatric morbidity in sexual offenders placed in forensic facilities. Furthermore, differential patterns of co-morbid mental disorders were found in paraphiliacs and impulse control disordered sexual offenders. With regard to an effective therapy and relapse prevention co-morbid mental disorders should be a greater focus in the assessment of subgroups of sexual offenders.
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Høglend, P., H. S. Dahl, A. G. Hersoug, S. Lorentzen, and J. C. Perry. "Long-term effects of transference interpretation in dynamic psychotherapy of personality disorders." European Psychiatry 26, no. 7 (October 2011): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.05.006.
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AbstractBackgroundOnly a few treatment studies of personality disorders (PD) patients are on longer-term psychotherapy, general outcome measures are used, and follow-up periods are usually short. More studies of long-term therapies, using outcome measures of core psychopathology, are needed.MethodThis study is a dismantling randomized controlled clinical trial, specifically designed to study long-term effects of transference interpretation. Forty-six patients with mainly cluster C personality disorders were randomly assigned to 1 year of dynamic psychotherapy with or without transference interpretations. The outcome measures were remission from PD, improvement in interpersonal functioning, and use of mental health resources in the 3-year period after treatment termination.ResultsAfter therapy with transference interpretation PD-patients improved significantly more in core psychopathology and interpersonal functioning, the drop-out rate was reduced to zero, and use of health services was reduced to 50%, compared to therapy without this ingredient. Three years after treatment termination, 73% no longer met diagnostic criteria for any PD in the transference group, compared to 44% in the comparison group.ConclusionsPD-patients with co-morbid disorders improved in both treatment arms in this study. However, transference interpretation improved outcome substantially more. Long-term psychotherapy that includes transference interpretation is an effective treatment for cluster C personality disorders and milder cluster B personality disorders.
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Kantojärvi, L., M. Joukamaa, J. Miettunen, K. Läksy, A. Herva, J. T. Karvonen, A. Taanila, and J. Veijola. "Childhood Family Structure and Personality Disorders in Adulthood." European Psychiatry 23, no. 3 (March 6, 2008): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.11.005.
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AbstractBackground.The association between childhood family structure and sociodemographic characteristics and personality disorders (PDs) in a general population sample was studied.Methods.This study is a substudy of the prospective Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Project with 1588 young adult subjects. The case-finding methods according to the DSM-III-R criteria for PDs were: (1) Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) for 321 cases who participated in a 2-phase field study, (2) Finnish Hospital Discharge Register data, and (3) analysis of the patient records in public outpatient care in 1982–1997. Statistical analyses were performed on the association between PDs and family background factors.Results.Altogether 110 (7.0%) of the subjects had at least one probable or definite PD. After adjusting for confounders (gender, parental social class and parental psychiatric disorder) the results indicated that single-parent family type in childhood was associated with cluster B PDs in adulthood. Being an only child in childhood was associated with cluster A PDs. No special childhood risk factors were found for cluster C PDs.Conclusions.Results suggest that single-parent family type at birth and being an only child in the 1960s are associated with PD in adulthood. Further studies are needed to explore the psychosocial aspects of family environment which may nowadays promote vulnerability to PDs in adulthood.
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Ball, Jillian, Brian Kearney, Kay Wilhelm, Jodie Dewhurst-Savellis, and Belinda Barton. "COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY AND ASSERTION TRAINING GROUPS FOR PATIENTS WITH DEPRESSION AND COMORBID PERSONALITY DISORDERS." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 28, no. 1 (January 2000): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465800000072.
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Longitudinal evaluations were conducted on 61 adults who were referred to a Mood Disorders Unit with a history of depression (all index episodes reached criteria for DSM-III-R major depression or dysthymia) and who had completed a cognitive behavioural therapy group either on its own or in combination with an assertion training group. Assessment of personality was made using DSM-III-R Axis II personality disorder categories. These categories were aggregated to form three groups: (i) no personality disorder; (ii) Cluster B (dramatic-erratic); and (iii) Cluster C (anxious-fearful), and were used to identify responsiveness to treatment and outcome at long-term follow-up. A battery of self-report measures were administered pretreatment, posttreatment and at long-term follow-up (1–3 years later). Both groups showed significant improvements in mean scores during treatment and these gains were maintained over the follow-up period. However, improvement in those patients without personality disorders was greater at posttreatment and at long-term follow-up, both in level of depressive symptomatology and proportion of cases meeting criteria for recovery. The treatment implications of these results are discussed.
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Bruni, Antonella, Iolanda Martino, Maria Eugenia Caligiuri, Maria Grazia Vaccaro, Michele Trimboli, Cristina Segura Garcia, Pasquale De Fazio, Antonio Gambardella, and Angelo Labate. "Psychiatric Assessment in Patients with Mild Temporal Lobe Epilepsy." Behavioural Neurology 2019 (January 14, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4139404.
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Objectives. The findings of previous studies focused on personality disorders in epileptic patients are difficult to interpret due to nonhomogeneous samples and noncomparable methods. Here, we aimed at studying the personality profile in patients with mild temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) with psychiatric comorbidity. Materials and Methods. Thirty-five patients with mTLE (22 males, mean age 40.7±12.1) underwent awake and sleep EEG, 3T brain MRI, and an extensive standardized diagnostic neuropsychiatric battery: Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R), Beck Depression Inventory-2, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Drug history was collected in detail. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis was performed on TCI-R data, while all other clinical and psychological variables were compared across the resulting clusters. Results. Scores of Harm Avoidance (HA), Reward Dependence (RD), Persistence (P), Cooperativeness (C), and Self-Transcendence (ST) allowed the identification of two clusters, describing different personality subtypes. Cluster 1 was characterized by an early onset, more severe anxiety traits, and combined drug therapy (antiepileptic drug and Benzodiazepine/Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) compared to Cluster 2. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that different personality traits may play a role in determining the clinical outcome in patients with mTLE. Specifically, lower scores of HA, RD, P, C, and ST were associated with worse clinical outcome. Thus, personality assessment could serve as an early indicator of greater disease severity, improving the management of mTLE.
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Jylhä, P., M. Ketokivi, O. Mantere, T. Melartin, K. Suominen, M. Vuorilehto, M. Holma, I. Holma, and E. Isometsä. "Temperament, character and personality disorders." European Psychiatry 28, no. 8 (October 2013): 483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.06.003.
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AbstractObjectiveTo study, whether temperament and character remain stable over time and whether they differ between patients with and without personality disorder (PD) and between patients with specific PDs.MethodsPatients with (n = 225) or without (n = 285) PD from Jorvi Bipolar Study, Vantaa Depression Study (VDS) and Vantaa Primary Care Depression Study were interviewed at baseline and at 18 months, and in the VDS also at 5 years. A general population comparison group (n = 264) was surveyed by mail.ResultsCompared with non-PD patients, PD patients scored lower on self-directedness and cooperativeness. Cluster B and C PDs associated with high Novelty Seeking and Harm Avoidance, respectively. In logistic regression models, sensitivity and specificity of Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) dimensions for presence of any PD were 53% and 75%, and for specific PDs from 11% to 41% and from 92% to 100%, respectively. The 18-month test-retest correlations of TCI-R dimensions ranged from 0.58 to 0.82.ConclusionsMedium-term temporal stability of TCI in a clinical population appears good. Character scores differ markedly between PD and non-PD patients, whereas temperament scores differ only somewhat between the specific PDs. However, the TCI dimensions capture only a portion of the differences between PD and non-PD patients.
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Aleknaviciute, Jurate, Joke H. M. Tulen, Astrid M. Kamperman, Yolanda B. de Rijke, Cornelis G. Kooiman, and Steven A. Kushner. "Borderline and cluster C personality disorders manifest distinct physiological responses to psychosocial stress." Psychoneuroendocrinology 72 (October 2016): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.06.010.
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