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Journal articles on the topic 'Cluster formation'
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1
Ahamad, Mohammed Gulam, Mohammed Faisal Ahmed, and Mohammed Yousuf Uddin. "Clustering as Data Mining Technique in Risk Factors Analysis of Diabetes, Hypertension and Obesity." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 1, no. 6 (July 27, 2018): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2016.1.6.202.
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This investigation explores data mining using open source software WEKA in health care application. The cluster analysis technique is utilized to study the effects of diabetes, obesity and hypertension from the database obtained from Virginia school of Medicine. The simple k-means cluster techniques are adopted to form ten clusters which are clearly discernible to distinguish the differences among the risk factors such as diabetes, obesity and hypertension. Cluster formation was tried by trial and error method and also kept the SSE as low as possible. The SSE is low when numbers of clusters are more. Less than ten clusters formation unable to yield distinguishable information. In this work each cluster is revealing quit important information about the diabetes, obesity, hypertension and their interrelation. Cluster 0: Diabetes ? Obesity ? Hypertension = Healthy patient, Cluster 1: Diabetes ? Obesity ? Hypertension = Healthy patient, Cluster2: Diabetes ? Obesity ? Hypertension = Obesity, Cluster3: Diabetes ? Obesity ? Hypertension = Patients with Obesity and Hypertension, Cluster4: Boarder line Diabetes ? Obesity ? Hypertension = Sever obesity, Cluster5: Obesity ? Hyper tension ? Diabetes = Hypertension, Cluster6: Border line obese ? Border line hypertension ? Diabetes = No serious complications, Cluster 7: Obesity ? Hypertension ? Diabetes= Healthy patients, Cluster 8: Obesity ? Hypertension ? Diabetes= Healthy patients, and Cluster 9: Diabetes ? Hyper tension ? Obesity = High risk unhealthy patients.
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Larson, Richard B. "Galaxy Formation and Cluster Formation." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 126 (1988): 311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s007418090004256x.
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A primary motivation for studying globular clusters is that, as the oldest known galactic fossils, they trace the earliest stages of galactic evolution; indeed, they may hold the key to understanding galaxy formation. Thus it is clearly of great importance to learn how to read the fossil record. To do this, we need to understand something about how the globular clusters themselves formed. Were they the first bound objects to form, or did they form in larger pre-existing systems of which they are just small surviving fragments? If the latter, what were the prehistoric cluster-forming systems like? And how did they manage to produce objects like globular clusters?
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M. Mampana, Kgwadi, Solly M. Seeletse, and Enoch M. Sithole. "Optimized consortium formation through cluster analysis." Problems and Perspectives in Management 14, no. 1 (March 2, 2016): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.14(1).2016.13.
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Some problems cannot be solved optimally and compromises become necessary. In some cases obtaining an optimal solution may require combining algorithms and iterations. This often occurs when the problem is complex and a single procedure does not reach optimality. This paper shows a conglomerate of algorithms iterated in tasks to form an optimal consortium using cluster analysis. Hierarchical methods and distance measures lead the process. Few companies are desirable in optimal consortium formation. However, this study shows that optimization cannot be predetermined based on a specific fixed number of companies. The experiential exercise forms an optimal consortium of four companies from six shortlisted competitors
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WANG, Z. P., F. S. ZHANG, X. H. ZENG, F. WANG, S. F. ZHANG, and Y. P. ZHANG. "CLUSTER MATTER FORMATION IN CLUSTER COLLISIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, no. 15n17 (July 10, 2005): 2465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205031158.
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By using the tight-binding molecular dynamics simulations in cluster collisions, we give some evidences of the structures of ( Na 9)2 cluster dimer and ( Na 4)4 cluster tetramer from the dynamical point of view. We show that the ( Na 9)2 and ( Na 4)4 cluster matter may exist as intermediate states and finally decay to compact structure in real collision process. With a technique called "sharp cooling", the stable cluster structures ( Na 9)2 and ( Na 4)4 are brought into being to end. The eigen-mode frequencies of these clusters are obtained with Fourier transform of the velocity auto-correlation function which can characterize their structure properties.
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Kroupa, Pavel. "Star-cluster formation and evolution." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 2, S237 (August 2006): 230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921307001524.
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AbstractStar clusters are observed to form in a highly compact state and with low star-formation efficiencies, and only 10 per cent of all clusters appear to survive to middle- and old-dynamical age. If the residual gas is expelled on a dynamical time the clusters disrupt. Massive clusters may then feed a hot kinematical stellar component into their host-galaxy's field population thereby thickening galactic disks, a process that theories of galaxy formation and evolution need to accommodate. If the gas-evacuation time-scale depends on cluster mass, then a power-law embedded-cluster mass function may transform within a few dozen Myr to a mass function with a turnover near 105M, thereby possibly explaining this universal empirical feature. Discordant empirical evidence on the mass function of star clusters leads to the insight that the physical processes shaping early cluster evolution remain an issue of cutting-edge research.
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Gnedin, Oleg Y. "Modeling Formation of Globular Clusters: Beacons of Galactic Star Formation." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 6, S270 (May 2010): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921311000676.
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AbstractModern hydrodynamic simulations of galaxy formation are able to predict accurately the rates and locations of the assembly of giant molecular clouds in early galaxies. These clouds could host star clusters with the masses and sizes of real globular clusters. I describe current state-of-the-art simulations aimed at understanding the origin of the cluster mass function and metallicity distribution. Metallicity bimodality of globular cluster systems appears to be a natural outcome of hierarchical formation and gradually declining fraction of cold gas in galaxies. Globular cluster formation was most prominent at redshifts z > 3, when massive star clusters may have contributed as much as 20% of all galactic star formation.
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Кыдырбаева, И. "CLUSTER FORMATION POTENTIAL ANALYSIS." Vestnik Bishkek state university af. K. Karasaev 1, no. 59 (April 27, 2022): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.35254/bhu/2022.59.3.
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This article high lights the concept of the cluster and the advantages of the cluster approach, as well as in order to increase the competitiveness of the regional economy, it is necessary to determine an effective model of the regional economy that allows the maximum use of the existing potential. Cluster policy is one of the most common mechanisms for the implementation of state and regional economic policy. The main goal of implementing the cluster policy is to ensure high rates of economic growth and diversification of the economy by increasing the competitiveness of enterprises, suppliers of equipment, components, specialized production and services, research and educational organizations that form economic clusters in the regions. This article also highlights the main directions of regional cluster policy.
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Shkoda, Мariana, and Yana Onofriichuk. "SYSTEMATIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS AND THEORIES OF THE FORMATION OF CLUSTER-UNITED ENTERPRISES." Management 37, no. 1 (January 10, 2024): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/2415-3206.2023.1.1.
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The purpose of the article is research and systematization of scientific concepts and theories regarding the formation of cluster-united enterprises.
Research methods. In this study, when carrying out the systematization of scientific concepts and theories, the authors used general scientific research methods, in particular, to reveal the evolutionary foundations of the development of cluster theory, comparative analysis of scientific concepts of both foreign and domestic scientists regarding the development of cluster formations, the formation of cluster-united enterprises, the following empirical methods were used as a method of historical analysis, methods of logical and comparative analysis.
Presentation of the main research material. In the course of research and systematization of scientific concepts and theories regarding the formation of cluster-united enterprises, analyzing scientific concepts and theories regarding the formation of cluster-united enterprises, it was highlighted that within the limits of these theories, the concept of a cluster is complemented by such characteristics as systems of generation and dissemination of innovative ideas and experience, which in turn generally affects the modernization of the national economy. The article substantiates that cluster forms of organization of research subjects and organization of production make it possible to facilitate the commercialization of innovations and make it possible to create favorable conditions for the development of new highly specialized innovative and active areas of activity.
Conclusions from the conducted research. The article outlines that modern science still lacks a generally accepted understanding of when the first clusters appeared. The evolutionary study of the development of cluster formations and their global connections indisputably points to the growing relationship of cluster-united enterprises, where resources and competences are combined, access to target markets and know-how becomes open, information and experience are exchanged between clusters.
Keywords: cluster theory; cluster; cluster formations; clusterization.
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Smagulova, Zh B., and A. E. Mukhanova. "CLUSTERS AS A SUBJECT OF MODERN ECONOMY." Bulletin of the Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University 58, no. 3 (2021): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52081/bkaku.2021.v58.i3.090.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of clusters as a new factor of increasing competitiveness in the modern economy. The initial preconditions for the formation of clusters are described (the presence of competitive enterprises, presence of competitive advantages for cluster development in region, geographical concentration, an extensive selection of participants, existence of links and interactions between cluster entities). The characteristic features of clusters are given (the possibility of research and development; qualification of the workforce; improvement of labor potential, collective vision and leadership; proximity of suppliers and connections with them; availability of capital; access to specialized services; associated structures; intensity of network formation; entrepreneurial energy; innovation and training). The general features of cluster formations are characterized (presence of critical mass; specialization of firms on various aspects of the value chain; mainly horizontal structure of relations and regulation) The classification of clusters is given (by territorial coverage, by stage of cluster development, by degree of products novelty, by role in the system of exchange and use of knowledge, by presence and degree of development of elements in cluster structure, by level of aggregation of cluster participants, by nature of the industry of enterprises participating in the cluster). The models of cluster formation (Italian, Japanese, Finnish, North American, Indian-Chinese, etc.) are highlighted.
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Lantu, Donald Crestofel, Sri Herliana, Mia Rosmiati, Qorri Aina, and Nur Lawiyah. "The Formation of Food Cluster in Indonesia." MATEC Web of Conferences 215 (2018): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821502009.
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Cluster has an important role in developing the existing resources in an area to be economic value. Companies gain competitive advantage through competing with each other. However, there is now an increased awareness that to ensure survival, it is necessary to balance industrial advocacy and personal interests. Thus, cluster operations are characterized by competition and cooperation, where the role of quadruple helix plays a role in it. SME clusters occur in every country, considering that SMEs are an important element in the economy of the country. Most SMEs in developing countries are located in industrial clusters. Despite the limitations in organizational resources and capacity, the grouping of companies in geographic proximity is capable of improving the performance of the companies within them. Therefore, cluster formation becomes the main attraction for deeper examination, how clusters are formed and how the process and role of elements in it. This study involves two different case studies of the chips and milk dairy clusters, both located in Cimahi, West Java. West Java is one of the provinces that have potential in the development of food and beverage clusters. This research uses qualitative data approach and supported by literature data support. From the analysis result, both clusters have different cluster forming approach, where the formation of clusters of chips, formed spreads and dairy cluster vertically.
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ISLAM, Md NAZRUL, HIROSHI UYEDA, and KATSUHIRO KIKUCHI. "Formation mechanism of super cluster over the tropics." MAUSAM 50, no. 3 (December 17, 2021): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v50i3.1859.
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A large-scale cloud phenomenon was analyzed to understand its internal structure, organization and movement. A westward moving uncommon super cluster was shown to have developed in the study region while each cloud cluster moved FJESE. The super cluster has horizontal length 2000 km, life time more than 2 days, very low TBB (<210 K) cloud area ~40× 104 km2 and moved westward with a speed of ~6 m/s. These features are some what different from the usual properties of super cluster as reported in several works. It was found that new clouds successively formed and interacted between themselves, and organized to form cloud clusters. The cloud clusters merged with the old large cluster to take part in the maintenance of super cluster. The propagation speed and the direction of the super cluster was followed by the formation of new cluster.
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Clarke, C. J. "Star Formation in Large N Clusters." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 207 (2002): 489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900224297.
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We focus here on the gas dynamics of cluster formation and the early stellar dynamical evolution of young clusters. We point out that the condition that a cloud can fragment into a large number of pieces places rather particular constraints on its initial state; we also review the processes that shape the stellar IMF in cluster formation simulations. We show how N-body calculations and observations can be combined to discover the properties of clusters at the point at which they first become stellar dynamical (as opposed to gas dynamical systems). Finally, we touch on the question of how proto-cluster clouds are assembled and reopen the issue of whether dark matter may play a role in globular cluster formation.
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Zepf, Stephen E. "The Formation and Evolution of Star Clusters and Galaxies." Highlights of Astronomy 13 (2005): 347–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600015938.
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AbstractThis paper addresses the questions of what we have learned about how and when dense star clusters form, and what studies of star clusters have revealed about galaxy formation and evolution. One important observation is that globular clusters are observed to form in galaxy mergers and starbursts in the local universe, which both provides constraints on models of globular cluster formation, and suggests that similar physical conditions existed when most early-type galaxies and their globular clusters formed in the past. A second important observation is that globular cluster systems typically have bimodal color distributions. This was predicted by merger models, and indicates an episodic formation history for elliptical galaxies. A third and very recent result is the discovery of large populations of intermediate age globular clusters in several elliptical galaxies through the use of optical to near-infrared colors. These provide an important link between young cluster systems observed in starbursts and mergers and old cluster systems. This continuum of ages of the metal-rich globular cluster systems also indicates that there is no special age or epoch for the formation of the metal-rich globular clusters, which comprise about half of the cluster population. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of recent results on the globular cluster – low-mass X-ray binary connection.
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Gao, Wanying, Kehang Li, and Chunling Wei. "Satellite Cluster Formation Reconfiguration Based on the Bifurcating Potential Field." Aerospace 9, no. 3 (March 4, 2022): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9030137.
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The satellite cluster formation reconfiguration has received considerable attention in recent years. However, the traditional centralized control methods are challenging to apply to satellite clusters because of the enormous fuel consumption, and few studies have addressed the mathematical characterization of satellite clusters. This research aims to propose a mathematical characterization method for satellite clusters and investigate the formation reconfiguration control of satellite clusters. This study provided the five-element characterization method to represent the cluster characteristics and internal correlation characteristics of orbiting satellite clusters. In addition, a control method based on bifurcating potential fields was proposed to realize satellite cluster formation’s dynamic migration and rapid reconfiguration. A cluster with 50 satellites was simulated to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed formation control algorithm. The results show that various formation topologies were achieved by simply changing the bifurcation parameter and configuration adjustment parameters. The five descriptive elements of the satellite cluster can intuitively and effectively reflect the running state of the satellite cluster.
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Sills, Alison. "The emergence of multiple populations in radiation hydrodynamics simulations of cluster formation." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 14, S351 (May 2019): 337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921319006501.
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AbstractWe present a new approach to understanding star-to-star helium abundance variations within globular clusters. We begin with detailed radiation hydrodynamics simulations of cluster formation within giant molecular clouds, and investigate the conditions under which multiple populations could be created. Chemical enrichment occurs dynamically as the cluster is assembled. We test two extreme mechanisms for injection of enriched gas within the clusters, and find that realistic multiple populations can be formed in both mechanisms. The stochastic cluster formation histories are dictated by the inherent randomness of the timing and location of the formation of small clusters, which rapidly merge to build up the larger cluster, in combination with continual accretion of gas from the cloud. These cluster formation histories naturally produce a diversity of abundance patterns across the massive cluster population. We conclude that multiple populations are a natural outcome of the typical mode of star cluster formation.
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Piskunov, A. E., A. Just, N. V. Kharchenko, P. Berczik, R. D. Scholz, S. Reffert, and S. X. Yen. "Global survey of star clusters in the Milky Way." Astronomy & Astrophysics 614 (June 2018): A22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732337.
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Context. The all-sky Milky Way Star Clusters (MWSC) survey provides uniform and precise ages, along with other relevant parameters, for a wide variety of clusters in the extended solar neighbourhood. Aims. In this study we aim to construct the cluster age distribution, investigate its spatial variations, and discuss constraints on cluster formation scenarios of the Galactic disk during the last 5 Gyrs. Methods. Due to the spatial extent of the MWSC, we have considered spatial variations of the age distribution along galactocentric radius RG, and along Z-axis. For the analysis of the age distribution we used 2242 clusters, which all lie within roughly 2.5 kpc of the Sun. To connect the observed age distribution to the cluster formation history we built an analytical model based on simple assumptions on the cluster initial mass function and on the cluster mass-lifetime relation, fit it to the observations, and determined the parameters of the cluster formation law. Results. Comparison with the literature shows that earlier results strongly underestimated the number of evolved clusters with ages t ≳ 100 Myr. Recent studies based on all-sky catalogues agree better with our data, but still lack the oldest clusters with ages t ≳ 1 Gyr. We do not observe a strong variation in the age distribution along RG, though we find an enhanced fraction of older clusters (t > 1 Gyr) in the inner disk. In contrast, the distribution strongly varies along Z. The high altitude distribution practically does not contain clusters with t < 1 Gyr. With simple assumptions on the cluster formation history, the cluster initial mass function and the cluster lifetime we can reproduce the observations. The cluster formation rate and the cluster lifetime are strongly degenerate, which does not allow us to disentangle different formation scenarios. In all cases the cluster formation rate is strongly declining with time, and the cluster initial mass function is very shallow at the high mass end.
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Wang, Gicheol, Dongkyun Kim, and Gihwan Cho. "A Secure Cluster Formation Scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 8, no. 10 (October 1, 2012): 301750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/301750.
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In wireless sensor networks, clustering expedites many desirable functions such as load balancing, energy savings, and distributed key management. For secure clustering, it is very important to find compromised nodes and remove them during the initial cluster formation process. If some nodes are compromised and survive the censorship process, they can make some nodes have a different cluster view and can split a cluster into multiple clusters to deteriorate cluster quality as a whole. To resolve these problems, we propose a robust scheme against such attacks in this paper. First, our scheme generates large-sized clusters where any two nodes are at most two hops away from each other to raise the quality of clusters. Second, our scheme employs the verification of two-hop distant nodes to preserve the quality of the large-sized clusters and refrains from splitting the clusters. Last, our scheme prefers broadcast transmissions to save the energy of nodes. Security analysis proves that our scheme can identify compromised nodes and preserves the cluster membership agreement against the compromised nodes. In addition, simulation results prove that our scheme generates fewer clusters and is more secure and energy efficient than the scheme producing only small-sized clusters.
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Márta Völgyiné Nadabán. "Formation of Food Clusters in Europe." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 44 (November 20, 2011): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/44/2606.
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In the dictionary of foreign words and phrases we can find the word “cluster” with the following sense: aggregation, group and in a wider meaning: association, integration.By explaining the geographical concentration of economical and innovation processes in the food processing sector, clusters, and especiallybusiness clusters, play an important role. This essay deals exclusively with business clusters, so the term cluster is used also for business cluster.I tried to collect the most relevant indicators determining the formation of clusters in the Food Processing Sectors and to analyze whether acorrelation can be found among the analyzed indicators.
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Korobeishchikov, Nikolay, Aleksandr Zarvin, Valeriy Kaljada, and Mikhail Khodakov. "High Intensity Argon Cluster Beams Formation for Technological Processes." Siberian Journal of Physics 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.54362/1818-7919-2012-7-2-85-92.
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Modernization of experimental complex LEMPUS-1 was done. Experimental investigations of argon cluster beams formation for ion-cluster surface modification technology were performed. Intensity of cluster beams up to 5*1014 clusters per cm2 per sec with average cluster size about 1300 was obtained. It was found the optimal conditions for cluster beam formation
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Fujii, Michiko S., Long Wang, Takayuki R. Saitoh, Yutaka Hirai, and Yoshito Shimajiri. "Formation process of the Orion Nebula Cluster." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 16, S362 (June 2020): 258–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921322001508.
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AbstractThe Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC) is one of the nearest open clusters, which we can directly compare to numerical simulations. We performed a simulation of star cluster formation similar to the ONC using our new N-body/smoothed particle hydrodynamics code, ASURA+BRIDGE. We found that the hierarchical formation of star clusters via clump mergers can explain the observed three peaks in the stellar age distribution as well as the dynamically anisotropic structures of the ONC.
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Ayustyana, E., S. A. Wibisono, and F. M. H. Sihombing. "Coal Characterization of South Sumatera Basin using the Unsupervised Machine Learning Method." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 830, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/830/1/012043.
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Abstract South Sumatra Basin is one of the sedimentary basins in Indonesia which has coal bearing formation, coal-bearing formations are rock formations that have coal layers in its area. Numerous coal proximate data (free moisture, total moisture, moisture, inherent moisture, ash content, fixed carbon, sulfur content) and ultimate data (carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) have been collected in this basin. This study aims to determine the characterization of coal in the South Sumatra Basin based on the proximate data and ultimate data using the unsupervised machine learning methods. The machine learning method has several basic concepts, namely being able to predict data by studying several patterns and factors that have been trained in a short amount of time. The study able to cluster coal in the basin into two cluster of coals with striking difference. The distribution of the two coal clusters in the South Sumatra Basin possibly influenced by the age of the formation in the South Sumatra Basin. In the first cluster, it is distributed in the older Airbenakat Formation and Muaraenim Formation, while in the second cluster it is scattered in the younger Muaraenim Formation and the Kasai Formation. The formation ages of the youngest are the Kasai Formation, the Muaraenim Formation, and the Airbenakat Formation.
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Ayustyana, E., S. A. Wibisono, and F. M. H. Sihombing. "Coal Characterization of South Sumatera Basin using the Unsupervised Machine Learning Method." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 830, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/830/1/012043.
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Abstract South Sumatra Basin is one of the sedimentary basins in Indonesia which has coal bearing formation, coal-bearing formations are rock formations that have coal layers in its area. Numerous coal proximate data (free moisture, total moisture, moisture, inherent moisture, ash content, fixed carbon, sulfur content) and ultimate data (carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) have been collected in this basin. This study aims to determine the characterization of coal in the South Sumatra Basin based on the proximate data and ultimate data using the unsupervised machine learning methods. The machine learning method has several basic concepts, namely being able to predict data by studying several patterns and factors that have been trained in a short amount of time. The study able to cluster coal in the basin into two cluster of coals with striking difference. The distribution of the two coal clusters in the South Sumatra Basin possibly influenced by the age of the formation in the South Sumatra Basin. In the first cluster, it is distributed in the older Airbenakat Formation and Muaraenim Formation, while in the second cluster it is scattered in the younger Muaraenim Formation and the Kasai Formation. The formation ages of the youngest are the Kasai Formation, the Muaraenim Formation, and the Airbenakat Formation.
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Lv, Yanan, and Dong Chen. "A molecular dynamics study of nanoscale titanium nitrides formation in ferrite." Modern Physics Letters B 34, no. 10 (January 31, 2020): 2050099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984920500992.
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Molecular dynamics simulation was adopted to investigate the nanoscale titanium nitride formation at the early formation stage in high-strength low-alloy steel. During the cluster formation process, the nitride clusters were formed through the atom aggregation. The atomic interactions of titanium and nitride atoms were revealed and the cluster property was discussed. The nanoscale titanium nitride clusters own a wide composition, and the cluster formation mechanism was concluded.
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Zepf, Stephen E. "Formation Scenarios for Globular Clusters and Their Host Galaxies." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 207 (2002): 653–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900224492.
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This review focuses on how galaxies and their globular cluster systems form. I first discuss the now fairly convincing evidence that some globular clusters form in galaxy starbursts/mergers. One way these observations are valuable is they place important constraints on the physics of the formation of globular clusters. Moreover, it is natural to associate the typically metal-rich clusters forming in mergers with the substantial metal-rich population of globulars around ellipticals, thereby implying an important role for galaxy mergers in the evolution of elliptical galaxies. I also highlight some new observational efforts aimed at constraining how and when elliptical galaxies and their globular cluster systems formed. These include systematic studies of the number of globular clusters around galaxies as a function of morphological type, studies of the kinematics of globular cluster populations in elliptical galaxies, and a variety of observational programs aimed at constraining the relative ages of globular clusters within galaxies as a function of cluster metallicity. The understanding of the formation of globular cluster systems and their host galaxies has grown dramatically in recent years, and the future looks equally promising.
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Aliyeva, Aygun. "Methodological aspects of cluster policy formation in Azerbaijan." Technium Social Sciences Journal 10 (July 18, 2020): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v10i1.1249.
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Foreign experience demonstrates that countries’ strategies in cluster policy differ depending on national traditions and culture of their strategy engineering process, as well as on the cluster concept. Analysis of information sources shows that technical and methodological framework for cluster policy formulation have not been clearly and unambiguously studied in science.
The most important methodological document on cluster policy is the European Cluster Memorandum signed by the Member States of the European Union in 2006 [3]. It defined the essence and importance of clusters in innovation development and identified the key provisions of cluster policy.
One of the essential methodological issues is the role of government in the formation of clusters. The following factors can be associated with the state’s growing influence on clustering processes:
market weakness, increase in the volume and value of public goods;
an objective priority of public interest in the context of globalization;
the need to protect the national economy in the international economic relations;
the need for institutional regulations in the national and global economy.
Foreign experience demonstrates that the numerous cluster initiatives running in major developed countries over the last few years have been brought forward by local or regional governments. In relatively small developed countries and in a number of developing countries, the government plays an essential role in the cluster development initiative, especially when local and regional government agencies cannot partner with the private sector. A number of decisions on clusters have been adopted at national level in countries with centralized decision-making process.
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Пелихов, Николай, Nikolay Pelihov, А. Родионова, and A. Rodionova. "Cluster Initiatives: Russian Realities and International Experience." Scientific Research and Development. Economics 7, no. 1 (March 4, 2019): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5c5989494eda30.66343488.
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The current dynamics of changes in the conditions of state support of cluster initiatives in Russian Federation is analyzed. It is noted that support for the processes of formation and development of clusters in our country is based mainly on political initiatives, but not on the identification of the composition laws of these complex system formations. On the example of international experience the necessity of strengthening the role of science and education institutions in the state-stimulated cluster initiatives, as well as the importance of the formation of advanced training programs for cluster managers and relevant network analytical institutional structures.
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Puzyrova, Polina V. "CONCEPT OF MANAGEMENT AND FORMATION OF FINANCIAL POTENTIAL OF CLUSTER UNIONS." Management 29, no. 1 (September 4, 2019): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/2415-3206.2019.1.9.
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Introduction and purpose of research. A prerequisite for effective, stable and competitive functioning of cluster unions is the totality of its financial resources and capabilities – financial potential. The financial potential of a cluster is a combination of combined financial opportunities, resources and financial capital, the main purpose of the formation and use of which is to maximize income and maintain a stable competitive position in the market. Management and formation of the necessary size of the financial potential of cluster unions, which is necessary for the effective operation of the enterprise, is carried out under the influence of a set of certain characteristics of the activities of cluster unions, their priorities, goals, functions, etc.The hypothesis of scientific research. The concept of management, formation and development of the financial potential of cluster unions will improve the production and economic activities of clusters, their financial and economic situation and investment and innovative attractiveness for external investors.The aim of research: an in-depth study of the concept of management and the formation of the financial potential of cluster unions will lead to competitive production and economic activities, maximization of profits and investment and innovative attractiveness.Methods of research.- general scientific and special methods – in the study of the theoretical foundations of the essence of cluster formations, the disclosure of the essence of "financial potential", the definition of general scientific principles that are the basis for building research on the financial potential of cluster formations;- functional and system analysis – when highlighting the features and patterns of the formation and functioning of cluster formations;- systematization and generalization – in the study, analysis and comparison of domestic and world experience in the management, formation and development of cluster unions to establish the characteristics of the formation of their financial potential.Results: it was established that the concept of management, formation and development of the financial potential of cluster unions should take into account the presence of such factors that significantly affect the value of financial potential, namely: the need to ensure the optimal value according to the chosen criterion; the presence and effectiveness of functional relationships between individual cluster members; determining the results of using financial potential and assessing the contribution of individual cluster members to its formation; approaches to the distribution of financial results of the cluster and determining the directions of their use.Conclusions: on the basis of the study, it can be concluded that the concept of management and the formation of the financial potential of cluster unions is considered as a general mechanism for attracting, managing and optimizing financial resources and financial capabilities in the formation of financial potential, which will allow cluster unions to remain in a competitive state, to be profitable and maximize profits.
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Hwang, Narae, and Myung Gyoon Lee. "Tracing star cluster formation in the interacting galaxy M51." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5, S266 (August 2009): 423–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921309991591.
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AbstractWe present a study of star clusters in the interacting galaxy M51 using a star cluster catalog that includes about 3600 star clusters with mF555W < 23 mag, compiled by Hwang & Lee (2008). Combined with mF336W-band imaging data taken with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST)'s WFPC2 camera, we have derived the ages and masses of star clusters in M51 using theoretical population synthesis models. The cluster age distribution displays multiple peaks that correspond to the epochs of dynamical encounters predicted by theoretical model studies and the cluster-formation rate appears to increase around the same epochs.
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Sayapina, K. V. "INNOVATION CLUSTERS FORMATION AS AN INSTRUMENT OF EFFECTIVE ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT." Strategic decisions and risk management, no. 6 (October 25, 2014): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2078-8886-2013-6-88-95.
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The nature of innovation cluster and its distinction from regional cluster on base of leading cluster theories’ analysis is explained. Foreign and Russian models of forming innovation clusters’ description is presented. Types of Russian innovation clusters with their appropriate problems and disadvantages are analyzed in comparison with international experience. Tendencies of innovation clusterization policy in states as an effective method of managing economy are underlined.
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Yukhnov, B. Y., D. O. Korsakov, and Y. V. Yukhman. "Actualization of the Use of the Cluster Model in the Innovative Development of the Economy of Ukraine." Business Inform 10, no. 525 (2021): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-10-63-69.
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Unfortunately, one of the main problems of the Ukrainian economy is the State’s inability to concentrate available resources on the main, promising directions and involve Ukrainian businesses, both large and medium-sized, into this process. Therefore, the creation and development of clusters as an element of an innovative model is necessary, and the study of the issue of their functioning is quite relevant. The article is aimed at further studying the processes of clustering in Ukraine. An attempt was made, based on the theoretical basis for the development of innovative processes, as well as coming from the worldwide and domestic experience of cluster formation and development, to give an own vision of the essence and classification of clusters, to determine their priority types for the Ukrainian economy, to offer certain cluster strategies and criteria for evaluating the efficiency of cluster formations. The results of the study are presented as follows. First, the authors’ own definition of the cluster as a voluntary association of geographically concentrated, independent economic entities and public authorities without the formation of a separate legal entity for joint activities in the field of entrepreneurship for the more effective use of resources and stimulation of innovative development is proposed. Secondly, on the basis of this definition, an appropriate classification of clusters has been developed. Thirdly, the order of formation of an innovative cluster is suggested, which should consist of several stages: emergence of the idea of the cluster and substantiation of the need to create it; defining the territory for the creation of the cluster based on the assessment of its competitive potential; formation of cluster management system; evaluation of the efficiency of its performance. At this, specific actions are recommended that must be taken at each stage. Fourth, assessments of the effectiveness of the cluster functioning under the conditions of using certain indicators are provided.
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Farias, Juan P., Jonathan C. Tan, and Sourav Chatterjee. "Star cluster formation from turbulent clumps. II. Gradual star cluster formation." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 483, no. 4 (December 20, 2018): 4999–5019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty3470.
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Radygina, S. V. "CLUSTER POLICY AS A TOOL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY OF THE RUSSIAN REGIONS." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Economics and Law 31, no. 3 (June 8, 2021): 394–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9593-2021-31-3-394-402.
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The article researches theoretical aspects of formation and development of territorial clusters: their structure, approaches to definition, typology, key advantages. The regulatory framework for the implementation of cluster policy in the Russian Federation has been defined, as well as an analysis of the level of development achieved on the example of the Udmurt Republic. The main directions of cluster development at the federal level are considered: formation of innovation-territorial and industrial clusters. In each area, public support programmes and mechanisms have been investigated to ensure flexible funding for cluster policies. Favorable opportunities have been identified for the development of cluster projects, including when using the potentials of special economic zones, science and measures to support federal and regional development institutions. The directions of cluster initiatives in the Udmurt Republic have been formulated, the already existing cluster formations, such as innovative-territorial, industrial and tourist-recreational clusters, have been evaluated. The activity of the Russian Association of Clusters and Technology Parks as a subject uniting the organizations of technological and industrial infrastructure has been analyzed. Patterns and priorities of cluster policy development at the present stage are highlighted. Cluster associations are a unique economic system, including a set of industrial enterprises, scientific and educational organizations, and are considered as an effective tool to increase the investment attractiveness of the country and individual regions.
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Li, Jin Zeng, and Michael D. Smith. "Triggered cluster formation in the RMC." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 2, S237 (August 2006): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174392130700227x.
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AbstractA comprehensive study of clustered star formation in the Rosette Molecular Complex was carried out based on archived data from the 2 Micron All Sky Survey. We presented strong evidence that triggered formation of embedded clusters and stellar aggregates took place in the working shells of the Rosette Nebula, a spectacular HII region excavated by the dozens of OB stars of the emerging massive cluster NGC 2244. Surprisingly, we have identified, within the confines of NGC 2244, a distinct congregation of young stellar objects showing prominent NIR excess that forms an arc like structure in appearance. Its location right to the south-east of the center of the main cluster and its strange morphology indicate most likely an origin from a former working shell of the HII region. This relic arc and the large, fragmented working surface layer of Rosette with the ambient cloud roughly show a concentric origin in morphology. This implies also a common origin of the clusters or stellar aggregates in association. The formation of massive star clusters was evidenced further into the heart of the molecular complex, and structured clustering star formation seemed to have taken place toward the south-east edge of the complex.
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Jin, J. M., K. Parbhakar, L. H. Dao, and K. H. Lee. "Gel formation by reversible cluster-cluster aggregation." Physical Review E 54, no. 1 (July 1, 1996): 997–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.54.997.
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Moran, C. Corbett, R. Teyssier, and G. Lake. "Globular cluster formation in the Virgo cluster." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 442, no. 3 (June 26, 2014): 2826–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu1057.
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van den Bergh, S. "Star clusters in the Magellanic Clouds." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 148 (1991): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900200259.
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Star clusters in the Magellanic Clouds (MCs) differ from those in the Galaxy in a number of respects: (1) the Clouds contain a class of populous open clusters that has no Galactic counterpart; (2) Cloud clusters have systematically larger radii rh than those in the Galaxy; (3) clusters of all ages in the Clouds are, on average, more flattened than those in the Galaxy. In the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) there appear to have been two distinct epochs of cluster formation. LMC globulars have ages of 12-15 Gyr, whereas most populous open clusters have ages <5 Gyr. No such dichotomy is observed for clusters in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) The fact that the SMC exhibits no enhanced cluster formation at times of bursts of cluster formation in the LMC, militates against encounters between the Clouds as a cause for enhanced rates of star and cluster formation.
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Randriamanakoto, Zara, and Petri Väisänen. "Young massive clusters in Arp 299." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 14, S351 (May 2019): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921319007701.
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AbstractBecause of their young ages and compact densities, young massive star clusters (YMCs) are widely considered as potential proto-globular clusters. They are ubiquitous in environments with ongoing star formation activity such as interacting luminous infrared galaxies. To determine the galactic environmental effects on the star cluster formation and evolution, we study the YMC population of Arp 299 (NGC 3690E/NGC 3690W) using data taken with the HST WFC3/UVIS camera. By fitting the multiband photometry with the Yggdrasil models, we derive the star cluster masses, ages and extinction. While the cluster mass-galactocentric radius relation of NGC 3690E indicates that there could be an influence of the gas density distribution on the cluster formation, the age distribution of the western component suggests that YMCs in that galaxy endure stronger disruption mechanisms. With a cluster formation efficiency of 19 percent, star formation happening in bound clusters in Arp 299 is 3–5 times higher than that of a typical normal spiral.
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Evers, Hans-Dieter, and Solvay Gerke. "Knowledge Cluster Formation as a Science Policy in Malaysia: Lessons Learned." Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 34, no. 1 (April 2015): 115–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810341503400105.
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Regional science policy aims to create productive knowledge clusters, which are central places within an epistemic landscape of knowledge production and dissemination. These so-called K-clusters are said to have the organisational capability to drive innovations and create new industries. Many governments have used cluster formation as one of their development strategies. This paper looks at Malaysia's path towards a knowledge-based economy and offers some evidence on the current state of knowledge cluster formation in that country. If the formation of a knowledge cluster has been the government policy, what has been the result? Is there an epistemic landscape of knowledge clusters? Has the main knowledge cluster really materialised? Data collected from websites, directories, government publications and expert interviews have enabled us to construct the epistemic landscape of Peninsular Malaysia, and Penang in particular. We identify and describe several knowledge clusters with a high density of knowledge producing institutions and their knowledge workers. An analysis of the knowledge output, measured in terms of scientific publications, patents and trademarks, shows that knowledge clusters have indeed been productive – as predicted by cluster theory – although the internal working of clusters require further explanation.
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Lee, Seong-Kook, Myungshin Im, Eunhee Ko, Changbom Park, Juhan Kim, Jaehyun Lee, and Minhee Hyun. "Star-formation Property of High Redshift Galaxies in Clusters: Perceptive View from Observation and Simulation." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 17, S373 (August 2021): 260–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921322004409.
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AbstractThe evolution of star formation properties of galaxies depends on the environment where galaxies reside, and generally star formation of galaxies in dense environment decreases more quickly. Interestingly, the star formation property of high-redshift galaxies clusters vary largely even though they are at similar redshift. We have found that the large-scale environment surrounding each galaxy cluster can contribute to make this cluster-by-cluster variation. This correlation is found in the results from observational data as well as in the simulations of galaxy formation. We suggest the ‘Web-feeding model’ to explain this trend. Star-forming galaxies falling into the galaxy cluster from surrounding large-scale structure make the quiescent galaxy fraction of the cluster lower than relatively isolated clusters.
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Akhiiezer, Оlena, Olha Dunaievska, Anton Rohovyi, Halyna Holotaistrova, Yurii Reshetniak, and Serhii Mekhovych. "ECONOMIC-MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF FORMATION OF INNOVATION AND ENGINEERING INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER." Innovative Technologies and Scientific Solutions for Industries, no. 1 (23) (April 20, 2023): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/itssi.2023.23.005.
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The subject of the article is the use of industrial clusters as tools for innovative economic growth. The purpose of the article is to develop an economic-mathematical model of the formation of an industrial cluster, and to create an algorithm for cluster zoning of the economy. Tasks to be solved – analysis of the principles of innovative growth, development of a model of an innovation-engineering industrial cluster, formulation of a methodology for the formation of a regional innovation-engineering cluster, analysis and assessment of the features that arise in clusters, use of cluster analysis for systematization, classification and reduction of the number of features. Applied methods: system analysis, project approach, institutional theory, clustering methods, Bartlett’s sphericity criterion and Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin sampling adequacy criterion, multivariate regression analysis, Fisher’s F-test. The results obtained: it was determined that the best approach to unification of the main components of innovative development, namely state bodies, business and development institutes, is the creation of innovation and engineering clusters. The principles of creation and functioning of such clusters are described. It is shown that the basis of the cluster construction algorithm of regions is the integration of quantitative and qualitative methods of identification and clustering of the economy. This makes it possible, in contrast to existing approaches, not only to identify cluster elements, but also to model the levels of interaction between them. It is proposed to use the synergistic effect from the use of the newly formed structure as an assessment of the efficiency of the cluster. Conclusions: the use of regional innovation and engineering clusters allows for the formation of an effective strategy for the development of the region’s economy. The developed algorithm of cluster zoning integrates quantitative and qualitative methods of determining the clustering possibilities of the region’s economy. The complex interaction of economic and political factors leads to a synergistic effect and allows modeling cluster formation with the identification of the composition of participants and the level of interaction between them.
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SOLOV'YOV, ILIA A., ANDREY V. SOLOV'YOV, and WALTER GREINER. "FUSION PROCESS OF LENNARD–JONES CLUSTERS: GLOBAL MINIMA AND MAGIC NUMBERS FORMATION." International Journal of Modern Physics E 13, no. 04 (August 2004): 697–736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301304002454.
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We present a new theoretical framework for modeling the fusion process of Lennard–Jones (LJ) clusters. Starting from the initial tetrahedral cluster configuration, adding new atoms to the system and absorbing its energy at each step, we find cluster growing paths up to the cluster size of 150 atoms. We demonstrate that in this way all known global minima structures of the LJ-clusters can be found. Our method provides an efficient tool for the calculation and analysis of atomic cluster structure. With its use we justify the magic number sequence for the clusters of noble gas atoms and compare it with experimental observations. We report the striking correspondence of the peaks in the dependence of the second derivative of the binding energy per atom on cluster size calculated for the chain of the LJ-clusters based on the icosahedral symmetry with the peaks in the abundance mass spectra experimentally measured for the clusters of noble gas atoms. Our method serves as an efficient alternative to the global optimization techniques based on the Monte-Carlo simulations and it can be applied for the solutions of a broad variety of problems in which atomic cluster structure is important.
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Li, Hui, and Oleg Gnedin. "Formation and evolution of globular clusters in cosmological simulations." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 14, S351 (May 2019): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921319007646.
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AbstractIn a series of three papers, we introduced a novel cluster formation model that describes the formation, growth, and disruption of star clusters in high-resolution cosmological simulations. We tested this model on a Milky Way-sized galaxy and found that various properties of young massive clusters, such as the mass function and formation efficiency, are consistent with observations in the local universe. Interestingly, most massive clusters – globular cluster candidates – are preferentially formed during major merger events. We follow the dynamical evolution of clusters in the galactic tidal field. Due to tidal disruption, the cluster mass function evolves from initial power law to a peaked shape. The surviving clusters at z = 0 show a broad range of metallicity [Fe/H] from -3 to -0.5. A robust prediction of the model is the age–metallicity relation, in which metal-rich clusters are systematically younger than metal-poor clusters by up to 3 Gyr.
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SHPYLOVA, Vira. "World experience of innovative cluster model of regional development: priorities of adaptation in Ukraine." Economics. Finances. Law, no. 6/1 (June 26, 2020): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2020.6(1).6.
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Introduction. In many countries around the world, globalization is accompanied by the intensification of clustering processes, which is recognized as the best opportunity to strengthen and develop small and medium-sized businesses, increase the competitiveness of enterprises in the development of international relations and interregional partnerships. Cluster formations are relevant for developed countries, as well as for those in the development stage, in which small and medium-sized businesses are the basis of the economy, provide the production of the bulk of GDP and provide employment for a significant part of the working population. Purpose. The article is devoted to the review of the experience of developed countries in the implementation, support and development of clustering as the best opportunity to strengthen and develop small and medium-sized businesses, increase the competitiveness of enterprises, the formation of strong international ties. The study aims to assess the world experience in terms of formation and implementation of economic interests and priorities of adaptation in Ukraine. Results. To identify the priorities of clustering as a progressive model of regional economic development, the peculiarities of the formation and development of cluster structures in the most developed countries are considered. Peculiarities of cluster formation in the USA, Great Britain, France, Japan, China, and Germany are highlighted. In European countries, about 70% of cluster structures operate in the industrial sector. In India and Japan, more than 65-70% of enterprises are active members of clusters, in the United States; more than 50% of enterprises operate as part of cluster associations. The economies of Denmark, Norway, Finland and Sweden are affected by clustering, and the activity of creating clusters in China and Southeast Asia has increased significantly. The characteristic features of the cluster model in each of the countries and the role of clusters in the formation of the country's GDP are revealed. It is established that innovation is the basis of the cluster model in any country. The influence of state regulation and regional programs on the development of cluster formation is noted. It is noted that a few decades ago clustering developed slowly, spontaneously and chaotically, but now it is a powerful tool of interaction between the state, research institutions, business sector, which is implemented through the mechanism of financing research institutions with equipment and resources. Conclusion. The review of innovative cluster models of developed countries testifies to their focus on innovative development and relevant state policy. Also, clustering, which in itself involves a partnership of participants, can be successful when there is close cooperation of business with different areas and specialization of research institutions that provide development of different types of innovations. The priorities of adaptation of the world experience of the innovative cluster model to the Ukrainian realities are substantiated: sustainable development of small and medium business; brand creation; involvement in cluster formation of regional level institutions, creation of a local cluster structure; long-term perspective of cluster formation. The article is devoted to the Review of experience of development of the countries concerning Implementation, support and development of clustering as the best opportunity for strengthening and development of small and medium business, Increase of competitiveness of the enterprises, formation of strong international communications. Research of orientations is based on an estimation of world experience from a position of formation and realization of economic interests and priorities of adaptation in Ukraine. The world experience of the innovative cluster model is highlighted. Features of cluster formation in the USA, Great Britain, France, Japan, China, and Germany are considered. The characteristic rids of the cluster model in each of the countries and the role of clusters in the formation of the country’s GDP is revealed. It is established that innovation is the basis of the cluster model in any country. The influence of state regulation and regional programs on the development of cluster formation is noted. The Priorities of adaptation of the WORLD experience of the innovative cluster model to the Ukrainian realities are substantiated: sustainable development of small and medium business; creating a brand; Involvement in clustering of regional level institutions, creation of a local cluster structure; long-term perspective of cluster formation.
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Asatovna, Nazarova Dildora. "FORMATION OF AN INCLUSIVE CULTURE OF EDUCATIONAL CLUSTER SUBJECTS." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PEDAGOGICS 04, no. 06 (June 1, 2023): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/pedagogics-crjp-04-06-19.
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This article reveals the main mechanism of the cluster approach to the formation of inclusive culture of the subjects of the educational cluster, the implementation of inclusive culture, the development of inclusive culture the issue of inclusive policy, the essence of the concept of inclusive culture.
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Liu, Ling, Hao Li, Haijie Zhang, Jie Zhong, Yang Bai, Maofa Ge, Zesheng Li, Yu Chen, and Xiuhui Zhang. "The role of nitric acid in atmospheric new particle formation." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 25 (2018): 17406–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp02719f.
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Pfeffer, Joel, Nate Bastian, J. M. Diederik Kruijssen, Marta Reina-Campos, Robert A. Crain, and Christopher Usher. "Young star cluster populations in the E-MOSAICS simulations." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 490, no. 2 (October 3, 2019): 1714–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2721.
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ABSTRACT We present an analysis of young star clusters (YSCs) that form in the E-MOSAICS cosmological, hydrodynamical simulations of galaxies and their star cluster populations. Through comparisons with observed YSC populations, this work aims to test models for YSC formation and obtain an insight into the formation processes at work in part of the local galaxy population. We find that the models used in E-MOSAICS for the cluster formation efficiency and high-mass truncation of the initial cluster mass function ($M_\rm {c,\ast }$) both quantitatively reproduce the observed values of cluster populations in nearby galaxies. At higher redshifts (z ≥ 2, near the peak of globular cluster formation) we find that, at a constant star formation rate (SFR) surface density, $M_\rm {c,\ast }$ is larger than at z = 0 by a factor of four due to the higher gas fractions in the simulated high-redshift galaxies. Similar processes should be at work in local galaxies, offering a new way to test the models. We find that cluster age distributions may be sensitive to variations in the cluster formation rate (but not SFR) with time, which may significantly affect their use in tests of cluster mass-loss. By comparing simulations with different implementations of cluster formation physics, we find that (even partially) environmentally independent cluster formation is inconsistent with the brightest cluster-SFR and specific luminosity-$\Sigma _\rm {SFR}$ relations, whereas these observables are reproduced by the fiducial, environmentally varying model. This shows that models in which a constant fraction of stars form in clusters are inconsistent with observations.
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Zepf, Stephen E. "Observational Constraints on the Formation and Evolution of Globular Cluster Systems." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 3, S246 (September 2007): 394–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308016037.
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AbstractThis paper reviews some of the observational properties of globular cluster systems, with a particular focus on those that constrain and inform models of the formation and dynamical evolution of globular cluster systems. I first discuss the observational determination of the globular cluster luminosity and mass function. I show results from new very deep HST data on the M87 globular cluster system, and discuss how these constrain models of evaporation and the dynamical evolution of globular clusters. The second subject of this review is the question of how to account for the observed constancy of the globular cluster mass function with distance from the center of the host galaxy. The problem is that a radial trend is expected for isotropic cluster orbits, and while the orbits are observed to be roughly isotropic, no radial trend in the globular cluster system is observed. I review three extant proposals to account for this, and discuss observations and calculations that might determine which of these is most correct. The final subject is the origin of the very weak mass-radius relation observed for globular clusters. I discuss how this strongly constrains how globular clusters form and evolve. I also note that the only viable current proposal to account for the observed weak mass-radius relation naturally effects the globular cluster mass function, and that these two problems may be closely related.
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MELINON, P., V. PAILLARD, V. DUPUIS, A. PEREZ, P. JENSEN, A. HOAREAU, J. P. PEREZ, et al. "FROM FREE CLUSTERS TO CLUSTER-ASSEMBLED MATERIALS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 09, no. 04n05 (February 28, 1995): 339–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797929500015x.
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In this paper the specific properties of free clusters and the formation of new cluster-assembled materials using the low energy cluster beam deposition (LECBD) technique are discussed. Recent results obtained for free clusters are summarized with special attention to new observed structures. As for the specific structures and properties of cluster-assembled materials, two main aspects are specially emphasized: the memory effect of the free cluster properties leading to the formation of new phases and the effect of the specific nanostructure of the cluster-assembled materials related to the random cluster stacking mechanism characteristic of the LECBD. These effects and the corresponding potential applications are illustrated using some selected examples: new diamond-like carbon films produced by fullerene depositions (memory effect) and grain effect on the magnetic properties of cluster-assembled transition metal films.
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Lada, Charles J. "The physics and modes of star cluster formation: observations." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 368, no. 1913 (February 28, 2010): 713–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2009.0264.
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Stellar clusters are born in cold and dusty molecular clouds and the youngest clusters are embedded to various degrees in a dusty dark molecular material. Such embedded clusters can be considered protocluster systems. The most deeply buried examples are so heavily obscured by dust that they are only visible at infrared wavelengths. These embedded protoclusters constitute the nearest laboratories for a direct astronomical investigation of the physical processes of cluster formation and early evolution. I review the present state of empirical knowledge concerning embedded-cluster systems and discuss the implications for understanding their formation and subsequent evolution to produce bound stellar clusters.
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Liashenko, V., and O. Lischuk. "Institutional Provision of Formation and Development Spatial Business Systems." Economic Herald of the Donbas, no. 2 (72) (2023): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/1817-3772-2023-2(72)-121-127.
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The paper analyzes the institutional support for the formation and development of clusters within the framework of the approach that studies aspects of cluster policy and is part of the scientific direction of research into the development processes of organized clusters. It was determined that the purpose of applying the cluster policy is to unite enterprises of a similar field of activity into groups to increase the efficiency of production, creation and use of innovations, and economic development of the region. It has been established that the development of cluster policy at the level of clusters (rather than industries) avoids many distortions associated with suppliers in the value chain and better focuses on specific problems faced by companies in a number of related industries.