Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cluster of differentiation proteins

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Academic literature on the topic 'Cluster of differentiation proteins'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 23 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Cluster of differentiation proteins"

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Lin, Gee-Way, Yung-Chih Lai, Ya-Chen Liang, Randall B. Widelitz, Ping Wu, and Cheng-Ming Chuong. "Regional Specific Differentiation of Integumentary Organs: Regulation of Gene Clusters within the Avian Epidermal Differentiation Complex and Impacts of SATB2 Overexpression." Genes 12, no. 8 (2021): 1291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12081291.

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The epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) encodes a group of unique proteins expressed in late epidermal differentiation. The EDC gave integuments new physicochemical properties and is critical in evolution. Recently, we showed β-keratins, members of the EDC, undergo gene cluster switching with overexpression of SATB2 (Special AT-rich binding protein-2), considered a chromatin regulator. We wondered whether this unique regulatory mechanism is specific to β-keratins or may be derived from and common to EDC members. Here we explore (1) the systematic expression patterns of non-β-keratin EDC genes and their preferential expression in different skin appendages during development, (2) whether the expression of non-β-keratin EDC sub-clusters are also regulated in clusters by SATB2. We analyzed bulk RNA-seq and ChIP-seq data and also evaluated the disrupted expression patterns caused by overexpressing SATB2. The results show that the expression of whole EDDA and EDQM sub-clusters are possibly mediated by enhancers in E14-feathers. Overexpressing SATB2 down-regulates the enriched EDCRP sub-cluster in feathers and the EDCH sub-cluster in beaks. These results reveal the potential of complex epigenetic regulation activities within the avian EDC, implying transcriptional regulation of EDC members acting at the gene and/or gene cluster level in a temporal and skin regional-specific fashion, which may contribute to the evolution of diverse avian integuments.
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Sato, K., S. Chitose, T. Kurita, and H. Umeno. "Cell origin in the macula flava of the human newborn vocal fold." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 130, no. 7 (2016): 650–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215116001225.

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AbstractBackground:There is growing evidence to suggest that cells in the maculae flavae are tissue stem cells of the human vocal fold and maculae flavae are a stem cell niche.Methods:Three newborn vocal folds were investigated. Immunoreactivity to antibodies directed to cytokeratin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin, cluster of differentiation 34, cluster of differentiation 45, collagen type I, telomerase reverse transcriptase, SOX17 and stage-specific embryonic antigen 3 was investigated.Results:The cells in the newborn maculae flavae expressed haematopoietic markers (cluster of differentiation 34, cluster of differentiation 45) and collagen type I, which are the major makers of bone marrow derived circulating fibrocytes. The cells expressed epithelium, muscle, neural and mesenchymal cell associated proteins, and endodermal marker, indicating that they are undifferentiated and express proteins of all three germ layers. The cells also expressed stage-specific embryonic antigen 3 and telomerase reverse transcriptase.Conclusion:The cells in the newborn maculae flavae are undifferentiated cells arising from the differentiation of bone marrow cells. The results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that the cells in maculae flavae are tissue stem cells.
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Goswami, Mansi V., Shefa M. Tawalbeh, Emily H. Canessa, and Yetrib Hathout. "Temporal Proteomic Profiling During Differentiation of Normal and Dystrophin-Deficient Human Muscle Cells." Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases 8, s2 (2021): S205—S222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jnd-210713.

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Background: Myogenesis is a dynamic process involving temporal changes in the expression of many genes. Lack of dystrophin protein such as in Duchenne muscular dystrophy might alter the natural course of gene expression dynamics during myogenesis. Objective: To gain insight into the dynamic temporal changes in protein expression during differentiation of normal and dystrophin deficient myoblasts to myotubes. Method: A super SILAC spike-in strategy in combination and LC-MS/MS was used for temporal proteome profiling of normal and dystrophin deficient myoblasts during differentiation. The acquired data was analyzed using Proteome Discoverer 2.2. and data clustering using R to define significant temporal changes in protein expression. Results: sFour major temporal protein clusters that showed sequential dynamic expression profiles during myogenesis of normal myoblasts were identified. Clusters 1 and 2, consisting mainly of proteins involved mRNA splicing and processing expression, were elevated at days 0 and 0.5 of differentiation then gradually decreased by day 7 of differentiation, then remained lower thereafter. Cluster 3 consisted of proteins involved contractile muscle and actomyosin organization. They increased in their expression reaching maximum at day 7 of differentiation then stabilized thereafter. Cluster 4 consisting of proteins involved in skeletal muscle development glucogenesis and extracellular remodeling had a lower expression during myoblast stage then gradually increased in their expression to reach a maximum at days 11–15 of differentiation. Lack of dystrophin expression in DMD muscle myoblast caused major alteration in temporal expression of proteins involved in cell adhesion, cytoskeleton, and organelle organization as well as the ubiquitination machinery. Conclusion: Time series proteome profiling using super SILAC strategy is a powerful method to assess temporal changes in protein expression during myogenesis and to define the downstream consequences of lack of dystrophin on these temporal protein expressions. Key alterations were identified in dystrophin deficient myoblast differentiation compared to normal myoblasts. These alterations could be an attractive therapeutic target.
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Dubash, Adi D., Jennifer L. Koetsier, Evangeline V. Amargo, Nicole A. Najor, Robert M. Harmon, and Kathleen J. Green. "The GEF Bcr activates RhoA/MAL signaling to promote keratinocyte differentiation via desmoglein-1." Journal of Cell Biology 202, no. 4 (2013): 653–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201304133.

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Although much is known about signaling factors downstream of Rho GTPases that contribute to epidermal differentiation, little is known about which upstream regulatory proteins (guanine nucleotide exchange factors [GEFs] or GTPase-activating proteins [GAPs]) are involved in coordinating Rho signaling in keratinocytes. Here we identify the GEF breakpoint cluster region (Bcr) as a major upstream regulator of RhoA activity, stress fibers, and focal adhesion formation in keratinocytes. Loss of Bcr reduced expression of multiple markers of differentiation (such as desmoglein-1 [Dsg1], keratin-1, and loricrin) and abrogated MAL/SRF signaling in differentiating keratinocytes. We further demonstrated that loss of Bcr or MAL reduced levels of Dsg1 mRNA in keratinocytes, and ectopic expression of Dsg1 rescued defects in differentiation seen upon loss of Bcr or MAL signaling. Taken together, these data identify the GEF Bcr as a regulator of RhoA/MAL signaling in keratinocytes, which in turn promotes differentiation through the desmosomal cadherin Dsg1.
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Lin, Guangyun, William H. Tepp, Christina L. Pier, Mark J. Jacobson, and Eric A. Johnson. "Expression of the Clostridium botulinum A2 Neurotoxin Gene Cluster Proteins and Characterization of the A2 Complex." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 1 (2009): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01882-09.

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ABSTRACT Clostridium botulinum subtype A2 possesses a botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) gene cluster consisting of an orfX cluster containing open reading frames (ORFs) of unknown functions. To better understand the association between the BoNT/A2 complex proteins, first, the orfX cluster proteins (ORFX1, ORFX3, P47, and the middle part of NTNH) from C. botulinum A2 strain Kyoto F and NTNH of A1 strain ATCC 3502 were expressed by using either an Escherichia coli or a C. botulinum expression system. Polyclonal antibodies against individual orfX cluster proteins were prepared by immunizing a rabbit and mice against the expressed proteins. Antibodies were then utilized as probes to determine which of the A2 orfX cluster genes were expressed in the native A2 culture. N-terminal protein sequencing was also employed to specifically detect ORFX2. Results showed that all of the neurotoxin cluster proteins, except ORFX1, were expressed in the A2 culture. A BoNT/A2 toxin complex (TC) was purified which showed that C. botulinum A2 formed a medium-size (300-kDa) TC composed of BoNT/A2 and NTNH without any of the other OrfX cluster proteins. NTNH subtype-specific immunoreactivity was also discovered, allowing for the differentiation of subtypes based on cluster proteins associated with BoNT.
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Ye, Hong, and Tracey A. Rouault. "Erythropoiesis and Iron Sulfur Cluster Biogenesis." Advances in Hematology 2010 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/329394.

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Erythropoiesis in animals is a synchronized process of erythroid cell differentiation that depends on successful acquisition of iron. Heme synthesis depends on iron through its dependence on iron sulfur (Fe-S) cluster biogenesis. Here, we review the relationship between Fe-S biogenesis and heme synthesis in erythropoiesis, with emphasis on the proteins, GLRX5, ABCB7, ISCA, and C1orf69. These Fe-S biosynthesis proteins are highly expressed in erythroid tissues, and deficiency of each of these proteins has been shown to cause anemia in zebrafish model. GLRX5 is involved in the production and ABCB7 in the export of an unknown factor that may function as a gauge of mitochondrial iron status, which may indirectly modulate activity of iron regulatory proteins (IRPs). ALAS2, the enzyme catalyzing the first step in heme synthesis, is translationally controlled by IRPs. GLRX5 may also provide Fe-S cofactor for ferrochelatase, the last enzyme in heme synthesis. ISCA and C1orf69 are thought to assemble Fe-S clusters for mitochondrial aconitase and for lipoate synthase, the enzyme producing lipoate for pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). PDC and aconitase are involved in the production of succinyl-CoA, a substrate for heme biosynthesis. Thus, many steps of heme synthesis depend on Fe-S cluster assembly.
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Campbell, Elsie L., Kari D. Hagen, Rui Chen, Douglas D. Risser, Daniela P. Ferreira, and John C. Meeks. "Genetic Analysis Reveals the Identity of the Photoreceptor for Phototaxis in Hormogonium Filaments of Nostoc punctiforme." Journal of Bacteriology 197, no. 4 (2014): 782–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.02374-14.

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In cyanobacterialNostocspecies, substratum-dependent gliding motility is confined to specialized nongrowing filaments called hormogonia, which differentiate from vegetative filaments as part of a conditional life cycle and function as dispersal units. Here we confirm thatNostoc punctiformehormogonia are positively phototactic to white light over a wide range of intensities.N. punctiformecontains two gene clusters (clusters 2 and 2i), each of which encodes modular cyanobacteriochrome–methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs) and other proteins that putatively constitute a basic chemotaxis-like signal transduction complex. Transcriptional analysis established that all genes in clusters 2 and 2i, plus two additional clusters (clusters 1 and 3) with genes encoding MCPs lacking cyanobacteriochrome sensory domains, are upregulated during the differentiation of hormogonia. Mutational analysis determined that only genes in cluster 2i are essential for positive phototaxis inN. punctiformehormogonia; here these genes are designatedptx(forphototaxis) genes. The cluster is unusual in containing complete or partial duplicates of genes encoding proteins homologous to the well-described chemotaxis elements CheY, CheW, MCP, and CheA. The cyanobacteriochrome-MCP gene (ptxD) lacks transmembrane domains and has 7 potential binding sites for bilins. The transcriptional start site of theptxgenes does not resemble a sigma 70 consensus recognition sequence; moreover, it is upstream of two genes encoding gas vesicle proteins (gvpAandgvpC), which also are expressed only in the hormogonium filaments ofN. punctiforme.
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Buhl, Sebastian, Emanuel Maethner, and Robert K. Slany. "Leukemogenic Transformation by Anterior HOXA-Cluster Genes." Blood 114, no. 22 (2009): 2962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.2962.2962.

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Abstract Abstract 2962 Poster Board II-938 HOX homeobox genes are important regulators of normal and malignant hematopoiesis and abdominal-type HOXA-cluster genes, in particular HOXA7 to HOXA10, are highly leukemogenic. However, little is known about the transforming abilities of anterior HOXA genes HOXA1 to HOXA6 despite a high prevalence of anterior HOX-expression in acute leukemia. Here we performed a comprehensive assessment of the oncogenic potential of every HOXA gene in primary hematopoietic cells. With exception of HOXA2 and HOXA5 all other HOXA genes caused a block or delay of hematopoietic differentiation in serial replating assays and all HOX genes also cooperated with Meis1. No evidence for the alleged tumor-suppressor function of HOXA5 could be found. Whereas all other active HOXA genes induced the outgrowth of mixed granulocytic/monocytic cells, HOXA13 preferentially specified the development of monocytes/macrophages. Albeit more weakly than HOXA9 also the anterior HOXA genes HOXA1, HOXA4, and HOXA6 transformed cells and generated permanent myelomonocytic cell lines arrested at various stages of differentiation. HOX-RNA profiling revealed that each of these lines also transcribed HOXA9. However, kinetic studies with inducible HOX-derivatives showed that HOXA9 expression was not under control by anterior HOXA proteins. Cellular differentiation was induced immediately after loss of anterior HOX activity and HOXA9 down regulation was a secondary event during maturation. This proves that anterior HOX proteins are able to transform hematopoetic cells through an individual contribution independent of HOXA9. In summary our results explain how HOXA9 can predominate in hematologic malignancies while simultaneously it is not necessarily required for transformation. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Dadheech, Nidheesh, Sanket Soni, Abhay Srivastava, et al. "A Small Molecule Swertisin fromEnicostemma littoraleDifferentiates NIH3T3 Cells into Islet-Like Clusters and Restores Normoglycemia upon Transplantation in Diabetic Balb/c Mice." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/280392.

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Aim. Stem cell therapy is one of the upcoming therapies for the treatment of diabetes. Discovery of potent differentiating agents is a prerequisite for increasing islet mass. The present study is an attempt to screen the potential of novel small biomolecules for their differentiating property into pancreatic islet cells using NIH3T3, as representative of extra pancreatic stem cells/progenitors.Methods. To identify new agents that stimulate islet differentiation, we screened various compounds isolated fromEnicostemma littoraleusing NIH3T3 cells and morphological changes were observed. Characterization was performed by semiquantitative RT-PCR, Q-PCR, immunocytochemistry, immunoblotting, and insulin secretion assay for functional response in newly generated islet-like cell clusters (ILCC). Reversal of hyperglycemia was monitored after transplanting ILCC in STZ-induced diabetic mice.Results. Among various compounds tested, swertisin, an isolated flavonoid, was the most effective in differentiating NIH3T3 into endocrine cells. Swertisin efficiently changed the morphology of NIH3T3 cells from fibroblastic to round aggregate cell cluster in huge numbers. Dithizone (DTZ) stain primarily confirmed differentiation and gene expression studies signified rapid onset of differentiation signaling cascade in swertisin-induced ILCC. Molecular imaging and immunoblotting further confirmed presence of islet specific proteins. Moreover, glucose induced insulin release (in vitro) and decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG) (in vivo) in transplanted diabetic BALB/c mice depicted functional maturity of ILCC. Insulin and glucagon expression in excised islet grafts illustrated survival and functional integrity.Conclusions. Rapid induction for islet differentiation by swertisin, a novel herbal biomolecule, provides low cost and readily available differentiating agent that can be translated as a therapeutic tool for effective treatment in diabetes.
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Liu, Peixun, Zehou Liu, Xiaofei Ma, et al. "Characterization and Differentiation of Grain Proteomes from Wild-Type Puroindoline and Variants in Wheat." Plants 12, no. 10 (2023): 1979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12101979.

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Premium wheat with a high end-use quality is generally lacking in China, especially high-quality hard and soft wheat. Pina-D1 and Pinb-D1 (puroindoline genes) influence wheat grain hardness (i.e., important wheat quality-related parameter) and are among the main targets in wheat breeding programs. However, the mechanism by which puroindoline genes control grain hardness remains unclear. In this study, three hard wheat puroindoline variants (MY26, GX3, and ZM1) were compared with a soft wheat variety (CM605) containing the wild-type puroindoline genotype. Specifically, proteomic methods were used to screen for differentially abundant proteins (DAPs). In total, 6253 proteins were identified and quantified via a high-throughput tandem mass tag quantitative proteomic analysis. Of the 208 DAPs, 115, 116, and 99 proteins were differentially expressed between MY26, GX3, and ZM1 (hard wheat varieties) and CM605, respectively. The cluster analysis of protein relative abundances divided the proteins into six clusters. Of these proteins, 67 and 41 proteins were, respectively, more and less abundant in CM605 than in MY26, GX3, and ZM1. Enrichment analyses detected six GO terms, five KEGG pathways, and five IPR terms that were shared by all three comparisons. Furthermore, 12 proteins associated with these terms or pathways were found to be differentially expressed in each comparison. These proteins, which included cysteine proteinase inhibitors, invertases, low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits, and alpha amylase inhibitors, may be involved in the regulation of grain hardness. The candidate genes identified in this study may be relevant for future analyses of the regulatory mechanism underlying grain hardness.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cluster of differentiation proteins"

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Okada, Kouki. "CD68 on rat macrophages binds tightly to S100A8 and S100A9 and helps to regulate the cells’ immune functions." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/225517.

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Stephens, Chad Louis. "Autonomic Differentiation of Emotions: A Cluster Analysis Approach." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/79690.

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The autonomic specificity of emotion is intrinsic for many major theories of emotion. One of the goals of this study was to validate a standardized set of music clips to be used in studies of emotion and affect. This was accomplished using self-reported affective responses to 40 music pieces, noise, and silence clips in a sample of 71 college-aged individuals. Following the music selection phase of the study; the validated music clips as well as film clips previously shown to induce a wide array of emotional responses were presented to 50 college-aged subjects while a montage of autonomic variables were measured. Evidence for autonomic discrimination of emotion was found via pattern classification analysis replicating findings from previous research. It was theorized that groups of individuals could be identified based upon individual response specificity using cluster analytic techniques. Single cluster solutions for all emotion conditions indicated that stimulus response stereotypy of emotions was more powerful than individual patterns. Results from pattern classification analysis and cluster analysis support the concept of autonomic specificity of emotion.<br>Master of Science<br>[Appendix B: Beck Depression Inventory, p. 61-64, was removed Oct. 4, 2011 GMc]
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Chrysostomou, Charalambos. "Characterisation and classification of protein sequences by using enhanced amino acid indices and signal processing-based methods." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/9895.

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Protein sequencing has produced overwhelming amount of protein sequences, especially in the last decade. Nevertheless, the majority of the proteins' functional and structural classes are still unknown, and experimental methods currently used to determine these properties are very expensive, laborious and time consuming. Therefore, automated computational methods are urgently required to accurately and reliably predict functional and structural classes of the proteins. Several bioinformatics methods have been developed to determine such properties of the proteins directly from their sequence information. Such methods that involve signal processing methods have recently become popular in the bioinformatics area and been investigated for the analysis of DNA and protein sequences and shown to be useful and generally help better characterise the sequences. However, there are various technical issues that need to be addressed in order to overcome problems associated with the signal processing methods for the analysis of the proteins sequences. Amino acid indices that are used to transform the protein sequences into signals have various applications and can represent diverse features of the protein sequences and amino acids. As the majority of indices have similar features, this project proposes a new set of computationally derived indices that better represent the original group of indices. A study is also carried out that resulted in finding a unique and universal set of best discriminating amino acid indices for the characterisation of allergenic proteins. This analysis extracts features directly from the protein sequences by using Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) to build a classification model based on Support Vector Machines (SVM) for the allergenic proteins. The proposed predictive model yields a higher and more reliable accuracy than those of the existing methods. A new method is proposed for performing a multiple sequence alignment. For this method, DFT-based method is used to construct a new distance matrix in combination with multiple amino acid indices that were used to encode protein sequences into numerical sequences. Additionally, a new type of substitution matrix is proposed where the physicochemical similarities between any given amino acids is calculated. These similarities were calculated based on the 25 amino acids indices selected, where each one represents a unique biological protein feature. The proposed multiple sequence alignment method yields a better and more reliable alignment than the existing methods. In order to evaluate complex information that is generated as a result of DFT, Complex Informational Spectrum Analysis (CISA) is developed and presented. As the results show, when protein classes present similarities or differences according to the Common Frequency Peak (CFP) in specific amino acid indices, then it is probable that these classes are related to the protein feature that the specific amino acid represents. By using only the absolute spectrum in the analysis of protein sequences using the informational spectrum analysis is proven to be insufficient, as biologically related features can appear individually either in the real or the imaginary spectrum. This is successfully demonstrated over the analysis of influenza neuraminidase protein sequences. Upon identification of a new protein, it is important to single out amino acid responsible for the structural and functional classification of the protein, as well as the amino acids contributing to the protein's specific biological characterisation. In this work, a novel approach is presented to identify and quantify the relationship between individual amino acids and the protein. This is successfully demonstrated over the analysis of influenza neuraminidase protein sequences. Characterisation and identification problem of the Influenza A virus protein sequences is tackled through a Subgroup Discovery (SD) algorithm, which can provide ancillary knowledge to the experts. The main objective of the case study was to derive interpretable knowledge for the influenza A virus problem and to consequently better describe the relationships between subtypes of this virus. Finally, by using DFT-based sequence-driven features a Support Vector Machine (SVM)-based classification model was built and tested, that yields higher predictive accuracy than that of SD. The methods developed and presented in this study yield promising results and can be easily applied to proteomic fields.
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Bian, Shumin. "Fe-S proteins : cluster assembly and degradation /." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487952208109007.

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Goff, Lindsey Kate. "Cluster of differentiation 45 isoforms and murine thymic ontogeny." Thesis, Open University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333266.

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Batrakou, Dzmitry G. "Nuclear envelope transmembrane proteins in differentiation systems." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9981.

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Historically, our perception of the nuclear envelope has evolved from a simple barrier isolating the genome from the rest of a cell to a complex system that regulates functions including transcription, splicing, DNA replication and repair and development. Several recent proteomic studies uncovered a great variety of nuclear envelope transmembrane proteins (NETs). Diseases associated with several nuclear envelope proteins, mostly NETs, affect many tissues e.g. muscle, adipose tissue, skin, bones. Many NETs of the inner nuclear membrane have been shown to interact with chromatin, suggesting that their influencing gene expression might explain NET roles in disease. This work is focused on finding novel interactions of NETs with chromatin. First, SUN2 post-translational modifications were analysed and the effect of phosphomimetic and phospho-null mutants on heterochromatin and the cytoskeleton was tested by overexpression. However, no obvious changes were found. Second, several tissue-preferential NETs were tested in an adipocyte differentiation system. NET29 changed chromosome 6 position in pre-adipocytes. This matched changes in chromosome positioning that occur during adipocyte differentiation when NET29 is normally induced. Post-translational modifications of NET29 are likely to play a vital role in this process because a phospho-null mutant dominantly blocked chromosome repositioning. The effect of over-expression and down-regulation of NET29 on transcription was tested and results suggest that NET29 negatively regulates expression of myogenic genes during adipogenesis. This thesis is split into six chapters. Chapter I is an overview of the nuclear envelope, adipogenesis and chromatin remodelling, Chapter II is a detailed description of methods used in this study. Chapter III focuses on post-translational modifications of SUN2, as well as trials to identify novel partners of SUN2. Chapter IV and V deal with a novel nuclear envelope transmembrane protein and its role in adipogenesis. Finally, the last chapter includes a discussion and recommended future directions.
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Tilley, Gareth John. "Electrochemical investigations into iron-sulfur cluster containing proteins." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365300.

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Dizin, Eric Michel. "Insights On Iron-Sulfur Cluster Assembly Donor Proteins." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1208532379.

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Ding, Shu. "Thermodynamic studies on iron-sulfur cluster assembly proteins." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1316472363.

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Trivedi, Archit. "Bromodomain Containing Proteins in Melanocyte Differentiation and Melanoma." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1438963150.

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Books on the topic "Cluster of differentiation proteins"

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Gentry, Marcia, Kristina Ayers Paul, Jason McIntosh, C. Matthew Fugate, and Enyi Jen. Total School Cluster Grouping & Differentiation. 2nd ed. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003239239.

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Watson, Andrea. Heat shock proteins in leukaemia cell differentiation and cell death. Aston University. Departmentof Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1990.

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V, Perbal Bernard, and Takigawa Masaharu, eds. CCN proteins: A new family of cell growth and differentiation regulators. Imperial College Press, 2005.

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Khuri, Lamya Raja Tannous. The role of retinoids and retinoid binding proteins in the differentiation of the cervix. [Columbia University], 1993.

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Clarson, Lorraine Helen. Changes in activity and expression of transport proteins during differentiation of human trophoblast-derived cells. University of Manchester, 1994.

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Gentry, Marcia Lynne. Total school cluster grouping & differentiation: A comprehensive, research-based plan for raising student achievement & improving teacher practices. Creative Learning Press, 2008.

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International Workshop on the CCN Family of Genes (5th 2008 Toronto, Canada). CCN proteins in health and disease: An overview of the Fifth International Workshop on the CCN Family of Genes. Edited by Perbal Annick, Takigawa Masaharu, and Perbal Bernard V. Springer, 2010.

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A, Khan Sohaib, and Stancel George M, eds. Protooncogenes and growth factors in steroid hormone induced growth and differentiation. CRC Press, 1994.

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Sherbet, G. V. Growth factors and their receptors in cell differentiation, cancer and cancer therapy. Elsevier, 2011.

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Marialuisa, Melli, and Parente Luca, eds. Cytokines and lipocortins in inflammation and differentiation: Proceedings of the International Conference on Molecular and Cellular Biology of IL-1, TNF, and Lipocortins in Inflammation and Differentiation, held in Siena, Italy, October 22-25, 1989. Wiley-Liss, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cluster of differentiation proteins"

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Dhiman, Rohan. "Cluster of Differentiation." In Encyclopedia of Systems Biology. Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9863-7_948.

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McIntosh, Jason. "Differentiation." In Total School Cluster Grouping & Differentiation, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003239239-9.

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Renz, H., and B. Gierten. "Cluster-of-differentiation-Nomenklatur." In Springer Reference Medizin. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48986-4_761.

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Renz, H., and B. Gierten. "Cluster-of-differentiation-Nomenklatur." In Lexikon der Medizinischen Laboratoriumsdiagnostik. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49054-9_761-1.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Cluster of Differentiation Marker." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_13411.

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Gentry, Marcia. "Student-Focused Differentiation." In Total School Cluster Grouping & Differentiation, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003239239-13.

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Salajegheh, Ali. "Cluster of Differentiation 71 (CD71)." In Angiogenesis in Health, Disease and Malignancy. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28140-7_8.

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Gentry, Marcia. "What is Cluster Grouping?" In Total School Cluster Grouping & Differentiation, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003239239-2.

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Seefeldt, Lance C., and Dennis R. Dean. "Iron-Sulfur Cluster Proteins, Nitrogenases." In Encyclopedia of Metalloproteins. Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1533-6_359.

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Moulis, Jean-Marc. "Iron-Sulfur Cluster Proteins, Ferredoxins." In Encyclopedia of Metalloproteins. Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1533-6_392.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cluster of differentiation proteins"

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Lonika, Charistika, Dono Indarto, and Amelya Augusthina Ayusari. "Roseoside from Lemon Fruits (<i>Citrus limon)</i> as a Potential Inhibitor of Cluster of Differentiation 36 for Obesity Treatment." In 8th International Conference on Advanced Material for Better Future. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-vo3mlu.

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Obesity is a global health problem that prevalence has increased in the last decade. Triglycerides are the main fat component in daily food intake, which can be absorbed directly into the enterocytes through Cluster of Differentiation (CD) 36 transporter protein. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (semaglutide) has recently been approved for obesity treatment, but this medicine has some side effects in the gastrointestinal tract. Administration of Lactobacillus-fermented lemon juice reduced serum triglyceride levels and body weight (BW) of obese rats but it is not related to the action of CD36 protein. Therefore, this study aimed to explore phytochemicals derived from lemon fruits, which could inhibit CD36 protein. This bioinformatics study used 15 lemon phytochemicals, which had three-dimensional structures on the PubChem database and matched the criteria of Lipinski’s rules. As a standard compound, the three-dimensional structure of α-Santalol was found in a binding complex with CD36 protein, obtained from Protein Data Bank (ID:5LGD). The AutoDock Vina 1.1.2. software was used to perform molecular docking between α-Santalol/phytochemicals and CD36. Binding complexes of α-Santalol, phytochemicals, and CD36 were visualized using the Biovia Discover Studio. The potential candidate of CD36 inhibitor was analyzed by comparing the docking score, binding site, and molecular conformation between phytochemicals and α-Santalol. Roseoside had 386.4 Da molecular weight, a lower docking score (-6.7 Kcal/mol), a binding site at Ala141 only, and a different conformation than α-Santalol (-6.1 kcal/mol). In conclusion, Roseoside in lemon fruits becomes a potential CD36 inhibitor for the development of obesity treatment.
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Xu, Yunjiao, Yurong Sun, Xue Wang, and Baojun Zhang. "Establishing rapid and efficient plant regeneration for poplar 741 through cluster seedling differentiation." In 2024 Fourth International Conference on Biomedicine and Bioinformatics Engineering (ICBBE 2024), edited by Pier Paolo Piccaluga, Ahmed El-Hashash, and Xiangqian Guo. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3044468.

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Abdel Samad, Rim, Zulfa Al Disi, Mohammad Ashfaq, and Nabil Zouari. "The use of Principle Component Analysis and MALDI-TOF MS for the differentiation of mineral forming Virgibacillus and Bacillus species isolated from Sabkhas." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0069.

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Occurrence of mineral forming and other bacteria in mats is well demonstrated. However, their high diversity shown by ribotyping was not explained, although it could explain the diversity of formed minerals. Common biomarkers as well as phylogenic relationships are useful tools to clustering the isolates and predict their potential role in the natural niche. In this study, combination of MALDI-TOF MS with PCA was shown a powerful tool to categorize 35 mineral forming bacterial strains isolated from Dohat Fshaikh sabkha, at northwest of Qatar (23 from decaying mats and 12 from living ones). 23 strains from decaying mats belong to Virgibacillus genus as identified by ribotyping and are shown highly involved in formation of protodolomite and a diversity of minerals. They were used as internal references in categorization of sabkha bacteria. Combination of isolation of bacteria on selective mineral forming media, their MALDI TOF MS protein profiling and PCA analysis established their relationship in a phyloproteomic based on protein biomarkers including m/z 4905, 3265, 5240, 6430, 7765, and 9815. PCA analysis clustered the studied strains into 3 major clusters, showing strong correspondence to the 3 phyloproteiomic groups that were established by the dendrogram. Both clustering analysis means have evidently demonstrated a relationship between known Virgibacillus strains and other related bacteria based on profiling of their synthesized proteins. Thus, larger populations of bacteria in mats can be easily screened for their potential to exhibit certain activities, which is of ecological, environmental and biotechnological significance.
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Ferretti, Marco, Mirto Musci, and Luigi Santangelo. "A hybrid OpenMP and OpenMPI approach to geometrical motif search in proteins." In 2014 IEEE International Conference On Cluster Computing (CLUSTER). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cluster.2014.6968787.

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Das, Arnab, Tanmay Tirpankar, Ganesh Gopalakrishnan, and Sriram Krishnamoorthy. "Robustness Analysis of Loop-Free Floating-Point Programs via Symbolic Automatic Differentiation." In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing (CLUSTER). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cluster48925.2021.00055.

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Das, Arnab, Tanmay Tirpankar, Ganesh Gopalakrishnan, and Sriram Krishnamoorthy. "Robustness Analysis of Loop-Free Floating-Point Programs via Symbolic Automatic Differentiation." In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing (CLUSTER). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cluster48925.2021.00055.

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Holle, Andrew W., Juan Carlos Del Alamo, and Adam J. Engler. "Focal Adhesion Mechanotransduction Regulates Stiffness-Directed Differentiation." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14676.

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Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are capable of differentiating into mesodermal lineages, with their fate mirroring the tissue lineage possessing a matching in vivo stiffness. The precise mechanisms responsible for this mechanotransduction-induced change in fate are unknown beyond the requirement for force transmission from the extracellular niche through to the nucleus. As a result of cellular contraction, linker proteins connecting the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix (ECM) are exposed to differing levels of force and deform to different extents based on the adjacent ECM’s stiffness. Therefore, some of these linker proteins could act as ‘molecular strain gauges,’ as they have been shown to unfold in response to this force. The unfolding process could result in exposure of cryptic binding sites and induction of new signaling pathways. For example, talin exposes multiple vinculin binding sites under physiological force [1]. Vinculin binds at either end to talin and actin and is thought to change its conformation in conjunction with this force [2] similar to how a strain gauge works. Here we show that force-dependent changes in vinculin recruit MAPK1, inducing a signaling cascade that results in the expression of myogenic markers. Together these data suggest that specific proteins may act as ‘molecular strain gauges’ and play a role in mechanosensitive stem cell differentiation.
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Darman, Rachel B., Samantha A. Perino, Michael Seiler, et al. "Abstract B125: Mutant SF3B1 downregulates proteins involved in differentiation, including ABCB7." In Abstracts: AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; November 5-9, 2015; Boston, MA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.targ-15-b125.

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Kim, Sunshin, Chung Sei Rhee, and Jung-Do Choi. "An Algorithm to Cluster Orthologous Proteins across Multiple Genomes." In 2008 International Conference on Information Science and Security (ICISS 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciss.2008.42.

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Kleiman, Ross, Michelle Previtera, Sharan Parikh, Devendra Verma, Rene Schloss, and Noshir Langrana. "The Effects of Extracellular Matrix Proteins and Stiffness on Neuronal Cell Adhesion." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53596.

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Spinal cord injuries have spurred research interests in finding ways to repair or replace damaged neurons. We are looking to find novel ways to promote proliferation and differentiation of stem cells in order to replace damaged spinal cord neurons. While previous studies have shown that the mechanical properties of the cellular environment influence proliferation and differentiation, these studies have only been performed on polyacrylamide and agarose gels (1, 2). Collagen gels provide the opportunity to promote neuronal precursor cell (NPCs) proliferation and differentiation in a more natural environment by utilizing the mechanical properties of the gel. In this study, we examine the effects of 2D collagen matrices of varying stiffness on proliferation and differentiation of rat, spinal cord NPCs in order to create a more biocompatible tissue-engineered platform.
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Reports on the topic "Cluster of differentiation proteins"

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Chansiripornchai, Piyarat, and Thanaphum Osathanon. In vitro differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from dental and oral tissues into Islet-like cell cluster. Chulalongkorn University, 2013. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2013.93.

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Diabetes mellitus is a complicated metabolic disorder resulting in hyperglycemia and long-term complications e.g. diabetic encephalopathy and neuropathy. Treatments of diabetes and its complications have faced many obstacles. Trend of stem cells (SCs)-based therapy has been proposed as a novel approach. Though, the study using dental SCs in this regard is yet lacking. In this study, human dental pulp SCs (hDPSCs) and human periodontal ligament SCs (hPDLSCs) were employed. The results illustrated the capability of differentiation toward islet-like cells (ILCs) cluster / insulin-producing cells (IPCs) by hDPSCs and hPDLSCs. In addition, higher capacity of differentiation toward ILCs cluster / IPCs by hDPSCs was apparently showed in respects of colony number, gene and protein marker expression. In addition, the hDPSCs-derived ILCs cluster / IPCs released C-PEPTIDE upon glucose stimulation in dose-dependent manner. After induction, Notch target genes, HES-1 and HEY-1, were upregulated. Notch inhibition during each step or throughout the induction protocol resulted in variation of ILCs cluster / IPCs morphology, mRNA and protein marker expression, and functional property. Thus, the results suggested the capability of dental SCs in differentiation toward ILCs cluster / IPCs which might be implied to the possibility of dental SCs used in diabetes treatment. In addition, Notch signaling might participate in the regulation of dental SCs differentiation toward ILCs cluster / IPCs.
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Soler, Santiago. Cluster Sustainable Tourism as a Development Strategy. Inter-American Development Bank, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006579.

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The goal of the projects in this cluster is to contribute to the sustainable development of tourism by increasing the competitiveness of locally-ownedSMEsin the sector - Contribution to the conservation of the environment and cultural heritage is a priority. - Innovation, added value or differentiation, financial sustainability, and the potential for replication. -22 Projects in 17 countries - Rainforest Alliance, an active founding member.
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Bremel, Robert D., and Arieh Gertler. Effect of Bovine Placental Lactogen and other Placental Proteins on Growth and Differentiation of Cultured Bovine Mammary Cells. United States Department of Agriculture, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1986.7566755.bard.

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Bercovier, Herve, Raul Barletta, and Shlomo Sela. Characterization and Immunogenicity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis Secreted and Cellular Proteins. United States Department of Agriculture, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7573078.bard.

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Our long-term goal is to develop an efficient acellular vaccine against paratuberculosis based on protein antigen(s). A prerequisite to achieve this goal is to analyze and characterize Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (Mpt) secreted and cellular proteins eliciting a protective immune response. In the context of this general objective, we proposed to identify, clone, produce, and characterize: the Mpt 85B antigen and other Mpt immunoreactive secreted proteins, the Mpt L7/L12 ribosomal protein and other immunoreactive cellular proteins, Mpt protein determinants involved in invasion of epithelial cells, and Mpt protein antigens specifically expressed in macrophages. Paratuberculosis is still a very serious problem in Israel and in the USA. In the USA, a recent survey evaluated that 21.6% of the dairy herd were infected with Mpt resulting in 200-250 million dollars in annual losses. Very little is known on the virulence factors and on protective antigens of Mpt. At present, the only means of controlling this disease are culling or vaccination. The current vaccines do not allow a clear differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals. Our long-term goal is to develop an efficient acellular paratuberculosis vaccine based on Mpt protein antigen(s) compatible with diagnostic tests. To achieve this goal it is necessary to analyze and characterize secreted and cellular proteins candidate for such a vaccine. Representative Mpt libraries (shuttle plasmid and phage) were constructed and used to study Mpt genes and gene products described below and will be made available to other research groups. In addition, two approaches were performed which did not yield the expected results. Mav or Mpt DNA genes that confer upon Msg or E. coli the ability to invade and/or survive within HEp-2 cells were not identified. Likewise, we were unable to characterize the 34-39 kDa induced secreted proteins induced by stress factors due to technical difficulties inherent to the complexity of the media needed to support substantial M. pt growth. We identified, isolated, sequenced five Mpt proteins and expressed four of them as recombinant proteins that allowed the study of their immunological properties in sensitized mice. The AphC protein, found to be up regulated by low iron environment, and the SOD protein are both involved in protecting mycobacteria against damage and killing by reactive oxygen (Sod) and nitrogen (AhpC) intermediates, the main bactericidal mechanisms of phagocytic cells. SOD and L7/L12 ribosomal proteins are structural proteins constitutively expressed. 85B and CFP20 are both secreted proteins. SOD, L7/L12, 85B and CFP20 were shown to induce a Th1 response in immunized mice whereas AphC was shown by others to have a similar activity. These proteins did not interfere with the DTH reaction of naturally infected cows. Cellular immunity provides protection in mycobacterial infections, therefore molecules inducing cellular immunity and preferentially a Th1 pathway will be the best candidate for the development of an acellular vaccine. The proteins characterized in this grant that induce a cell-mediated immunity and seem compatible with diagnostic tests, are good candidates for the construction of a future acellular vaccine.
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Halevy, Orna, Zipora Yablonka-Reuveni, and Israel Rozenboim. Enhancement of meat production by monochromatic light stimuli during embryogenesis: effect on muscle development and post-hatch growth. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586471.bard.

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The original objectives were: A. To determine the critical embryonic age for monochromatic green light stimulation. B. To follow the ontogeny of embryos exposed to monochromatic green light vs. darkness. C. To investigate the effects of monochromatic green light illumination on myoblast and fiber development in the embryo. D. To investigate the stimulatory effect of light combinations during embryo and post-hatch periods on growth and meat production. E. To evaluate the direct effect of monochromatic green light on cultured embryonic and adult myoblasts. The overall purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of monochromatic light stimuli during incubation period of broilers on muscle development and satellite cell myogenesis. Based on previous studies (Halevy et al., 1998; Rozenboim et al., 1999) that demonstrated the positive effects of green-light illumination on body and muscle growth, we hypothesized that monochromatic light illumination accelerates embryo and muscle development and subsequently enhances muscle growth and meat production. Thus, further decreases management costs. Under the cooperation of the laboratories at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and University of Washington we have conducted the following: 1. We have established the critical stage for exposure to green monochromatic light which has the maximal effect on body and muscle growth (Objective A). We report that embryonic day 5 is optimal for starting illumination. The optimal regime of lighting that will eliminate possible heat effects was evaluated by monitoring egg core temperature at various illumination periods. We found that intermitted lighting (15 min. on; 15 min. off) is optimal to avoid heat effects. 2. We have evaluated in detail gross changes in embryo development profile associated to green light stimuli vs. darkness. In addition, we have investigated the stimulatory effect of light combinations during embryo and post-hatch periods on body and muscle growth (Objective B,D). 3. We have studied the expression profile of muscle regulatory proteins during chicken muscle cell differentiation in cultures using newly developed antibodies. This study paved the way for analyzing the expression of these proteins in our photo stimulation experiments (Objective C). 4. We have studied the pattern ofPax7 expression during myogenesis in the posthatch chicken. Experimental chick pectoralis muscles as well adult myoblast cultures were used in this study and the results led us to propose a novel model for satellite cell differentiation and renewal. 5. The effects of monochromatic green light illumination during embryogenesis have been studied. These studies focused on fetal myoblast and satellite cell proliferation and differentiation at pre- and posthatch periods and on the effects on the expression of muscle regulatory proteins which are involved in these processes. In addition, we have analyzed the effect of photo stimulation in the embryo on myofiber development at early posthatch (Objective C). 6. In follow the reviewers' comments we have not conducted Objective E. The information gathered from these studies is of utmost importance both, for understanding the molecular basis of muscle development in the posthatch chicks and for applied approach for future broiler management. Therefore, the information could be beneficial to agriculture in the short term on the one hand and to future studies on chick muscle development in the embryo and posthatch on the other hand.
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Sawangmake, Chenphop. Development of genetic manipulation approach for in vitro production of islet-like cell cluster (ILCCs) or insulin-producing cells (IPCs) from canine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (cBM-MSCs). Chulalongkorn University, 2018. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2018.88.

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In this study, trend of stem cell-based treatment for diabetes type 1 in veterinary practice has been preliminarily investigated. Production of pancreatic lineages by canine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (cBM-MSCs) using genetic manipulation approach has been studied. Transfection efficiency of second-generation lentiviral vector on cBM-MSCs employing “pLenti CMV GFP Puro (658-5)” (Addgene plasmid #17448) was investigated and the results suggested the susceptibility of the cell to such transfection. Further study was performed to evaluate the efficiency of PDX1 transfection on cBM-MSCs, focusing on cell fate after transfection. The lentiviral vector containing “pWPT-PDX1 plasmid” (Addgene plasmid # 12256) was used. The multiplicity of infection (MOI) 20, 30, and 50 were employed. The results illustrated that PDX-1 transfection could enhance dose- and time-dependent cell morphological change toward colony-like structure. Some of pancreatic gene markers were also upregulated. Upon the induction by modified three-dimension (3D) micro-environmental manipulating protocol, “hanging drop-culture technique” and “hanging-drop culture technique with Matrigel-formed dome culture technique” could effectively enhance pancreatic differentiation by cBM-MSCs. Further study on integrating hanging drop-cell culture technique with genetic manipulation illustrated that cBM-MSCs could be differentiated toward pancreatic lineage with dramatic expression of pancreatic mRNA markers. Thus, this study demonstrated that cBM-MSCs could be used as the source of pancreatic lineage derivation by using integration of genetic and microenvironmental manipulating protocol in vitro
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Perk, Shimon, Maricarmen Garcia, Alexander Panshin, et al. Avian Influenza Virus H9N2: Characterization and Control Strategies. United States Department of Agriculture, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7709882.bard.

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Control of Avian Influenza (AI) infection is a highly topical subject of major economicimportance for the worldwide poultry industry at the national level and for international trade.H9N2 viruses are endemic in poultry throughout Asia and the Middle East, causing major losses inproduction. Moreover, these viruses pose wider threats since they have been isolated from bothswine and humans. At the same time, study of the AI viruses affords an opportunity to explore anumber of problems of intriguing scientific interest. The overall goal of this project was to developa sound control strategy for avian influenza subtype H9N2 viruses (AI H9N2) in commercialpoultry in Israel. The one-year feasibility study focused on two main goals, namely: to study themolecular characteristics of AI H9N2 circulating during the last seven years in Israel and todevelop tools enabling differentiation between the immune response to vaccination and infectionwith H9N2.Genetic and phylogenetic characterization of 29 selected AI H9N2 isolates (2000-2006)was performed by complete sequencing of hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and all sixinternal genes [nucleoprotein (NP), polymerase basic 1 (PB1), polymerase basic 2 (PB2),polymerase acid (PA), matrix (M), and nonstructural (NS) genes]; comparative phylogenetic andgenetic analyses of these sequences; and comparative genetic analyses of deduced amino acidsequences of the HA, NA, NS1, and NS2 proteins. The major conclusions of the molecularanalyses were: (1) Israeli isolates, together with other H9N2 viruses isolated in Middle Eastcountries, comprise a single regional sublineage related to the G1-lineage. In addition, Israeliisolates subdivided into three different subgroups. Genetic analysis of these viruses suggests thatthey underwent divergent evolution paths.
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Handa, Avtar K., Yuval Eshdat, Avichai Perl, Bruce A. Watkins, Doron Holland, and David Levy. Enhancing Quality Attributes of Potato and Tomato by Modifying and Controlling their Oxidative Stress Outcome. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586532.bard.

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General The final goal and overall objective of the current research has been to modify lipid hydroperoxidation in order to create desirable phenotypes in two important crops, potato and tomato, which normally are exposed to abiotic stress associated with such oxidation. The specific original objectives were: (i) the roles of lipoxygenase (LOX) and phospholipids hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) in regulating endogenous levels of lipid peroxidation in plant tissues; (ii) the effect of modified lipid peroxidation on fruit ripening, tuber quality, crop productivity and abiotic stress tolerance; (iii) the effect of simultaneous reduction of LOX and increase of PHGPx activities on fruit ripening and tuber quality; and (iv) the role of lipid peroxidation on expression of specific genes. We proposed to accomplish the research goal by genetic engineering of the metabolic activities of LOX and PHGPx using regulatable and tissue specific promoters, and study of the relationships between these two consecutive enzymes in the metabolism and catabolism of phospholipids hydroperoxides. USA Significant progress was made in accomplishing all objectives of proposed research. Due to inability to regenerate tomato plants after transforming with 35S-PHGPx chimeric gene construct, the role of low catalase induced oxidative stress instead of PHGPx was evaluated on agronomical performance of tomato plant and fruit quality attributes. Effects of polyamine, that protects DNA from oxidative stress, were also evaluated. The transgenic plants under expressing lipoxygenase (LOX-sup) were crossed with catalase antisense (CAT-anti) plants or polyamine over producing plants (SAM-over) and the lines homozygous for the two transgenes were selected. Agronomical performance of these line showed that low catalase induced oxidative stress negatively affected growth and development of tomato plants and resulted in a massive change in fruit gene expression. These effects of low catalase activity induced oxidative stress, including the massive shift in gene expression, were greatly overcome by the low lipoxygenase activity. Collectively results show that oxidative stress plays significant role in plant growth including the fruit growth. These results also for the first time indicated that a crosstalk between oxidative stress and lipoxygenase regulated processes determine the outcome during plant growth and development. Israel Regarding PHGPx, most of the study has concentrated on the first and the last specific objectives, since it became evident that plant transformation with this gene is not obvious. Following inability to achieve efficient transformation of potato and tomato using a variety of promoters, model plant systems (tobacco and potato cell cultures, tobacco calli and plantlets, and Arabidopsis) were used to establish the factors and to study the obstacles which prohibited the regeneration of plants carrying the genetic machinery for overproduction of PHGPx. Our results clearly demonstrate that while genetic transformation and over-expression of PHGPx occurs in pre-developmental tissue stage (cell culture, calli clusters) or in completed plant (Arabidopsis), it is likely that over-expression of this enzyme before tissue differentiation is leading to a halt of the regeneration process. To support this assumption, experiments, in which genetic engineering of a point-mutated PHGPx gene enable transformation and over-expression in plants of PhSPY modified in its catalytic site and thus inactive enzymatically, were successfully carried out. These combined results strongly suggest, that if in fact, like in animals and as we established in vitro, the plant PHGPx exhibits PH peroxidase activity, these peroxides are vital for the organisms developmental process.
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Perk, Simon, Egbert Mundt, Alexander Panshin, et al. Characterization and Control Strategies of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H9N2. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697117.bard.

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The avian influenza virus, subtype H9N2 subtype, defined as having a low pathogenicity, causes extensive economical losses in commercial flocks, probably due to management and synergism with other pathogens. AIV H9N2 was first identified in Israel in the year 2000, and since then it became endemic and widespread in Israel. Control by vaccination of commercial flocks with an inactivated vaccine has been introduced since 2007. In face of the continuous H9N2 outbreaks, and the application of the vaccination policy, we aimed in the present study to provide a method of differentiating naturally infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). The aim of the assay would be detect only antibodies created by a de-novo infection, since the inactivated vaccine virus is not reproducing, and might provide a simple tool for mass detection of novel infections of commercial flocks. To fulfill the overall aim, the project was designed to include four operational objectives: 1. Evaluation of the genetic evolution of AIV in Israel; 2. Assessment of the diagnostic value of an NS1 ELISA; 3. NS1 ELISA as evaluation criteria for measuring the efficacy of vaccination against H9N2 AIV; 4. Development of an AIV H9 subtype specific ELISA systems. Major conclusion and implications drawn from the project were: 1. A continuous genetic change occurred in the collection of H9N2 isolates, and new introductions were identified. It was shown thatthe differences between the HA proteins of viruses used for vaccine productionand local fieldisolatesincreasedin parallelwith the durationand intensity ofvaccine use, therefore, developing a differential assay for the vaccine and the wild type viruses was the project main aim. 2. To assess the diagnostic value of an NS1 ELISA we first performed experimental infection trials using representative viruses of all introductions, and used the sera and recombinant NS1 antigens of the same viruses in homologous and heterologous NS1 ELISA combination. The NS1 ELISA was evidently reactive in all combinations, and did not discriminate significantly between different groups. 3. However, several major drawbacks of the NS1 ELISA were recognized: a) The evaluation of the vaccination effect in challenged birds, showed that the level of the NS1 antibodies dropped due to the vaccination-dependent virus level drop; b) the applicability of the NS1-ELISA was verified on sera of commercial flocks and found to be unusable due to physico-chemical composition of the sera and the recombinant antigen, c) commercial sera showed non-reactivity that might be caused by many factors, including vaccination, uncertainty regarding the infection time, and possibly low antigen avidity, d) NS1 elevated antibody levels for less than 2 months in SPF chicks. Due to the above mentioned reasons we do not recommend the application of the DIVA NS1 ELISA assay for monitoring and differentiation AIV H9N2 naturally-infected from vaccinated commercial birds.
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Funkenstein, Bruria, and Shaojun (Jim) Du. Interactions Between the GH-IGF axis and Myostatin in Regulating Muscle Growth in Sparus aurata. United States Department of Agriculture, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696530.bard.

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Growth rate of cultured fish from hatching to commercial size is a major factor in the success of aquaculture. The normal stimulus for muscle growth in growing fish is not well understood and understanding the regulation of muscle growth in fish is of particular importance for aquaculture. Fish meat constitutes mostly of skeletal muscles and provides high value proteins in most people's diet. Unlike mammals, fish continue to grow throughout their lives, although the size fish attain, as adults, is species specific. Evidence indicates that muscle growth is regulated positively and negatively by a variety of growth and transcription factors that control both muscle cell proliferation and differentiation. In particular, growth hormone (GH), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and transforming growth factor-13 (TGF-13) play critical roles in myogenesis during animal growth. An important advance in our understanding of muscle growth was provided by the recent discovery of the crucial functions of myostatin (MSTN) in controlling muscle growth. MSTN is a member of the TGF-13 superfamily and functions as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth in mammals. Studies in mammals also provided evidence for possible interactions between GH, IGFs, MSTN and the musclespecific transcription factor My oD with regards to muscle development and growth. The goal of our project was to try to clarify the role of MSTNs in Sparus aurata muscle growth and in particular determine the possible interaction between the GH-IGFaxis and MSTN in regulating muscle growth in fish. The steps to achieve this goal included: i) Determining possible relationship between changes in the expression of growth-related genes, MSTN and MyoD in muscle from slow and fast growing sea bream progeny of full-sib families and that of growth rate; ii) Testing the possible effect of over-expressing GH, IGF-I and IGF-Il on the expression of MSTN and MyoD in skeletal muscle both in vivo and in vitro; iii) Studying the regulation of the two S. aurata MSTN promoters and investigating the possible role of MyoD in this regulation. The major findings of our research can be summarized as follows: 1) Two MSTN promoters (saMSTN-1 and saMSTN-2) were isolated and characterized from S. aurata and were found to direct reporter gene activity in A204 cells. Studies were initiated to decipher the regulation of fish MSTN expression in vitro using the cloned promoters; 2) The gene coding for saMSTN-2 was cloned. Both the promoter and the first intron were found to be polymorphic. The first intron zygosity appears to be associated with growth rate; 3) Full length cDNA coding for S. aurata growth differentiation factor-l I (GDF-II), a closely related growth factor to MSTN, was cloned from S. aurata brain, and the mature peptide (C-terminal) was found to be highly conserved throughout evolution. GDF-II transcript was detected by RT -PCR analysis throughout development in S. aurata embryos and larvae, suggesting that this mRNA is the product of the embryonic genome. Transcripts for GDF-Il were detected by RT-PCR in brain, eye and spleen with highest level found in brain; 4) A novel member of the TGF-Bsuperfamily was partially cloned from S. aurata. It is highly homologous to an unidentified protein (TGF-B-like) from Tetraodon nigroviridisand is expressed in various tissues, including muscle; 5) Recombinant S. aurata GH was produced in bacteria, refolded and purified and was used in in vitro and in vivo experiments. Generally, the results of gene expression in response to GH administration in vivo depended on the nutritional state (starvation or feeding) and the time at which the fish were sacrificed after GH administration. In vitro, recombinantsaGH activated signal transduction in two fish cell lines: RTHI49 and SAFI; 6) A fibroblastic-like cell line from S. aurata (SAF-I) was characterized for its gene expression and was found to be a suitable experimental system for studies on GH-IGF and MSTN interactions; 7) The gene of the muscle-specific transcription factor Myogenin was cloned from S. aurata, its expression and promoter activity were characterized; 8) Three genes important to myofibrillogenesis were cloned from zebrafish: SmyDl, Hsp90al and skNAC. Our data suggests the existence of an interaction between the GH-IGFaxis and MSTN. This project yielded a great number of experimental tools, both DNA constructs and in vitro systems that will enable further studies on the regulation of MSTN expression and on the interactions between members of the GHIGFaxis and MSTN in regulating muscle growth in S. aurata.
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