Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'CMAQ model'

Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T22:53:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_9973_dissertacao-Rizzieri-Condicoes_Contorno_CMAQ_CORRECAO-rev-final.pdf: 10549247 bytes, checksum: eeb5475c2c5fe4865a8e58836416877c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-13<br>O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência das condições de contorno nas simulações com o modelo CMAQ sobre a Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória (RMGV) para os poluentes, ozônio (O3) e material particulado inalável (MP10). Foram feitos quatro cenários de simulação para o mês de agosto de 2010 com diferentes condições de contorno. O primeiro cenário (M1) utilizando condições de contorno fixas, invariáveis com o tempo com concentrações nulas (zero) para todos os poluentes; um segundo cenário (M2) com valores fixos de concentração, invariável com o tempo com valores médios obtidos através do monitoramento das estações de qualidade da RMGV e de estações de Aracruz ao Norte e Anchieta ao sul; o terceiro cenário (M3) utilizou condições de contorno variáveis com o tempo provenientes de uma simulação prévia do CMAQ com um domínio maior, centralizado sobre a mesma área (RMGV); e por fim o quarto cenário (M4) que utilizou valores de concentrações variáveis com o tempo para as bordas oriundas de simulações com o modelo global GEOS-Chem. Todos os cenários utilizaram as mesmas condições de meteorológicas e emissões de poluentes, com condições meteorológicas geradas pelo modelo WRF versão 3.6.1 e emissões atmosféricas provenientes do inventário de emissões oficial da RMGV. As simulações de qualidade do ar foram feitas com domínio 61 x79 km centrado nas coordenadas -20,25ºS; -40,28ºW com resolução de 1 km, utilizando o CB05 e Aero6 e ainda o analisador de processos do CMAQ (PROCAN). Os resultados das simulações foram comparados com os dados medidos em estações de monitoramento da RMGV. Os resultados mostraram que para MP10 as condições de contorno não foram tão influentes nas concentrações simuladas, com pequenas variações das concentrações entre eles, porém, de um modo geral, os métodos M3 e M4 alcançaram os melhores resultados para estatística, entretanto o método M2 não está totalmente equivocado, porém deve-se ter cautela em usar esse método. Foram observados comportamentos diferentes entre as estações de monitoramento onde houve umas com valores superestimados em algumas horas e outras com valores subestimados, ocorrido provavelmente, por causa do tamanho da grade associado com as condições meteorológicas e variação temporal das emissões. Para o ozônio, notou-se que as condições de contorno influenciam diretamente nas concentrações modeladas, podendo inclusive influenciar no aumento da produção do O3 não apenas por reações químicas, mas também por processos de advecção e difusão atmosférica. Foi observado que cenário M1 faz com que as concentrações de O3 modeladas sejam bem pequenas, não representando a realidade. No cenário M2 as concentrações foram superestimadas, tanto nas estações quanto nas áreas próximas aos limites do domínio, principalmente na porção Oeste. Os cenários M3 e M4 alcançaram os melhores resultados de concentrações e estatística, sendo estes os mais aconselháveis quando o objetivo é avaliar o ozônio. Como o domínio final utilizado na modelagem do CMAQ foi de apenas 61 x 79km, observou-se que as condições de fronteira influenciam diretamente em toda grade do domínio, principalmente para ozônio, ao utilizar o processador de analises (PROCAN). Quando as concentrações de contorno são altas, independentes de serem fixas ou variantes com o tempo, os processos de advecção e difusão turbulenta promovem um incremento muito maior nas regiões de fronteira com a RMGV, aumentando a concentração.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T22:56:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_8871_TESE - FINAL - Alexandre_Magalhaes_Santiago.pdf: 7431792 bytes, checksum: 45fc8d5b0f9ef9ecfadc727f9456e258 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-31<br>Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo avaliar a formação e o transporte de Material Particulado na Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória (RMGV) utilizando o The Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System (CMAQ). Em particular, investigou-se a resposta de material particulado a mudanças nas fontes de emissões veiculares e industriais. No inverno de 2012 (de 22 a 31 de julho) foi realizada uma campanha experimental utilizando o LIDAR para caracterizar o comportamento da Camada Limite Atmosférica (CLA) e o SODAR para medir a estrutura vertical da atmosfera na RMGV. Também foram utilizados dados coletados pelas estações meteorológicas e de qualidade do ar da região para validação dos resultados numéricos. Os campos meteorológicos tridimensionais foram modelados utilizando o modelo meteorológico Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) na versão 3.4.1 durante o período de 15 a 31 de julho de 2012. Fez-se uso de quatro domínios aninhados com resolução de grade 27 quilômetros (70 × 70 células), 9 km (100 x 100 células), 3 km (100 x 100 células), 1 km (células 120 x 120) e todos com 21 níveis verticais. Para as simulações com o CMAQ, utilizou-se e domínio com resolução de 1 km com corte para 79 x 61 células, o qual abrange as cidades de Cariacica, Laranjeiras, Serra, Viana, Vila Velha e Vitória. As simulações com o modelo CMAQ foram realizadas de 22 de julho a 31 de 2012 (240 horas). O modelo SMOKE foi aplicado para construir um inventário de emissões, espacialmente e temporalmente resolvido para RMGV utilizando o inventário de emissões oficial do Estado. As simulações de qualidade do ar utilizaram concentrações medidas como as condições iniciais e de fronteira. Foram utilizadas as opções AERO4 e Carbon Bond V disponíveis na versão 4.6 do modelo CMAQ para descrição dos processos de aerossol, química da fase aquosa e gasosa. Três diferentes cenários foram simulados: considerando o atual inventário de emissões (caso base), considerando a exclusão de fontes de emissões veiculares (cenário 1) e considerando a exclusão das emissões industriais (cenário 2). Os resultados apontam valores máximos de concentração de partículas sobre a Ponta de Tubarão devido à concentração industrial, entretanto, observa-se claramente a influência veicular na região. Observou-se uma queda na concentração de MP10 em relação ao caso base e nos dois cenários de redução de emissão, 85 % e 24 % para Laranjeiras, 82 % e 25 % para Enseada e 89 % e 23% para Cariacica, sem a presença de emissões veiculares e sem a presença de emissões industriais, respectivamente. Observou-se uma queda na concentração de MP2,5 em relação ao caso base foi de aproximadamente 75,4 % e 19,4 % para Laranjeiras, 74,5 % e 19,9 % para Enseada e 79,1 % e 7,8% para Cariacica, sem a presença de emissões veiculares e sem a presença de emissões industrias, respectivamente. Os resultados simulados mostraram que a fração carbonácea no material particulado da RMGV é de aproximadamente 60 % da massa total de MP10, logo os cenários simulados de supressão das principais fontes da região, causaram maiores impactos na concentração de carbono orgânico e elementar do que nas concentrações de sulfato, nitrato e amônio as quais eram muito pequenas no caso base e permaneceram sem alterações significativas. Estes resultados reforçam a necessidade de atualizar o inventario de fontes de emissão da RMGV, o qual considera a fonte veicular como principal fonte de MP na região. Políticas de controle de concentração de MP devem considerar o papel de aerossóis orgânicos e do carbono elementar, visto que estes correspondem a maior fração da massa total do MP10.

The use of regenerative braking is a key factor to reduce the energy consumption of a metro line. In the case where no device can store the energy produced during braking, only the metros that are accelerating at the same time can benefit from it. Maximizing the power transfers between accelerating and braking metros thus provides a simple strategy to benefit from regenerative energy without any other hardware device. In this thesis, we use a mathematical timetable model to classify various metro energy optimization rescheduling problems studied in the literature and prove their NP-hardness by polynomial reductions of SAT. We then focus on the problem of minimizing the global energy consumption of a metro timetable by modifying the dwell times in stations. We present a greedy heuristic algorithm which aims at locally synchronizing braking metros along the timetable with accelerating metros in their time neighbourhood, using a non-linear approximation of energy transfers. On a benchmark of six small size timetables, we show that our greedy heuristics performs better than CPLEX using a MILP formulation of the problem, even when it is able to prove the optimality of a linear approximation of the objective function. We also show that it runs ten times faster than a state-of-the-art evolutionary algorithm, called the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES), using the same non-linear objective function on these small size instances. On real data leading to 10000 decision variables on which both MILP and CMA-ES do not provide solutions, the dedicated algorithm of our thesis computes solutions with a reduction of energy consumption ranging from 5% to 9%<br>The use of regenerative braking is a key factor to reduce the energy consumption of a metro line. In the case where no device can store the energy produced during braking, only the metros that are accelerating at the same time can benefit from it. Maximizing the power transfers between accelerating and braking metros thus provides a simple strategy to benefit from regenerative energy without any other hardware device. In this thesis, we use a mathematical timetable model to classify various metro energy optimization rescheduling problems studied in the literature and prove their NP-hardness by polynomial reductions of SAT. We then focus on the problem of minimizing the global energy consumption of a metro timetable by modifying the dwell times in stations. We present a greedy heuristic algorithm which aims at locally synchronizing braking metros along the timetable with accelerating metros in their time neighbourhood, using a non-linear approximation of energy transfers. On a benchmark of six small size timetables, we show that our greedy heuristics performs better than CPLEX using a MILP formulation of the problem, even when it is able to prove the optimality of a linear approximation of the objective function. We also show that it runs ten times faster than a state-of-the-art evolutionary algorithm, called the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES), using the saure non-linear objective function on these small size instances. On real data leading to 10000 decision variables on which both MILP and CMA-ES do not provide solutions, the dedicated algorithm of our thesis computes solutions with a reduction of energy consumption ranging from 5% to 9%

In motion control applications where the desired trajectory velocity exceeds an actuator’s maximum velocity limitations, large position errors will occur between the desired and actual trajectory responses. In these situations standard control approaches cannot predict the output saturation of the actuator and thus the associated error summation cannot be minimised.An adaptive feedforward control solution such as the Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller (CMAC) is able to provide an inherent level of prediction for these situations, moving the system output in the direction of the excessive desired velocity before actuator saturation occurs. However the pre-empting level of a CMAC is not adaptive, and thus the optimal point in time to start moving the system output in the direction of the excessive desired velocity remains unsolved. While the CMAC can adaptively minimise an actuator’s position error, the minimisation of the summation of error over time created by the divergence of the desired and actual trajectory responses requires an additional adaptive level of control.This thesis presents an improved method of training CMACs to minimise the summation of error over time created when the desired trajectory velocity exceeds the actuator’s maximum velocity limitations. This improved method called the Error Minimising Gradient Controller (EMGC) is able to adaptively modify a CMAC’s training signal so that the CMAC will start to move the output of the system in the direction of the excessive desired velocity with an optimised pre-empting level.The EMGC was originally created to minimise the loss of linguistic information conveyed through an actuated series of concatenated hand sign gestures reproducing deafblind sign language. The EMGC concept however is able to be implemented on any system where the error summation associated with excessive desired velocities needs to be minimised, with the EMGC producing an improved output approximation over using a CMAC alone.In this thesis, the EMGC was tested and benchmarked against a feedforward / feedback combined controller using a CMAC and PID controller. The EMGC was tested on an air-muscle actuator for a variety of situations comprising of a position discontinuity in a continuous desired trajectory. Tested situations included various discontinuity magnitudes together with varying approach and departure gradient profiles.Testing demonstrated that the addition of an EMGC can reduce a situation’s error summation magnitude if the base CMAC controller has not already provided a prior enough pre-empting output in the direction of the situation. The addition of an EMGC to a CMAC produces an improved approximation of reproduced motion trajectories, not only minimising position error for a single sampling instance, but also over time for periodic signals.

Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning Optimering av dammbindning på Hornsgatan med NORTRIP modellen Massan av luftburna partiklar med en diameter mindre än 10 µm (PM10) är en av de tuffaste miljökvalitetsnormerna att uppnå i Sverige. PM10 kommer från flera olika källor, både naturliga som havssalt och sand, samt antropogena som vägslitage, däckslitage, bromsslitage och avgaser. En stor uppkomstkälla till PM10 i luften slitage på grund av dubbdäcksanvändning. Uppvirvlingen är som störst i mars och april efter att snön smält, temperaturen stigit och vägbanan torkat upp. För att minska PM10 halten i luften kan en dammbindande saltlösning med lägre fryspunkt än vatten läggas ut på vägbanan. I Stockholm används saltlösningen CMA (kalciummagnesiumnitrat). Det är en typ av salt med liten påverkan på den urbana miljön. Vintersäsongen 2016–2017 lades CMA ut tre gånger i veckan på några utvalda gator i Stockholm mellan november och maj. En av dessa gator är Hornsgatan, som har undersökts i denna rapport. CMA är dyrt och resurskrävande att lägga ut. För att optimera utläggningen av CMA i Stockholm har spridningsmodellen NORTRIP (non-exhaust road traffic induced particle emissions) använts. Modellen använder meteorologiska data, trafikdata och data rörande saltning, sandning och städning för att räkna ut halten PM10 som spridits till luften. Den här modellen har använts för att testa några olika dammbindande scenarion på Hornsgatan i vilka CMA har lagts ut. Det har också testats, i NORTRIP, om PM10 halten i luften skulle minska genom utläggning av vatten på vägen. Vatten lades endast ut i modellen efter 15 mars med antagandet att temperaturen inte skulle sjunka under 0 °C efter datumet ifråga. De olika scenariona var utformade för att se om det var möjligt att minimera användandet av CMA men ändå hålla nere PM10 halten i luften. Alla scenarion jämfördes med scenariot där varken CMA eller vatten lades ut för att jämföra om PM10 i luften minskade. Ett resultat visade att det var bättre att lägga ut CMA varje dag under dammiga perioder än att sikta in sig på bara de dammigaste dagarna. PM10 i luften 2016 minskade med 4,7% när de 45 dammigaste dagarna behandlades med CMA. Det kan jämföras med en minskning på 6,5% när CMA applicerades under dammiga perioder under samma år. En annan slutsats var att det ger större effekt att lägga ut CMA i mars och april än mellan november och mars. PM10 i luften 2016 minskade med 2,1% om man började lägga ut CMA 1 november som planerat, och med 1,7% om utläggningen började i slutet av februari, när den dammiga säsongen börjar. Det resulterar i att endast en liten minskning av PM10 halten uppnåddes genom att börja behandla vägbanan med CMA den 1 november istället för i slutet av februari. Att börja lägga ut CMA i slutet av februari istället för 1 november skulle minska kostnaderna betydligt för staden. Resultaten visade även att ett tunt lager vatten (0,3 mm) utlagt på vägbanan mellan ordinarie dagar för dammbindning hade en betydande effekt på PM10 halten i luften. Vid vattenutläggning mellan dagarna för CMA utläggning efter 15 mars 2016 minskar PM10 i luften under 2016 med 1,4% utöver vad den skulle minskat med om inget vatten lagts ut. Den här rapporten visar att det är möjligt att optimera utläggningen av CMA på Hornsgatan.<br>Abstract Optimization of dust-binding on Hornsgatan with the NORTRIP model The mass of airborne particles with a diameter smaller than 10 µm (PM10) is one of the most difficult environmental quality standards addressed in Sweden. PM10 particles originates from a variety of sources; natural, like sea salt and sand, and human made like road wear, tire wear, brake wear and exhaust. A significant source of PM10 in the air is the usage of studded tires. The suspension typically occurs in March and April when the snow layer melts, temperature rises and the streets dry. A dry street is crucial for the road dust to suspend into the air. A way to prevent road dust to suspend in to the air is spraying the road with a salt solution that does not freeze at temperatures below 0 °C. In Stockholm a dust-binding substance called CMA (Calcium Magnesium Acetate) is used. It is a of salt with minimal negative side effects on the urban environment. CMA was applied on some specific streets in Stockholm three times a week between November and May winter season 2016–2017. One of the streets that gets treated with CMA is Hornsgatan which is the topic of this paper. Dust-binding substances are expensive and time consuming to apply to the streets. To optimize the appliance of CMA in Stockholm a non-exhaust road traffic induced particle emissions (NORTRIP) model has been used. The model uses meteorological data, traffic data combined with data on salting, sanding and cleaning to calculate PM10 suspension to the air. This model has been used to test different dust-binding scenarios on Hornsgatan in which CMA was applied. It has also been tested, in NORTRIP, if spraying the road with water could have a reductive effect on PM10 in the air. Water was only added to the model after the 15th of March because it was assumed the temperature would not sink below 0 °C after this date. The different scenarios were formed to see if it was possible to minimize the usage of CMA and still keep the PM10 level low. All scenarios were compared with the scenario of not applying any CMA or water to see how much PM10 in the air was reduced. One result showed that it is better to apply CMA every day during dusty periods rather than just manage to target the dustiest days alone. PM10 in the air 2016 was reduced by 4.7% when the 45 dustiest days were treated with CMA. This could be compared to a 6.5% reduction when CMA was applied during dusty periods. Another conclusion made was that applying CMA in March and April has a greater effect then applying CMA in November, December, January and February. PM10 in the air 2016 was reduced by 2.1% if the CMA treatment started on the 1st of November as planned, and by 1.7% if the treatment started in the end of February when the dusty season starts. That means there is only a small decrease of PM10 if the appliance of CMA starts in the end of February rather than the 1st of November. Reducing the days of CMA treatment would reduce the cost significantly for the city. It was also shown that a thin layer of water (0.3 mm) applied to the street between ordinary dust-binding days has a significant effect on PM10 in the air. Adding water to the street in between days of dust-binding after the 15th of March 2016 reduced suspended PM10 2016 in the air by 1.5% beyond what it would have been reduced without the water. This paper shows that it is possible to optimize the appliance of CMA.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo, determinar la aplicación del modelo econométrico que mide la rentabilidad de las cajas municipales de ahorro y crédito: Caso CMAC Arequipa. Periodo 2002-2016. Tiene como variables a: los créditos directos, la tasa de inflación y la variación anual del PBI real expresado como una variable dummy, sobre la rentabilidad (ROA y ROE). Para ello se ha visto conveniente tomar la información estadística de fuentes primarias (entrevista) y secundarias (recolección, procesamiento y consolidación estadística y econométrica). La muestra estuvo compuesta por datos recolectados de la CMAC Arequipa durante el periodo 2002-2016 publicados por la Superintendencia de Banca y Seguros (SBS), el Banco Central de Reserva (BCR), la Superintendencia de Mercado de Valores (SMV) y el Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas e Informática (INEI). Se utilizó una metodología descriptiva, correlacional. El procesamiento de datos se realizó a través del programa E-Views y se elaboraron dos modelos econométricos: tanto para el ROA como para el ROE. De manera integral los dos modelos econométricos tienen un nivel de ser significativos; no obstante, el estadístico Durbin-Watson del rendimiento sobre los activos tiene un mayor valor en comparación del rendimiento sobre el patrimonio acercándose a 2. En términos de variables específicas de la CMAC Arequipa, el rendimiento sobre los activos y el rendimiento sobre el patrimonio, los créditos vigentes, refinanciados-reestructurados y atrasados son significativos con un resultado perjudicial en el beneficio financiero de la empresa considerando los dos indicadores financieros. Respecto a la inflación en ambos casos no es significativa y con un impacto negativo para ambas rentabilidades. Y en expresión de la variedad del PBI constante manifestado como una referencia estocástica no es significativa con una repercusión perjudicial respecto a ambas rentabilidades

L'invention de l'antenne fût à la base de la création des communications sans fil à l'orée du XXe siècle. A l'origine des objets métalliques destinés à transmettre et recevoir des ondes électromagnétiques, les antennes n'ont cessé de se complexifier pour satisfaire l'impressionnant développement des communications sans fil. C'est dans ce contexte qu'est né le concept d'antenne « wearable » il y a moins de deux décennies ouvrant un nouveau champ de recherche sur les antennes souples. C'est dans ce cadre que ce travail de thèse se consacre à la conception d’antennes souples en bande UHF.Une première étude a permis de concevoir une antenne Vivaldi antipodale [150 - 900 MHz] souple pour la Section Technique de l'Armée de Terre. Six de ces antennes sont destinées à être placées sous un ballon gonflé à l'hélium pour réceptionner des signaux RF.Une seconde étude est effectuée en collaboration avec la société Syrlinks et le CNES. L'objectif du projet est de concevoir des antennes souples pour le suivi de personnes avec le système ARGOS (401 et 466 MHz). La solution retenue est une PIFA planaire de largeur inférieure à lambda/3. Elle a l'avantage d'être fine et légère. Le matériau souple employé est un caoutchouc silicone sélectionné parmi plusieurs matériaux souples grâce à des caractérisations diélectriques. Cependant, le problème de cette antenne est qu'elle possède un rayonnement quasi-omnidirectionnel. Etant donné qu'il n'était pas envisageable d'utiliser un plan réflecteur métallique pour des raisons de dimensions, il a été décidé de concevoir un conducteur magnétique artificiel (CMA) souple. Toutefois, la conception de CMA dans le bas de la bande UHF se heurte à des difficultés de miniaturisation. Pour contourner ce problème, il a été développé deux concepts de CMA à cellules unitaires de faibles dimensions devant la longueur d'onde. La première solution utilise des capacités interdigitées et la seconde une structure double couche. Pour ces deux concepts, un modèle circuit est proposé et validé par des mesures expérimentales. Les mesures de l'association CMA - antenne montrent une bande passante suffisante pour des applications ARGOS et un rayonnement majoritairement dirigée dans la direction opposé à celle du CMA<br>The invention of antennas was the base of wireless communications appearance at the dawn of the twentieth century. Originally metal objects for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves, antennas have steadily become more complex to meet the impressive development of wireless communications. It is in this context that the concept of wearable antennas was born less than two decades ago opening a new field of research namely flexible antennas. It is in this framework that this thesis is dedicated to the design of flexible antennas for UHF band.A first study enabled the design of a flexible antipodal Vivaldi antenna [150-900 MHz] for Technical Section of the Army. Six of these antennas are intended to be placed under a balloon inflated with helium for receiving RF signals.A second study was conducted in collaboration with the company Syrlinks and CNES. The objective of the project is to design flexible antennas for tracking people with ARGOS system (401 and 466 MHz). The selected solution is a planar PIFA which width is smaller than lambda/3. This antenna has the advantage of being thin and light. The flexible material used is a silicone rubber and it was selected among several others due to some dielectric characterizations. However, the drawback of this antenna is that it has a quasi-omnidirectional radiation pattern. Since it was not possible to use a reflector metal plane due to size constraints, it was decided to design a flexible artificial magnetic conductor (AMC). However, the design of AMCs in the lower UHF band is challenged with the miniaturization difficulties. Two concepts of small size (compared to the wavelength) AMCs unit cells were developed to work around this problem. The first solution uses interdigitated capacitors and the second a double layer structure. For these two concepts, a circuit model is proposed and validated by experimental measurements. The measurement of the AMC associated antenna demonstrates a bandwidth sufficient for ARGOS applications and a radiation pattern mostly directed in the direction opposite to that of the AMC

Particles reduce visibility, change climate, and affect human health. In 1997, the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for PM2.5 (particles less than 2.5 mm) was promulgated. The annual mean PM2.5 mass concentrations in Atlanta, Georgia exceed the standard, and control is needed. The first goal of this study is to develop the control strategies of PM2.5 in Atlanta, Georgia. Based on the statistical analysis of measured data, from 22% to 40% of emission reductions are required to meet the NAAQS at 95% CI. The estimated control levels can be tested using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to better assess if the proposed levels will achieve sufficient reduction in PM2.5. The second goal of this study is to analyze various uncertainties residing in CMAQ. For the model to be used in such applications with confidence, it needs to be evaluated. The model performance is calculated by the relative agreement between volume-averaged predictions and point measurements. Up to 14% of the model error for PM2.5 mass is due to the different spatial scales of the two values. CMAQ predicts PM2.5 mass concentrations reasonably well, but CMAQ significantly underestimates PM2.5 number concentrations. Causes of the underestimation include that assumed inaccurate particle density and particle size of the primary emissions in CMAQ, in addition to the expression of the particle size with three lognormal distributions. Also, the strength and limitations of CMAQ in performing PM2.5 source apportionment are compared with those of the Chemical Mass Balance with Molecular Markers. Finally, the accuracy of emissions, one of the important inputs of CMAQ, is evaluated by the inverse modeling. Results show that base level emissions for CO and SO2 sources are relatively accurate, whereas NH3, NOx, PEC and PMFINE emissions are overestimated. The emission adjustment for POA and VOC emissions is significantly different among regions.

La dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne est une maladie génétique rare causée par des mutations au sein du gène DMD, codant pour la dystrophine qui affecte les muscles squelettiques, cardiaque et respiratoires. Les patients présentent un phénotype dystrophique réduisant leur mobilité et leur espérance de vie. A l'heure actuelle, aucun traitement curatif n'est disponible pour l'ensemble des patients. Ce travail de thèse a visé à développer de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques basées sur l'utilisation de vésicules extracellulaires (VE), des particules de taille variant entre 40 et 500 nm, sécrétées par la majorité des types de cellules, qui jouent un rôle dans la communication intercellulaire par transfert de biomolécules. Elles sont en parallèle de plus en plus étudiées comme nouveau système de vectorisation non-viral de molécules thérapeutiques car elles présentent de nombreux avantages : une biocompatibilité, une faible immunogénicité, une capacité à moduler des voies de signalisation, la possibilité de les charger en molécules thérapeutiques de différentes natures ou la possibilité de modifier leur tropisme tissulaire. Au cours de ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à la vectorisation, par les VE de cellules souches mésenchymateuses (MSCs), de deux molécules agissant sur deux voies majeures du processus dystrophique (Smad7 et des siARN contre NF-kB) mais aussi de la nucléase du système CRISPR/Cas9 pour agir sur l'expression de la dystrophine. Avant le développement de sa vectorisation par les VE, le potentiel thérapeutique de Smad7 a été évalué par transfert de gène par vecteur AAV. Une augmentation de la masse musculaire sans réduction du niveau de fibrose a été observée. En parallèle, les protocoles de production, isolement et caractérisation des VE ont été définis et validés. Les VE de MSCs sur le processus dystrophique a été évalué et a montré un effet sur les éléments régulateurs de type microARN. Egalement, le chargement de siARN dans les VE a été initié et celui de l'endonucléase spCas9 a été validé. Le transfert in vitro de cette dernière a été validé, avec toutefois une fonctionnalité qui reste à prouver<br>Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a rare genetic disease caused by mutations in the DMD gene, coding for dystrophin, affecting skeletal, cardiac and respiratory muscles. Patients show a dystrophic phenotype reducing their mobility and life span. Today, no cure is available for all patients. This thesis work aimed to develop new therapeutic approaches based on the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs), particles of 40-500 nm of diameter secreted by the majority of cell types and playing a role in intercellular communication by transferring biomolecules. The EVs are more and more studied as new non-viral delivery system of therapeutic molecules as they present a number of advantages: biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, ability to modulate some signalling pathways, the possibility to load them with different kind of molecules and to target them to tissues of interest. In this work, we were interested in the vectorization, by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-derived EVs, of two molecules acting on main pathways of the dystrophic process (Smad7 and siRNA against NF-kB) as well as the nuclease of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for acting on dystrophin expression. Before the development of Smad7 vectorization by EVs, its therapeutic potential have been evaluated by AAV gene transfer. An increase of the muscle mass without any reduction of the fibrosis level has been observed. In parallel, EVs production, isolation and characterization protocols have been set up and validated. The effect of MSCs-derived EVs on dystrophic process have been assessed and showed an impact on regulatory elements as microRNA. Also, the loading of siRNA in EVs have been initiated and the one of the spCas9 have been validated. The in vitro transfer of the last one have also been validated, but its functionality has to be confirmed

La quantité d'hydrocarbures récupérés peut être considérablement augmentée si un placement optimal des puits non conventionnels à forer, peut être trouvé. Pour cela, l'utilisation d'algorithmes d'optimisation, où la fonction objectif est évaluée en utilisant un simulateur de réservoir, est nécessaire. Par ailleurs, pour des réservoirs avec une géologie complexe avec des hétérogénéités élevées, le problème d'optimisation nécessite des algorithmes capables de faire face à la non-régularité de la fonction objectif. L'objectif de cette thèse est de développer une méthodologie efficace pour déterminer l'emplacement optimal des puits et leurs trajectoires, qui offre la valeur liquidative maximale en utilisant un nombre techniquement abordable de simulations de réservoir.Dans cette thèse, nous montrons une application réussie de l'algorithme "Covariance Matrix Adaptation - Evolution Strategy" (CMA-ES) qui est reconnu comme l'un des plus puissants optimiseurs sans-dérivés pour l'optimisation continue. Par ailleurs, afin de réduire le nombre de simulations de réservoir (évaluations de la fonction objectif), nous concevons deux nouveaux algorithmes. Premièrement, nous proposons une nouvelle variante de la méthode CMA-ES avec des méta-modèles, appelé le nouveau-local-méta-modèle CMA-ES (nlmm-CMA), améliorant la variante déjà existante de la méthode local-méta-modèle CMA-ES (lmm-CMA) sur la plupart des fonctions de benchmark, en particulier pour des tailles de population plus grande que celle par défaut. Ensuite, nous proposons d'exploiter la séparabilité partielle de la fonction objectif durant le processus d'optimisation afin de définir un nouvel algorithme appelé la partiellement séparable local-méta-modèle CMAES (p-sep lmm-CMA), conduisant à une réduction importante en nombre d'évaluations par rapport à la méthode CMA-ES standard.Dans cette thèse, nous appliquons également les algorithmes développés (nlmm-CMA et p-sep lmm-CMA) sur le problème de placement des puits pour montrer, à travers plusieurs exemples, une réduction significative du nombre de simulations de réservoir nécessaire pour trouver la configuration optimale des puits. Les approches proposées sont révélées prometteuses en considérant un budget restreint de simulations de réservoir, qui est le contexte imposé dans la pratique.Enfin, nous proposons une nouvelle approche pour gérer l'incertitude géologique pour le problème d'optimisation de placement des puits. L'approche proposée utilise seulement une réalisation, ainsi que le voisinage de chaque configuration, afin d'estimer sa fonction objectif au lieu d'utiliser multiples réalisations. L'approche est illustrée sur un cas de réservoir de benchmark, et se révèle être en mesure de capturer l'incertitude géologique en utilisant un nombre réduit de simulations de réservoir.

Les Algorithmes Évolutionnaires (AEs) ont été très étudiés en raison de leur capacité à résoudre des problèmes d'optimisation complexes en utilisant des opérateurs de variation adaptés à des problèmes spécifiques. Une recherche dirigée par une population de solutions offre une bonne robustesse par rapport à un bruit modéré et la multi-modalité de la fonction optimisée, contrairement à d'autres méthodes d'optimisation classiques telles que les méthodes de quasi-Newton. La principale limitation de AEs, le grand nombre d'évaluations de la fonction objectif, pénalise toutefois l'usage des AEs pour l'optimisation de fonctions chères en temps calcul. La présente thèse se concentre sur un algorithme évolutionnaire, Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES), connu comme un algorithme puissant pour l'optimisation continue boîte noire. Nous présentons l'état de l'art des algorithmes, dérivés de CMA-ES, pour résoudre les problèmes d'optimisation mono- et multi-objectifs dans le scénario boîte noire. Une première contribution, visant l'optimisation de fonctions coûteuses, concerne l'approximation scalaire de la fonction objectif. Le meta-modèle appris respecte l'ordre des solutions (induit par la valeur de la fonction objectif pour ces solutions) ; il est ainsi invariant par transformation monotone de la fonction objectif. L'algorithme ainsi défini, saACM-ES, intègre étroitement l'optimisation réalisée par CMA-ES et l'apprentissage statistique de meta-modèles adaptatifs ; en particulier les meta-modèles reposent sur la matrice de covariance adaptée par CMA-ES. saACM-ES préserve ainsi les deux propriété clé d'invariance de CMA-ES~: invariance i) par rapport aux transformations monotones de la fonction objectif; et ii) par rapport aux transformations orthogonales de l'espace de recherche. L'approche est étendue au cadre de l'optimisation multi-objectifs, en proposant deux types de meta-modèles (scalaires). La première repose sur la caractérisation du front de Pareto courant (utilisant une variante mixte de One Class Support Vector Machone (SVM) pour les points dominés et de Regression SVM pour les points non-dominés). La seconde repose sur l'apprentissage d'ordre des solutions (rang de Pareto) des solutions. Ces deux approches sont intégrées à CMA-ES pour l'optimisation multi-objectif (MO-CMA-ES) et nous discutons quelques aspects de l'exploitation de meta-modèles dans le contexte de l'optimisation multi-objectif. Une seconde contribution concerne la conception d'algorithmes nouveaux pour l'optimi\-sation mono-objectif, multi-objectifs et multi-modale, développés pour comprendre, explorer et élargir les frontières du domaine des algorithmes évolutionnaires et CMA-ES en particulier. Spécifiquement, l'adaptation du système de coordonnées proposée par CMA-ES est couplée à une méthode adaptative de descente coordonnée par coordonnée. Une stratégie adaptative de redémarrage de CMA-ES est proposée pour l'optimisation multi-modale. Enfin, des stratégies de sélection adaptées aux cas de l'optimisation multi-objectifs et remédiant aux difficultés rencontrées par MO-CMA-ES sont proposées.

Afin de réduire le coût de calcul pour des problèmes d'optimisation coûteuse, cette thèse a été consacrée à la Stratégie d'Evolution avec Adaptation de Matrice de Covariance assistée par modèle de Krigeage (KA-CMA-ES). Plusieurs algorithmes de KA-CMA-ES ont été développés et étudiés. Une application de ces algorithmes KA-CMA-ES développés est réalisée par l'identification des paramètres matériels avec un modèle constitutif d'endommagement élastoplastique. Les résultats expérimentaux démontrent que les algorithmes KA-CMA-ES développés sont plus efficaces que le CMA-ES standard. Ils justifient autant que le KA-CMA-ES couplé avec ARP-EI est le plus performant par rapport aux autres algorithmes étudiés dans ce travail. Les résultats obtenus par l'algorithme ARP-EI dans l'identification des paramètres matériels montrent que le modèle d'endommagement élastoplastique utilisé est suffisant pour décrire le comportement d'endommage plastique et ductile. Ils prouvent également que la KA-CMA-ES proposée améliore l'efficace de la CMA-ES. Par conséquent, le KA-CMA-ES est plus puissant et efficace que CMA-ES pour des problèmes d'optimisation coûteuse<br>In order to reduce the cost of solving expensive optimization problems, this thesis devoted to Kriging-Assisted Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (KA-CMA-ES). Several algorithms of KA-CMA-ES were developed and a comprehensive investigation on KA-CMA-ES was performed. Then applications of the developed KA-CMA-ES algorithm were carried out in material parameter identification of an elastic-plastic damage constitutive model. The results of experimental studies demonstrated that the developed KA-CMA-ES algorithms generally are more efficient than the standard CMA-ES and that the KA-CMA-ES using ARP-EI has the best performance among all the investigated KA-CMA-ES algorithms in this work. The results of engineering applications of the algorithm ARP-EI in material parameter identification show that the presented elastic-plastic damage model is adequate to describe the plastic and ductile damage behavior and also prove that the proposed KA-CMA-ES algorithm apparently improve the efficiency of the standard CMA-ES. Therefore, the KA-CMA-ES is more powerful and efficient than CMA-ES for expensive optimization problems

碩士<br>國立雲林科技大學<br>環境與安全工程系碩士班<br>91<br>Ozone is a major of air quality problem in many areas of Taiwan, It is formed by the photochemical reaction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the atmosphere in the presence of heat and sunlight. Because the complex series of reactions are driven by heat and sunlight, ozone formation varies hourly, daily and seasonally. A three-dimensional photochemical air quality model incorporating atmospheric transport (e.g., horizontal advection), diffusion, source emission, chemical reactions, cloud effect and dry/wet depositions is the tool that predicts ozone concentrations. The study was undertaken to establish two photochemical air quality model, simulation of the May 11-14, 1999 episode in middle Taiwan, compare two photochemical models to observed estimates, and relative differences in estimates by two photochemical models, assess the sensitivity of pollutant predictions to various control scenarios.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2002.<br>Title from title page screen (viewed Sept. 25, 2002). Thesis advisor: Gregory D. Reed. Document formatted into pages (xx, 325 p. : ill. (some col.), map). Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 173-178).

In this thesis, I apply the adjoint for the Community Multiscale Air Quality model (hereafter CMAQ-ADJ) in a high spatial resolution study of the sensitivity of ozone to several of its precursors in the regions surrounding the Great Lakes. CMAQ-ADJ was originally developed for low spatial resolution applications. In order to use it in high spatial resolution (12 km) studies, it was necessary to resolve a conflict between the pre-set fixed output time step interval in CMAQ-ADJ and the CMAQ-calculated irregular synchronization time-step and also to modify the meteorological interface for the backward model integrations. To increase computation efficiency, the chemistry time-step in the modified CMAQ-ADJ is checkpointed instead of being re-calculated in the backward part of the model as before. I used the modified model to analyze the sensitivity of ozone to precursor species for cases of assumed high ozone episode in two target locations in southwestern and east-central Ontario. The studies examined the influence of pre-existing ozone, NO, CO, anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and isoprene on ozone level changes for the 69 hours immediately preceding the assumed high ozone event. The results are dominated by the long-distance advection, local meteorology (lake breezes), air temperature, the underlying surface features, and emissions in the pollutant pathway. Both production and titration of ozone by NOx is evident at different times and locations in the simulations. The industrial Midwest U.S. and Ohio Valley have been shown to be an important source of anthropogenic emission of NO and most VOCs that contribute to high ozone events in southwestern and east-central Ontario. Isoprene from the northern forest suppresses ozone in both target regions, with a greater magnitude in east-central Ontario. The response of ozone level in the two selected receptor regions in Ontario to different VOCs depends on the type of VOC, the time and location they are emitted, and the air temperature. Increasing VOC emissions in urban areas such as Toronto and Ottawa in the morning can enhance the ozone level by late afternoon. Increasing VOCs except ethylene and formaldehyde in regions with large VOC/NOx ratio in the morning tends to suppress the ozone level by late afternoon. Among all the species examined, NO has the largest impact on the target ozone level changes. CO is very unlikely to significantly influence the ozone level changes in southwestern or east-central Ontario.

Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2005.<br>Title from title page screen (viewed on June 30, 2005). Thesis advisor: Terry L. Miller. Document formatted into pages ( x, 91 p. : ill. (some col.), (col. maps). Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 74-77).

Air quality in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) is the subject of many studies due to concerns from high emissions and their adverse effects on public health and the environment. In this study, a high resolution simulation is performed with the Community Multi-scale Air Quality modeling system (CMAQ) using meteorology generated by the Weather Research Forecasting system (WRF). The boundary conditions for CMAQ are provided by the Goddard Earth Observing System-CHEMistry model (GEOS-Chem). The simulation period was March 2-7, 2006. Hourly species concentrations of O3, NOx, CO, SO2, PM10, and PM2.5 for the period were provided by the Automatic Air Quality Monitoring Network (labeled as RAMA). Preliminary evaluation showed GEOS-Chem and CMAQ being in good agreement with their predicted concentrations. In comparison with the base case boundary conditions, the GEOS-Chem case performs better and predicts closer to the observed values of O3, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, and SO2. Particle trajectory analysis was performed using the HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model (HYSPLIT) to ascertain the major sources of SO2 emitters and their impact on the MCMA.

A base case modelling investigation was conducted to explore the chemical and physical behaviour of ground-level ozone (O3) and its precursor nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in Ontario using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. Two related studies were completed to evaluate the performance of CMAQ in reproducing the behaviour of these species in both rural and urban environments by comparing to surface measurements collected by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment (MOE) network of air quality stations. The first study was a winter examination and the second study was conducted for a period during the summer of the same year. The municipality of North Bay was used to represent a rural setting given its smaller population relative to the city of Ottawa which was the base of the urban site. Statistical and graphical analyses were used to validate the model output. CMAQ was found to replicate the spatial variation of O3 and NO2 over the domain in both the winter and summer, but showed some difficulty in simulating the temporal allocation of the species. Validation statistics for North Bay and Ottawa showed overall O3 mean biases (MB) of 3.35 ppb and 2.25 ppb, respectively, and overall NO2 MB of -8.75 ppb and -4.37 ppb, respectively for the winter. Summer statistics generated O3 MB of 4.66 ppb (North Bay) and 10.05 ppb (Ottawa) while both MB for NO2 were between -2.20 ppb to -2.55 ppb. Graphical analysis showed that the model was not able to reproduce the lower levels of O3, especially at night, or the higher levels of NO2 during the day at the North Bay site for either season. This was expected since the comparisons were made between point measurements and 36 km grid-averaged model results. The presence of high amounts of NO2 emissions local to the monitoring sites compared to the levels represented in the emissions inventory may also be a contributing factor. The simulations for Ottawa demonstrated better agreement between model results and measurements as CMAQ provided a more accurate reproduction of both the higher and lower mixing ratios of O3 and NO2 during the winter and summer seasons. Results indicate that CMAQ is able to simulate urban environments better than rural ones.

碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>資訊及電子工程研究所<br>83<br>The Albus's Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller (CMAC) has been used in many practical areas with considerable success and capable of learning nonlinear functions extremely quickly due to the local nature in weight updating. Besides, the higher -order CMAC model proposed by Stephen and David adopts B-Spline receptive field functions and a more general addressing scheme for weight retrieving, which can learn both functions and func- tion derivatives. In this thesis, we present a three-layered fuzzy CMAC network, which takes the bell-shape membership func- tions as the receptive field functions and use the centroid of area(COA) approach as the defuzzification interface. The learn- ing algorithm is based on the maximum gradient method. For the situation of insufficient and irregularly distributed training patterns, we propose a sampling method based on interpolation scheme to generate the proper training patterns. The proposed fuzzy CMAC model is basically a table look-up model in whih fuzzy weights are stored and manipulated by using fuzzy set theory. This model adaptively adjusts the weights according to sample data to approximate the nonlinear continuous functions. Finally, we take some experiments including gerneral function approximation and color correction to verify the proposed model.

碩士<br>朝陽科技大學<br>資訊工程系碩士班<br>92<br>In this thesis, a self-constructing fuzzy CMAC (FCMAC) model is proposed for various different applications. The Gaussian basis function is used to model the receptive field functions and the fuzzy weights for the FCMAC model. In order to make the better performance, we develop a self-constructing parametric fuzzy CMAC (called PFCMAC) model, based on the FCMAC model, which the Gaussian basis function is used to model the receptive field functions and the linear parametric equation of the model input variance is used to model the TSK-type outputs. Besides, if these two proposed model’s application domain is limited to static problems as a result of their internal feedforward network structure. To process temporal problems using these two proposed model are inefficient. Then the additional task is adopted which is the recurrent network is embedded in the FCMAC model by adding feedback connections with a receptive field cell to the FCMAC model, where the feedback units act as memory elements that can form the self-constructing recurrent fuzzy CMAC (called RFCMAC) model. An on-line learning algorithm is proposed to automatically construct the FCMAC model, the PFCMAC model, and the RFCMAC model, which consists of a structure learning scheme and a parameter learning scheme. The structure learning is based on the degree measure and the parameter learning is based on backpropagation algorithm. Finally, these three proposed models are applied in several simulations. Simulation results were conducted to illustrate the performance and applicability of these three proposed models.

碩士<br>國立雲林科技大學<br>工業工程與管理研究所碩士班<br>93<br>As technology progresses and complexity of automatic equipments, it becomes more difficult to identify the process mathematic models and design the process parameters. Therefore, the process model identification and parameter design is an important subject. In general, the process parameter design includes the data analysis from input and output data and searching the appropriate parameters to produce the output as close as the target value. There are many researches proposing artificial intelligence methods, such as neural network and fuzzy theory, and optimization methods, such as genetic algorithms(GA) and simulated annealing(SA), for process parameter design. The main goal is to accomplish the process parameter design efficiently and accurately. Therefore, under the requirement of quick response for quality and environmental change, designing the process parameter in the efficient and accurate way becomes an important issue. Based on the distributed storage of data in the memory, the cerebellar model articulation controller (CMAC) has the capability of learning, recalling, rapid convergence and area similarity. So, it can be applied to on-line learning without off-line training. In this research, the CMAC combing GA technique is proposed to identify process models and designing parameters. First, the CMAC is used to construct process models, and then the GA is introduced to search inversely the input parameters in the CMAC table to accomplish the parameter design. Finally, a CNC cutting process is selected to verify the proposed methodology.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--York University, 1998. Graduate Programme in Earth and Space Science.<br>Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 181-188). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pMQ27341.

碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>電機工程研究所<br>82<br>Albus首先提出將小腦神經內訊號處理特性以公式化方式來表示之研究， 此小腦(CMAC)類神經網路模式在求取輸入輸出關係具有極佳效率。CMAC模 式採用區域性加權值調整方式，使其具有快速學習及高收斂率優點,且加 權值存取可設計成查表方式，在硬體實現上，很容易成功。基於上述優越 性，小腦類神經網路模式適合應用於色彩重現處理系統上，並被証明即使 彩色影像掃描器與印表機間存在複雜非線性關係，仍能使彩色影像逼真重 現。為了實現縮小晶片面積及快速運算的硬體架構,有必要發展一個新的 對應加權值儲存單元位址和計算輸出向量的硬體架構。本論文提出可由輸 入量化值直接對應加權值儲存記憶單元位址之演算法，大量減低對記憶體 的需求，提高記憶體使用效率，且不需為減少記憶體的需求而另外設計資 料壓縮電路，並具有可並行存取加權值、快速求取輸出向量等優點，使硬 體製作可靠度大為提高，同時製作成本也大為降低。 Cerebellar Modular Articulation Controller (CMAC) was proposed by Albus to formulate the processing characteristics of the cerebellum. This model has the ability of learning arbitrary nonlinear relationships existing between input and output data. Unlike the backpropagation-styled neural network, CMAC is characterized by the feature of local weight updating. By the feature, it has the advantage of fast learning and high convergence rate in function approximation problems. Besides, in the aspect of hardware implementation ,CMAC is easy to be implemented by the table look-up technique. Due to the superiority in function approximation, CMAC is suitable for being embedded in a color image reproduction system. In such system, to make sure that the printed output images can faithfully reproduce the original input images, CMAC is used to overcome the nonlinear mapping problem existing between image scanning device and image printing device. To implement the CMAC hardware in a condensed area and with a fast speed, we need a novel architecture for weight cell address generation and output vector computation. This thesis proposes a direct weight cell address mapping algorithm to generate physical addresses of the weight cell to be read. By this algorithm, we can obtain a CMAC architecture with a very high usage efficiency of weight cell memory. Therefore, the requirement of memory capacity in implementing the CMAC chip is sharply reduced and hash-coding may not be necessary. Besides, the CMAC chip can operate in a very high speed due to the parallel retrieving of weight cells.

The Models-3/Community Multi-scale Air Quality modeling system (CMAQ), coupled with Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) atmospheric General Circulation Model (GCM), fifth Generation Mesoscale Model system (MM5), and Goddard Earth Observing System-CHEMistry (GEOS-Chem), was used to simulate atmospheric concentration of ozone and particulate matter over the continental United States 12-km and 36-km (CONUS) domains at year 2000 and year 2050. In the study, GISS GCM model outputs interfaced with MM5 were utilized to supply the current and future meteorological conditions for CMAQ. The conventional CMAQ profile initial and boundary conditions were replaced by time-varied and layer-varied GEOS-Chem outputs. The future emission concentrations were estimated using year 2000 based emissions with emission projections suggested by the IPCC A1B scenario. Multi-scenario statistical analyses were performed to investigate the effects of climate change and change of anthropogenic emissions toward 2050. The composite effects of these changes were broken down into individual effects and analyzed on three distinct regions (i.e., Midwest, Northeast and Southeast). The results of CMAQ hourly and 8-hour average concentrations indicate the maximum ozone concentration in the Midwest is increased slightly from year 2000 to year 2050, as a result of increasing average and maximum temperatures by 2 to 3 degrees Kelvin. In converse, there is an observed reduction of surface ozone concentration in the Southeast caused by the decrease in solar radiation. For the emission reduction scenario, the decline of anthropogenic emissions causes reductions of both ozone and PM2.5 for all regions. The emission reduction has compensated the effect of increasing temperature. The overall change on the maximum daily 8-hr ozone and average PM2.5 concentrations in year 2050 were estimated to be 10% and 40% less than the values in year 2000, respectively. The modeling results indicates the effect of emissions reduction has greater impact than the effect of climate change.

博士<br>國立成功大學<br>環境工程學系碩博士班<br>94<br>To perform air quality simulation studies in Taiwan, a PC cluster system with four personal computers with eight CPUs, a gigabit Ethernet switch and a RAID storage system has been setup. The operating system of the personal computer is Red Hat Linux 9, and a parallel library, MPICH, is installed. Finally, an air quality model framework, Models-3/CMAQ, is setup in the PC cluster system. 　　The maximum performance of this system is about 13.3 Giga floats per second, which is tested by HPL software. The total CPU time is about 5 hours for an air quality simulation case, which with the following parameters: grid size is 70x100, vertical layer is 15 layers, chemical mechanism is CB4, computation scheme is ebi_cb4, and simulation period is 192 hours. Thus, a 24 hours forecasting case might be done within 70 minutes by using this cluster system. Furthermore, this PC cluster system is suitable for air quality simulation work. 　　Two ozone episodes, 2002/12/14-17 and 2003/10/25-11/1 are selected to perform simulation works. Taiwan Emission Data System, TEDS with version 5.1, which based on year 2000 is used for emission inventory data in this study. At first, the emission inventory data is updated to 2002/12 and 2003/10. However, simulation results based on the updated emission inventory data show NO concentrations are over-estimation at Kaohsiung city and O3 concentrations are under estimated about 18%-50% at every site. The over estimation of mobile source emission in Kaohsiung city may cause NO concentration over estimation. While assuming the air quality and meteorological factors are correct, the under estimation of O3 concentrations may be caused by the uncertainty in emission data. Thus, an adjust factor has used in each emission type to correct the emission data of TEDS. The adjust factor of VOCs for area and mobile source is 3 and 4, respectively, and this adjustment of emission make the good simulation results for O3 concentrations. The simulation results using the adjusted emission show that the mean errors of the unpaired peak O3 concentration are generally less than 20%; and those of the paired O3 concentrations with greater then 60ppb are less than 30%. Correspondingly, the results simulated by the model are highly consistent with observed data. 　　One case study evaluates the effects of emissions from power plants on the ambient air quality, especially O3 concentration by Models-3/CMAQ between 2003/10/25 and 2003/11/1. Three power plants locate in southern Taiwan contributed about 6.7% and 8% for NOx and SOx, respectively. Simulation results indicated that ambient O3 concentrations increased about 2 to 5 ppb in Kaoping area, while wind field formed eddy situation in southern Taiwan. However, the increased O3 concentrations will be transported to south-west sea of Taiwan, while no eddy situation occurred. Vis5d, a free OpenGL-based volumetric visualization program for scientific datasets in 3+ dimensions, is used to analyze the distribution of O3 concentrations. The analysis results show O3 concentrations will be remained at night in inland of Kaohsiung County, while eddy situation occurred. 　　Another case study evaluates the impacts of emissions from the first and second highways on the ambient air quality, especially O3 concentration by Models-3/CMAQ between 2002/12/14 and 2002/12/17. Simulation results indicated that most ambient O3 concentrations increased by more than 2 ppb with hourly increments of up to 6 ppb, in both scenarios. Although the total emissions were the same, the differences among emission locations were responsible for substantial differences in ozone concentrations. The ozone concentrations decreased along the highway as the emissions increased, because of NO titration. However, the ozone concentrations were greater at sites that were further downwind. Therefore, the ozone concentrations changed significantly with the highway network, given the same total emission. The differences in ozone concentrations were caused by the changes in the emission locations of NOx.

碩士<br>國立勤益科技大學<br>資訊工程系<br>103<br>In this paper, using a TSK-type fuzzy cerebellar model articulation controller (T-FCMAC) with a group-based hybrid learning algorithm is proposed for solving various problems. The proposed T-FCMAC model is mainly derived from the traditional CMAC model and the Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK)-type fuzzy model. And an efficient group-based hybrid learning algorithm (GHLA), combines improved quantum particle swarm optimization (IQPSO) and Nelder-Mead (NM) method, is also presented for adjusting the parameters of a T-FCMAC model. The fuzzy C-mean clustering technique is adopted to improve the performance of quantum particle swarm optimization. The grouping concept is used to reform the search ability and greatly increase the convergence speed. Experimental results show that the performance and convergence speed of the proposed method better than other methods.

碩士<br>國立臺灣海洋大學<br>資訊工程學系<br>99<br>We propose an EUF-CMA signature scheme based on Φ-hiding assumption [13] in the standard model. At the mean time, we found the RSA cryptosystem has lossy property [35]. This discovery also found by Kiltz et al [27]. On the orher side, Shamir and Tauman has proposed OnLine/OffLine signature scheme [39]: When OffLine phase, decide the trapdoor hash value until OnLine phase compute the correspond preimage by trapdoor key. Using this primitive, many EUF-CMA signature scheme has been proposed such as [5]、[9]、[10]、[11]、[12]、[17]、[23]、[26]、[29]、[32]、[33]、[41]. We using the two general ideas and try to prove the security of RSA cryptosystem satisfy the EUF-CMA property in the standard model.

This qualitative study provides an insight of how entrepreneurs feel and think during their working days in the early stage of their business. We interviewed entrepreneurs with open questions regarding three days and examined their emotions according to the Circumplex Model of Affect with the intention to gain clarity about emotional distribution and the well being. A framework for a deeper understanding of how it is to be a founder shows key elements for triggers of emotions and evaluation of the day. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to management studies and entrepreneurship academic program promoters by bringing emotions, needs and reflections of entrepreneurs into the light as well proposals of possible interventions and further researches.<br>Este estudo qualitativo fornece uma visão de como os empresários se sentem e pensam durante os seus dias de trabalho na fase inicial da sua empresa. Entrevistámos empresários com perguntas abertas sobre três dias de trabalho e examinámos as suas emoções com base no Modelo de Afecto Circumplex com a intenção de obter clareza sobre a distribuição emocional e o bem estar. Um quadro para uma compreensão mais profunda de como deve ser um fundador mostra elementos chave para desencadear emoções e avaliação do dia. O objectivo deste estudo é contribuir para estudos de gestão e promotores de programas académicos de empreendedorismo, trazendo à luz emoções, necessidades e reflexões dos empreendedores, bem como propostas de possíveis intervenções e mais investigação.