Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'CMH [Complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité]'
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Abi-Rached, Laurent. "Mise en place du génome des vertébrés : le cas du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité (CMH)." Aix-Marseille 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX22035.
Full textPineaux, Maxime. "Gènes immunitaires du CMH chez un oiseau monogame : fitness et stratégies de reproduction." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30275.
Full textParents are expected to adjust their reproductive decisions depending on the future advantages they will gain. These advantages include increased offspring fitness through acquisition of genetic benefits from mates. However, constraints may force individuals to mate with suboptimal partners. The costs of suboptimal pairing should have created selective pressures inducing the evolution of counter strategies. In this thesis, I investigated whether individuals adjust some reproductive post-pairing decisions depending on the prospective genetic characteristics of their offspring, along with the fitness consequences of these genetic characteristics, using a monogamous seabird species, the black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla). First, I found that chick functional diversity at major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) genes, which play a pivotal role in vertebrate immunity, was positively associated with fitness-related traits in females, but not in males. Accordingly, parents with functionally similar MHC-II, that were more likely to produce chicks with low MHC-II-diversity, overproduced sons, in line with sex allocation theory expectations. Second, I report experimental evidence that genome-wide genetic similarity between mates decreased egg hatchability when the fertilizing sperm was old. In line with our expectations, genetically-similar pairs performed behaviors allowing avoidance of fertilization by old sperm. Overall, this thesis provides evidence that parents flexibly adapt some reproductive decisions in response to within-pair genetic similarity at key functional genes and over the whole genome, thereby partly compensating the detrimental consequences of suboptimal pairing
Rui, Hu. "Etude des gènes de classe I non classiques du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité chez le porc." Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00609548.
Full textChalouni, Cécile. "Présentation antigénique par les molécules du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité de classe II dans les lymphocytes B Humains." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066516.
Full textTieng, Vannary. "Molécules du CMH, bactéries et auto-immunité : contributions à l'étude des arthrites associées à HLA-B27." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077186.
Full textAgrawal, Samir. "Activation des lymphocytes T périphériques chez l'homme : différences des signaux nécessaires à l'activation des lymphocytes T des organes lymphoïdes secondaires et du sang, une nouvelle voie de costimulation via les molécules du CMH I." Paris 12, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA120023.
Full textChazara, Olympe. "Diversité génétique structurale et fonctionnelle du CMH chez le Poulet : implication pour la résistance aux maladies." AgroParisTech, 2010. https://pastel.hal.science/index.php?halsid=35l606vho81sjdsfhrtdi0bke1&view_this_doc=pastel-00601989&version=1.
Full textThe major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a complex genomic region in Vertebrates, still imperfectly known in the chicken and which shows a great genetic variability. The MHC is also an interesting region for studying the genetic determinism of adaptation to pathogens in an evolutionary context. Moreover, the MHC plays a central role in the immune response of an animal to infectious diseases, while a better understanding of the genetic determinism of the immune response against pathogens is important for developing a comprehensive strategy to fight against infectious diseases. We therefore used recent tools of genomics, including genetic markers such as SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) to characterize the B region of the chicken MHC. First, genetic diversity has been evaluated in more than 80 breeds or populations with the LEI0258 marker. Then, to cover the entire region using SNP markers, we chose to identify these polymorphisms by resequencing 11 genes of interest and comparing the sequences obtained with the genome sequence and reference sequences available in databases. It also led to the improvement of the knowledge of a number of genes, including three DM-like non-classical class II genes. A 96 SNPs chip, dedicated to the B region of the chicken MHC, has been produced and will soon provide the genotypes of a number of infectious challenge studies conducted at INRA
Tazi, Ahnini Rachid. "Organisation génétique de la partie distale du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité (CMH) : localisation et organisation des gènes de la famille butyrophiline, implication dans l'analyse et l'évolution du CMH." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30128.
Full textPeng, Wei. "Les molécules du CMH [Complexe Majeur d'Histocompatibilité] de classe I apparentées, CD1d et Rae-1, sont exprimées dans le système nerveux adulte." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX20656.
Full textMHC-Ia molecules are involved in the neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. We analyzed, in the mouse, the expression of the molecules related with the MHC class I family, CD1d, glycolipid presentation molecule and Rae-1, a ligand of a immune activating receptor, NKG2D. CD1d is expressed in all nervous tissue and all neural cells tested, including the stem cells from the SVZ. Rae-1 mRNA is absent of the majority tissues except some neural tissue, including the SVZ. Neurospheres from the SVZ express Rae-1 and lose this expression after adhesion. Moreover, we obtained and develop a new cell line from the nasal olfactory epithelium, expressing very high CD1d and Rae-1 levels. This cell line allows the demonstration of the importance of the membrane environment on their functions. We finally obtained constructions coding for CD1d-EGFP and Rae-1-EGFP molecules and described alternative splicing of CD1d with respect of the open reading frame
LE, GALL SYLVIE. "Modulation du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilite de classe i (cmh-i) par la proteine nef du vih." Paris 6, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA066429.
Full textDeruytter, Nathalie. "De nouveaux gènes de prédisposition au diabète auto-immun liés au complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité chez la souris Non Obese Diabetic (NOD)." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066088.
Full textCastaigne, Jean-Gabriel. "Etude de la signalisation via les molécules du Complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité de classe II : bases moléculaires et microdomaines membranaires." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066364.
Full textToussaint, Hélène. "Etude des machineries intracellulaires impliquées dans le trafic des molécules du CMH II et de leur perturbation par la protéine du Nef du VIH." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077214.
Full textThe function of MHC II molecules is to present antigenic peptides at the cell surface of antigen presenting cells. Newly synthesized MHC II α and β chains, which are associated with the invariant chain chaperone (li), have to reach the endocytic pathway to acquire their peptide load on their way to the cell surface. Thus, MHC II must be sorted at various intracellular stations to become mature and functional. We have shown using plasmids encoding shRNA specific for components of the clathrin machinery that αβli complexes are sorted for delivery to the endosomal System primarily at the plasma membrane and then they are rapidly internalized via an AP-2 dependent pathway and that AP-1 appears not to be involved. Nef from HIV protein is a key player in the immune escape from the strong anti-viral response by affecting antigenic presentation. Nef interferes with the cell surface levels of various receptors at the interface between antigen presenting cells and T lymphocytes. Nef impairs MHC II restricted antigen presentation by altering their intracellular trafficking. In the presence of Nef, mature MHC II are down-modulated at the cell surface and accumulated intracellularly, while levels of surface immature MHC II are increased. Nef expression induces a strong decrease of the internalisation rate of αβli complexes whereas transferrine endocytosis, another AP2-dependent receptor remains unaffected. Our results indicate that Nef induces an up-regulation of surface immature MHC II molecules by decreasing their rate of internalization. Nef appears to impede the recrutment by li tail or the function of the AP-2 endocytic machinery
Sammut, Bénédicte. "Caractérisation des gènes de classe I du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité de deux amphibiens urodèles du genre Ambystoma, Ambystoma Mexicanum et Ambystoma Tigrinum." Dijon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997DIJOS047.
Full textChazara, Trokiner Olympe. "Diversité génétique structurale et fonctionnelle du CMH chez le Poulet : Implication pour la résistance aux maladies." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00601989.
Full textAarnink, Alice. "Le CMH du macaque crabier : son polymorphisme et son influence sur divers paramètres biologiques." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/4352/.
Full textThe cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) is used as an experimental immunology model in the development of new treatments such as the prevention of rejection of transplanted organs, or the preventive or curator treatment of infectious diseases. As in all vertebrates, the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) of the cynomolgus macaque occupies a privileged place in the development of immune adaptive responses of cellular and humoral types. The aim of our work was to study the influence of MHC polymorphism on various quantitative traits reflecting the biological immune system. The distribution of cynomolgus macaque is very large in the South-East Asia and animals of different geographical origins are available. Animals of Mauritius and the Philippines, that have a genetic polymorphism smaller than those of Indonesia and Vietnam, have the favor of most research groups. By proven molecular biology techniques, we described the polymorphism of the DRA and DRB genes in four cynomolgus macaque populations (Mauritius, Philippines, Vietnam and Java). As for the MHC class I genes, their high numbers in macaques (up to 12 per haploid genome) led us to choose the massive sequencing (pyrosequencing 454) as molecular biology technique to describe the transcripts of MHC class I genes. Thus, we characterized the polymorphism of MHC class I genes expressed in a Malaysian macaque and many Mauritian animals. Genotyping of microsatellites across the MHC region and the DRB genotyping allowed us to highlight the influence of the DR polymorphisms on blood counts of CD4+ T lymphocytes in macaques from the Philippines. Moreover, the systematic study of the influence of MHC polymorphism on major blood cells, revealed in these macaques an association between platelet count and the MHC class III region. In another study of 45 Mauritian cynomolgus macaques inoculated with SIVmac251, we found that the plasma viral load measured one hundred days after inoculation is influenced by the MHC Class IB polymorphism. Genotyping of a large number of Mauritian macaques (N = 750) by studying 18 microsatellites across the MHC has allowed us to estimate, by means of an original method, the rate of recombination within the MHC in this population of Mauritius Island which is characterized by a foundation and a recent phase of rapid expansion. The recombination rate in this population is 2-10 times lower than that described for the HLA region in humans. Finally, by the study in four populations (Mauritius, Philippines, Vietnam and Java) of microsatellite located in the MHC and outside of it, we were able to detect a positive signal of selection in the MHC class III region. It appears that the selection signal could be concern the cynomolgus macaque from the Philippines and could be related to the selection pressure exerted by the Plasmodium or other infectious agents. Overall, this work allowed us to increase our knowledge of MHC polymorphism in cynomolgus macaques and for the first time to demonstrate its influence on biological parameters. This work should lead to the scientific community to better understand the cynomolgus macaque as an experimental model
Huvent, Isabelle. "Oncogénicité des cellules transformées par l'adénovirus 12 : régulation d'un promoteur de classe I du CMH et du domaines des protéines E1A impliqués dans la résistance à la lyse par les cellules NK." Lille 1, 1997. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1997/50376-1997-67.pdf.
Full textBecart, Stéphane. "Organisation dynamique des molécules du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité de classe II dans les radeaux lipidiques : implications dans la signalisation et la présentation antigénique." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066005.
Full textPereira, Mathias. "Caractérisation des mécanismes de présentation des antigènes par les molécules du CMH-II." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS293.
Full textCD4+ helper T cells that orchestrate adaptive immune responses recognize antigen (Ag)-derived peptides presented by MHC-II molecules. MHC-II molecules are expressed by professional Ag- presenting cells (APCs) such as B cells and dendritic cells, thymic epithelial cells, and also by non-professional APCs in inflammatory conditions. MHC-II molecules present peptides derived from extra- and intra-cellular sources of Ags (endogenous). Ags are then delivered to the MIIC where they are progressively degraded by lysosomal proteases into peptides that can be loaded on MHC-II molecules. The pathways leading to endogenous Ag presentation by MHC-II molecules are poorly characterized. Macroautophagy has been shown to contribute to the processing of cytoplasmic and nuclear Ags for the loading of MHC-II molecules. Several forms of selective autophagy exist, but all rely on proteins named autophagy receptors (AR): p62, NBR1, NDP52, OPTN, and TAX1BP1 (T6BP). In addition to their role on selective autophagy, some of the ARs are also required for autophagosomes and endosomes maturation. We hypothesized that ARs could contribute at various levels to MHC-II-restricted viral Ag presentation. This work unravels a new role for T6BP, but not the others ARs, as a key player in MHC-II-restricted Ag presentation, and in CD4+ T cell immunity
Sola, Caroline. "Immunomodulation des fonctions effectrices des cellules NK par le contrôle des intéractions de leurs récepteurs inhibiteurs avec les molécules du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité (CMH) de classe I." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4082.
Full textNatural Killer cells (NK cells) are lymphocytes able to kill tumors with aletered expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I molecules. This “missing self” recognition is mediated by the lack of engagement of Human Leukocytes Antigens (HLA) with NK inhibitory receptors that include Killer Immunoglobulin like Receptors (or KIR) in humans. In rodents, the functional analogues of KIR are Ly49 lectins. Some tumors escape NK cell immune surveillance by increasing the expression of HLA molecules on their surface. So, blocking interactions between KIR and HLA molecules constitutes an interesting therapeutic strategy that INNATE PHARMA decided to explore, developing the anti-KIR monoclonal antibody 1-7F9. Nevertheless, these interactions are necessary for the acquisition of NK functional properties, i.e for their “education”. They are also involved in self-tolerance on educated NK cells. For the pre-clinical development of 1-7F9, it was necessary to anticipate anti-KIR mAb safety and toxicity, evaluate its anti-cancer potential and its impact on NK education. A first part of our work was performed in a surrogate B6 mouse model:Ly49 C/I inhibitory receptors have H-2b molécules as endogenous ligand. Their interactions were blocked with anti-Ly49 C/I monoclonal antibody. In a second part, we report the generation of transgenic mice expressing a single inhibitory KIR in the context of its HLA ligand and in absence of endogenous mouse MHC class I molecules. Both models showed that the blockade of NK inhibitory receptors interactions with their endogenous ligands did not break self tolerance, had a strong anti-tumor effect and did not abrogate NK functionality
Gross, David Alexandre. "Identification et optimisation d'antigènes tumoraux en vue d'une vaccination antitumorale." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066432.
Full textVincent, Hélène. "Modifications après activation cellulaire des caractéristiques morphologiques et biochimiques des compartiments de maturation des molécules du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité de classe II dans les lymphocytes B et un modèle de mastocytes muqueux : les RBL-2H3." Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA077248.
Full textPicarda, Elodie. "Étude de l'interaction TCR/peptide/CMH des lymphocytes T régulateurs CD8+CD45RClow en allotransplantation chez le rat." Nantes, 2013. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=42ed9d82-2fdf-47a2-8790-94f9c0b793fd.
Full textCurrently, a major goal of transplantation research is to induce long term donor-specific tolerance. Our team has already shown in a rat cardiac allotransplantation model that CD40/CD40L costimulation blockade induces donor-specific CD8+CD45RClow regulatory T cells (Tregs), with potent suppressive activity. The requirement for a TCR interaction in the development and function of Tregs remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to characterize the antigenic specificity and the related CD8+ Tregs' TCR repertoire. We have demonstrated for the first time in transplantation that induced CD8+ Tregs recognize a 15 amino acids allopeptide derived from a donor major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC) molecule. This peptide activates Tregs in vitro in presence of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and supports in vivo, without additional treatment, specific CD8+ Tregs generation and/or function, that in turn, inhibit anti-donor immune responses allowing establishement of tolerance in naive transplanted recipients. In addition, the self-MHC/allopeptide complex identified is recognized by Vβ11 and Vβ18-specific Tregs' TCRs displaying a private and diverse repertoire in the spleen, but restricted in the graft, that ensures effective suppression of alloreactive immune responses. This work has increased our knowledge of the biology of CD8+ Tregs in the rat and highlights the therapeutic potential of antigen-specific Tregs in the control of acute and chronic allograft rejection
Darrigrand, Romain. "Immunomodulateurs de la voie de présentation par le complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité de classe I (CMH-I) aux propriétés anti-tumorales Isoginkgetin Derivative IP2 Enhances the Adaptive Immune Response to Tumor Antigens." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS066.
Full textThe success of therapeutic cancer vaccines relies on the establishment of an effective adaptive immune response directed against antigens presented by cancer cells within MHC molecules. Targeted antigens are tumor associated antigens (TAAs) and tumor specific neoantigens (TSA) that can derive from both coding and allegedly non-coding regions of the genome through non-canonical translation events. Pioneer Translation Products (PTPs) are for instance produced by a non-conventionnal translation event taking place within the nucleus on pre-mature mRNA before the splicing of introns. We have highlighted the immunomodulatory properties of splicing inhibitor isoginkgetin and its water soluble and safe derivative, IP2. IP2 enhances PTP-derived antigen presentation in-vitro and inhibits tumor growth in-vivo in an immune-dependant manner. We have identified by mass spectrometry TAAs et TSAs induced by IP2 at the surface of cancer cells. We found antigens derived from both exons and retained introns. We assessed their immunogenicity ex-vivo before testing their antitumor properties in-vivo in the context of prophylactic and therapeutic cancer vaccines. Eventually, we propose a new immunotherapy consisting in the combination of IP2 compound that enhances antigen presentation in tumor cells with a peptide vaccine that boost the proliferation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells specific for tumor antigens
De, Angelis Rigotti Francesca. "Rôle de l'ubiquitination dans le trafic cellulaire des molécules de présentation antigénique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22024.
Full textUbiquitination has been largely studied as regulator of the intracellular trafficking of several membrane proteins, inducing their internalization or their sorting from TGN to endosomes. Interestingly, pathogens adopted this mechanism to evade the immune response. For example, Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus synthesizes two ubiquitin ligases, MIR1 and MIR2, which target the antigen presenting molecule, MHC class I, inducing its internalization. We identified the mammalian ubiquitin ligase MARCH-IX as important factor in the intracellular trafficking of antigen presenting molecules, CD1a and MHC-I. In conditions of MARCH-IX over-expression, CD1a and MHC-I are ubiquitinated and they accumulated in early endosomes. In MARCH-IX silenced cells, the arrival of MHC-I at the plasma membrane appear to be delayed and MHC-I accumulates in the TGN. During dendritic cell maturation, MARCH-IX expression and CD1a intracellular localization showed a correlation, which is compatible with a role of the ubiquitin ligase in the export pathway of CD1a. We concluded that MARCH-IX acts on neo-synthesized molecules, facilitating their sorting from the TGN. In addition to the function analysis of MARCH-IX, we also investigated its ability to conjugate ubiquitin on non-conventional residues. Our results demonstrated that, differently from viral ubiquitin ligases, MARCH-IX could target MHC class I and CD1a only in presence of lysine residues on their cytoplasmic tail, suggesting a stronger restriction in the control of the ubiquitination mechanism on mammals
Scardino, Antonio. "Les épitopes cryptiques en thérapie antitumorale : le modèle Her-2/neu." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066330.
Full textAubagnac, Stéphanie. "Identification et caractérisation fonctionnelle de gènes de prédisposition à la persistance virale et aux signes cliniques de la maladie démyélinisante induite par le virus de Theiler." Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA077250.
Full textARNOLD, DANIELE. "Le controle genetique de la presentation de l'antigene par les molecules de classe i du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilite (cmh). Etude du transporteur de peptides (tap1/tap2) et des sous-unites proteasiques (lmp2/lmp7)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993STR13141.
Full textCoulon, Pierre-Grégoire. "Interactions VIH/autophagie dans les cellules dendritiques : de la réplication à la présentation des antigènes." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066552/document.
Full textHIV-1 manipulates antigen-presenting cells (APC) such as dendritic cells (DC), witch orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses, in order to propagate in the host and to establish viral reservoirs. We are studying the role of autophagic processes in DC/HIV-1 interactions with a focus on antigen presentation. We have previously shown that macroautophagy in DC participates in the degradation of incoming HIV-1 particles leading to activation of HIV-1-specific (HS) CD4 T cells. HIV-1 can also productively infect DC. I thus first asked whether neo-synthetized viral proteins might represent an additional source of HIV-1 antigens. Remarkably, I have shown using infected monocyte derived DC that de novo expression of Gag leads to the activation of HS CD4 T cells, highlighting that this antigen is endogenously processed in order to be presented into MHC-II molecules. Since macroautophagy and chaperon-mediated autophagy (CMA) are known to be involved in this process for other viral antigens and model antigens, I then dissected the role of these two pathways. Using several tools including inhibitors and shRNA, I demonstrated that in HIV-1-infected DC neither macroautophagy nor CMA contribute significantly to the processing of HIV-1-Gag epitopes into MHC-II molecules. I also used a Gag-LC3 fusion protein to specifically channel Gag into LC3+ autophagic vesicles in DC. In this context, inhibiting autophagy dramatically reduced the presentation of HIV-1-Gag epitopes to CD4+ T cells. Strikingly, channelling Gag into autophagosomes generated epitopes that were not processed endogenously in the context of HIV-1 infection. Thus specifically directing HIV-1 proteins toward autophagosomes might influence the repertoire of MHC II-restricted HIV-1 antigens. I further analyzed whether autophagy could affect HIV-1 replication in infected DC. In these cells, in contrast to what has been described in macrophages, Gag did not colocalize with LC3 or with the autophagic adaptor p62, suggesting that newly-produced HIV-1 particles are not sequestrated into autophagosomes. The Gag-LC3 fusion protein was used here as a positive control of colocalization. To determine whether my findings might reveal a DC-specific escape mechanism developed by HIV-1, I used various HIV-1 mutants, enhanced autophagic flux using drugs or TLR ligands, and expressed Gag in the absence of other HIV-1 proteins. Overall, my work suggests that HIV-1 does not manipulate autophagy in productively-infected DC. Moreover, modulating autophagy in DC (using shRNA) does not impact HIV-1 replication and propagation. Finally, my work highlights the complexity of the interactions between the autophagic process and HIV-1 replication in DC. Unlike during viral entry, HIV-1 does not seem to be targeted into autophagosomes after viral replication in infected DC, and autophagy does not contribute significantly to the processing of endogenous viral antigens. Nonetheless HIV-1-infected DC efficiently activates HS CD4 T cells, and targeting HIV antigens into autophagosomes greatly enhances this activation and might broaden the repertoire of MHC-II-restricted antigen. Further dissection of the various routes of endogenous HIV antigen processing would aid in the development of innovative vaccines
Talpin, Alice. "Complexe Majeur d'Histocompatibilité et génomique fonctionnelle dans les spondylarthrites." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00917678.
Full textJeanmougin, Marc. "Imputation HLA et analyse génomique de la coinfection VIH/VHC." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CNAM1164/document.
Full textAssociation genomics aims at finding links between the genome and some traits or illnesses. Today, the most frequent studies in this field are genome wide association studies (GWAS), which analyze as many genome variants (mainly Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) as possible, without any a priori on their biological function. However, genotyping methods used in these studies may be insufficient to get reliable information in higly variable regions such as the HLA which plays a crucial role in immunity, and the genetic variants of such regions are often predicted using bioinformatics approaches. During my PhD, I have created a new tool, HLA-Check, that allows to rate the plausibility of HLA alleles from the genotypes obtained from genotyping chips. I also assesses its performances and showed that it was able to point out individuals with a wrong HLA typing, in order to retype them or remove them from the study. An article documenting this tool was published in BMC Bioinformatics. I have also performed a genome-wide association study on cirrhosis outbreak in individuals coinfected with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and HCV (hepatitis C virus). Because of similar infection routes (blood-related), co-infection with those two viruses are frequent, and the infection by HIV enhances HCV activity and increases liver fibrosis leading to cirrhosis and death of co-infected patients. Our study has dealt with 306 co-infected patients from the ANRS CO-13 HEPAVIH cohort. I could point out three statistically significant signals, two of them being highly relevant for their involvement in liver diseases (gene CTNND2 and gene MIR7-3HG). The identification of these new variants should lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in cirrhosis, and should contribute to the rational developement of new diagnostic or therapeutic strategies. A publication is under way
Saglibene, Hélène. "Prévention du rejet de greffe de cornée et complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité." Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR23061.
Full textBahram, Seiamak. "Nouveaux gènes de réponse immune au sein du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité." Strasbourg 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STR13057.
Full textLawand, Myriam. "Rôle des transporteurs de peptides dans la présentation antigénique par les cellules dendritiques." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05T053.
Full textDendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells, capable of activating resting T cells and of initiating primary and stimulating memory immune responses. DCs can efficiently use internalized antigens for presentation by major histocompatibility class I (MHC-I) molecules: a phenomenon referred to as “cross-presentation.” Cross-presentation is important in priming of CD8+ T-cell responses to a variety of pathogens and to tumors as well as in immune tolerance to self and in autoimmunity. The molecular and cell biological mechanisms underlying cross-presentation have been studied intensively but important issues remain unclear. Our laboratory has previously shown that the pre-incubation of TAP-deficient DCs at low temperature normalized surface MHC-I expression and cross-presentation of phagocytosed antigens in a proteasome-dependent pathway. This suggested that phagosomes might harbor an alternative peptide transporter to import peptides generated by cytosolic proteasome complexes. As the source of MHC-I loaded in this pathway remains unclear, it is possible that the principal or partial role of TAP in proteasome-dependent cross-presentation of phagocytosed antigens is to provide recycling cell surface class I molecules. Our aim was to assess the exact role of TAP in peptide transport into phagosomes and to examine the role of the transporter associated with antigen processing-like (TAP-L), a lysosomal transporter with a putative function in antigen presentation. We have developed an assay of peptide transport using flow cytometry (phagoFACS) and shown that TAP is present in DC phagosomes and capable of transporting at least peptides with high affinity to TAP in an ATP-dependant manner. Using this assay, which allowed for eliminating background due to leaky vesicles, we were able to provide direct evidence of peptide accumulation inside phagosomes. ATP-dependant peptide accumulation inside phagosomes was affected by phagosomal maturation and by the presence of a peptide-binding MHC class I-molecule. Surprisingly, in the absence of TAP, another peptide transporter may be able to transport a peptide with intermediate affinity to TAP, namely the ovalbumin peptide SIINFEKL, in an ATP-dependant manner. We used the same technique to assess the function of TAP-L in peptide transport and found that TAP-L may be involved in peptide import into phagosomes. Additional results suggest that TAP-L plays a role in MHC-II presentation and cross-presentation of phagocytosed antigens at low temperature. The latter was shown in DCs lacking both transporters, suggesting that TAP and TAP-L might cooperate to ensure peptide import into phagosomes. The mechanisms underlying these functions should be explored to understand the relative contribution of each peptide transporter to antigen presentation
Guillaudeux, Thierry. "Région chromosomique du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité de classe I humain et développement." Rennes 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995REN1A001.
Full textChardon, Patrick. "Contribution à l'étude du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité du porc et des mammifères d'elevage." Paris 7, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA077018.
Full textZini, Jean-Marc. "Le complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité humain : techniques d'études a propos d'un variant hla-dr7." Paris 7, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA072172.
Full textRenard, Valéry. "LesLymphocytes T et NK : interaction avec le complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité de classe I." Aix-Marseille 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX22005.
Full textGrain, Françoise. "Étude des gènes du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité : typage d'ovins par la méthode RFLP." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO1T183.
Full textZeng, Yang. "The creation of novel humanized mouse models for the assessment of innovative immunotherapies and vaccine evaluation." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS327/document.
Full textAnimal models play critical roles in pre-clinical researches, while there are still several limitations. The physiological and immunological states in murine and non-human primates are radically district from those of mankind, especially the MHC restriction, which cannot eliminate the influence of species specificity in pre-clinical experiments.The aim of our work was to generate a higher level of “humanized” transgenic mice which could mimic human immune responses with more accuracy and reliability; furthermore, to apply the novel models in the evaluation of human transplantation, the identification of new epitopes, and the evaluation of candidate vaccines and drugs.In the first part of the study, novel immuno-deficient HLA transgenic mice "HUMAMICE" (HLA-A2+/+/DR1+/+/ H-2-β2m-/-/IAβ-/-/Rag2-/-/IL-2rγ-/-/Perf-/- mice) were established, which expressed human HLA molecules instead of murine H-2 and present no murine lymphocytes. This immuno-deficient status was reversed by transferring the functional HLA-matched hPBMCs and then producing mice with an immuno-competent status with a functional human immune system, led to high lymphocytes engraftment rates without GvHD. Immunization of HBsAg vaccine resulted in robust and reproducible production of specific antibodies. Inconclusion, these results indicated that the hPBMCs-HUMAMICE model represents a promising model to dissect human immune responses towards human diseases.In the second part of this study, the Chinese/East Asian HLA dominated HLA-A11/DR1(HLA-A11+/+/DR1+/+/H-2-β2m-/-/IAβ-/-) transgenic mouse strain was established. This novel mouse strain possesses HLA-restricted characteristic and a normal ability to respond to antigens. Immunization of mice with a recombinant HBV vaccine or a recombinant HIV-1 protein resulted in the generation of IFN-γ-producing cytotoxic T lymphocytes and specific antibodies. Furthermore, we identified two HLA-A11 restricted epitopes of EBOV GP protein and four of MERS-CoV S protein. Above all, HLA-A11/DR1 mice could facilitate the identification of Chinese dominant HLA-restricted CTL and Th epitopes and provide a new promising technical tool to understand immunological mechanisms and new vaccines.Taken together, we created two novel and promising humanize mouse models carrying human HLA restriction which could apply as pathogen infection models, and study tumors, transplantation mechanism, and the invention and evaluation of vaccines and drugs
Merzougui, Nawel. "Origine des molécules du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité dans la présentation croisée dépendante du protéasome." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T034.
Full textThe dominant role of TAP-dependent pathway(s) in cross-presentation is commonly interpreted as evidence for transport of cross-presented antigenic peptides into specialized cross-presentation compartments or into the perinuclear ER by the TAP transporters. I have re-examined this concept using TAP-deficient dendritic cells. The main tool used for these experiments were TAP - deficient dendritic cells pre-incubated overnight at 26°C, a procedure known to increase cell-surface expression of class I molecules in such cells. I found that TAP-deficient dendritic cells pre-incubated overnight at 26°C cross-present particulate antigens with an efficiency equal to, or exceeding that of wild type cells. Surprisingly, restoration of cross-presentation by pre-incubation at 26°C is abolished by proteasome inhibitors. At the same time, proteasome inhibition does not affect cross-presentation of a particulate antigen not requiring proteasomal proteolysis for the T cells epitope generation. The latter result suggests that proteasome inhibition as used does not interfere with phagosome maturation or other cellular mechanisms involved in the cross presentation, but instead inhibits cytosolic proteolysis of phagocytosed antigen. Taken together, my experimental data suggest that in TAP-deficient DCs, cross-presented particulate antigens are degraded in the cytosol by the proteasome and gain access to (presumably recycling) MHC class I molecules in phagosomes and/or the ER in a TAP-independent manner. Interestingly, normalization of cell surface MHC class I molecules by pre-incubation at 26°C of TAP-deficient DCs has no effect at all on cross-presentation of receptor-targeted antigen. Thus, the origin of MHC class I molecules and/or the mode of their peptide loading differ strikingly between the endosomal and phagosomal cross-presentation pathways. Moreover, phagosomal cross-presentation appears to employ a novel mechanism for peptide transport from the cytosol into an MHC class I loading compartment
Bensaïd, Albert. "Structure et fonction des antigènes de classe I du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité du bovin." Aix-Marseille 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX22062.
Full textCoito, Sylvie. "Rôle de la molécule CD99 dans la régulation de l'expression des molécules du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité de classe I." Nice, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NICE4002.
Full textThe loss or the down regulation of the class I Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC-I) on the cell surface is one of the major mechanisms for tumoral cell to escape from the immune response. It have been previously described that the glycoprotein CD99, a 32kd transmembrane molecule that belongs to a new family of proteins, composed by a long isoform (type I) and by a spliced isoform (type II) can influence the MCH-I expression level in a B cell line. We describe here that CD99 powerfully regulates the level of MHC-I. The expression of MHC-I is tightly linked to the cell surface of variants from the same cell line: CD99 negative cells (CD99-/-) display a level of MHC-I reduced by half as compared to wild type (WT JE) cells. After CD99 cDNA transfection (CD99+/+) MHC-I expression was fully recovered. Strikingly, gamma-IFN (IFN-g) does not lead to an up-regulation of MHC-I expression on CD99-/- cells compared to the four-fold increase of MHC-I expression on WT JE and on CD99 retransfected cells. Of note, IFN-g did not affect CD99 expression. We have observed, using confocal microscopy that, contrary to CD99 positive cells, MHC-I molecules were stored in the cytoplasmic vesicles and less exported to the cell surface in CD99-/- cells. Yet, we observed no modification of the transcription levels of the antigen processing machinery (APM) genes. The second part of the work was a study of a tumoral model, with a cancer lung, using a cell line, and eighteen tissues samples from patients with histological confirmed tumor of lung provided by the Biobank Tissue Unit Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Pasteur's hospital, (Nice). In vitro, the expression level is dependent from CD99 isoforms. The sur-expression of the type I isoforms induce an up-regulation of MHC-I molecules and of the APM genes whereas, the CD99 type II isoforms decrease the MHC-I expression level. On healthy lung tissues and on tumoral tissues obtained from surgery samples, the transcription of MHC-I genes are down regulated on tumoral tissues as the literature, as well as most APM genes. What is more, we described the loss of the transcription of a new molecule, CD99, which were predominant on the CD99 type I isoform. Our observations might be relevant to tumors and virus escape since loss or down regulation of MHC I molecules is an important feature which keep tumors and virus infected cells below the cytotoxic T-cell detection levels
Duban, Livine Annie Alice. "Les cellules M. A. I. T. (Mucosal-associated Invariant T) : une nouvelle sous-population de lymphocytes Tαß conservée entre espèces." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05D052.
Full textMucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells display unique T cell feature : they are phylogenetically conserved (human, mouse and cattle) and used an invariant TCRα chain, iVα7. 2/19-Jα33. These cells localized in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and the gut lamina propria (LP). They recognize the phylogenetically conserved class Ib MHC molecule MR1 and it expression on B cells is sufficient for selection/expansion of MAIT cells. The study of iVα19-Jα33 transgenic mice showed that the characteristic Vß6/8 biais of repertoire is loss in the thymus, the MLN and LP in the absence of MR1. Expression of a MAIT cells specific TCRß chain induces an increased selection/expansion of these cells in the thymus, MLN and LP. Finally, there selection/expansion is dependant upon the presence of commensal flora in the gut, as they are absent in germfree mice and both Gram+ and Gram- bacteria can induce MAIT selection/expansion
Hu, Rui. "Etude des gènes de classe I non classiques du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité chez le porc." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011VERS0013.
Full textIn pig, very little information is available on the three non classical MHC class I genes SLA-6, -7 and -8 (SLA-Ib genes). Our aim was to increase knowledge on SLA-Ib genes by studying their polymorphism, transcription and protein expression. Full length transcripts were characterized from thymus and brain of MeLiM pigs resulting in the annotation of 8 exons for SLA-7 and -8 and 7 exons for SLA-6. The three full length cDNAs encode molecules with a predicted folding consistent with peptide presentation. No additional transcript was found for SLA-8 while four and five were detected for SLA-6 and SLA-7, respectively, suggesting that some soluble forms of these molecules may exist. For SLA-7, an alternative spliced variant was found in the 3’UTR of the gene after the termination codon suggesting possible post-transcriptional regulation of the gene. Polymorphism studies confirmed a limited nucleotide polymorphism but revealed an unexpected copy number variation for SLA-7. Ongoing experiments are still in progress to characterize monoclonal antibodies specific of each SLA-Ib molecule in transient transfection systems. Our overall results provided significant new data on SLA-Ib genes and will pave a way toward more functional analyses related to their putative function in immuno-tolerance
Angyalosi, Gerhild. "Modèles d'études d'induction et d'optimisation de la réponse immune à des constructions peptidiques d'intérêt vaccinal." Lille 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIL2MT10.
Full textRadosavljevic, Mirjana. "Gènes non-conventionnels de classe 1 d'hystocompatibilité : Identification des loci RAET1 et caractérisation de MIC,MR1 et ZAG." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13031.
Full textChasset, Patrice. "Contribution à l'étude des antigènes et gènes de classe deux du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité du mouton." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112287.
Full textThe major histocompatibility complex has a prominent role in the reaction of immune defense in man and mammalian. The classical use of serological techniques has allowed the description of an important polymorphism for the sheep class I antigens, controlled by at least two loci. The aims of this work were to investigate the existence of sheep class II antigens, to evaluate their polymorphism, and to determine their genetic control. We have shown the existence of sheep class II antigens by indirect immunoprécipitation with anti-bovin monoclonal antibodies and electrophoretic migration; as expected those antigens are composed of two non-covalently associated chains, the 32 kDa α chain and the 29 kDa β chain. We have demonstrated that all slg+ sheep lymphocytes, purified by a panning technique with anti-sheep immunoglobulins M, expressed the class II antigens, and thus could be used to type these antigens in a microlymphocytotoxicity test. AII the sera obtained from multiparous ewes and suspected to contain cytotoxic anti-class II antibodies also contain cytotoxic anti-class I antibodies. The few sera obtained after skingraft absorbed with platelets or thymocytes have not detected cytotoxic anti-class II antibodies. The use of anti-human class II and anti-bovine class II monoclonal antibodies crossreacting with sheep but monomorphic or slightly polymorphic could not delineate serologically the polymorphism of class II antigens. Primary and secondary mixed lymphocyte reaction within families were performed using a technique previously adapted for sheep. The obtained experimental patterns have suggested a genetic control by at least two highly polymorphic class II allelic series, closely linked to the class I loci. The cell proliferation enhanced in these reactions changes with the involved class II antigene number. The existence, the polymorphism and the linkage of class II genes in sheep at the DNA level, are confirmed by the restriction fragment length analysis with α-DQ and β-DR human DNA probes. The development of research concerning the sheep major histocompatibility complex in addition to its fundamental interest, could have in the future several applications: associations with diseases (already observed) or with productive and reproductive traits, parentage control and phylogenetic studies
Hakem, Razqallah. "Etude de la régulation de l'expression des gènes de classe I du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité humain." Aix-Marseille 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX22059.
Full textCormier, Jean-Grégory. "Génomique fonctionnelle du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité dans la myasthènie auto-immune avec hyperplasie folliculaire du thymus." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T012.
Full textAutoimmune myasthenia gravis (MG) is characterized by muscular weakness due to autoantibodies targeting the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). This complex disorder is heterogeneous, its more common form associating a thymic follicular hyperplasia (TFH). The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a predominant part in the genetic component of this form, with the association of the 8. 1 haplotype (HLA-A1-B8-DR3). Using microsatellites (STR), the laboratory had undertaken a detailed description of the effects of this haplotype. However, this haplotype explains only partly the impact of MHC on the risk of developing the disease. The goal of my work was to identify new MHC alleles influencing MG with TFH or the autoantibody titer. A first approach focusing on the distal class I region combining STR and SNPs has delineated two protective haplotypes around the HLA-F and ZNRD1-AS1 loci as well as a predisposing haplotype including the RNF39 gene. A re-sequencing study of the class III candidate gene, NCR3, has then revealed an accumulation in the patients group of rare variants, including three coding mutations. Finally, a SNP-based fine mapping of the entire MHC has shown an association between MG with TFH and non 8. 1 alleles around the TAPBP locus, in the extended class II region, and also an influence of non 8. 1 alleles at the border of class II and III regions on the anti-AChR autoantibody titers. Hence, although functional variants remain to be identify, overall our work provides a better understanding of the complex role of the MHC in MG with TFH