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Journal articles on the topic 'CMIP6 simulations'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Gier, Bettina K., Manuel Schlund, Pierre Friedlingstein, et al. "Representation of the terrestrial carbon cycle in CMIP6." Biogeosciences 21, no. 22 (2024): 5321–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5321-2024.

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Abstract. Simulation of the carbon cycle in climate models is important due to its impact on climate change, but many weaknesses in its reproduction were found in previous models. Improvements in the representation of the land carbon cycle in Earth system models (ESMs) participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) include the interactive treatment of both the carbon and nitrogen cycles, improved photosynthesis, and soil hydrology. To assess the impact of these model developments on aspects of the global carbon cycle, the Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTo

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Wang, Dong, Jiahong Liu, Weiwei Shao, Chao Mei, Xin Su, and Hao Wang. "Comparison of CMIP5 and CMIP6 Multi-Model Ensemble for Precipitation Downscaling Results and Observational Data: The Case of Hanjiang River Basin." Atmosphere 12, no. 7 (2021): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12070867.

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Evaluating global climate model (GCM) outputs is essential for accurately simulating future hydrological cycles using hydrological models. The GCM multi-model ensemble (MME) precipitation simulations of the Climate Model Intercomparison Project Phases 5 and 6 (CMIP5 and CMIP6, respectively) were spatially and temporally downscaled according to a multi-site statistical downscaling method for the Hanjiang River Basin (HRB), China. Downscaled precipitation accuracy was assessed using data collected from 14 meteorological stations in the HRB. The spatial performances, temporal performances, and se

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Hamed, Mohammed Magdy, Mohamed Salem Nashwan, Mohammed Sanusi Shiru, and Shamsuddin Shahid. "Comparison between CMIP5 and CMIP6 Models over MENA Region Using Historical Simulations and Future Projections." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (2022): 10375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610375.

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The study evaluated the ability of 11 global climate models of the latest two versions of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5 and CMIP6) to simulate observed (1965–2005) rainfall, maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperatures, mean eastward (uas) and northward (vas) wind speed, and mean surface pressure. It also evaluated relative uncertainty in projections of climate variables using those two CMIPs. The European reanalysis (ERA5) data were used as the reference to evaluate the performance of the GCMs and their mean and median multimodel ensembles (MME). The study revealed less b

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Brierley, Chris M., Anni Zhao, Sandy P. Harrison, et al. "Large-scale features and evaluation of the PMIP4-CMIP6 <i>midHolocene</i> simulations." Climate of the Past 16, no. 5 (2020): 1847–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1847-2020.

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Abstract. The mid-Holocene (6000 years ago) is a standard time period for the evaluation of the simulated response of global climate models using palaeoclimate reconstructions. The latest mid-Holocene simulations are a palaeoclimate entry card for the Palaeoclimate Model Intercomparison Project (PMIP4) component of the current phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) – hereafter referred to as PMIP4-CMIP6. Here we provide an initial analysis and evaluation of the results of the experiment for the mid-Holocene. We show that state-of-the-art models produce climate changes that

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Matthes, Katja, Bernd Funke, Monika E. Andersson, et al. "Solar forcing for CMIP6 (v3.2)." Geoscientific Model Development 10, no. 6 (2017): 2247–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2247-2017.

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Abstract. This paper describes the recommended solar forcing dataset for CMIP6 and highlights changes with respect to CMIP5. The solar forcing is provided for radiative properties, namely total solar irradiance (TSI), solar spectral irradiance (SSI), and the F10.7 index as well as particle forcing, including geomagnetic indices Ap and Kp, and ionization rates to account for effects of solar protons, electrons, and galactic cosmic rays. This is the first time that a recommendation for solar-driven particle forcing has been provided for a CMIP exercise. The solar forcing datasets are provided at

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Fyfe, John C., Viatcheslav V. Kharin, Benjamin D. Santer, Jason N. S. Cole, and Nathan P. Gillett. "Significant impact of forcing uncertainty in a large ensemble of climate model simulations." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 23 (2021): e2016549118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2016549118.

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Forcing due to solar and volcanic variability, on the natural side, and greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions, on the anthropogenic side, are the main inputs to climate models. Reliable climate model simulations of past and future climate change depend crucially upon them. Here we analyze large ensembles of simulations using a comprehensive Earth System Model to quantify uncertainties in global climate change attributable to differences in prescribed forcings. The different forcings considered here are those used in the two most recent phases of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP),

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Eyring, Veronika, Sandrine Bony, Gerald A. Meehl, et al. "Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization." Geoscientific Model Development 9, no. 5 (2016): 1937–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016.

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Abstract. By coordinating the design and distribution of global climate model simulations of the past, current, and future climate, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) has become one of the foundational elements of climate science. However, the need to address an ever-expanding range of scientific questions arising from more and more research communities has made it necessary to revise the organization of CMIP. After a long and wide community consultation, a new and more federated structure has been put in place. It consists of three major elements: (1) a handful of common experim

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Cos, Josep, Francisco Doblas-Reyes, Martin Jury, Raül Marcos, Pierre-Antoine Bretonnière, and Margarida Samsó. "The Mediterranean climate change hotspot in the CMIP5 and CMIP6 projections." Earth System Dynamics 13, no. 1 (2022): 321–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-321-2022.

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Abstract. The enhanced warming trend and precipitation decline in the Mediterranean region make it a climate change hotspot. We compare projections of multiple Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) and Phase 6 (CMIP6) historical and future scenario simulations to quantify the impacts of the already changing climate in the region. In particular, we investigate changes in temperature and precipitation during the 21st century following scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 for CMIP5 and SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 from CMIP6, as well as for the HighResMIP high-resolution experim

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Almazroui, Mansour, M. Nazrul Islam, Sajjad Saeed, Fahad Saeed, and Muhammad Ismail. "Future Changes in Climate over the Arabian Peninsula based on CMIP6 Multimodel Simulations." Earth Systems and Environment 4, no. 4 (2020): 611–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41748-020-00183-5.

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AbstractThis paper presents the changes in projected temperature and precipitation over the Arabian Peninsula for the twenty-first century using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) dataset. The changes are obtained by analyzing the multimodel ensemble from 31 CMIP6 models for the near (2030–2059) and far (2070–2099) future periods, with reference to the base period 1981–2010, under three future Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). Observations show that the annual temperature is rising at the rate of 0.63 ˚C decade–1 (significant at the 99% confidence level), while annua

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Merrifield, Anna L., Lukas Brunner, Ruth Lorenz, Vincent Humphrey, and Reto Knutti. "Climate model Selection by Independence, Performance, and Spread (ClimSIPS v1.0.1) for regional applications." Geoscientific Model Development 16, no. 16 (2023): 4715–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4715-2023.

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Abstract. As the number of models in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) archives increase from generation to generation, there is a pressing need for guidance on how to interpret and best use the abundance of newly available climate information. Users of the latest CMIP6 seeking to draw conclusions about model agreement must contend with an “ensemble of opportunity” containing similar models that appear under different names. Those who used the previous CMIP5 as a basis for downstream applications must filter through hundreds of new CMIP6 simulations to find several best suited to th

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Dong, Yue, Kyle C. Armour, Mark D. Zelinka, et al. "Intermodel Spread in the Pattern Effect and Its Contribution to Climate Sensitivity in CMIP5 and CMIP6 Models." Journal of Climate 33, no. 18 (2020): 7755–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-1011.1.

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AbstractRadiative feedbacks depend on the spatial patterns of sea surface temperature (SST) and thus can change over time as SST patterns evolve—the so-called pattern effect. This study investigates intermodel differences in the magnitude of the pattern effect and how these differences contribute to the spread in effective equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) within CMIP5 and CMIP6 models. Effective ECS in CMIP5 estimated from 150-yr-long abrupt4×CO2 simulations is on average 10% higher than that estimated from the early portion (first 50 years) of those simulations, which serves as an analog

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Vennapu, Lakshmana Rao, Krishna Dora Babu Kotti, Sravani Alanka, and Pavan Krishnudu Badireddi. "Analysis of CMIP6 Simulations in the Indian Summer Monsoon Period 1979-2014." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 24, no. 1 (2025): B4215. https://doi.org/10.46488/nept.2025.v24i01.b4215.

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The monsoon system in India plays a pivotal role in shaping the country’s climate. Recent studies have indicated that the increasing variability of monsoons is attributable to climate change, resulting in prolonged periods of drought and excessive rainfall. Understanding, analyzing, and forecasting monsoons is crucial for socioeconomic sustainability and communities’ overall well-being. Climate forecasts, which project future Earth climates typically up to 2100, rely on models such as the Couple Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). However, confidence in these forecasts remains low due to the

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Eyring, V., S. Bony, G. A. Meehl, et al. "Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organisation." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 8, no. 12 (2015): 10539–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-10539-2015.

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Abstract. By coordinating the design and distribution of global climate model simulations of the past, current and future climate, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) has become one of the foundational elements of climate science. However, the need to address an ever-expanding range of scientific questions arising from more and more research communities has made it necessary to revise the organization of CMIP. After a long and wide community consultation, a new and more federated structure has been put in place. It consists of three major elements: (1) a handful of common experime

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Shen, Zili, Anmin Duan, Dongliang Li, and Jinxiao Li. "Assessment and Ranking of Climate Models in Arctic Sea Ice Cover Simulation: From CMIP5 to CMIP6." Journal of Climate 34, no. 9 (2021): 3609–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0294.1.

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AbstractThe capability of 36 models participating in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) and their 24 CMIP5 counterparts in simulating the mean state and variability of Arctic sea ice cover for the period 1979–2014 is evaluated. In addition, a sea ice cover performance score for each CMIP5 and CMIP6 model is provided that can be used to reduce the spread in sea ice projections through applying weighted averages based on the ability of models to reproduce the historical sea ice state. Results show that the seasonal cycle of the Arctic sea ice extent (SIE) in the multimo

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Jiang, Wenping, Ping Huang, Gang Huang, and Jun Ying. "Origins of the Excessive Westward Extension of ENSO SST Simulated in CMIP5 and CMIP6 Models." Journal of Climate 34, no. 8 (2021): 2839–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0551.1.

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AbstractAn excessive westward extension of the simulated ENSO-related sea surface temperature (ENSO SST) variability in the CMIP5 and CMIP6 models is the most apparent ENSO SST pattern bias and dominates the intermodel spread in ENSO SST variability among the models. The ENSO SST bias lowers the models’ skill in ENSO-related simulations and induces large intermodel uncertainty in ENSO-related projections. The present study investigates the origins of the excessive westward extension of ENSO SST in 25 CMIP5 and 25 CMIP6 models. Based on the intermodel spread of ENSO SST variability simulated in

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Maycock, Amanda C., Katja Matthes, Susann Tegtmeier, et al. "The representation of solar cycle signals in stratospheric ozone – Part 2: Analysis of global models." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 15 (2018): 11323–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11323-2018.

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Abstract. The impact of changes in incoming solar irradiance on stratospheric ozone abundances should be included in climate simulations to aid in capturing the atmospheric response to solar cycle variability. This study presents the first systematic comparison of the representation of the 11-year solar cycle ozone response (SOR) in chemistry–climate models (CCMs) and in pre-calculated ozone databases specified in climate models that do not include chemistry, with a special focus on comparing the recommended protocols for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and Phase 6 (CMIP5 and

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Lu, Zhichao, Tianbao Zhao, and Weican Zhou. "Evaluation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave Simulated by CMIP5 and CMIP6 Models." Atmosphere 11, no. 9 (2020): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11090931.

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As a coupled large-scale oceanic and atmospheric pattern in the Southern Ocean, the Antarctic circumpolar wave (ACW) has substantial impacts on the global climate. In this study, using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ERA5 dataset and historical experiment outputs from 24 models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and Phase 6 (CMIP5/CMIP6) spanning the 1980s and 1990s, the simulation capability of models for sea-level pressure (SLP) and sea surface temperature (SST) variability of the ACW is evaluated. It is shown that most models can capture well the 50-

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Karypidou, Maria Chara, Eleni Katragkou, and Stefan Pieter Sobolowski. "Precipitation over southern Africa: is there consensus among global climate models (GCMs), regional climate models (RCMs) and observational data?" Geoscientific Model Development 15, no. 8 (2022): 3387–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3387-2022.

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Abstract. The region of southern Africa (SAF) is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and is projected to experience severe precipitation shortages in the coming decades. Ensuring that our modeling tools are fit for the purpose of assessing these changes is critical. In this work we compare a range of satellite products along with gauge-based datasets. Additionally, we investigate the behavior of regional climate simulations from the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) – Africa domain, along with simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project

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Kageyama, Masa, Sandy P. Harrison, Marie-L. Kapsch, et al. "The PMIP4 Last Glacial Maximum experiments: preliminary results and comparison with the PMIP3 simulations." Climate of the Past 17, no. 3 (2021): 1065–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1065-2021.

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Abstract. The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ∼ 21 000 years ago) has been a major focus for evaluating how well state-of-the-art climate models simulate climate changes as large as those expected in the future using paleoclimate reconstructions. A new generation of climate models has been used to generate LGM simulations as part of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) contribution to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Here, we provide a preliminary analysis and evaluation of the results of these LGM experiments (PMIP4, most of which are PMIP4-CMIP6) and compare

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Mostue, Idunn Aamnes, Stefan Hofer, Trude Storelvmo, and Xavier Fettweis. "Cloud- and ice-albedo feedbacks drive greater Greenland Ice Sheet sensitivity to warming in CMIP6 than in CMIP5." Cryosphere 18, no. 1 (2024): 475–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-475-2024.

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Abstract. The Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) has been losing mass since the 1990s as a direct consequence of rising temperatures and has been projected to continue to lose mass at an accelerating pace throughout the 21st century, making it one of the largest contributors to future sea-level rise. The latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models produce a greater Arctic amplification signal and therefore also a notably larger mass loss from the GrIS when compared to the older CMIP5 projections, despite similar forcing levels from greenhouse gas emissions. However, it is also

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Wang, Zhenchao, Lin Han, Jiayu Zheng, et al. "Evaluation of the Performance of CMIP5 and CMIP6 Models in Simulating the Victoria Mode–El Niño Relationship." Journal of Climate 34, no. 18 (2021): 7625–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0927.1.

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AbstractThe Victoria mode (VM) is the second dominant sea surface temperature mode in the North Pacific, forced by North Pacific Oscillation–like extratropical atmospheric variability. Observational studies have shown that the boreal spring VM is closely connected to the following winter El Niño, with the VM efficiently acting as a precursor signal to El Niño events. This study evaluates the relationship of the spring VM with subsequent winter El Niño in the preindustrial simulations of phases 5 and 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5 and CMIP6). We found that most CMIP5 and

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Arora, Vivek K., Anna Katavouta, Richard G. Williams, et al. "Carbon–concentration and carbon–climate feedbacks in CMIP6 models and their comparison to CMIP5 models." Biogeosciences 17, no. 16 (2020): 4173–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4173-2020.

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Abstract. Results from the fully and biogeochemically coupled simulations in which CO2 increases at a rate of 1 % yr−1 (1pctCO2) from its preindustrial value are analyzed to quantify the magnitude of carbon–concentration and carbon–climate feedback parameters which measure the response of ocean and terrestrial carbon pools to changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration and the resulting change in global climate, respectively. The results are based on 11 comprehensive Earth system models from the most recent (sixth) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) and compared with eight models from

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Schiemann, Reinhard, Panos Athanasiadis, David Barriopedro, et al. "Northern Hemisphere blocking simulation in current climate models: evaluating progress from the Climate Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 to 6 and sensitivity to resolution." Weather and Climate Dynamics 1, no. 1 (2020): 277–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wcd-1-277-2020.

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Abstract. Global climate models (GCMs) are known to suffer from biases in the simulation of atmospheric blocking, and this study provides an assessment of how blocking is represented by the latest generation of GCMs. It is evaluated (i) how historical CMIP6 (Climate Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6) simulations perform compared to CMIP5 simulations and (ii) how horizontal model resolution affects the simulation of blocking in the CMIP6-HighResMIP (PRIMAVERA – PRocess-based climate sIMulation: AdVances in high-resolution modelling and European climate Risk Assessment) model ensemble, which

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Döscher, Ralf, Mario Acosta, Andrea Alessandri, et al. "The EC-Earth3 Earth system model for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6." Geoscientific Model Development 15, no. 7 (2022): 2973–3020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2973-2022.

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Abstract. The Earth system model EC-Earth3 for contributions to CMIP6 is documented here, with its flexible coupling framework, major model configurations, a methodology for ensuring the simulations are comparable across different high-performance computing (HPC) systems, and with the physical performance of base configurations over the historical period. The variety of possible configurations and sub-models reflects the broad interests in the EC-Earth community. EC-Earth3 key performance metrics demonstrate physical behavior and biases well within the frame known from recent CMIP models. With

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Bracegirdle, Thomas J., Hua Lu, and Jon Robson. "Early-winter North Atlantic low-level jet latitude biases in climate models: implications for simulated regional atmosphere-ocean linkages." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 1 (2021): 014025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac417f.

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Abstract Climate model biases in the North Atlantic (NA) low-level tropospheric westerly jet are a major impediment to reliably representing variability of the NA climate system and its wider influence, in particular over western Europe. A major aspect of the biases is the occurrence of a prominent early-winter equatorward jet bias in Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models that has implications for NA atmosphere-ocean coupling. Here we assess whether this bias is reduced in the new CMIP6 models and assess implications for model representation of NA atmosphere-ocean linka

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Fabiano, Federico, Virna L. Meccia, Paolo Davini, Paolo Ghinassi, and Susanna Corti. "A regime view of future atmospheric circulation changes in northern mid-latitudes." Weather and Climate Dynamics 2, no. 1 (2021): 163–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-163-2021.

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Abstract. Future wintertime atmospheric circulation changes in the Euro–Atlantic (EAT) and Pacific–North American (PAC) sectors are studied from a weather regimes perspective. The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phases 5 and 6 (CMIP5 and CMIP6) historical simulation performance in reproducing the observed regimes is first evaluated, showing a general improvement in the CMIP6 models, which is more evident for EAT. The circulation changes projected by CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenario simulations are analysed in terms of the change in the frequency and persistence of the regimes. In the EAT sector,

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Paola, A. Arias, Ortega Geusep, D. Villegas Laura, and Alejandro Martínez J. "Colombian climatology in CMIP5/CMIP6 models: Persistent biases and improvements." Revista Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, no. 100 (May 3, 2021): 75–96. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.redin.20210525.

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Northern South America is among the regions with the highest vulnerability to climate change. General Circulation Models (GCMs) are among the different tools considered to analyze the impacts of climate change. In particular, GCMs have been proved to provide useful information, although they exhibit systematic biases and fail in reproducing regional climate, particularly in terrains with complex topography. This work evaluates the performance of GCMs included in the fifth and sixth phases of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP), representing the annual cycle of precipitation and ai

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Sultan, Benjamin, Aicha Ilmi Ahmed, Babacar Faye, and Yves Tramblay. "Less negative impacts of climate change on crop yields in West Africa in the new CMIP6 climate simulations ensemble." PLOS Climate 2, no. 12 (2023): e0000263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000263.

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Food insecurity is among one of the greatest risks posed by climate change in Africa, where 90 to 95% of African food production is rainfed and a large proportion of the population already faces chronic hunger and malnutrition. Although, several studies have found robust evidence of future crop yield losses under climate change scenarios, there is wide variation among crops and regions as well as large modeling uncertainties. A large part of this uncertainty stems from climate projections, as climate models may differ in simulating future changes in precipitation and temperature, which could l

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Xie, Bo, Hui Guo, Fanhao Meng, Chula Sa, and Min Luo. "Historical Evolution and Future Trends of Precipitation based on Integrated Datasets and Model Simulations of Arid Central Asia." Remote Sensing 15, no. 23 (2023): 5460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15235460.

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Earth system models (ESMs) are important tools for assessing the historical characteristics and predicting the future characteristics of precipitation, yet the quantitative understanding of how these land–atmospheric coupling models perform in simulating precipitation characteristics remains limited. This study conducts a comprehensive evaluation of precipitation changes simulated by 43 ESMs in CMIP5 and 32 ESMs in CMIP6 in Arid Central Asia (ALL) and its two sub-regions for 1959–2005 with reference to Climate Research Unit (CRU) data, and predicts precipitation changes for 2054–2100. Our anal

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Li, Fang, Xiang Song, Sandy P. Harrison, et al. "Evaluation of global fire simulations in CMIP6 Earth system models." Geoscientific Model Development 17, no. 23 (2024): 8751–71. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8751-2024.

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Abstract. Fire is the primary form of terrestrial ecosystem disturbance on a global scale and an important Earth system process. Most Earth system models (ESMs) have incorporated fire modeling, with 19 of them submitting model outputs of fire-related variables to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). This study provides the first comprehensive evaluation of CMIP6 historical fire simulations by comparing them with multiple satellite-based products and charcoal-based historical reconstructions. Our results show that most CMIP6 models simulate the present-day global burned ar

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Wei, Ning, Jianyang Xia, Jian Zhou, et al. "Evolution of Uncertainty in Terrestrial Carbon Storage in Earth System Models from CMIP5 to CMIP6." Journal of Climate 35, no. 17 (2022): 5483–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-21-0763.1.

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Abstract The spatial and temporal variations in terrestrial carbon storage play a pivotal role in regulating future climate change. However, Earth system models (ESMs), which have coupled the terrestrial biosphere and atmosphere, show great uncertainty in simulating the global land carbon storage. Here, based on multiple global datasets and a traceability analysis, we diagnosed the uncertainty source of terrestrial carbon storage in 22 ESMs that participated in phases 5 and 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5 and CMIP6). The modeled global terrestrial carbon storage has conve

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Juckes, Martin, Karl E. Taylor, Paul J. Durack, et al. "The CMIP6 Data Request (DREQ, version 01.00.31)." Geoscientific Model Development 13, no. 1 (2020): 201–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-201-2020.

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Abstract. The data request of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) defines all the quantities from CMIP6 simulations that should be archived. This includes both quantities of general interest needed from most of the CMIP6-endorsed model intercomparison projects (MIPs) and quantities that are more specialized and only of interest to a single endorsed MIP. The complexity of the data request has increased from the early days of model intercomparisons, as has the data volume. In contrast with CMIP5, CMIP6 requires distinct sets of highly tailored variables to be saved from eac

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Pinheiro, Henri R., Tercio Ambrizzi, Kevin I. Hodges, and Manoel A. Gan. "Understanding the El Niño Southern Oscillation Effect on Cut-Off Lows as Simulated in Forced SST and Fully Coupled Experiments." Atmosphere 13, no. 8 (2022): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081167.

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In this study, we show that changes in the 250 hPa vorticity cut-off low (COL) activity may possibly be driven by sea surface temperature (SST) variations in the tropical Pacific. Using ERA5 reanalysis, the existence of different large-scale circulation patterns is identified that work to enhance the COL activity with a weakened jet stream, while COLs are suppressed with strengthened westerlies. The present-day simulations of AMIP-CMIP6 models reproduce realistic features of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)–COL teleconnection, but biases exist, especially in coupled models. The differen

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Zhang, Jie, Tongwen Wu, Fang Zhang, et al. "BCC-ESM1 Model Datasets for the CMIP6 Aerosol Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project (AerChemMIP)." Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 38, no. 2 (2021): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00376-020-0151-2.

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AbstractBCC-ESM1 is the first version of the Beijing Climate Center’s Earth System Model, and is participating in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The Aerosol Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project (AerChemMIP) is the only CMIP6-endorsed MIP in which BCC-ESM1 is involved. All AerChemMIP experiments in priority 1 and seven experiments in priorities 2 and 3 have been conducted. The DECK (Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima) and CMIP historical simulations have also been run as the entry card of CMIP6. The AerChemMIP outputs from BCC-ESM1 have been w

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Gier, Bettina K., Michael Buchwitz, Maximilian Reuter, Peter M. Cox, Pierre Friedlingstein, and Veronika Eyring. "Spatially resolved evaluation of Earth system models with satellite column-averaged CO<sub>2</sub>." Biogeosciences 17, no. 23 (2020): 6115–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6115-2020.

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Abstract. Earth system models (ESMs) participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) showed large uncertainties in simulating atmospheric CO2 concentrations. We utilize the Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool) to evaluate emission-driven CMIP5 and CMIP6 simulations with satellite data of column-average CO2 mole fractions (XCO2). XCO2 time series show a large spread among the model ensembles both in CMIP5 and CMIP6. Compared to the satellite observations, the models have a bias of +25 to −20 ppmv in CMIP5 and +20 to −15 ppmv in CMIP6, with the multi-model m

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Haarsma, Reindert J., Malcolm J. Roberts, Pier Luigi Vidale, et al. "High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP v1.0) for CMIP6." Geoscientific Model Development 9, no. 11 (2016): 4185–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4185-2016.

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Abstract. Robust projections and predictions of climate variability and change, particularly at regional scales, rely on the driving processes being represented with fidelity in model simulations. The role of enhanced horizontal resolution in improved process representation in all components of the climate system is of growing interest, particularly as some recent simulations suggest both the possibility of significant changes in large-scale aspects of circulation as well as improvements in small-scale processes and extremes. However, such high-resolution global simulations at climate timescal

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Nowicki, Sophie, Heiko Goelzer, Hélène Seroussi, et al. "Experimental protocol for sea level projections from ISMIP6 stand-alone ice sheet models." Cryosphere 14, no. 7 (2020): 2331–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2331-2020.

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Abstract. Projection of the contribution of ice sheets to sea level change as part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) takes the form of simulations from coupled ice sheet–climate models and stand-alone ice sheet models, overseen by the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for CMIP6 (ISMIP6). This paper describes the experimental setup for process-based sea level change projections to be performed with stand-alone Greenland and Antarctic ice sheet models in the context of ISMIP6. The ISMIP6 protocol relies on a suite of polar atmospheric and oceanic CMIP-based forci

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Kittel, Christoph, Charles Amory, Cécile Agosta, et al. "Diverging future surface mass balance between the Antarctic ice shelves and grounded ice sheet." Cryosphere 15, no. 3 (2021): 1215–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1215-2021.

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Abstract. The future surface mass balance (SMB) will influence the ice dynamics and the contribution of the Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) to the sea level rise. Most of recent Antarctic SMB projections were based on the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). However, new CMIP6 results have revealed a +1.3 ∘C higher mean Antarctic near-surface temperature than in CMIP5 at the end of the 21st century, enabling estimations of future SMB in warmer climates. Here, we investigate the AIS sensitivity to different warmings with an ensemble of four simulations performed with the

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Zhu, Yuchao, Rong-Hua Zhang, and Jichang Sun. "North Pacific Upper-Ocean Cold Temperature Biases in CMIP6 Simulations and the Role of Regional Vertical Mixing." Journal of Climate 33, no. 17 (2020): 7523–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0654.1.

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AbstractSubstantial model biases are still prominent even in the latest CMIP6 simulations; attributing their causes is defined as one of the three main scientific questions addressed in CMIP6. In this paper, cold temperature biases in the North Pacific subtropics are investigated using simulations from the newly released CMIP6 models, together with other related modeling products. In addition, ocean-only sensitivity experiments are performed to characterize the biases, with a focus on the role of oceanic vertical mixing schemes. Based on the Argo-derived diffusivity, idealized vertical diffusi

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Gillett, Nathan P., Isla R. Simpson, Gabi Hegerl, et al. "The Detection and Attribution Model Intercomparison Project (DAMIP v2.0) contribution to CMIP7." Geoscientific Model Development 18, no. 14 (2025): 4399–416. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-4399-2025.

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Abstract. The first version of the Detection and Attribution Model Intercomparison Project (DAMIP v1.0) coordinated key simulations exploring the role of individual forcings in past, current and future climate as part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 6 (CMIP6). The simulations have been used extensively in the literature for detection and attribution of long-term changes, constraining projections of climate change, attributing extreme events and understanding drivers of past and future simulated climate changes. Attribution studies using DAMIP v1.0 simulations underpinned pr

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Liang, Ziling, Fangrui Zhu, Tian Liang, Fuhai Luo, and Jiali Luo. "Spatiotemporal Distribution of CO in the UTLS Region in the Asian Summer Monsoon Season: Analysis of MLS Observations and CMIP6 Simulations." Remote Sensing 15, no. 2 (2023): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15020367.

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In this study, CO is used as a tracer to evaluate the chemical field related to the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone (ASMA) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) region simulated by Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) climate models from a multi-spatiotemporal perspective. The results show that the simulations of the six selected CMIP6 global climate models are well correlated with the MLS observations, while each model has its own advantages and disadvantages in the simulation of the ASMA and related chemical and geopotential height fields. Compared with MLS

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Holland, Marika M., Cecile Hannay, John Fasullo, et al. "New model ensemble reveals how forcing uncertainty and model structure alter climate simulated across CMIP generations of the Community Earth System Model." Geoscientific Model Development 17, no. 4 (2024): 1585–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1585-2024.

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Abstract. Climate simulation uncertainties arise from internal variability, model structure, and external forcings. Model intercomparisons (such as the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project; CMIP) and single-model large ensembles have provided insight into uncertainty sources. Under the Community Earth System Model (CESM) project, large ensembles have been performed for CESM2 (a CMIP6-era model) and CESM1 (a CMIP5-era model). We refer to these as CESM2-LE and CESM1-LE. The external forcing used in these simulations has changed to be consistent with their CMIP generation. As a result, differenc

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Griffiths, Paul T., Lee T. Murray, Guang Zeng, et al. "Tropospheric ozone in CMIP6 simulations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 5 (2021): 4187–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4187-2021.

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Abstract. The evolution of tropospheric ozone from 1850 to 2100 has been studied using data from Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). We evaluate long-term changes using coupled atmosphere–ocean chemistry–climate models, focusing on the CMIP Historical and ScenarioMIP ssp370 experiments, for which detailed tropospheric-ozone diagnostics were archived. The model ensemble has been evaluated against a suite of surface, sonde and satellite observations of the past several decades and found to reproduce well the salient spatial, seasonal and decadal variability and trends.

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Davini, Paolo, and Fabio D’Andrea. "From CMIP3 to CMIP6: Northern Hemisphere Atmospheric Blocking Simulation in Present and Future Climate." Journal of Climate 33, no. 23 (2020): 10021–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0862.1.

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AbstractA comprehensive analysis of the representation of winter and summer Northern Hemisphere atmospheric blocking in global climate simulations in both present and future climate is presented. Three generations of climate models are considered: CMIP3 (2007), CMIP5 (2012), and CMIP6 (2019). All models show common and extended underestimation of blocking frequencies, but a reduction of the negative biases in successive model generations is observed. However, in some specific regions and seasons such as the winter European sector, even CMIP6 models are not yet able to achieve the observed bloc

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Rackow, Thomas, Dmitry V. Sein, Tido Semmler, et al. "Sensitivity of deep ocean biases to horizontal resolution in prototype CMIP6 simulations with AWI-CM1.0." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 7 (2019): 2635–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2635-2019.

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Abstract. Models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) show substantial biases in the deep ocean that are larger than the level of natural variability and the response to enhanced greenhouse gas concentrations. Here, we analyze the influence of horizontal resolution in a hierarchy of five multi-resolution simulations with the AWI Climate Model (AWI-CM), the climate model used at the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, which employs a sea ice–ocean model component formulated on unstructured meshes. The ocean grid sizes considered

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Bock, Lisa, and Axel Lauer. "Cloud properties and their projected changes in CMIP models with low to high climate sensitivity." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 24, no. 3 (2024): 1587–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1587-2024.

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Abstract. Since the release of the first Coupled Model Intercomparison Project version 6 (CMIP6) simulations, one of the most discussed topics is the higher effective climate sensitivity (ECS) of some of the models, resulting in an increased range of ECS values in CMIP6 compared to previous CMIP phases. An important contribution to ECS is the cloud climate feedback. Although climate models have continuously been developed and improved over the last few decades, a realistic representation of clouds remains challenging. Clouds contribute to the large uncertainties in modeled ECS, as projected ch

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Jones, Chris D., Vivek Arora, Pierre Friedlingstein, et al. "C4MIP – The Coupled Climate–Carbon Cycle Model Intercomparison Project: experimental protocol for CMIP6." Geoscientific Model Development 9, no. 8 (2016): 2853–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2853-2016.

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Abstract. Coordinated experimental design and implementation has become a cornerstone of global climate modelling. Model Intercomparison Projects (MIPs) enable systematic and robust analysis of results across many models, by reducing the influence of ad hoc differences in model set-up or experimental boundary conditions. As it enters its 6th phase, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) has grown significantly in scope with the design and documentation of individual simulations delegated to individual climate science communities. The Coupled Climate–Carbon Cycle Model Intercompariso

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Zhao, Siyi, Jiankai Zhang, Chongyang Zhang, et al. "Evaluating Long-Term Variability of the Arctic Stratospheric Polar Vortex Simulated by CMIP6 Models." Remote Sensing 14, no. 19 (2022): 4701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14194701.

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The Arctic stratospheric polar vortex is a key component of the climate system, which has significant impacts on surface temperatures in the mid-latitudes and polar regions. Therefore, understanding polar vortex variability is helpful for extended-range weather forecasting. The present study evaluates long-term changes in the position and strength of the polar vortex in the Arctic lower stratosphere during the winters from 1980/81 to 2013/14. Simulations of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models are compared with Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Appl

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Priestley, Matthew D. K., Duncan Ackerley, Jennifer L. Catto, Kevin I. Hodges, Ruth E. McDonald, and Robert W. Lee. "An Overview of the Extratropical Storm Tracks in CMIP6 Historical Simulations." Journal of Climate 33, no. 15 (2020): 6315–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0928.1.

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AbstractThe representation of the winter and summer extratropical storm tracks in both hemispheres is evaluated in detail for the available models in phase 6 of the Coupled Model intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The state of the storm tracks from 1979 to 2014 is compared to that in ERA5 using a Lagrangian objective cyclone tracking algorithm. It is found that the main biases present in the previous generation of models (CMIP5) still persist, albeit to a lesser extent. The equatorward bias around the SH is much reduced and there appears to be some improvement in mean biases with the higher-reso

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Graffino, Giorgio, Riccardo Farneti, and Fred Kucharski. "Low-frequency variability of the Pacific Subtropical Cells as reproduced by coupled models and ocean reanalyses." Climate Dynamics 56, no. 9-10 (2021): 3231–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05639-6.

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AbstractLow-frequency variability of the Pacific Subtropical Cells (STCs) is investigated using outputs from several models included in the two latest phases of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP), CMIP5 and CMIP6, as well as ocean reanalysis products. Our analysis focuses on historical simulations and an idealised future scenario integration. Mass and heat transport diagnostics are employed to assess how coupled models and ocean reanalyses reproduce Pacific STCs total and interior transport convergence at the equator and their relationship with equatorial Pacific sea surface temperat

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