Journal articles: 'CMP Developer'

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Watanabe, Naoya, Masahiro Aoyagi, Daisuke Katagawa, Tsubasa Bandoh, and Eiichi Yamamoto. "Backside Exposure of Small-Sized TSVs Using Si/Cu Grinding, CMP, Cap Layer Deposition, and Alkaline Etching." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2014, no. 1 (October 1, 2014): 000019–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-ta14.

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For backside exposure of through-silicon vias (TSVs), we developed a new process using Si/Cu grinding, chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), cap layer deposition, and alkaline etching of Si. In this process, Si/Cu grinding without Cu burning or smearing was performed by using a novel grinding wheel (vitrified-bond type), with in situ cleaning of the grinding wheel by a high-pressure micro jet. CMP was then performed to remove grinding scratches generated by Si/Cu grinding. Next, slight Cu contamination in the Si region between TSVs was decreased by cap layer deposition and alkaline etching of Si. The cap layer was Ni-B film formed by electroless plating. We also applied the developed process to backside exposure of 4-μm-diameter TSVs. As a result, TSVs were exposed uniformly without grinding scratches and Cu contamination in Si region between TSVs was suppressed to < 2.7×1010 atoms/cm2.

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Hnatich, M., M. Jurcisin, and M. Repasan. "Toy models of developed turbulence." Condensed Matter Physics 8, no. 1 (2005): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5488/cmp.8.1.123.

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Holers, V. Michael, Istvan Mazsaroff, Hillary Akana, Christopher G. Smith, J. Woodruff Emlen, Russell C. Marians, and Christopher J. Horvath. "TT30, a Novel Human Protein Therapeutic, Selectively Modulates the Complement Alternative Pathway by Targeted Supplementation of Local Factor H Activity." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 3021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.3021.3021.

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Abstract Abstract 3021 Poster Board II-997 The complement system is activated through three pathways: classical, lectin/mannose and alternative. Polymorphisms and mutations that promote Complement Alternative Pathway (CAP) activity are associated with human diseases including atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The complement system is also centrally involved in many hemolytic disorders, including paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) where the CAP initiates complement activation resulting in intravascular hemolysis (IVH) after engagement of C5 and formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). Systemic neutralization of C5 with the anti-C5 monoclonal antibody, eculizumab, abrogates IVH when plasma concentrations are maintained above the minimal efficacious concentration (Cmin = 35 μg/mL). However, because eculizumab does not inhibit CAP activity prior to C5, C3 fragments (C3frag) continue to covalently bind to and accumulate on PNH red blood cells (RBCs). Clearance by the reticuloendothelial system of PNH RBCs that are C3frag-coated is a putative cause of extravascular hemolysis (EVH) in eculizumab-treated patients. In order to selectively modulate CAP activity, we developed TT30, a novel therapeutic 65kD fusion protein linking the first four short consensus repeat (SCR) domains of human complement receptor type 2 (CR2/CD21) with the first five SCR of human factor H (fH). CR2 SCR1-4 encompasses the antigen-fixed C3frag (iC3b, C3dg and C3d) binding domain. Factor H is the primary soluble phase, negative regulator of CAP activity functioning via the SCR1-5 domains. The unique mechanism of TT30 utilizes CR2 SCR1-4 to recognize and bind to C3frag on cells in which complement activation is occurring, thus delivering cell surface-targeted inhibition of CAP activity via fH SCR 1-5. TT30 both prevents CAP-dependent hemolysis of rabbit RBCs in human serum and blocks accumulation of C3frag on the RBC surface. By design, TT30 should also be a potent inhibitor of the CAP, but with minimal inhibition of the complement classical (CCP) and mannose (lectin; CMP) pathways. To test this hypothesis, we utilized sensitive pharmacodynamic assays that allow in vitro or ex vivo assessment in an ELISA format of individual complement pathway activity present in human serum. In this format, TT30 is a potent and selective inhibitor of CAP activity in normal human complement-preserved serum, with EC50 and EC100 values of ∼0.1 and 1 μg/mL serum. As predicted by the use of fH in its construction, TT30 is a much less potent inhibitor of the CCP and CMP, with EC100 values of ∼65 μg/mL. By contrast, in these assays a monoclonal and polyclonal anti-C5 antibody each demonstrate non-selective inhibition of CAP and CCP activity at all effective concentrations. TT30 activity is dependent upon CR2 binding to C3frag, as an anti-CR2 monoclonal antibody reverses the surface inhibition of CAP activity. This surface-targeting approach to delivering fH SCR1-5 results in a molecule with a 10-fold potency gain in CAP inhibition relative to added purified fH and an ∼30-fold potency gain relative to the total fH present in the serum used in the assay. TT30 administered as a single IV injection at 20 mg/kg to rats, rabbits and monkeys results in Cmax values of ∼400, 500 and 300 μg/mL and concentration-dependent inhibition of CAP activity. At serum concentrations of TT30 that induced maximal (100%) inhibition of systemic CAP activity for up to 12 hours, CCP activity is modestly (∼35-60%) inhibited for only 2 hours. CAP activity returns to baseline levels in a predictable fashion. Pharmacokinetic analysis indicates no gender-related differences and the expected scaling of parameters across species. TT30 is pharmacologically active in monkeys, rabbits and mice. TT30 administered as a single subcutaneous injection at 20 mg/kg to monkeys results in Cmax values of ∼25 μg/mL, and EC100 values identical to those observed with IV administration, but with a 3-fold prolongation of the maximal pharmacodynamic effect. The novel therapeutic TT30 has been shown in vitro and ex vivo to deliver cell surface-targeted control of CAP activation with minimal CCP and CMP inhibition and effective blockade of C3frag accumulation and MAC formation. As a result, TT30 has potential utility for the treatment of complement-mediated diseases such as PNH, AMD and aHUS, in which cell surface-targeted control of CAP activation may be clinically beneficial. Disclosures Holers: Taligen Therapeutics: Employment, Equity Ownership, Patents & Royalties, Research Funding. Mazsaroff:Taligen Therapeutics: Employment. Akana:Taligen Therapeutics: Employment. Smith:Taligen Therapeutics: Employment. Emlen:Taligen Therapeutics: Employment, Equity Ownership. Marians:Taligen Therapeutics: Employment. Horvath:Taligen Therapeutics: Employment.

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Ishikawa, Fumihiko, Tadafumi Iino, Hiroaki Niiro, Shuro Yoshida, Toshihiro Miyamoto, Hirokazu Shigematsu, Leonard D. Shultz, Mine Harada, and Koichi Akashi. "Human Conventional and Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Can Originate from Both Lymphoid and Myeloid Progenitors in a New Humanized Mouse System." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 2273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.2273.2273.

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Abstract Dendritic cells play a key role in host defense by presenting exogenous antigens to T cells. Two dendritic cell subsets, conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), express distinct repertoire of Toll-like-receptors and recognize different antigens. We previously reported that murine cDCs and pDCs differentiate via either the myeloid or the lymphoid pathway (Shigematsu et al. Immunity ). It is, however, still unclear whether human cDCs and pDCs develop from myeloid, lymphoid or both lineages. In order to analyze the in vivo differentiation of human dendritic cells, we employed the newly-developed xenotrasplant assay system which utilizes newborn NOD-scid/IL2rgnull mice (Ishikawa et al., Blood, in press). Transplantation of 104 Lin-CD34+CD38- hematopoietic stem cells into sublethally irradiated newborn NOD-scid/IL2rgnull mice resulted in generation of all hematopoietic and lymphoid components for a long-term via physiological intermediates such as common myeloid progenitors (CMP) and common lymphoid progenitors (CLP). We found that in this system, dendritic cell subcomponents such as hCD11c+hIL3Ralow cDCs and hCD11c-hIL3Rahigh pDCs, efficiently developed in recipients’ bone marrow, spleen and peripheral blood. To elucidate the origin of human mDCs and pDCs, we purified CMP or CLP from the cord blood, and transplanted these cells into sublethally irradiated newborn NOD-scid/IL2rgnull mice via facial vein. At 4-6 weeks post-transplantation, CMP gave rise only to myeloid cells such as erythroid cells, platelets and granulocytes, while CLP exclusively generated T, B and NK cells. Interestingly, in either mouse group injected with CMP or CLP, cDCs and pDCs were easily detected in the spleen and in the bone marrow. Phenotypic and RT-PCR analyses of purified CMP- or CLP-derived DCs revealed that DCs possessed similar phenotypic characteristics, and transcription profiles in TLR families, BDCA antigens and costimulation molecules, irrespective of their lineage origin. Thus, human cDCs and pDCs develop through both myeloid and lymphoid pathways as in case of mouse hematopoiesis. Further characterization of DCs of different lineage origin is currently performed by microarray analyses in order to find genes specifically expressed in each DC subset.

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Palh, Rasool Bux, Haque Nawaz, Zubair Ahmed Shaikh, and Asif Ali Wagan. "Design and Develop CMS for Sindhi E-News Papers." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 12, no. 46 (December 20, 2019): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2019/v12i46/148128.

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Zhang, Zhen Yu, Bo Wang, and Ya Xing Song. "Chemical Mechanical Polishing of Soft-Brittle Cadmium Zinc Telluride Wafers Using a Developed Environment-Friendly Solution." Advanced Materials Research 1017 (September 2014): 720–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1017.720.

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A novel chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) solution was developed. The CMP solution developed consisted of mainly silica, hydrogen peroxide, and malic acid. CMP solution is environment-friendly, which is different from those used in conventional CMP, consisting of acids or organic solvents. Fixed abrasive waterproof paper of alumina with mesh size of 3000 was used as lapping tool, to avoid embedding of free abrasives on soft cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe or CZT) surfaces employed in traditional lapping processes. The diameter of silica was varied from several tens of nanometers to 100 nanometers. Surface roughness Ra, and PV achieved using fixed abrasive lapping and developed CMP solution are 0.6 nm and 6.3 nm, respectively. The polished CZT surface was cleaned by deionized water and dried using compressed air, to avoid damages induced by conventional physical wiping and ultrasonic cleaning on soft-brittle CZT wafers.

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Zhang, Baoguo, Yuling Liu, and Chenwei Wang. "BTA Free Alkaline Slurries Developed for Copper and Barrier CMP." ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 4, no. 11 (2015): P5112—P5117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0171511jss.

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Lieten, Ruben R., Daniela White, Thomas Parson, and Michael White. "Post-CMP Cleaners for Tungsten Advanced Nodes: 10nm and 7nm." Solid State Phenomena 282 (August 2018): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.282.278.

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Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) is a key process for IC manufacturers. Tungsten (W) is an important material for connecting logic elements and for connecting memory elements, thanks to its excellent planarization, filling, mechanical and electromigration properties. W slurries are developed to remove high amounts of W via an abrasive, in conjunction with an oxidizer. After the polishing process, the planarized surface is contaminated with abrasive particles, organic residue, pad debris and metal cations through covalent or hydrogen-bonding, electrostatic and Van der Waals attractions. Post-CMP cleaning is required to remove all these contaminants while exhibiting low galvanic and chemical corrosion. Formulated cleans are needed to meet all these requirements. The performance of formulated W/TiN post-CMP cleaners for N10 and N7 has been evaluated. The newly developed formulations show a factor 4 reduction in metal surface contamination (from ~2 x 1012atoms/cm2to ~ 5 x 1011atoms/cm2), which is important to prevent dielectric breakdown. Very low particulate and organic residue defectivity was additionally confirmed by different surface characterization techniques: XPS, FTIR, contact angle/surface energy.

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Tian, Yuehui, Shang Yang, and Shiqiang Gao. "Advances, Perspectives and Potential Engineering Strategies of Light-Gated Phosphodiesterases for Optogenetic Applications." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 20 (October 13, 2020): 7544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207544.

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The second messengers, cyclic adenosine 3′-5′-monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine 3′-5′-monophosphate (cGMP), play important roles in many animal cells by regulating intracellular signaling pathways and modulating cell physiology. Environmental cues like temperature, light, and chemical compounds can stimulate cell surface receptors and trigger the generation of second messengers and the following regulations. The spread of cAMP and cGMP is further shaped by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) for orchestration of intracellular microdomain signaling. However, localized intracellular cAMP and cGMP signaling requires further investigation. Optogenetic manipulation of cAMP and cGMP offers new opportunities for spatio-temporally precise study of their signaling mechanism. Light-gated nucleotide cyclases are well developed and applied for cAMP/cGMP manipulation. Recently discovered rhodopsin phosphodiesterase genes from protists established a new and direct biological connection between light and PDEs. Light-regulated PDEs are under development, and of demand to complete the toolkit for cAMP/cGMP manipulation. In this review, we summarize the state of the art, pros and cons of artificial and natural light-regulated PDEs, and discuss potential new strategies of developing light-gated PDEs for optogenetic manipulation.

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Nabeshima, Toshitaka, Takayoshi Mamiya, and Yukihiro Noda. "Role of catecholamines and cyclic AMP systems in phencyclidine and morphine dependence. Study of mutant mice." Pure and Applied Chemistry 72, no. 6 (January 1, 2000): 1035–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200072061035.

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To investigate an involvement of catecholamines and/or the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) systems in the development of drug dependence, we examined whether phencyclidine (PCP) and morphine dependence were developed in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) heterozygous (TH+/-) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) binding protein (CBP) heterozygous (CBP+/-) mice. PCP (8 mg/kg) induced place preference in wild-type mice pretreated with PCP (10 mg/kg/day for 28 days) and increased the level of cAMP in the striatum, but not in the thalamus/hypothalamus. In TH+/- and CBP+/- mice, however, we could not find PCP-induced place preference. The increased level of cAMP in the striatum was observed in CBP+/-, but not TH+/- mice. When wild-type mice pretreated with morphine (10 mg/kg) twice a day for 5 days were challenged with naloxone (5 mg/kg), they showed increased jumping, rearing, and forepaw tremor counts as a sign of withdrawal and an increased level of cAMP in the thalamus/hypothalamus, but not in the striatum. In TH+/- and CBP+/- mice, however, jumping and forepaw tremor counts were decreased compared to in wild-type mice. An increase in the level of cAMP in the thalamus/hypothalamus in CBP+/-, but not in TH+/- mice was observed. These results suggest that catecholamines and CBP are involved in the development of PCP and morphine dependence, and that changes in catecholaminergic and/or cAMP systems induced by repeated PCP and morphine treatments play an important role in the addiction to PCP and morphine.

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Reading, S. A., and J. K. Barclay. "The inotropic effect of nitric oxide on mammalian papillary muscle is dependent on the level of β1-adrenergic stimulation." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 80, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y02-085.

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We tested the hypothesis that nitric oxide has a positive inotropic effect on mammalian cardiac muscle contractility and that this effect sums with the positive inotropic effect of β1-adrenergic agonists when both are present. Feline right ventricular papillary muscles were stimulated to contract isometrically at 0.2 Hz in KrebsHenseleit bicarbonate buffer (KREBS) gassed with 95% O2 and 5% CO2 (26°C; pH 7.34). The nitric oxide (NO) donor, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP, 105 M), and the membrane permeable cGMP analog 8-bromoguanosine-3',5'-cyclo phosphate sodium (Br-cGMP, 105 M), significantly increased developed force by 13.3 ± 1.5% (n = 11) and 7.8 ± 2.8% (n = 7), respectively. SNAP, at 10-5 M, significantly increased the force developed by papillary muscle treated with 1011 M or 109 M dobutamine hydrochloride (a β1-adrenergic agonist) (n = 25, 11.3 ± 2.9% and 10.0 ± 3.6%, respectively) when compared with the addition of KREBS (n = 27, 2.6 ± 0.9% and 5.5 ± 0.9%), but the increase was less than predicted by the sum of inotropic effects of SNAP and dobutamine. SNAP at 10-5 M did not change developed force in muscles treated with 107 M dobutamine but it significantly decreased developed force in muscles challenged with 105 M dobutamine (n = 18, 29.3 ± 5.0%) when compared with KREBS (n = 10, 41.5 ± 6.8%). Similarly, 104 M 8-bromo-adenosine cyclic 3',5'-hydrogen phosphate monosodium (a membrane permeable cAMP analog) increased developed force 14.9 ± 3.3% and the addition of 105 M Br-cGMP to those muscles significantly reduced developed force by 3.5% ± 1.1% (n = 7). Thus, the positive inotropic effect of NO decreased and ultimately became an attenuation as the level of β1-adrenergic stimulation increased due, at least in part, to an interaction between the cAMP and cGMP second messenger pathways.Key words: nitric oxide, β1-adrenergic, cGMP, cAMP, contractility, cardiac muscle.

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Lim, Hyun Ju, Hak Tae Kim, Eun Jung Oh, Jin Hyun Choi, Han Do Ghim, Do Gi Pyun, Soo Bok Lee, Dong Jun Chung, and Ho Yun Chung. "Effect of Newly Developed Pectin/CMC Dressing Materials on Three Different Types of Wound Model." Polymer Korea 34, no. 4 (July 31, 2010): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7317/pk.2010.34.4.363.

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Sugita, S., D. A. Baxter, and J. H. Byrne. "cAMP-independent effects of 8-(4-parachlorophenylthio)-cyclic AMP on spike duration and membrane currents in pleural sensory neurons of Aplysia." Journal of Neurophysiology 72, no. 3 (September 1, 1994): 1250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.72.3.1250.

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1. The serotonergic modulation of pleural sensory neurons in Aplysia is mediated via two second messenger systems: the adenosine cyclic monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) and diacylglycerol/protein kinase C systems. Often membrane permeable derivatives of cAMP, such as 8-(4-parachlorophenylthio)-cAMP (pcpt-cAMP), have been used to investigate the role of cAMP/PKA in modulating sensory neurons. In light of recent findings that pcpt-cAMP may have cAMP-independent actions, we have reexamined the effects of pcpt-cAMP on the action potential and membrane currents of the sensory neurons. 2. Although pcpt-cAMP (500 microM to 1 mM) and serotonin (5-HT; 10 microM) induced comparable measures of spike broadening (an average increase above baseline of 29 and 40%, respectively), the broadening produced by the two was qualitatively different. Serotonin-induced broadening developed slowly over 9-12 min, was most prominent during later phases of the spike repolarization, and reduced the spike afterhyperpolarization. In contrast, pcpt-cAMP-induced broadening developed rapidly, was rather uniform throughout the repolarization phase of the spike, delayed the peak of the action potential, and increased the afterhyperpolarization. 3. Preexposure of sensory neurons to 5-HT did not occlude further spike broaden by subsequent application of pcpt-cAMP. Indeed the effects of the two were additive. In addition, the effects of pcpt-cAMP were not mimicked by another analogue of cAMP, 8-bromo-cAMP. Interestingly, most of the effects of pcpt-cAMP on the action potential were mimicked by 8-(4-parachlorophenyl-thio)-guanosine cyclic monophosphate (pcpt-cGMP), but not by 8-bromo-cGMP. 4. During voltage-clamp pulses to 20 mV, pcpt-cAMP reduced the membrane current throughout the voltage-clamp pulse, which was qualitatively different from the modulation of the membrane current by 5-HT. In addition, the pcpt-cAMP-induced reduction in the membrane current at the beginning of the pulse was much greater than that induced by 5-HT. Moreover, preexposure of sensory neurons to 5-HT did not occlude further reduction in the membrane current by subsequent application of pcpt-cAMP. 5. These results suggest that pcpt-cAMP has some mechanisms of action that are not shared by 5-HT or cAMP but are shared by pcpt-cGMP. In addition, these findings provide further evidence that results obtained with this compound should be interpreted with caution.

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&NA;. "CHMP cautions developers of PEGylated drugs for children." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1430 (December 2012): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201214300-00009.

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Gao, Shang, Ren Ke Kang, Zhu Ji Jin, and Zhi Gang Dong. "Research on the Polishing Performance of CMP Slurry for the Sapphire Crystal." Advanced Materials Research 325 (August 2011): 457–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.325.457.

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Aiming at the problems such as metal ionic contamination, poor dispersion property and low material removal rate (MRR) in the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process for sapphire crystal, a proper CMP slurry based on the organic basis was studied in this paper. Through the single-factor experiment, the effect of different abrasives, pH regulators, dispersants and active agents on the surface roughness and material removal rate (MRR) were studied and a fine CMP slurry was developed. The polishing performance of developed CMP slurry was also researched by comparing the MRR and the surface roughness of sapphire crystal with that polished using the KA-901 CMP slurry. The results show that the MRR and the surface roughness corresponding to the developed slurry were all better than KA-901 slurry, and the developed CMP slurry has a good application prospect.

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Krannich, Steffi, and Monika Stengl. "Cyclic Nucleotide-Activated Currents in Cultured Olfactory Receptor Neurons of the Hawkmoth Manduca sexta." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 5 (November 2008): 2866–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01400.2007.

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Moth pheromones cause rises in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations that activate Ca2+-dependent cation channels in antennal olfactory receptor neurons. In addition, mechanisms of adaptation and sensitization depend on changes in cyclic nucleotide concentrations. Here, cyclic nucleotide-activated currents in cultured olfactory receptor neurons of the moth Manduca sexta are described, which share properties with currents through vertebrate cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. The cyclic nucleotide-activated currents of M. sexta carried Ca2+ and monovalent cations. They were directly activated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), modulated by Ca2+/calmodulin, and inhibited by lanthanum. M. sexta cyclic nucleotide-activated currents developed in an all-or-none manner, which suggests that the underlying channels are coupled and act coordinately. At least one cAMP- and two cGMP-activated nonselective cation currents could be distinguished. Compared with the cAMP-activated current, both cGMP-activated currents appeared to conduct more Ca2+ and showed a stronger down-regulation by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent negative feedback. Furthermore, both cGMP-activated currents differed in their Ca2+-dependent inhibition. Thus M. sexta olfactory receptor neurons, like vertebrate sensory neurons, appear to express nonselective cyclic nucleotide-activated cation channels with different subunit compositions. Besides the nonselective cyclic nucleotide-activated cation currents, olfactory receptor neurons express a cAMP-dependent current. This current resembled a protein kinase-modulated low-voltage–activated Ca2+ current.

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Chen, Kan Lin, Chien Jung Huang, Zong Jin Wu, Chih Chieh Kang, Wen Ray Chen, and Teen Hang Meen. "Effect of Double Hole-Transporting Structure on Color Purity of Blue Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (BOLED)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 311 (February 2013): 424–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.311.424.

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A blue organic light-emitting diode (OLED) with a double hole-transporting (DHT) structure has been developed. The blue color purity was improved by modulation the thickness of CBP layer. When the thicknesses of left CBP and right CBP are respectively 8 nm and 2 nm, the more pure blue coordinates are (0.155, 0.079), which are very close to the blue coordinates of the national television system committee (NTSC) standard (0.14, 0.08). Furthermore the current density, brightness and the luminous efficiency of device with the left CBP of 8 nm and the right CBP of 2 nm are respectively 144.7 mA/cm2, 1065 cd/m2 and 0.93 cd/A.

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Xu, Chi, Dong Ming Guo, Ren Ke Kang, Zhu Ji Jin, and Feng Wei Huo. "Friction-Based In Situ Endpoint Detection of Copper CMP Process." Advanced Materials Research 53-54 (July 2008): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.53-54.125.

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Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) has been extensively used in the integrate circuit (IC) manufacturing industry as a widely accepted global planarization technology, accurate in situ endpoint detection of CMP process can reduce the product variance, significantly improve yield and throughput. A CMP in situ endpoint detection system, which measured the friction and downforce during CMP process using a specially designed three-axis strain gauge force sensor, was developed. The frictional transition from copper (Cu) to tantalum (Ta) barrier as well as Ta barrier to silicon dioxide (SiO2) dielectric was detected during CMP process. The experimental results showed that the change of friction could be detected when the polished material changed. The developed CMP in situ endpoint detection system is feasible for 300 mm and 450 mm copper CMP process.

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Hatcher, Nathan G., Leland C. Sudlow, Leonid L. Moroz, and Rhanor Gillette. "Nitric Oxide Potentiates cAMP-Gated Cation Current in Feeding Neurons of Pleurobranchaea californica Independent of cAMP and cGMP Signaling Pathways." Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no. 5 (May 2006): 3219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00815.2005.

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Critical roles for nitric oxide (NO) in regulating cell and tissue physiology are broadly appreciated, but aspects remain to be explored. In the mollusk Pleurobranchaea, NO synthase activity is high in CNS ganglia containing motor networks for feeding and locomotion, where a cAMP-gated cation current ( INa,cAMP) is also prominent in many neurons. We examined effects of NO on INa,cAMP using voltage-clamp methods developed to analyze cAMP signaling in the live neuron, focusing on the identified metacerebral giant neuron of the feeding network. NO donors enhanced the INa,cAMP response to injected cAMP by an averaged 85%. In dose-response measures, NO increased the current stimulated by cAMP injection without altering either apparent cAMP binding affinity or cooperativity of current activation. NO did not detectably alter levels of native cAMP or synthesis or degradation rates as observable in both current saturation and decay rate of INa,cAMP responses to cAMP injection. NO actions were not exerted by cGMP signaling, as they were not mimicked by cGMP analogue nor blocked by inhibitors of guanylate cyclase and protein kinase G. NO potentiation of INa,cAMP was broadly distributed among many other neurons of the feeding motor network in the buccal ganglion. However, NO did not affect a second type of INa,cAMP found in locomotor neurons of the pedal ganglia. These results suggest that NO acts through a novel mechanism to regulate the gain of cAMP-dependent neuromodulatory pathways that activate INa,cAMP and may thereby affect the set points of feeding network excitability and reactivity to exogenous input.

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Watanabe, Naoya, Masahiro Aoyagi, Daisuke Katagawa, Tsubasa Bandoh, Takahiko Mitsui, and Eiichi Yamamoto. "Development of TSV Reveal Process Using Very Fine Si/Cu Grinding and Metal Contamination Removal." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2015, DPC (January 1, 2015): 001928–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2015dpc-tha13.

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Three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D-ICs) using through silicon via (TSV) have been developed as an emerging technology that can lead to significant progress (1–4). Among various TSV processes, the via-middle process has potential for wide spread use because formation of small-sized TSVs is relatively easy in the via-middle process. However, TSV reveal process must be performed for electrical contact in the via-middle process. This TSV reveal process is important because it can influence the metal contamination and stacking yield of 3D-ICs. Conventionally, TSV reveal is performed by Si grinding and Si dry etching (5). A disadvantage of that method is the resultant TSV depth deviation, which can cause bonding failure during wafer/chip stacking. In (6), TSV leveling was performed by introducing a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) step after deposition of the backside insulator. However, the revealed TSVs break during CMP step if they exceed a certain height. To overcome these problems, we developed a novel TSV reveal process comprising direct Si/Cu grinding and metal contamination removal (7,8). First, simultaneous grinding of Cu and Si was performed using a novel vitrified grinding wheel. In situ cleaning with a high-pressure micro jet and the inelastic porous structure of the grinding wheel suppressed the adhesion of Cu contaminants to the Si, and TSVs were leveled and exposed. Next, an electroless Ni-B film was deposited on the Cu surface of the TSVs. The Si was etched with an alkaline solution, whereas the Cu was protected by the Ni-B film. An insulator was deposited, and then the insulator on the top surface of the TSV was removed. We achieved the backside reveal of TSVs without TSV depth deviation and suppressed Cu contamination to less than 1e11 atoms/cm2. However, after direct Si/Cu grinding with an 8000 grit grinding wheel, the average surface roughness of Si was 5–10 nm, which is larger than that after chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). In this paper, we developed vitrified grinding wheels with very high grit numbers (#30,000 and #45,000) and present an improved version of our TSV reveal process. The average surface roughness of Si after Si/Cu grinding was approximately 3 nm for the 30,000 grit grinding wheel and 1 nm for the 45,000 grit grinding wheel. This value is equivalent to that after CMP. The improved process produced a uniform reveal of 4-um-diameter TSVs without TSV depth deviation and Cu contamination. The Cu contaminant concentration on Si region between TSVs was small (<3e10 atoms/cm2). This process will reduce the cost of the TSV reveal process and considerably improve the TSV yield.

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Barclay, J. K., S. A. Reading, C. L. Murrant, and N. E. Woodley. "Inotropic effects on mammalian skeletal muscle change with contraction frequency." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 81, no. 8 (August 1, 2003): 753–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y03-031.

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Over the last decade, we have attempted to determine if mammalian skeletal muscle's steady-level force development as established by mechanical and stimulation parameters can be increased or decreased by physiological signals. In these experiments, nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1), adenosine (Ado), and β-adrenergic agonists (β) modified force production in the soleus and (or) the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) of the mouse. NO and β increased the force produced by 0.5-s tetanic contractions at 0.6 contractions/min in both muscles. While EDL did not respond to either Ado or ET-1, the developed force of the soleus was amplified by Ado but attenuated by ET-1. Increased cAMP analogue concentrations amplified developed force in both muscles, but a cGMP analogue had no effect on either muscle. Following an increase in the contraction frequency of the soleus, the increased force in response to NO disappeared, as did the decreased force to ET-1. The increase in force due to a cAMP analogue disappeared during fatigue but reappeared quickly during recovery. Thus, steady-level developed force can be modified by a number of substances that can be released from locations in the body or muscle. The response to a given compound is determined by a complex interaction of metabolic and intracellular signals on the force-generating cascade.Key words: endothelium-derived factors, cAMP, cGMP, isoproterenol, adenosine.

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Liu, Zhi Xiang, Jian Guo Yao, Song Zhan Fan, and Jian Xiu Su. "Study on the Preparation Technology of Fixed Abrasive Polishing Pad in Chemical Mechanical Polishing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 485–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.485.

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According to the shortcomings of the traditional free abrasive chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), in recent years, the fixed abrasive chemical mechanical polishing (FA-CMP) technology is proposed. It is a new planarization technology developed on the basis of the traditional CMP. Pad is an important and dispensable part in FA-CMP. The cost and quality of FA-CMP pad are determined by the preparation technology. In order to study the FA-CMP pad of the low cost and high quality, in this paper, by reading a lot of literature, 5 kinds of preparation technology of FA-CMP pad are analyzed. Study results will provide some reference for further designing and manufacturing the FA-CMP pad.

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Matthiesen, Karina, and Jacob Nielsen. "Binding of cyclic nucleotides to phosphodiesterase 10A and 11A GAF domains does not stimulate catalytic activity." Biochemical Journal 423, no. 3 (October 12, 2009): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20090982.

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To date eleven human PDE (3′,5′-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase) families have been identified. Of these, five families contain non-catalytic tandem GAF (cGMP-specific and -stimulated phosphodiesterases, Anabaenaadenylate cyclases and Escherichia coliFhlA) domains, GAFa and GAFb, in the N-terminal part of the enzyme. For PDE2A, PDE5A and PDE6 the GAF domains have been shown to bind cGMP with high affinity. For PDE2A and PDE5A this ligand binding has been shown to stimulate the catalytic activity of the enzyme. PDE10A and PDE11A are the two most recently described PDEs and it has been suggested that their GAF domains bind to cAMP and cGMP respectively. We have developed a scintillation proximity-based assay to directly measure cyclic nucleotide binding to the PDE2A, PDE10A and PDE11A GAF domains, and in the present study we demonstrate binding of cyclic nucleotides to the PDE10A and PDE11A GAF domains. We show that these non-catalytic sites bind cAMP and cGMP respectively with much higher affinity than has previously been suggested using indirect assessment of the interaction. The GAFb domain of PDE10A binds cAMP with a Kd of 48 nM and the GAFa domain of PDE11A binds cGMP with a Kd of 110 nM. The effect of cyclic nucleotides binding to the GAF domains on the enzyme activity was investigated through the use of modified cyclic nucleotides. In contrast with other GAF domain-containing PDEs, and with what has previously been predicted, ligand binding to the GAF domains of PDE10A and PDE11A does not stimulate catalytic activity.

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Cheng, Lin, Anant K. Agarwal, Craig Capell, Michael J. O'Loughlin, Khiem Lam, Jon Zhang, Jim Richmond, et al. "15 kV, Large Area (1 cm²), 4H-SiC p-Type Gate Turn-Off Thyristors." Materials Science Forum 740-742 (January 2013): 978–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.740-742.978.

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In this paper, we report our recently developed 1 cm2, 15 kV SiC p-GTO with an extremely low differential on-resistance (RON,diff) of 4.08 mΩ•cm2 at a high injection-current density (JAK) of 600 ~ 710 A/cm2. The 15 kV SiC p-GTO was built on a 120 μm, 2×1014/cm3 doped p-type SiC drift layer with a device active area of 0.521 cm2. Forward conduction of the 15 kV SiC p-GTO was characterized at 20°C and 200°C. Over this temperature range, the RON,diff at JAK of 600 ~ 710 A/cm2 decreased from 4.08 mΩ•cm2 at 20°C to 3.45 mΩ•cm2 at JAK of 600 ~ 680 A/cm2 at 200°C. The gate to cathode blocking voltage (VGK) was measured using a customized high-voltage test set-up. The leakage current at a VGK of 15 kV were measured 0.25 µA and 0.41 µA at 20°C and 200°C respectively.

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Azevedo, Monalisa F., Fabio R. Faucz, Eirini Bimpaki, Anelia Horvath, Isaac Levy, Rodrigo B. de Alexandre, Faiyaz Ahmad, Vincent Manganiello, and Constantine A. Stratakis. "Clinical and Molecular Genetics of the Phosphodiesterases (PDEs)." Endocrine Reviews 35, no. 2 (December 5, 2013): 195–233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2013-1053.

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Abstract Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that have the unique function of terminating cyclic nucleotide signaling by catalyzing the hydrolysis of cAMP and GMP. They are critical regulators of the intracellular concentrations of cAMP and cGMP as well as of their signaling pathways and downstream biological effects. PDEs have been exploited pharmacologically for more than half a century, and some of the most successful drugs worldwide today affect PDE function. Recently, mutations in PDE genes have been identified as causative of certain human genetic diseases; even more recently, functional variants of PDE genes have been suggested to play a potential role in predisposition to tumors and/or cancer, especially in cAMP-sensitive tissues. Mouse models have been developed that point to wide developmental effects of PDEs from heart function to reproduction, to tumors, and beyond. This review brings together knowledge from a variety of disciplines (biochemistry and pharmacology, oncology, endocrinology, and reproductive sciences) with emphasis on recent research on PDEs, how PDEs affect cAMP and cGMP signaling in health and disease, and what pharmacological exploitations of PDEs may be useful in modulating cyclic nucleotide signaling in a way that prevents or treats certain human diseases.

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Francis, Sharron H., Mitsi A. Blount, and Jackie D. Corbin. "Mammalian Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases: Molecular Mechanisms and Physiological Functions." Physiological Reviews 91, no. 2 (April 2011): 651–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00030.2010.

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The superfamily of cyclic nucleotide (cN) phosphodiesterases (PDEs) is comprised of 11 families of enzymes. PDEs break down cAMP and/or cGMP and are major determinants of cellular cN levels and, consequently, the actions of cN-signaling pathways. PDEs exhibit a range of catalytic efficiencies for breakdown of cAMP and/or cGMP and are regulated by myriad processes including phosphorylation, cN binding to allosteric GAF domains, changes in expression levels, interaction with regulatory or anchoring proteins, and reversible translocation among subcellular compartments. Selective PDE inhibitors are currently in clinical use for treatment of erectile dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, intermittent claudication, and chronic pulmonary obstructive disease; many new inhibitors are being developed for treatment of these and other maladies. Recently reported x-ray crystallographic structures have defined features that provide for specificity for cAMP or cGMP in PDE catalytic sites or their GAF domains, as well as mechanisms involved in catalysis, oligomerization, autoinhibition, and interactions with inhibitors. In addition, major advances have been made in understanding the physiological impact and the biochemical basis for selective localization and/or recruitment of specific PDE isoenzymes to particular subcellular compartments. The many recent advances in understanding PDE structures, functions, and physiological actions are discussed in this review.

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Sulistyo, Bambang, Muhammad Faiz Barchia, Kanang Setyo Hindarto, and Noviyanti Listyaningrum. "The Effect of Land Unit Elimination on The Conservation Activity Plan at Air Bengkulu Watershed, Bengkulu Province." Indonesian Journal of Geography 52, no. 2 (September 2, 2020): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.48578.

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To enable conservation of degraded land requires Map of Conservation Activity Plan (CAP). The map is established based on a model developed by the then Ministry of Environment and Forestry. One step to analyze the CAP is land unit elimination (LUE) having area of < 1 cm2. This study aimed to determine the effect of LUE on the CAP at Air Bengkulu Watershed. Maps used for input to CAP are EHL (Erosion Hazard Level), Soil Depth, Slope, Population Pressure, and the Recommended Landuse, whereas to calculate EHL requires R, K, LS, C, and P Factors. CAP Map as a result without involving LUE is compared to the CAP Map with involving LUE. The research result showed that the LUE influences on the change of the recommended of the CAP up to 77.6% of the total area of the study, either in engineering recommended or in vegetatively recommended conservation, while the rest (22.4%) were unchanged.

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Romanow, Kate. "Data Needed to Develop Therapy Cap Alternatives." ASHA Leader 16, no. 4 (April 2011): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/leader.pa4.16042011.11.

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Qu, Yunyao, Bum-Jin Kim, Jeewon Koh, and David C. Dallas. "Analysis of Bovine Kappa-Casein Glycomacropeptide by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Foods 10, no. 9 (August 28, 2021): 2028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10092028.

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Caseinomacropeptide (CMP) is released from bovine kappa-casein after rennet treatment and is one of the major peptides in whey protein isolate. CMP has in vitro anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. CMP has two major amino acid sequences with different modifications, including glycosylation, phosphorylation and oxidation. However, no previous work has provided a comprehensive profile of intact CMP. Full characterization of CMP composition and structure is essential to understand the bioactivity of CMP. In this study, we developed a top-down glycopeptidomics-based analytical method to profile CMP and CMP-derived peptides using Orbitrap mass spectrometry combined with nano-liquid chromatography with electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation. The liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) spectra of CMPs were annotated to confirm peptide sequence, glycan composition and other post-translational modifications using automatic data processing. Fifty-one intact CMPs and 159 CMP-derived peptides were identified in four samples (one CMP standard, two commercial CMP products and one whey protein isolate). Overall, this novel approach provides comprehensive characterization of CMP and CMP-derived peptides and glycopeptides, and it can be applied in future studies of product quality, digestive survival and bioactivity.

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Zhao, J. "Developed Countries' Cap-and-Trade Border Measures: China's Possible Reactions." Chinese Journal of International Law 12, no. 4 (November 19, 2013): 809–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmt029.

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Pels Rijcken, W. R., G. J. M. Hooghwinkel, and W. Ferwerda. "Pyrimidine metabolism and sugar nucleotide synthesis in rat liver." Biochemical Journal 266, no. 3 (March 15, 1990): 777–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2660777.

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With radioactive precursors, the labelling kinetics of the soluble pyrimidine nucleotides and of RNA were measured in rat liver to determine the contribution of the metabolic flows through synthesis de novo and the salvage pathway. To separate and quantify all pyrimidine nucleotides, an h.p.l.c. technique was developed using anion-exchange chromatography and reversed-phase chromatography. The concentrations of cytidine nucleotides were in the range of 30-45 nmol/g wet weight, and the concentrations of the uridine phosphates and of the UDP-sugars were approx. 6 and 20 times higher respectively. After a single injection of [14C]orotic acid and of [3H]cytidine, the specific radioactivities were determined as a function of time. The 14C/3H ratio was calculated and gave a good indication of the involvement of the different flows. It could be concluded that UTP derived from synthesis de novo and from the salvage pathway is not completely mixed before being utilized. The flow of the salvage pathway is relatively more directed to RNA synthesis in the nucleus and that of synthesis de novo to cytoplasmic processes. For CTP it could also be concluded that the flow of the salvage pathway was relatively more directed to RNA synthesis in the nucleus. Because of the nuclear localization of the enzyme CMP-NeuAc (N-acetylneuraminate) synthase, special attention was paid to CMP-NeuAc. However, a conclusion about a location about the synthesis of CMP-NeuAc could not unequivocally be drawn, because of the small differences in 14C/3H ratio and the different values for the CDP-lipids.

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Wang, Danzhao, Hideaki Yoshida, Qing Song, Lee Chao, and Julie Chao. "Enhanced renal function in bradykinin B2 receptor transgenic mice." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 278, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): F484—F491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.2000.278.3.f484.

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The tissue kallikrein-kinin system has been recognized as a paracrine and/or autocrine hormonal system that regulates arterial pressure, renal hemodynamics, and electrolyte excretion. We have created a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human bradykinin B2receptor, and the mice developed lifetime hypotension. With this animal model, we further analyzed the potential role of B2receptors in regulation of renal function. Baseline urinary excretion, urinary potassium excretion, and pH were significantly increased in transgenic mice, whereas urinary sodium excretion and serum sodium concentration were unaltered. Transgenic mice exhibited increased renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, and urine flow. Enhanced renal function was accompanied by significant increases in urinary nitrate/nitrite, cGMP, and cAMP levels with unaltered urinary kinin levels in transgenic mice compared with control siblings. Renal cGMP and cAMP content was also significantly increased in transgenic mice. Because the renin-angiotensin system exerts vasoconstriction buffering vasodilation of the kallikrein-kinin system, expression of renin-angiotensin components was examined by Northern blot analysis. We found a significant increase in hepatic angiotensinogen expression with no changes in renal renin and pulmonary angiotensin-converting enzyme mRNA levels in B2 receptor transgenic mice. These studies showed that overexpression of B2 receptors in transgenic mice resulted in hypotension and enhanced renal function through activation of nitric oxide-cGMP and cAMP signal transduction pathways.

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Murti, T. W., M. W. E. Pradana, A. D. Nurasri, and M. Arlinda. "Study of physic and organoleptic of butter developed using milk from cow and goat reared in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia." Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture 45, no. 4 (September 25, 2020): 338–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.45.4.338-347.

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This study was to see physic-organoleptic of butter from goat as compared to cow butter reared in the Mt Merapi, Sleman regency, Yogyakarta. Both butter has been evaluated their fat size and numbers, the value of hardness, melting point, spreading and organoleptic performance. Fat size and numbers have evaluated microscopically, hardness by penetrometer, butter melting point at different temperature 30, 40, and 50 oC, as well as spreading by pressing down with ± 300 gram of weights. Organoleptic performances have been evaluated by panelist. The result of both butter were good. Goat butter contained more number of small-size fat globule lead to softer butter with hardness 0.3 kg/cm2 than cow butter with hardness more than 1.0 kg/cm2. Goat butter have melted faster than cow butter. Cow butter spreading were less rapid with 6 minutes than 1.5 minutes of goat butter. Panelist acceptance of cow butter were bigger than goat butter. It has been concluded that cow butter have had physically hard performance and well accepted than goat butter. Goat butter have presented well as fresh butter than storage butter.

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Santiquet, N. W., A. F. Greene, W. B. Schoolcraft, and R. L. Krisher. "313 PRE-IN VITRO MATURATION WITH CYCLIC AMP AND CYCLIC GMP MODULATORS IMPROVES DEVELOPMENTAL COMPETENCE OF MOUSE OOCYTES." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 27, no. 1 (2015): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv27n1ab313.

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In vitro maturation (IVM) of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) results in oocytes with reduced quality and is still not as efficient as in vivo maturation in most species. One hypothesis that could explain the low developmental competence of oocytes following IVM is that the oocytes resume meiosis too quickly after being retrieved from the follicles. Studies in mice and bovine have shown that a short period of prematuration in the presence of cAMP modulators, before IVM, enhances oocyte developmental competence. Moreover, other studies have recently demonstrated that cGMP is also a crucial molecule involved in meiotic resumption. Here, our objective was to examine the effect of a cGMP modulator in combination with a cAMP modulator during a short period of prematuration on mouse oocyte nuclear maturation and subsequent embryo development following IVF. The COC were collected (6 replicates) from 2-month-old outbred CF1 mice 48 h after PMSG (5 IU) injection in the presence (pre-IVM) or absence (control) of cGMP and cAMP modulators. Pre-IVM COC (n = 184) were then placed in prematuration medium that also contained these cGMP and cAMP modulators. After 2 h, pre-IVM COC were washed and transferred to our in-house prepared, completely defined IVM medium (Paczkowski et al. 2014 Reprod.) for the remaining 16 h of culture; 10 oocytes per 50 µL drop under oil, at 37°C in 7.5% CO2 and 6.5% O2 due to the increased altitude at our location. Control COC (n = 161) were matured in the same IVM medium under identical conditions for 18 h, without prematuration. After IVM, oocytes were fixed for assessment of nuclear maturation, or fertilized and cultured in vitro and subsequent development (96 and 112 h) was recorded (Paczkowski et al. 2014 Reprod.). Results were analysed by ANOVA. A short 2-h prematuration period in the presence of cGMP and cAMP modulators had no impact on oocyte nuclear maturation to metaphase II after IVM or on embryo cleavage after IVF. However, pre-IVM treatment improved the developmental competence of the oocyte, as demonstrated by increased embryo development. More (P < 0.02) blastocysts (96 h of culture) and hatched blastocysts (112 h of culture) developed in the pre-IVM treatment compared to control (31.0 ± 3.4 v. 19.9 ± 3.2%; 31.5 ± 3.4 v. 19.9 ± 3.2%, respectively). In conclusion, a combination of cGMP and cAMP modulators during oocyte collection and a subsequent short pre-IVM improves oocyte developmental competence and could therefore be a potential tool to improve embryo yield following IVM.

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Dutta Majumdar, Dibyendu, Dehi Pada Mondal, Amit Roy Chowdhury, Harish Rao, and Jyotsna Dutta Majumdar. "Studies on Titanium Cenosphere Composite Developed by Powder Metallurgy Route." Advanced Materials Research 1139 (July 2016): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1139.55.

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The present study concerns detailed microstructural investigation and property evaluation of titanium-cenosphere composite developed by powder metallurgy route. The main process variables for the development of titanium-cenosphere composite were cenosphere particle size, sintering time, and sintering temperature. Followed by sintering, a detailed characterization of the sintered parts in terms of density, microstructure, composition and phase has been carried out. The compressive strength of the sintered component has also been evaluated in details. The density of the sintered pellets varied with process parameters and is significantly reduced (2.5-2.11 g/cm3) as compared to as-received titanium (4.5 g/cm3). The compressive yield strength of the sintered pellet is reduced as compared to as-received Ti-6Al-4V.

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Schmidt, Erich C., Dimitrios E. Papadimitriou, Jack G. Caton, and Georgios E. Romanos. "Applications of a Newly Developed Sonic Surgical Handpiece in Implant Dentistry." Clinical Advances in Periodontics 3, no. 1 (February 2013): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1902/cap.2012.110109.

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Chen, Chuanmin, Yu Wang, Songtao Liu, Rongrong Feng, Xingjia Gu, and Chuanxi Qiao. "Research on the application of compound microorganism preparation in reusing urban reclaimed water in circulating cooling water system." Water Science and Technology 80, no. 9 (November 1, 2019): 1763–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.430.

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Abstract A biological method was developed for reusing urban reclaimed water in circulating cooling water systems (CCWS), in which the compound microorganism preparation (CMP) mainly included nitrobacteria, Bacillus subtilis, photosynthetic bacteria and Thiobacillus denitrificans, was used to control the scaling, corrosion and biofouling of CCWS. The abundant carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in urban reclaimed water met the needs of microbial growth. Compared with chemical agents, CMP had the advantages of high efficiency, no additional chemicals and being more economical. The research results showed that CMP improved water quality and decreased ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The concentration ratio of CCWS reached 3.87 using CMP. The corrosion inhibition rate of CMP and the removal rate on biofouling achieved 99.69% and 22.21%, respectively. The mechanisms of CMP to control scaling, corrosion and biofouling were discussed, and the surface characteristics and chemical compositions of corrosion products and biofouling were analyzed.

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Nießen, Ludwig, and Peter Schuh. "CCP as an opportunity to develop capital markets." Zeitschrift für das gesamte Bank- und Börsenwesen 66, no. 7 (2018): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.47782/oeba201807048701.

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Chen, Chao-Chang A., Jen-Chieh Li, Wei-Cheng Liao, Yong-Jie Ciou, and Chun-Chen Chen. "Dynamic Pad Surface Metrology Monitoring by Swing-Arm Chromatic Confocal System." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 27, 2020): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010179.

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This study aims to develop a dynamic pad monitoring system (DPMS) for measuring the surface topography of polishing pad. Chemical mechanical planarization/polishing (CMP) is a vital process in semiconductor manufacturing. The process is applied to assure the substrate wafer or thin film on wafer that has reached the required planarization after deposition for lithographic processing of the desired structures of devices. Surface properties of polishing pad have a huge influence on the material removal rate (MRR) and quality of wafer surface by CMP process. A DPMS has been developed to analyze the performance level of polishing pad for CMP. A chromatic confocal sensor is attached on a designed fixture arm to acquire pad topography data. By swing-arm motion with continuous data acquisition, the surface topography information of pad can be gathered dynamically. Measuring data are analyzed with a designed FFT filter to remove mechanical vibration and disturbance. Then the pad surface profile and groove depth can be calculated, which the pad’s index PU (pad uniformity) and PELI (pad effective lifetime index) are developed to evaluate the pad’s performance level. Finally, 50 rounds of CMP experiments have been executed to investigate the correlations of MRR and surface roughness of as-CMP wafer with pad performance. Results of this study can be used to monitor the pad dressing process and CMP parameter evaluation for production of IC devices.

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Hanazono, Masanobu, Jin Amanokura, and Yasuo Kamigata. "Development and Application of an Abrasive-Free Polishing Solution for Copper." MRS Bulletin 27, no. 10 (October 2002): 772–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2002.248.

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AbstractAn abrasive-free polishing (AFP) solution for chemical–mechanical planarization (CMP) of copper films on semiconductor wafers has been developed to overcome such disadvantages of conventional CMP as dishing, erosion, Cu and oxide loss, and microscratching. Electrochemical methods are an effective way of understanding the role of each chemical component in the AFP solution in order to optimize its performance. Analysis of the reaction layer of Cu elucidates the reasons for the excellent results that have been obtained. By applying the AFP solution for Cu CMP in combination with a slurry for CMP of the metal barrier layer, seven-level multilayer Cu interconnections can be successfully fabricated.

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Arkanova, I., and A. Noskov. "THE RECONSTRUCTION OF ON-SHORE PUMPING STATION COMBINED WITH A WATER INLET WITHOUT A STOP OF WORK OF CHELYABINSK METALLURGICAL PLANT." Bulletin of South Ural State University series "Construction Engineering and Architecture" 16, no. 4 (2016): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/build160409.

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The plan of reconstruction of an on-shore pumping station combined with a water inlet of Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant (CMP) is developed. The authors give characteristics of the quality and amount of water, needed for the main production of CMP. The inspection of the on-shore pumping station combined with the water inlet of CMP is carried out. The need for reconstruction for reliability control and compliance with modern requirements of water intake of an industrial enterprise, which in turn is connected with the expansion of production at CMP is proven. The basic equipment is specified. It leads to the enlargement of the pumping station itself.

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Sarker, Rafiquel, Vera E. Valkhoff, Nicholas C. Zachos, Rong Lin, Boyoung Cha, Tian-e. Chen, Sandra Guggino, et al. "NHERF1 and NHERF2 are necessary for multiple but usually separate aspects of basal and acute regulation of NHE3 activity." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 300, no. 4 (April 2011): C771—C782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00119.2010.

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Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3) is expressed in the brush border (BB) of intestinal epithelial cells and accounts for the majority of neutral NaCl absorption. It has been shown that the Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor (NHERF) family members of multi-PDZ domain-containing scaffold proteins bind to the NHE3 COOH terminus and play necessary roles in NHE3 regulation in intestinal epithelial cells. Most studies of NHE3 regulation have been in cell models in which NHERF1 and/or NHERF2 were overexpressed. We have now developed an intestinal Na+ absorptive cell model in Caco-2/bbe cells by expressing hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged NHE3 with an adenoviral infection system. Roles of NHERF1 and NHERF2 in NHE3 regulation were determined, including inhibition by cAMP, cGMP, and Ca2+ and stimulation by EGF, with knockdown (KD) approaches with lentivirus (Lenti)-short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and/or adenovirus (Adeno)-small interfering RNA (siRNA). Stable infection of Caco-2/bbe cells by NHERF1 or NHERF2 Lenti-shRNA significantly and specifically reduced NHERF protein expression by >80%. NHERF1 KD reduced basal NHE3 activity, while NHERF2 KD stimulated NHE3 activity. siRNA-mediated (transient) and Lenti-shRNA-mediated (stable) gene silencing of NHERF2 (but not of NHERF1) abolished cGMP- and Ca2+-dependent inhibition of NHE3. KD of NHERF1 or NHERF2 alone had no effect on cAMP inhibition of NHE3, but KD of both simultaneously abolished the effect of cAMP. The stimulatory effect of EGF on NHE3 was eliminated in NHERF1-KD but occurred normally in NHERF2-KD cells. These findings show that both NHERF2 and NHERF1 are involved in setting NHE3 activity. NHERF2 is necessary for cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGK) II- and Ca2+-dependent inhibition of NHE3. cAMP-dependent inhibition of NHE3 activity requires either NHERF1 or NHERF2. Stimulation of NHE3 activity by EGF is NHERF1 dependent.

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Podestà, Federico. "Partisanship, state intervention and economic well-being in 13 developed countries, 1980–2000." Comparative European Politics 12, no. 1 (February 4, 2013): 76–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/cep.2012.34.

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Umar, Muhammad, Noman Jahangir, Muhammad Faisal Khan, Zobia Saeed, Farina Sultan, and Ayyaz Sultan. "Cobalt-related cardiomyopathy: A real concern! A review of published evidence." Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 28, no. 2 (January 1, 2020): 230949902090599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2309499020905993.

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Background: Cobalt (Co) toxicity-related cardiomyopathy (CMP) in hip arthroplasty has recently been reported in the literature. The purpose of this review was to identify and assess available published evidence of CMP in hip arthroplasty patients and to derive recommendations for management. Methods: We evaluated 23 cases reported till October 2018 and stratified into three categories, based on pre-existing risk factors for CMP, histological confirmation and evidence of systemic signs of Co toxicity. Results: Co toxicity was considered to be the definite cause of CMP in 8 cases and probably contributory in 13 cases. Two cases were considered to have developed CMP secondary to pre-existing risk factors. Majority of the patients had good recovery of cardiac function after hip revision and cardiac management, but five cases deteriorated and died. Conclusion: Although Co-related CMP has been reported in a small number of cases of hip arthroplasty, a delay or missed diagnosis may lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Timely diagnosis, removal of causative implant and avoidance of metal articulations in revision for fractured ceramic implants may help in effective management.

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Permpatdechakul, Thitipat, Panart Khajornrungruang, Keisuke Suzuki, Aran Blattler, and Kanako Taira. "The Performance Evaluation of Developed Apparatus for Observing the Nanoparticles Phenomena During CMP Process by Applying Evanescent Field." Proceedings of Conference of Kyushu Branch 2019.72 (2019): A42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekyushu.2019.72.a42.

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Tang, Heng Xing, Chu Peng Zhang, and Lin Lin. "Development of an Ultra-Precision Annular Polishing Machine Tool with Full Gas Static Pressure." Key Engineering Materials 837 (April 2020): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.837.183.

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In order to improve chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) efficiency and accuracy in the fabrication of planar optics, CMP models and machine tools have been developed. A three-dimensional contour map of the surface of the polishing plate was established by measuring the runout error of several circles on the polishing plate. Based on the Preston equation and the three-dimensional contour map, a CMP model that simulates material removal at any point on the work piece is proposed. This model shows that higher motion accuracy can improve efficiency and accuracy. Then, based on this point of view, a new CMP machine tool was designed, and the ultra-precision gas static pressure guide rail and turntable and Siemens 840Dsl numerical control system were applied to the new CMP machine tool. In order to validate the new machine, a series of testing and processing experiments were carried out. The straightness error of the gas static pressure guide rail can be less than 1.1 μm. The axial runout error of the gas turntable can be less than ±0.4 μm. The surface profile of the experimental workpiece can be less than 0.01λ, and the processing efficiency of the new CMP machine can reach 4 times of the processing efficiency of the conventional CMP machine. In addition, the repeatability and stability of the CMP process is improved on new machines.

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Borst, Christopher L., Dipto G. Thakurta, William N. Gill, and Ronald J. Gutmann. "Chemical-Mechanical Planarization of Low-k Polymers for Advanced IC Structures." Journal of Electronic Packaging 124, no. 4 (December 1, 2002): 362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1510138.

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Successful integration of copper and low dielectric constant (low-k) materials is dependent on robust chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) during damascene patterning. This process includes the direct removal of copper and interaction of the copper slurry with the underlying dielectric. Experiments were designed and performed to examine the CMP of two low-k polymers from Dow Chemical Company, bis-benzocyclobutene (BCB*, k=2.65) and “silicon-application low-k material” (SiLK* resin, k=2.65) with both acidic slurries suitable for copper damascene patterning and a KH phthalate-based model slurry developed for SiLK. Blanket polymer films were polished in order to determine the interactions that occur when copper and liner materials are removed by the damascene CMP process. Removal rates were obtained from material thickness measurements, post-CMP surface topography from AFM scans, and post-CMP surface chemistry from XPS measurements. Physically based wafer-scale models are presented which are compatible with the experimental results.

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Liu, Junjian, Qidong Hou, Meiting Ju, Peng Ji, Qingmei Sun, and Weizun Li. "Biomass Pyrolysis Technology by Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis, Catalytic Co-Pyrolysis and Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis: A Review." Catalysts 10, no. 7 (July 4, 2020): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10070742.

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With the aggravation of the energy crisis and environmental problems, biomass resource, as a renewable carbon resource, has received great attention. Catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) is a promising technology, which can convert solid biomass into high value liquid fuel, bio-char and syngas. Catalyst plays a vital role in the rapid pyrolysis, which can increase the yield and selectivity of aromatics and other products in bio-oil. In this paper, the traditional zeolite catalysts and metal modified zeolite catalysts used in CFP are summarized. The influence of the catalysts on the yield and selectivity of the product obtained from pyrolysis was discussed. The deactivation and regeneration of the catalyst were discussed. Catalytic co-pyrolysis (CCP) and microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) are new technologies developed in traditional pyrolysis technology. CCP improves the problem of hydrogen deficiency in the biomass pyrolysis process and raises the yield and character of pyrolysis products, through the co-feeding of biomass and hydrogen-rich substances. The pyrolysis reactions of biomass and polymers (plastics and waste tires) in CCP were reviewed to obtain the influence of co-pyrolysis on composition and selectivity of pyrolysis products. The catalytic mechanism of the catalyst in CCP and the reaction path of the product are described, which is very important to improve the understanding of co-pyrolysis technology. In addition, the effects of biomass pretreatment, microwave adsorbent, catalyst and other reaction conditions on the pyrolysis products of MAP were reviewed, and the application of MAP in the preparation of high value-added biofuels, activated carbon and syngas was introduced.

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Xiang, Chao, Yulan Lu, Chao Cheng, Junbo Wang, Deyong Chen, and Jian Chen. "A Resonant Pressure Microsensor with a Wide Pressure Measurement Range." Micromachines 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12040382.

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This paper presents a resonant pressure microsensor with a wide range of pressure measurements. The developed microsensor is mainly composed of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer to form pressure-sensing elements, and a silicon-on-glass (SOG) cap to form vacuum encapsulation. To realize a wide range of pressure measurements, silicon islands were deployed on the device layer of the SOI wafer to enhance equivalent stiffness and structural stability of the pressure-sensitive diaphragm. Moreover, a cylindrical vacuum cavity was deployed on the SOG cap with the purpose to decrease the stresses generated during the silicon-to-glass contact during pressure measurements. The fabrication processes mainly contained photolithography, deep reactive ion etching (DRIE), chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) and anodic bonding. According to the characterization experiments, the quality factors of the resonators were higher than 15,000 with pressure sensitivities of 0.51 Hz/kPa (resonator I), −1.75 Hz/kPa (resonator II) and temperature coefficients of frequency of 1.92 Hz/°C (resonator I), 1.98 Hz/°C (resonator II). Following temperature compensation, the fitting error of the microsensor was within the range of 0.006% FS and the measurement accuracy was as high as 0.017% FS in the pressure range of 200 ~ 7000 kPa and the temperature range of −40 °C to 80 °C.

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Lygo-Baker, Simon. "Re-evaluating Values: The Impact of Academic Developers." International Journal of Learning: Annual Review 12, no. 4 (2006): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1447-9494/cgp/v12i04/46637.

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Journal articles on the topic 'CMP Developer'

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