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Journal articles on the topic 'CNS disorders; autoimmune diseases; neuro-immune diseases'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Stimmer, Lev, Claire-Maëlle Fovet, and Ché Serguera. "Experimental Models of Autoimmune Demyelinating Diseases in Nonhuman Primates." Veterinary Pathology 55, no. 1 (2017): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985817712794.

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Human idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating diseases (IIDD) are a heterogeneous group of autoimmune inflammatory and demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). These include multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common chronic IIDD, but also rarer disorders such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Great efforts have been made to understand the pathophysiology of MS, leading to the development of a few effective treatments. Nonetheless, IIDD still require a better understanding of the causes and underlying mechanisms to implement more eff

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Ren, Jingru, Jianchun Wang, Ran Liu, et al. "CSF oligoclonal bands in neurological diseases besides CNS inflammatory demyelinating disorders." BMJ Neurology Open 7, no. 1 (2025): e000912. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjno-2024-000912.

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ObjectiveTo understand the distribution characteristics and clinical significance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) oligoclonal bands (OCBs) in different nervous system diseases besides typical central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory demyelinating disorders.MaterialA total of 2259 patients who underwent CSF examination for OCBs at Peking University First Hospital from January 2011 to December 2023 were tested. A cohort of 257 patients presenting with various types of OCBs but without CNS inflammatory demyelinating diseases was included in the analysis. Relevant medical history was collected from

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Restrepo-Martinez, Miguel, Vaughan Bell, and Jesus Ramirez-Bermudez. "Cognitive disorders in patients with neuroimmunological disease." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 38, no. 2 (2025): 126–33. https://doi.org/10.1097/yco.0000000000000977.

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Purpose of review Autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), and autoimmune encephalitis can directly and indirectly affect brain function, leading to cognitive dysfunction or well characterized neurocognitive syndromes. However, these are often poorly characterized in the literature. Here, we review evidence on clinical manifestations, risk factors, their assessment and outcomes, and evidence for underlying mechanisms and associated biomarkers, if available. Recent findings Significant advances have been made in neurocognitive disorders associated

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Lee, Juhee, Han Sang Lee, and Kon Chu. "Successful treatment with rituximab for central nervous system vasculitis caused by Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorder with immunoglobulin M gammopathy." encephalitis 2, no. 1 (2022): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47936/encephalitis.2021.00143.

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Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is associated with several autoimmune conditions, including central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a pathogen capable of triggering a systemic immune response and is involved in the occurrence of a wide range of B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. In systemic autoimmune diseases, EBV infection is suspected to play a central role in pathogenesis. Here, we present a case that was thought to be a systemic autoimmune disease and CNS vasculitis that developed after EBV infection, demonstrating that rituximab i

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Murdaca, Giuseppe, Francesca Paladin, Marco Casciaro, Carmelo Mario Vicario, Sebastiano Gangemi, and Gabriella Martino. "Neuro-Inflammaging and Psychopatological Distress." Biomedicines 10, no. 9 (2022): 2133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10092133.

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Inflammaging is a low degree of chronic and systemic tissue inflammation associated with aging, and is intimately linked to pro-inflammatory mediators. These substances are involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases and related psychopathological symptoms. When inflammation and aging affect the brain, we use the term neuro-inflammaging. In this review, we focused on the neuro-inflammatory process typical of advanced ages and the related psychopathological symptoms, with particular attention to understanding the immune-pathogenetic mechanisms involved and the potential use of

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Huang, Bohan. "How immune system impact the nervous system." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 74 (December 29, 2023): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/f2k6dq53.

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Immune system and nervous system are both important. Adaptive immune system and innate immune system are two categories of the immune system. Both types of system have a lot of organs that has different types of function. Both the CNS and the PNS share this characteristic. The nervous system disorders have some relationship with the immune cells being too activated. The T-cells, B-cells, macrophages, and glial cells will become to activate and accidently kill some cells in the nervous systems to cause the diseases. However, these types of disorders will have a varying cause and the scientists

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Gutman, Elisa Gouvea, Renan Amphilophio Fernandes, Jéssica Vasques Raposo-Vedovi, et al. "Molecular Mimicry between SARS-CoV-2 Proteins and Human Self-Antigens Related with Autoimmune Central Nervous System (CNS) Disorders." Microorganisms 11, no. 12 (2023): 2902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11122902.

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SARS-CoV-2 can trigger autoimmune central nervous system (CNS) diseases in genetically susceptible individuals, a mechanism poorly understood. Molecular mimicry (MM) has been identified in other viral diseases as potential triggers of autoimmune CNS events. This study investigated if MM is the process through which SARS-CoV-2 induces the breakdown of immune tolerance. The frequency of autoimmune CNS disorders was evaluated in a prospective cohort with patients admitted to the COVID-19 Intense Care Unity (ICU) in Rio de Janeiro. Then, an in silico analysis was performed to identify the conserve

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Rubin, Daniel, Ayush Batra, Ivana Vodopivec, and Henrikas Vaitkevicius. "Autoimmune Encephalitis in Critical Care: Optimizing Immunosuppression." Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 38, no. 06 (2017): 807–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1608771.

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AbstractAutoimmune diseases affecting the nervous systems are a common cause of admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). Although there exist several well-described clinical syndromes, patients more commonly present with progressive neurologic dysfunction and laboratory and radiographic evidence of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. In the critical care setting, the urgency to intervene to prevent permanent damage to the nervous system and secondary injury from the systemic manifestations of these syndromes often conflicts with diagnostic uncertainty. Furthermore, treatment is limit

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Poppell, Michael, Grace Hammel, and Yi Ren. "Immune Regulatory Functions of Macrophages and Microglia in Central Nervous System Diseases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 6 (2023): 5925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065925.

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Macrophages can be characterized as a very multifunctional cell type with a spectrum of phenotypes and functions being observed spatially and temporally in various disease states. Ample studies have now demonstrated a possible causal link between macrophage activation and the development of autoimmune disorders. How these cells may be contributing to the adaptive immune response and potentially perpetuating the progression of neurodegenerative diseases and neural injuries is not fully understood. Within this review, we hope to illustrate the role that macrophages and microglia play as initiato

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Montarolo, Francesca, Serena Martire, Simona Perga, and Antonio Bertolotto. "NURR1 Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 19 (2019): 4858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194858.

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The transcription factor NURR1 is a constitutively active orphan receptor belonging to the steroid hormone receptor class NR4A. Although a genetic association between NURR1 and autoimmune inflammatory diseases has never emerged from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), alterations in the expression of NURR1 have been observed in various autoimmune diseases. Specifically, its role in autoimmune inflammatory diseases is mainly related to its capability to counteract inflammation. In fact, NURR1 exerts anti-inflammatory functions inhibiting the transcription of the molecules involved in proinf

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Deleva-Stoshevska, Tatjana, Sofija Nikoloska, Bojan Stoshevski, Marko Nikoloski, Dimitar Veljanovski, and Sandra Dejanova-Panov. "Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Literature Review." South East European Journal of Immunology 6, no. 1 (2023): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/seejim.2023.6032.

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Autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) defines brain inflammation caused by a misdirected immune response against self-antigens expressed in the central nervous system. AIE encompasses a group of non-infectious immune-mediated inflammatory disorders of the brain parenchyma often involving the cortical or deep gray matter with or without involvement of the white matter, meninges, or the spinal cord. Suggested mechanisms that may trigger AIE include tumors (paraneoplastic), infections (para-infectious), or it may be cryptogenic. This study represents a review of the common forms of AIE, exploring their c

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Crescenzo, Francesco, Alessandra Danese, Francesco Dall’Ora, and Michelangelo Turazzini. "Chronic Central Nervous System Graft-Versus-Host Disease to Unravel Progressive Visual Loss and Ischemic Stroke Recurrence Post-Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant: A Case Report." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 5 (2025): 2289. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26052289.

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Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a prognostically negative event following hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). While cGVHD mainly affects the muscles, skin, oral mucosa, eyes, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and liver, central nervous system (CNS) involvement remains possible and, moreover, is rare when it occurs isolated. CNS-cGVHD can manifest with a wide spectrum of CNS disorders, including cerebrovascular diseases, autoimmune demyelinating diseases, and immune-mediated encephalitis. We present a case of 65-year-old man previously treated with HSCT presenting with progress

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Hladkykh, F. V. "The role of autoimmune processes in demyelinating diseases of the nervous system: focus on multiple sclerosis." INTERNATIONAL NEUROLOGICAL JOURNAL 19, no. 7 (2024): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/2224-0713.19.7.2023.1026.

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Background. Demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by a damage to the myelin sheath of nerve cell axons. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS affecting more than 2.9 million people worldwide. The purpose was to summarize current information about the features of the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis according to the data from open sources of information. Materials and methods. The selection of publications covering the features of the immunopathogenesis of

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Dales, Jean-Philippe, and Sophie Desplat-Jégo. "Metal Imbalance in Neurodegenerative Diseases with a Specific Concern to the Brain of Multiple Sclerosis Patients." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 23 (2020): 9105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21239105.

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There is increasing evidence that deregulation of metals contributes to a vast range of neurodegenerative diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) manifesting disability and neurological symptoms. The precise origin of MS is unknown, but the disease is characterized by focal inflammatory lesions in the CNS associated with an autoimmune reaction against myelin. The treatment of this disease has mainly been based on the prescription of immunosuppressive and immune-modulating agents. However, the rate of progressive disab

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Cavalcanti, Fernando, Elena Gonzalez-Rey, Mario Delgado, et al. "Efficacy of Vafidemstat in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Highlights the KDM1A/RCOR1/HDAC Epigenetic Axis in Multiple Sclerosis." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 7 (2022): 1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071420.

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Lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1; also known as KDM1A), is an epigenetic modulator that modifies the histone methylation status. KDM1A forms a part of protein complexes that regulate the expression of genes involved in the onset and progression of diseases such as cancer, central nervous system (CNS) disorders, viral infections, and others. Vafidemstat (ORY-2001) is a clinical stage inhibitor of KDM1A in development for the treatment of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. However, the role of ORY-2001 targeting KDM1A in neuroinflammation remains to be explored. Here, we investigated

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von Baumgarten, Louisa, Hans J. Stauss, and Jan D. Lünemann. "Synthetic Cell-Based Immunotherapies for Neurologic Diseases." Neurology - Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation 10, no. 5 (2023): e200139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/nxi.0000000000200139.

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The therapeutic success and widespread approval of genetically engineered T cells for a variety of hematologic malignancies spurred the development of synthetic cell-based immunotherapies for CNS lymphoma, primary brain tumors, and a growing spectrum of nononcologic disease conditions of the nervous system. Chimeric antigen receptor effector T cells bear the potential to deplete target cells with higher efficacy, better tissue penetration, and greater depth than antibody-based cell depletion therapies. In multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune disorders, engineered T-cell therapies are being

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Paouri, Evi, and Spiros Georgopoulos. "Systemic and CNS Inflammation Crosstalk: Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease." Current Alzheimer Research 16, no. 6 (2019): 559–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205016666190321154618.

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After years of failed therapeutic attempts targeting beta-amyloid (A&#946;) in AD, there is now increasing evidence suggesting that inflammation holds a pivotal role in AD pathogenesis and immune pathways can possibly comprise primary therapeutic targets. Inflammation is a key characteristic of numerous diseases including neurodegenerative disorders and thus not surprisingly suppression of inflammation frequently constitutes a major therapeutic strategy for a wide spectrum of disorders. Several brain-resident and peripherally-derived immune populations and inflammatory mediators are involv

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Hirschberg, Sarah, Barbara Gisevius, Alexander Duscha, and Aiden Haghikia. "Implications of Diet and The Gut Microbiome in Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Diseases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 12 (2019): 3109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20123109.

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Within the last century, human lifestyle and dietary behaviors have changed dramatically. These changes, especially concerning hygiene, have led to a marked decrease in some diseases, i.e., infectious diseases. However, other diseases that can be attributed to the so-called ‘Western’ lifestyle have increased, i.e., metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. More recently, multifactorial disorders, such as autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, have been associated with changes in diet and the gut microbiome. In particular, short chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria are of high interest.

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Carecchio, M., R. Cantello, and C. Comi. "Revisiting the Molecular Mechanism of Neurological Manifestations in Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Beyond Vascular Damage." Journal of Immunology Research 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/239398.

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Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a multiorgan disease often affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Typically, neurological manifestations of APS include thrombosis of cerebral vessels leading to stroke and requiring prompt initiation of treatment with antiplatelet drugs or anticoagulant therapy. In these cases, alterations of the coagulation system at various levels caused by multiple effects of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) have been postulated to explain the vascular damage to the CNS in APS. However, several nonvascular neurological manifestations of APS have progressively emerge

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Schwartz, Michal. "Macrophages and Microglia in Central Nervous System Injury: Are They Helpful or Harmful?" Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 23, no. 4 (2003): 385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wcb.0000061881.75234.5e.

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Inflammation has been widely perceived as participating in the etiology of acute and chronic neurodegenerative conditions. Accordingly, in the context of traumatic injuries or chronic neurodegenerative diseases in the central nervous system (CNS), activated microglia have been viewed as detrimental and attempts have been made to treat both conditions by antiinflammatory therapy. Recent studies have suggested that microglia act as stand-by cells in the service of both the immune and the nervous systems. In the healthy CNS these cells are quiescent, but in the event of injury to axons or cell bo

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Valentin-Torres, Alice, Timothy Phares, and Stephen Stohlman. "TNF regulated disability in experimental autoimmune encephalitis (THER7P.946)." Journal of Immunology 194, no. 1_Supplement (2015): 208.6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.208.6.

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Abstract In EAE, abrogation of IFN-γ signaling in astrocytes results in a progressive clinical disease, with increased CNS inflammation and demyelination, making this an excellent mouse model to study progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). Microglia and infiltrating macrophage TNF production is elevated during progressive EAE which is linked to pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders including MS. Moreover, anti-TNF therapies have been successfully used to treat several autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, and psoriatic arthritis. Neutralization of both sol

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Martín-Hernández, David, Marina Muñoz-López, Hiram Tendilla-Beltrán, et al. "Immune System and Brain/Intestinal Barrier Functions in Psychiatric Diseases: Is Sphingosine-1-Phosphate at the Helm?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 16 (2023): 12634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241612634.

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Over the past few decades, extensive research has shed light on immune alterations and the significance of dysfunctional biological barriers in psychiatric disorders. The leaky gut phenomenon, intimately linked to the integrity of both brain and intestinal barriers, may play a crucial role in the origin of peripheral and central inflammation in these pathologies. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid that regulates both the immune response and the permeability of biological barriers. Notably, S1P-based drugs, such as fingolimod and ozanimod, have received approval for treating mul

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Sell, Lacey B., Christina C. Ramelow, Kevin D. Strawn, et al. "Organic compound farnesol as possible inhibitor of inflammasome complex, in murine macrophages and mouse model of multiple sclerosis." Journal of Immunology 204, no. 1_Supplement (2020): 219.7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.219.7.

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Abstract Many advancements in the understanding of multiple sclerosis (MS) have been made through the use of laboratory models. One commonly used model is experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model characterized by central nervous system (CNS) inflammation and demyelination, allowing for symptoms resembling some of the most prominent features of the human disease. Although the exact etiology of MS is still being investigated, experiments with EAE have shown that the NLRP3 inflammasome complex of the innate immune system is critical and necessary for disease development. The

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Synchikova, A. P., and E. A. Korneva. "Morphological and functional characteristics of LPS-stimulated microglial cells under the action of orexin A." Russian Journal of Immunology 25, no. 3 (2022): 333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.46235/1028-7221-1144-maf.

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Interest to the orexin-containing neurons is caused by their recent discovery and perspectives of their usage for treatment of different diseases. The studies in this area were launched recently and are of special interest since the opportunity of modulating functional activity of the brain immune system is of pivotal significance for therapy of various central nervous system (CNS) disorders providing novel ways of search and promising data on therapeutic effects of orexins in inflammatory, autoimmune diseases as well as malignant tumors. Some data from literature show that orexins may e

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Shriver, Leah, Monica Mann, and Bonnie N. Dittel. "Th17 Cells Alone are not Sufficient to Induce CNS Autoimmunity, but can Synergize with Th1 Cells to Induce EAE (129.24)." Journal of Immunology 178, no. 1_Supplement (2007): S222. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.129.24.

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Abstract During a primary immune response, CD4 T cells can polarize into two subsets, Th1 or Th2 depending on the cytokine environment. These subsets have been differentially implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune (Th1) or allergic (Th2) disorders. Recently a new lineage of T helper cells has been described, Th17 cells, which produce the cytokine IL-17, and evidence has pointed to these cells as key mediators of autoimmune disorders such as the inflammatory demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS). A novel in vitro skewing paradigm shows that the cytokines IL-6, IL-1, TGF-β, and IL-

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Chekanova, Ekaterina O., Аlla А. Shabalina, Taras O. Simaniv, et al. "Relapsing Autoimmune GFAP Astrocytopathy: Case Report." Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology 17, no. 4 (2024): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54101/acen.2023.4.11.

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Introduction. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is the main component of intermediate astrocyte filaments. In 2016, anti-GFAP antibodies (Ab) were identified as the specific biomarker for the first established CNS inflammatory disorder subsequently called autoimmune astrocytopathy associated with anti-GFAP Ab (A-GFAP-A). Since GFAP is localized intracellularly, GFAP Ab do not appear to be directly pathogenic though serve as a biomarker of immune inflammation. Although presence of GFAP-Ab in the serum (but not in the CSF) could be observed in various CNS immune-mediated diseases, detection

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Enders, Michael, Thorsten Heider, Andreas Ludwig, and Stefanie Kuerten. "Strategies for Neuroprotection in Multiple Sclerosis and the Role of Calcium." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 5 (2020): 1663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051663.

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Calcium ions are vital for maintaining the physiological and biochemical processes inside cells. The central nervous system (CNS) is particularly dependent on calcium homeostasis and its dysregulation has been associated with several neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Huntington’s disease (HD), as well as with multiple sclerosis (MS). Hence, the modulation of calcium influx into the cells and the targeting of calcium-mediated signaling pathways may present a promising therapeutic approach for these diseases. This review provides an over

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Montagnani, Monica, Lucrezia Bottalico, Maria Assunta Potenza, et al. "The Crosstalk between Gut Microbiota and Nervous System: A Bidirectional Interaction between Microorganisms and Metabolome." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 12 (2023): 10322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241210322.

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Several studies have shown that the gut microbiota influences behavior and, in turn, changes in the immune system associated with symptoms of depression or anxiety disorder may be mirrored by corresponding changes in the gut microbiota. Although the composition/function of the intestinal microbiota appears to affect the central nervous system (CNS) activities through multiple mechanisms, accurate epidemiological evidence that clearly explains the connection between the CNS pathology and the intestinal dysbiosis is not yet available. The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a separate branch of the

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Marano, Giuseppe, Marianna Mazza, Francesco Maria Lisci, et al. "The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Psychoneuroimmunological Insights." Nutrients 15, no. 6 (2023): 1496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15061496.

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There is growing interest in the role that the intestinal microbiota and the related autoimmune processes may have in the genesis and presentation of some psychiatric diseases. An alteration in the communication of the microbiota–gut–brain axis, which constitutes a communicative model between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gastro-enteric tract, has been identified as one of the possible causes of some psychiatric diseases. The purpose of this narrative review is to describe evidence supporting a role of the gut microbiota in psychiatric diseases and the impact of diet on microbiota a

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Papiri, Giulio, Giordano D’Andreamatteo, Gabriella Cacchiò, et al. "Multiple Sclerosis: Inflammatory and Neuroglial Aspects." Current Issues in Molecular Biology 45, no. 2 (2023): 1443–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cimb45020094.

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) represents the most common acquired demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). Its pathogenesis, in parallel with the well-established role of mechanisms pertaining to autoimmunity, involves several key functions of immune, glial and nerve cells. The disease’s natural history is complex, heterogeneous and may evolve over a relapsing-remitting (RRMS) or progressive (PPMS/SPMS) course. Acute inflammation, driven by infiltration of peripheral cells in the CNS, is thought to be the most relevant process during the earliest phases and in RRMS, while disrupti

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Green, Laura K., Pirooz Zareie, Nikki Templeton, Robert A. Keyzers, Bronwen Connor, and Anne Camille La Flamme. "Enhanced disease reduction using clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic agent, and glatiramer acetate combination therapy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis." Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental, Translational and Clinical 3, no. 1 (2017): 205521731769872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2055217317698724.

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Background Atypical antipsychotic agents (AAP) alleviate the symptoms of severe mental health disorders, such as schizophrenia, by antagonizing dopamine and serotonin receptors. Recently, AAP have also been shown to exhibit immunomodulatory properties in the central nervous system (CNS). Objective Building on research which demonstrated the ability of the AAP risperidone and clozapine to modify the disease course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), we aimed to more fully investigate the potential of clozapine as a possible treatment f

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Kiryukhina, S. V., D. V. Samarina, N. A. Kolmykova, and D. A. Labunskiy. "Common pathogenetic mechanisms in affective disorders and multiple sclerosis: role of interleukin imbalance in the progression of comorbid pathology." Vestnik nevrologii, psihiatrii i nejrohirurgii (Bulletin of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery), no. 4 (March 25, 2023): 270–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-01-2304-04.

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Relevance. Among many comorbid pathologies, it is of considerable interest to study and compare the pathogenetic mechanisms of neurological and mental disorders that combine the clinical manifestations of multiple sclerosis (MS) and affective disorders. The high MS prevalence, economic and social significance of the disease, heterogeneity of clinical symptoms, an unfavorable progressive course, as well as the frequent combination of this pathology with various forms of hypothymic disorders determine the relevance of studying the common pathogenetic mechanisms for the development of this comorb

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Dr., Anil K. Sahni. "Smokeless Tobacco & Peripheral Vascular Diseases." American Based Research Journal 2, no. 8 (2013): 06–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3408223.

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<em>INTRODUCTION : India Especially The Eastern Part Being Amongst The Regions Of Globe, With High Prevalence Use Of Differently Available SmokeLess Tobacco Preparations(Chewing Tobacco, Gutkha…)Alone Or Concomittantly With Various Smoke Tobacco Alternatives(Bidis,Cigarettes, Hukha…). The Authenticated Status Of Smoking As One Of The Important Aetio-Pathogenesis Factor For The OtherWise Comparatively Obscured Aetiology Of Peripheral Vascular Diseases(PVD),PAD With Especial Emphasis Upon Thrombo-Angitis-Obliterans(TAO), Is Well Documented In Medical Literature. AIMS/OBJECTIVES : A

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Ginwala, Rashida, Emily McTish, Patrick Moore, et al. "Nutraceutical Apigenin regulates DC function in a RelB-dependent manner during neuroinflammation." Journal of Immunology 198, no. 1_Supplement (2017): 219.2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.219.2.

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Abstract Apigenin, a natural flavonoid, found in several plants is known to have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties indicated by its use for centuries as a medicinal approach to treat inflammatory disorders. However, there are significant gaps in knowledge regarding its effect on dendritic cell (DC) function in maintaining an immune balance in immunospecialized locations like the central nervous system (CNS). In order to establish the potential utility of Apigenin as a therapeutic agent against neuroinflammatory diseases, we tested and found that Apigenin treatment ameliorated sever

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Jain, Pooja, Rashida Ginwala, Emily McTish, et al. "Nutraceutical Apigenin regulates DC function in a RelB-dependent manner during neuroinflammation." Journal of Immunology 208, no. 1_Supplement (2022): 162.02. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.162.02.

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Abstract Apigenin, a natural flavonoid, found in several plants is known to have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties indicated by its use for centuries as a medicinal approach to treat inflammatory disorders. However, there are significant gaps in knowledge regarding its effect on dendritic cell (DC) function in maintaining an immune balance in immunospecialized locations like the central nervous system (CNS). In order to establish the potential utility of Apigenin as a therapeutic agent against neuroinflammatory diseases, we tested and found that Apigenin treatment ameliorated sever

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Hammami, M. Bakri, Grayson Beecher, Andrew Knight, et al. "Caveolae-Associated Protein (cavin)-4 Autoantibodies in Immune Mediated Rippling Muscle Disease." Neurology 99, no. 23 Supplement 2 (2022): S6.2—S7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000903088.98540.52.

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ObjectiveTo describe a novel autoantibody biomarker of Immune mediated rippling muscle disease (iRMD).BackgroundiRMD is a rare immunotherapy-responsive myopathy characterized by wave-like muscle contractions (rippling) and percussion/stretch-induced muscle mounding. However, serological biomarker of this disease is lacking.Design/MethodsA Retrospective review was done to identify iRMD patients with stored sera in Mayo Neuroimmunology laboratory. Archived sera from IRMD patients were evaluated for a common biomarker of IRMD using phage immunoprecipitation sequencing (PhIP-Seq).ResultsArchival s

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Reale, Marcella, and Erica Costantini. "Cholinergic Modulation of the Immune System in Neuroinflammatory Diseases." Diseases 9, no. 2 (2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diseases9020029.

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Frequent diseases of the CNS, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and psychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia), elicit a neuroinflammatory response that contributes to the neurodegenerative disease process itself. The immune and nervous systems use the same mediators, receptors, and cells to regulate the immune and nervous systems as well as neuro-immune interactions. In various neurodegenerative diseases, peripheral inflammatory mediators and infiltrating immune cells from the periphery cause exacerbation to current injury in the brain. Acetylcholine (ACh)

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Zubair, Adeel S., Melissa Rethana, Anthony Ma, et al. "Plasmapheresis Versus Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Patients With Autoimmune Neuromuscular and Neuro-immunological Conditions." Journal of Clinical Neuromuscular Disease 25, no. 1 (2023): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cnd.0000000000000439.

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Abstract Objectives: Plasmapheresis (PLEX) and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) are commonly used to treat autoimmune neuromuscular disorders, including myasthenia gravis, acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, and other autoimmune neurological disorders. The side effect profiles of these therapies vary, and concern has been raised regarding the safety of PLEX in the elderly population. In this study, we have examined the pattern of PLEX and IVIg use for autoimmune neurological disorders at a single facility and in a

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Ueno, Masaki. "Restoring neuro-immune circuitry after brain and spinal cord injuries." International Immunology 33, no. 6 (2021): 311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxab017.

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Abstract Neuro-immune interactions are essential for our body’s defense and homeostasis. Anatomical and physiological analyses have shown that the nervous system comprises multiple pathways that regulate the dynamics and functions of immune cells, which are mainly mediated by the autonomic nervous system and adrenal signals. These are disturbed when the neurons and circuits are damaged by diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Injuries caused by stroke or trauma often cause immune dysfunction by abrogation of the immune-regulating neural pathways, which leads to an increased risk of inf

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Markelov, Vladimir, and Maxim Trushin. "Sympathetic nervous system and neurotransmitters: their possible role in neuroimmunomodulation of multiple sclerosis and some other autoimmune diseases." Open Medicine 1, no. 4 (2006): 313–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-006-0031-x.

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AbstractMultiple sclerosis is still a disease without a cure. Although intensive research efforts have led to the development of drugs that modify the activity of the disease, most of them have various side effects and are expensive. At the same time it is becoming apparent that some remedies usually used to treat somatic and psychic disorders also have immunomodulating properties, and may help manage multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases. We describe here the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the neuro-immune interaction in multiple sclerosis and other immune diseases with

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Zouali, Moncef. "B Cells at the Cross-Roads of Autoimmune Diseases and Auto-Inflammatory Syndromes." Cells 11, no. 24 (2022): 4025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11244025.

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Whereas autoimmune diseases are mediated primarily by T and B cells, auto-inflammatory syndromes (AIFS) involve natural killer cells, macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells, different granulocyte subsets and complement components. In contrast to autoimmune diseases, the immune response of patients with AIFS is not associated with a breakdown of immune tolerance to self-antigens. Focusing on B lymphocyte subsets, this article offers a fresh perspective on the multiple cross-talks between both branches of innate and adaptive immunity in mounting coordinated signals that lead to AIFS. By virtue

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Desforges, Marc, Alain Le Coupanec, Philippe Dubeau, et al. "Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System?" Viruses 12, no. 1 (2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12010014.

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Respiratory viruses infect the human upper respiratory tract, mostly causing mild diseases. However, in vulnerable populations, such as newborns, infants, the elderly and immune-compromised individuals, these opportunistic pathogens can also affect the lower respiratory tract, causing a more severe disease (e.g., pneumonia). Respiratory viruses can also exacerbate asthma and lead to various types of respiratory distress syndromes. Furthermore, as they can adapt fast and cross the species barrier, some of these pathogens, like influenza A and SARS-CoV, have occasionally caused epidemics or pand

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Korneva, E. A. "Pathways of neuro-immune communication: past and present time, clinical application." Medical Immunology (Russia) 22, no. 3 (2020): 405–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-pon-1974.

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Fundamental studies in neuroimmunophysiology are the keystone for development of new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of infectious, allergic, oncologic and autoimmune diseases. The achievements in this field allowed approving new treatment methods based on irritation of afferent and efferent fibers of autonomic nerves. That became possible due to numerous studies of pathways between the immune and nervous systems performed over last two decades. The milestones in the history of neuroimmune communication research are represented here. The immune system organs – bone marrow, thymus and s

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SINGH, K. Vijendra. "CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF IMMUNE IMBALANCE AND AUTOIMMUNITY IN NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS (NSDs)." November 1, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1515/JSER-2015-0014.

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Rickenbach, Chiara, and Christoph Gericke. "Specificity of Adaptive Immune Responses in Central Nervous System Health, Aging and Diseases." Frontiers in Neuroscience 15 (January 20, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.806260.

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The field of neuroimmunology endorses the involvement of the adaptive immune system in central nervous system (CNS) health, disease, and aging. While immune cell trafficking into the CNS is highly regulated, small numbers of antigen-experienced lymphocytes can still enter the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled compartments for regular immune surveillance under homeostatic conditions. Meningeal lymphatics facilitate drainage of brain-derived antigens from the CSF to deep cervical lymph nodes to prime potential adaptive immune responses. During aging and CNS disorders, brain barriers and meningeal

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Wu, Chuyu, Mei-Ling Jiang, Runqui Jiang, Tao Pang, and Cun-Jin Zhang. "The roles of fungus in CNS autoimmune and neurodegeneration disorders." Frontiers in Immunology 13 (January 26, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1077335.

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Fungal infection or proliferation in our body is capable of initiation of strong inflammation and immune responses that result in different consequences, including infection-trigged organ injury and inflammation-related remote organ dysfunction. Fungi associated infectious diseases have been well recognized in the clinic. However, whether fungi play an important role in non-infectious central nervous system disease is still to be elucidated. Recently, a growing amount of evidence point to a non-negligible role of peripheral fungus in triggering unique inflammation, immune response, and exacerb

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Tanaka, Yuki, Izuru Ohki, Kaoru Murakami, Satoshi Ozawa, Yaze Wang, and Masaaki Murakami. "The gateway reflex regulates tissue-specific autoimmune diseases." Inflammation and Regeneration 44, no. 1 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41232-024-00325-6.

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AbstractThe dynamic interaction and movement of substances and cells between the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral organs are meticulously controlled by a specialized vascular structure, the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Experimental and clinical research has shown that disruptions in the BBB are characteristic of various neuroinflammatory disorders, including multiple sclerosis. We have been elucidating a mechanism termed the “gateway reflex” that details the entry of immune cells, notably autoreactive T cells, into the CNS at the onset of such diseases. This process is initiated throu

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Alajangi, Hema Kumari, Mandeep Kaur, Akanksha Sharma, et al. "Blood–brain barrier: emerging trends on transport models and new-age strategies for therapeutics intervention against neurological disorders." Molecular Brain 15, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13041-022-00937-4.

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AbstractThe integrity of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is essential for normal central nervous system (CNS) functioning. Considering the significance of BBB in maintaining homeostasis and the neural environment, we aim to provide an overview of significant aspects of BBB. Worldwide, the treatment of neurological diseases caused by BBB disruption has been a major challenge. BBB also restricts entry of neuro-therapeutic drugs and hinders treatment modalities. Hence, currently nanotechnology-based approaches are being explored on large scale as alternatives to conventional methodologies. It is ne

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Zhang, Fenghe, Xue Gao, Jia Liu, and Chao Zhang. "Biomarkers in autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system." Frontiers in Immunology 14 (April 5, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1111719.

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The autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) represent individual heterogeneity with different disease entities. Although clinical and imaging features make it possible to characterize larger patient cohorts, they may not provide sufficient evidence to detect disease activity and response to disease modifying drugs. Biomarkers are becoming a powerful tool due to their objectivity and easy access. Biomarkers may indicate various aspects of biological processes in healthy and/or pathological states, or as a response to drug therapy. According to the clinical features described, bi

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Sechi, Elia, and Eoin P. Flanagan. "Antibody-Mediated Autoimmune Diseases of the CNS: Challenges and Approaches to Diagnosis and Management." Frontiers in Neurology 12 (July 7, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.673339.

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Antibody-mediated disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) are increasingly recognized as neurologic disorders that can be severe and even life-threatening but with the potential for reversibility with appropriate treatment. The expanding spectrum of newly identified autoantibodies targeting glial or neuronal (neural) antigens and associated clinical syndromes (ranging from autoimmune encephalitis to CNS demyelination) has increased diagnostic precision, and allowed critical reinterpretation of non-specific neurological syndromes historically associated with systemic disorders (e.g., Hash

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