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Journal articles on the topic 'Co-infection of parasites'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Seppälä, Otto, Anssi Karvonen, E. Tellervo Valtonen, and Jukka Jokela. "Interactions among co-infecting parasite species: a mechanism maintaining genetic variation in parasites?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1657 (2008): 691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1229.

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Individuals of free-living organisms are often infected simultaneously by a community of parasites. If the co-infecting parasites interact, then this can add significantly to the diversity of host genotype×parasite genotype interactions. However, interactions between parasite species are usually not examined considering potential variation in interactions between different strain combinations of co-infecting parasites. Here, we examined the importance of interactions between strains of fish eye flukes Diplostomum spathaceum and Diplostomum gasterostei on their infectivity in naive fish hosts.

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Griffiths, Emily C., Amy B. Pedersen, Andy Fenton, and Owen L. Petchey. "Analysis of a summary network of co-infection in humans reveals that parasites interact most via shared resources." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1782 (2014): 20132286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2286.

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Simultaneous infection by multiple parasite species (viruses, bacteria, helminths, protozoa or fungi) is commonplace. Most reports show co-infected humans to have worse health than those with single infections. However, we have little understanding of how co-infecting parasites interact within human hosts. We used data from over 300 published studies to construct a network that offers the first broad indications of how groups of co-infecting parasites tend to interact. The network had three levels comprising parasites, the resources they consume and the immune responses they elicit, connected

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Lass, Sandra, Peter J. Hudson, Juilee Thakar, et al. "Generating super-shedders: co-infection increases bacterial load and egg production of a gastrointestinal helminth." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 10, no. 80 (2013): 20120588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.0588.

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Co-infection by multiple parasites is common within individuals. Interactions between co-infecting parasites include resource competition, direct competition and immune-mediated interactions and each are likely to alter the dynamics of single parasites. We posit that co-infection is a driver of variation in parasite establishment and growth, ultimately altering the production of parasite transmission stages. To test this hypothesis, three different treatment groups of laboratory mice were infected with the gastrointestinal helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus , the respiratory bacterial pathogen

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SOARES, LETÍCIA, VINCENZO A. ELLIS, and ROBERT E. RICKLEFS. "Co-infections of haemosporidian and trypanosome parasites in a North American songbird." Parasitology 143, no. 14 (2016): 1930–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016001384.

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SUMMARYHosts frequently harbour multiple parasite infections, yet patterns of parasite co-occurrence are poorly documented in nature. In this study, we asked whether two common avian blood parasites, one haemosporidian and one trypanosome, affect each other's occurrence in individuals of a single host species. We used molecular genotyping to survey protozoan parasites in the peripheral blood of yellow-breasted chats (Aves: Passeriformes [Parulidae]:Icteria virens) from the Ozarks of Southern Missouri. We also determined whether single and co-infections differently influence white blood cell an

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Cooper, T. F., and J. A. Heinemann. "Selection for plasmid post–segregational killing depends on multiple infection: evidence for the selection of more virulent parasites through parasite–level competition." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272, no. 1561 (2005): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.2921.

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Is the virulence of parasites an outcome of optimized infection? Virulence has often been considered an inevitable consequence of parasite reproduction when the cost incurred by the parasite in reducing the fitness of its current host is offset by increased infection of new hosts. More recent models have focused on how competition occurring between parasites during co–infection might effect selection of virulence. For example, if co–infection was common, parasites with higher intrinsic growth rates might be selected, even at the expense of being optimally adapted to infect new hosts. If growth

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Pedersen, Amy B., and Janis Antonovics. "Anthelmintic treatment alters the parasite community in a wild mouse host." Biology Letters 9, no. 4 (2013): 20130205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0205.

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Individuals are often co-infected with several parasite species, yet the consequences of drug treatment on the dynamics of parasite communities in wild populations have rarely been measured. Here, we experimentally reduced nematode infection in a wild mouse population and measured the effects on other non-target parasites. A single oral dose of the anthelmintic, ivermectin, significantly reduced nematode infection, but resulted in a reciprocal increase in other gastrointestinal parasites, specifically coccidial protozoans and cestodes. These results highlight the possibility that drug therapy

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Sundberg, Lotta-Riina, and Anssi Karvonen. "Minor environmental concentrations of antibiotics can modify bacterial virulence in co-infection with a non-targeted parasite." Biology Letters 14, no. 12 (2018): 20180663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0663.

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Leakage of medical residues into the environment can significantly impact natural communities. For example, antibiotic contamination from agriculture and aquaculture can directly influence targeted pathogens, but also other non-targeted taxa of commensals and parasites that regularly co-occur and co-infect the same host. Consequently, antibiotics could significantly alter interspecific interactions and epidemiology of the co-infecting parasite community. We studied how minor environmental concentrations of antibiotic affects the co-infection of two parasites, the bacterium Flavobacterium colum

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Zhang, Runhui, Wanpeng Zheng, Arwid Daugschies, and Berit Bangoura. "Apicomplexan co-infections impair with phagocytic activity in avian macrophages." Parasitology Research 119, no. 12 (2020): 4159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-020-06900-3.

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AbstractMixed infections of Toxoplasma gondii and Eimeria tenella are likely to occur frequently due to the high prevalence of both pathogens in free-ranging chickens. In this study, we investigated the co-occurrence of the two parasites in the same immune-competent host cell towards altered patterns of parasite-host interactions. Chicken blood monocyte–derived macrophages were co-infected with T. gondii RH tachyzoites and E. tenella Houghton sporozoites in vitro for 24 h. Through monitoring the uptake of pH-sensitive pHrodo™ Zymosan BioParticles (“Zymosan”) by macrophages, we created a three-

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Agboli, E., S. C. K. Tay, C. Obirikorang, and E. Y. Aidoo. "Malaria and intestinal parasites in pregnant and non-pregnant women: a comparative study at the University Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana." Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences 4, no. 3 (2016): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jmbs.v4i3.5.

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In sub-Sahara African countries, both malaria and intestinal helminth infections are endemic and co-infection commonly occurs. It is estimated that over a third of the world’s population, mainly in the tropics and sub-tropics are infected with parasitic helminths and Plasmodium species thus often leading to co-infections. This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence of malaria and intestinal parasites in a sample of 760 study participants comprising 380 pregnant women and 380 non-pregnant women attending the University Hospital in Kumasi, Ghana. Blood and stool samples wer

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Nebel, Carina, Josef Harl, Adrien Pajot, Herbert Weissenböck, Arjun Amar, and Petra Sumasgutner. "High prevalence and genetic diversity of Haemoproteus columbae (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae) in feral pigeons Columba livia in Cape Town, South Africa." Parasitology Research 119, no. 2 (2019): 447–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06558-6.

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AbstractIn this study, we explore blood parasite prevalence, infection intensity, and co-infection levels in an urban population of feral pigeons Columba livia in Cape Town. We analyze the effect of blood parasites on host body condition and the association between melanin expression in the host’s plumage and parasite infection intensity and co-infection levels. Relating to the haemosporidian parasite itself, we study their genetic diversity by means of DNA barcoding (cytochrome b) and show the geographic and host distribution of related parasite lineages in pigeons worldwide. Blood from 195 C

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Karvonen, Anssi, Christian Rellstab, Katja-Riikka Louhi, and Jukka Jokela. "Synchronous attack is advantageous: mixed genotype infections lead to higher infection success in trematode parasites." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1726 (2011): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0879.

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Co-infecting parasite genotypes typically compete for host resources limiting their fitness. The intensity of such competition depends on whether parasites are reproducing in a host, or using it primarily as a transmission vehicle while not multiplying in host tissues (referred to as ‘competition hypothesis’). Alternatively, simultaneous attack and co-infection by several parasite genotypes might facilitate parasite infection because such a diverse attack could present an additional challenge to host immune defence (referred to as ‘facilitation hypothesis’). We tested the competition hypothesi

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Randall, J., J. Cable, I. A. Guschina, J. L. Harwood, and J. Lello. "Endemic infection reduces transmission potential of an epidemic parasite during co-infection." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1769 (2013): 20131500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1500.

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Endemic, low-virulence parasitic infections are common in nature. Such infections may deplete host resources, which in turn could affect the reproduction of other parasites during co-infection. We aimed to determine whether the reproduction, and therefore transmission potential, of an epidemic parasite was limited by energy costs imposed on the host by an endemic infection. Total lipids, triacylglycerols (TAG) and polar lipids were measured in cockroaches ( Blattella germanica ) that were fed ad libitum, starved or infected with an endemic parasite, Gregarina blattarum. Reproductive output of

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Billet, Logan S., Vanessa P. Wuerthner, Jessica Hua, Rick A. Relyea, and Jason T. Hoverman. "Timing and order of exposure to two echinostome species affect patterns of infection in larval amphibians." Parasitology 147, no. 13 (2020): 1515–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182020001092.

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AbstractThe study of priority effects with respect to coinfections is still in its infancy. Moreover, existing coinfection studies typically focus on infection outcomes associated with exposure to distinct sets of parasite species, despite that functionally and morphologically similar parasite species commonly coexist in nature. Therefore, it is important to understand how interactions between similar parasites influence infection outcomes. Surveys at seven ponds in northwest Pennsylvania found that multiple species of echinostomes commonly co-occur. Using a larval anuran host (Rana pipiens) a

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Ma, Ji Su, Miwa Sasai, Jun Ohshima, et al. "Selective and strain-specific NFAT4 activation by the Toxoplasma gondii polymorphic dense granule protein GRA6." Journal of Experimental Medicine 211, no. 10 (2014): 2013–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20131272.

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Toxoplasma gondii infection results in co-option and subversion of host cellular signaling pathways. This process involves discharge of T. gondii effector molecules from parasite secretory organelles such as rhoptries and dense granules. We report that the T. gondii polymorphic dense granule protein GRA6 regulates activation of the host transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells 4 (NFAT4). GRA6 overexpression robustly and selectively activated NFAT4 via calcium modulating ligand (CAMLG). Infection with wild-type (WT) but not GRA6-deficient parasites induced NFAT4 activation. More

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Alizon, Samuel. "Co-infection and super-infection models in evolutionary epidemiology." Interface Focus 3, no. 6 (2013): 20130031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2013.0031.

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Multiple infections are intensively studied because of their consequences for the health of the host but also because they can radically alter the selective pressures acting on parasites. I discuss how multiple infections have been modelled in evolutionary epidemiology. First, I briefly mention within-host models, which are at the root of these epidemiological models. Then, I present the super-infection framework, with an original focus on how the definition of the super-infection function can lead to evolutionary branching. There are several co-infection models and, for each of them, I briefl

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Louhi, Katja-Riikka, Lotta-Riina Sundberg, Jukka Jokela, and Anssi Karvonen. "Interactions among bacterial strains and fluke genotypes shape virulence of co-infection." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1821 (2015): 20152097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2097.

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Most studies of virulence of infection focus on pairwise host–parasite interactions. However, hosts are almost universally co-infected by several parasite strains and/or genotypes of the same or different species. While theory predicts that co-infection favours more virulent parasite genotypes through intensified competition for host resources, knowledge of the effects of genotype by genotype (G × G) interactions between unrelated parasite species on virulence of co-infection is limited. Here, we tested such a relationship by challenging rainbow trout with replicated bacterial strains and fluk

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WEIGL, S., H. KÖRNER, A. PETRUSEK, J. SEDA, and J. WOLINSKA. "Natural distribution and co-infection patterns of microsporidia parasites in theDaphnia longispinacomplex." Parasitology 139, no. 7 (2012): 870–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182012000303.

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SUMMARYMicrosporidia are intracellular parasites, frequently infecting the planktonic crustaceanDaphnia.Questioning the ability to detect and identify microsporidia with conventional microscopic techniques, we applied molecular methods in order to investigate the distribution and co-infection patterns of this parasite among 8 communities of theDaphnia longispinahybrid complex. Eight microsporidian taxa were detected, including 3 that previously had not been characterized genetically. Microsporidian communities from nearby lakes were found to be more similar to each other, apparently due to sho

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Rauque, C. A., and L. Semenas. "Interactions among four parasite species in an amphipod population from Patagonia." Journal of Helminthology 87, no. 1 (2012): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x12000107.

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AbstractParasites commonly share their hosts with specimens of the same or different parasite species, resulting in multiple parasites obtaining resources from the same host. This could potentially lead to conflicts between co-infecting parasites, especially at high infection intensities. In Pool Los Juncos (Patagonia, Argentina), the amphipodHyalella patagonicais an intermediate host to three parasites that mature in birds (the acanthocephalanPseudocorynosomasp. and larval stages of two Cyclophyllidea cestodes), in addition to a microsporidian (Thelohaniasp.), whose life cycle is unknown, but

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Joachim, Peyton J. "Evolution of Resistance in Potamopyrgus antipodarum." IU Journal of Undergraduate Research 1, no. 1 (2015): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/iujur.v1i1.13714.

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Host-parasite interactions are believed to exert strong selection in natural communities. Most notably, parasites should select for increased resistance in hosts, while hosts should select for increased infectivity in parasites (Koskella & Lively, 2007; Koskella, Vergara, & Lively, 2011; Lohse, Guiterrez, & Kaltz, 2006). Under this coevolutionary process, can host populations evolve resistance to their rapidly evolving parasite populations? This experiment was designed to determine if hosts rapidly adapt to resist parasites that are themselves under selection to infect their hosts.

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IMHOOF, B., and P. SCHMID-HEMPEL. "Single-clone and mixed-clone infections versus host environment in Crithidia bombi infecting bumblebees." Parasitology 117, no. 4 (1998): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182098003138.

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Current theories assume that adaptive parasite evolution explains variation in the level of virulence and parasite success. In particular, mixed-genotype infections by parasites should generally be more virulent, and faster multiplying strains more successful, either because fixed strategies have evolved or because parasites facultatively alter virulence in response to co-infecting competitors. We compared several measures of parasite success and virulence between single-clone and mixed-clone infections of 2 strains of the trypanosome Crithidia bombi in its bumblebee host, Bombus terrestris. C

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Natsopoulou, Myrsini E., Dino P. McMahon, Vincent Doublet, John Bryden, and Robert J. Paxton. "Interspecific competition in honeybee intracellular gut parasites is asymmetric and favours the spread of an emerging infectious disease." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1798 (2015): 20141896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1896.

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There is increasing appreciation that hosts in natural populations are subject to infection by multiple parasite species. Yet the epidemiological and ecological processes determining the outcome of mixed infections are poorly understood. Here, we use two intracellular gut parasites (Microsporidia), one exotic and one co-evolved in the western honeybee ( Apis mellifera ), in an experiment in which either one or both parasites were administered either simultaneously or sequentially. We provide clear evidence of within-host competition; order of infection was an important determinant of the compe

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Alizon, Samuel, and Sébastien Lion. "Within-host parasite cooperation and the evolution of virulence." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1725 (2011): 3738–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0471.

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Infections by multiple genotypes are common in nature and are known to select for higher levels of virulence for some parasites. When parasites produce public goods (PGs) within the host, such co-infections have been predicted to select for lower levels of virulence. However, this prediction is based on simplifying assumptions regarding epidemiological feedbacks on the multiplicity of infections (MOI). Here, we analyse the case of parasites producing a PG (for example, siderophore-producing bacteria) using a nested model that ties together within-host and epidemiological processes. We find tha

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Echelibe, Hilda, Masumbe Netongo Palmer, Nji Akindeh, and Wilfred Mbacham. "PO 8271 PFHRP2 GENE DELETIONS IN PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM AND SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI CO-INFECTIONS: AN EMERGING CHALLENGE FOR MALARIA RAPID DIAGNOSTIC TESTS." BMJ Global Health 4, Suppl 3 (2019): A25.2—A25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-edc.64.

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BackgroundMalaria and schistosomiasis are infections that have a great impact in sub-Saharan Africa based on their high morbidity and mortality rates. We suggest the possibility that the microenvironment created from interactions between the parasites involved generates a pressure on the malaria parasite which could in turn favour the parasite’s adaptation or escape through Pfhrp2 gene deletions. Thus, this study aimed at determining the association between the co-infection with both parasites and false-negative PfHRP2-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests which occur because of these deletions

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Lello, Joanne, Susan J. McClure, Kerri Tyrrell, and Mark E. Viney. "Predicting the effects of parasite co-infection across species boundaries." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1874 (2018): 20172610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2610.

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It is normal for hosts to be co-infected by parasites. Interactions among co-infecting species can have profound consequences, including changing parasite transmission dynamics, altering disease severity and confounding attempts at parasite control. Despite the importance of co-infection, there is currently no way to predict how different parasite species may interact with one another, nor the consequences of those interactions. Here, we demonstrate a method that enables such prediction by identifying two nematode parasite groups based on taxonomy and characteristics of the parasitological nic

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LLOYD-SMITH, JAMES O., MARY POSS, and BRYAN T. GRENFELL. "HIV-1/parasite co-infection and the emergence of new parasite strains." Parasitology 135, no. 7 (2008): 795–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182008000292.

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SUMMARYHIV-1 and parasitic infections co-circulate in many populations, and in a few well-studied examples HIV-1 co-infection is known to amplify parasite transmission. There are indications that HIV-1 interacts significantly with many other parasitic infections within individual hosts, but the population-level impacts of co-infection are not well-characterized. Here we consider how alteration of host immune status due to HIV-1 infection may influence the emergence of novel parasite strains. We review clinical and epidemiological evidence from five parasitic diseases (malaria, leishmaniasis, s

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HILL, S. L. L., and B. OKAMURA. "Endoparasitism in colonial hosts: patterns and processes." Parasitology 134, no. 6 (2007): 841–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182007002259.

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SUMMARYThis study begins to redress our lack of knowledge of the interactions between colonial hosts and their parasites by focusing on a novel host-parasite system. Investigations of freshwater bryozoan populations revealed that infection by myxozoan parasites is widespread. Covert infections were detected in all 5 populations studied and were often at high prevalence while overt infections were observed in only 1. Infections were persistent in populations subject to temporal sampling. Negative effects of infection were identified but virulence was low. Infection did not induce mortality in t

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Sangare, Moussa, Yaya Ibrahim Coulibaly, Naureen Huda, et al. "Individuals co-exposed to sand fly saliva and filarial parasites exhibit altered monocyte function." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 6 (2021): e0009448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009448.

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Background In Mali, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and filariasis are co-endemic. Previous studies in animal models of infection have shown that sand fly saliva enhance infectivity of Leishmania parasites in naïve hosts while saliva-specific adaptive immune responses may protect against cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. In contrast, the human immune response to Phlebotomus duboscqi (Pd) saliva, the principal sand fly vector in Mali, was found to be dichotomously polarized with some individuals having a Th1-dominated response and others having a Th2-biased response. We hypothesized that co-in

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Blackwell, Aaron D., Melanie Martin, Hillard Kaplan, and Michael Gurven. "Antagonism between two intestinal parasites in humans: the importance of co-infection for infection risk and recovery dynamics." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1769 (2013): 20131671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1671.

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Co-infection may affect transmission and recovery from infection, but remains an understudied element of disease ecology, particularly with regard to antagonism between parasites sharing a host. Helminth and giardia infections are often endemic in the same populations and both occupy the small intestine; yet few studies have examined interactions between these parasites. We report on helminth–giardia co-infections in a panel study of forager–horticulturalists in the Bolivian lowlands. Parasites were identified in faecal samples from 3275 participants, collected during 5235 medical exams over 6

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Moreau, Emmanuelle, and Alain Chauvin. "Immunity against Helminths: Interactions with the Host and the Intercurrent Infections." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010 (2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/428593.

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Helminth parasites are of considerable medical and economic importance. Studies of the immune response against helminths are of great interest in understanding interactions between the host immune system and parasites. Effector immune mechanisms against tissue-dwelling helminths and helminths localized in the lumen of organs, and their regulation, are reviewed. Helminth infections are characterized by an association of Th2-like and Treg responses. Worms are able to persist in the host and are mainly responsible for chronic infection despite a strong immune response developed by the parasitized

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Halliday, Fletcher W., James Umbanhowar, and Charles E. Mitchell. "A host immune hormone modifies parasite species interactions and epidemics: insights from a field manipulation." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1890 (2018): 20182075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2075.

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Parasite epidemics can depend on priority effects, and parasite priority effects can result from the host immune response to prior infection. Yet we lack experimental evidence that such immune-mediated priority effects influence epidemics. To address this research gap, we manipulated key host immune hormones, then measured the consequences for within-host parasite interactions, and ultimately parasite epidemics in the field. Specifically, we applied plant immune-signalling hormones to sentinel plants, embedded into a wild host population, and tracked foliar infections caused by two common fung

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Santos, P. C., P. L. Telmo, L. M. Lehmann, et al. "Risk and other factors associated with toxoplasmosis and toxocariasis in pregnant women from southern Brazil." Journal of Helminthology 91, no. 5 (2016): 534–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x16000481.

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AbstractToxoplasmosis causes complications during pregnancy that have serious effects on fetal development. Thus far, toxocariasis has been reported to spread only via vertical transmission. Nonetheless, the population of pregnant women is also exposed to this infection. Co-infection with both Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara spp. has been reported in children, but there are no reports of co-infection in the population of pregnant women. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of co-infection with T. gondii and Toxocara spp. in pregnant women at a university hospital in southern Br

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GAGNE, RODERICK B., DAVID C. HEINS, PETER B. MCINTYRE, JAMES F. GILLIAM, and MICHAEL J. BLUM. "Mutual dilution of infection by an introduced parasite in native and invasive stream fishes across Hawaii." Parasitology 143, no. 12 (2016): 1605–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016001001.

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SUMMARYThe presence of introduced hosts can increase or decrease infections of co-introduced parasites in native species of conservation concern. In this study, we compared parasite abundance, intensity, and prevalence between nativeAwaous stamineusand introduced poeciliid fishes by a co-introduced nematode parasite (Camallanus cotti) in 42 watersheds across the Hawaiian Islands. We found that parasite abundance, intensity and prevalence were greater in native than introduced hosts. Parasite abundance, intensity and prevalence withinA. stamineusvaried between years, which largely reflected a t

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Palmer-Young, Evan C., Thomas R. Raffel, and Quinn S. McFrederick. "Temperature-mediated inhibition of a bumblebee parasite by an intestinal symbiont." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1890 (2018): 20182041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2041.

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Competition between organisms is often mediated by environmental factors, including temperature. In animal intestines, nonpathogenic symbionts compete physically and chemically against pathogens, with consequences for host infection. We used metabolic theory-based models to characterize differential responses to temperature of a bacterial symbiont and a co-occurring trypanosomatid parasite of bumblebees, which regulate body temperature during flight and incubation. We hypothesized that inhibition of parasites by bacterial symbionts would increase with temperature, due to symbionts having highe

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Schoenle, Laura A., Ignacio T. Moore, Alana M. Dudek, et al. "Exogenous glucocorticoids amplify the costs of infection by reducing resistance and tolerance, but effects are mitigated by co-infection." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1900 (2019): 20182913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2913.

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Individual variation in parasite defences, such as resistance and tolerance, can underlie heterogeneity in fitness and could influence disease transmission dynamics. Glucocorticoid hormone concentrations often change in response to fluctuating environmental conditions and mediate changes in immune function, resource allocation and tissue repair. Thus, changes in glucocorticoid hormone concentrations might mediate individual variation in investment in resistance versus tolerance. In this study, we experimentally increased glucocorticoid concentrations in red-winged blackbirds ( Agelaius phoenic

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Boussellaa, Wiem, Lassad Neifar, M. Anouk Goedknegt, and David W. Thieltges. "Lessepsian migration and parasitism: richness, prevalence and intensity of parasites in the invasive fish Sphyraena chrysotaenia compared to its native congener Sphyraena sphyraena in Tunisian coastal waters." PeerJ 6 (September 14, 2018): e5558. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5558.

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Background Parasites can play various roles in the invasion of non-native species, but these are still understudied in marine ecosystems. This also applies to invasions from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea via the Suez Canal, the so-called Lessepsian migration. In this study, we investigated the role of parasites in the invasion of the Lessepsian migrant Sphyraena chrysotaenia in the Tunisian Mediterranean Sea. Methods We compared metazoan parasite richness, prevalence and intensity of S. chrysotaenia (Perciformes: Sphyraenidae) with infections in its native congener Sphyraena sphyraena b

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IMAI, NATSUKO, NADINE RUJENI, NORMAN NAUSCH, et al. "Exposure, infection, systemic cytokine levels and antibody responses in young children concurrently exposed to schistosomiasis and malaria." Parasitology 138, no. 12 (2011): 1519–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011001181.

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SUMMARYDespite the overlapping distribution ofSchistosoma haematobiumandPlasmodium falciparuminfections, few studies have investigated early immune responses to both parasites in young children resident in areas co-endemic for the parasites. This study measures infection levels of both parasites and relates them to exposure and immune responses in young children. Levels of IgM, IgE, IgG4 directed against schistosome cercariae, egg and adult worm and IgM, IgG directed againstP. falciparumschizonts and the merozoite surface proteins 1 and 2 together with the cytokines IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 an

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Ndiabamoh, Crespo’o Mbe-cho, Gabriel Loni Ekali, Livo Esemu, et al. "The immunoglobulin G antibody response to malaria merozoite antigens in asymptomatic children co-infected with malaria and intestinal parasites." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (2020): e0242012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242012.

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Background Co-infection with malaria and intestinal parasites is common in children in Africa and may affect their immune response to a malaria parasite infection. Prior studies suggest that co-infections may lead to increased susceptibility to malaria infection and disease severity; however, other studies have shown the reverse. Knowledge on how co-morbidities specifically affect the immune response to malaria antigens is limited. Therefore, this study sought to determine the prevalence of co-infection of malaria and intestinal parasites and its association with antibody levels to malaria mer

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Oyebamiji, D. A., F. O. D. Sodeeq, P. E. Datti, and A. A. Hassan. "Co-infection of Fasciola and Dicrocoelium in gall-bladder of cows butchered in Ibadan abattoir, Oyo State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Parasitology 42, no. 1 (2021): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v42i1.10.

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Fascioliasis and Dicrocoeliasis are significant helminthic diseases of ruminants, especially livestock. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, intensity and co-infection rate of Fasciola and Dicrocoelium species inside livestock butchered in Ibadan abattoir, Oyo State, Nigeria. 2100 gall-bladders were collected from the and inward substances macroscopically examined for adults and egg parasite prevalence. Adult parasites examined macroscopically while the bile sedimentation technique was used in determining the presence of parasite ova and the eggs were examined under the micro

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Dadam, Daria, Robert A. Robinson, Anabel Clements, et al. "Avian malaria-mediated population decline of a widespread iconic bird species." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 7 (2019): 182197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.182197.

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Parasites have the capacity to affect animal populations by modifying host survival, and it is increasingly recognized that infectious disease can negatively impact biodiversity. Populations of the house sparrow ( Passer domesticus ) have declined in many European towns and cities, but the causes of these declines remain unclear. We investigated associations between parasite infection and house sparrow demography across suburban London where sparrow abundance has declined by 71% since 1995. Plasmodium relictum infection was found at higher prevalences (averaging 74%) in suburban London house s

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MAYO-HERNÁNDEZ, ELVIRA, EMMANUEL SERRANO, JOSE PEÑALVER, ALFONSA GARCÍA-AYALA, ROCÍO RUIZ DE YBÁÑEZ, and PILAR MUÑOZ. "The European eel may tolerate multiple infections at a low biological cost." Parasitology 142, no. 7 (2015): 968–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182015000098.

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SUMMARYMost animals are concurrently infected with multiple parasites, and interactions among them may influence both disease dynamics and host fitness. However, the sublethal costs of parasite infections are difficult to measure and the effects of concomitant infections with multiple parasite species on individual physiology and fitness are poorly described for wild hosts. To understand the costs of co-infection, we investigated the relationships among 189 European eel (Anguilla anguilla) from Mar Menor, parasites (richness and intensity) and eel's ‘health status’ (fluctuant asymmetry, spleni

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Friesen, Olwyn C., Robert Poulin, and Clément Lagrue. "Parasite-mediated microhabitat segregation between congeneric hosts." Biology Letters 14, no. 2 (2018): 20170671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0671.

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Parasite-mediated competition can shape community structure and host distribution. If two species compete for resources, parasites may indirectly change the outcome of competition. We tested the role of a trematode parasite in mediating microhabitat use by congeneric isopods Austridotea annectens and Austridotea lacustris . Although both isopods share resources, they rarely co-occur in the same discrete microhabitats. We set up mesocosms with and without competition and/or parasites to examine the role of parasites in host distribution and habitat segregation. Austridotea annectens showed a cl

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Foote, Simon J., Brendan J. McMorran, Karen E. Drysdale, Carolyn de Graaf, Gordon K. Smyth, and Warren S. Alexander. "Platelets Play a Protective Role in Erythrocytic Stage Malaria Infection." Blood 114, no. 22 (2009): MRG—1—MRG—1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.mrg-1.mrg-1.

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Abstract Abstract MRG-1 Mpl-/- mice lack the thrombopoietin receptor (Mpl) and have 10% the platelet mass of normal, isogenic C57BL/6 animals. When infected with the murine malarial parasite, P. chabaudi, C57BL/6 mice survive the infection whereas Mpl-/- mice die. There is a previously, well-documented thrombocytopenia associated with infection by malarial parasites and, in mice, this is co-incidental with a rise in parasitaemia, not the onset of symptoms. We show that murine infected red cells are preferentially bound to platelets. Using the TUNEL staining technique to identify dead or dying

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Davidar, Priya, and Eugene S. Morton. "Are Multiple Infections More Severe for Purple Martins (Progne Subis) Than Single Infections?" Auk 123, no. 1 (2006): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.1.141.

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Abstract Between 1986 and 1993, we studied a breeding colony of Purple Martins (Progne subis) in Maryland that were chronically infected with two blood parasites: Haemoproteus prognei, a haematozoan, and an unidentified filarial nematode. We assessed whether cross-infections are more severe than single infections by comparing the return rates of birds infected with either or both parasites and the return rates of uninfected controls. Birds were captured every year and banded, and blood smears were taken for parasite screening. Average prevalence of filaria among the 400 birds screened during t

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Grencis, R. K. "T Cell and cytokine basis of host variability in response to intestinal nematode infections." Parasitology 112, S1 (1996): S31—S37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000076642.

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SUMMARYInfection by a variety of species of intestinal nematode infection gives rise to a wide variation in parasite load within a host population. There has been much investigation into the basis of this variation and is thought to involve several factors. Studies of infections of gut dwelling nematodes in laboratory rodents has clearly demonstrated that this variation may be due to the production of cytokines produced as part of the host immune response to infection. More specifically, activation of distinct T helper cell subsets leads to the generation of effective or ineffective responses

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RAI, RAJEEV, PAUL DYER, SIMON RICHARDSON, LAURENCE HARBIGE, and GIULIA GETTI. "Apoptotic induction induces Leishmania aethiopica and L. mexicana spreading in terminally differentiated THP-1 cells." Parasitology 144, no. 14 (2017): 1912–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182017001366.

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SummaryLeishmaniasis develops after parasites establish themselves as amastigotes inside mammalian cells and start replicating. As relatively few parasites survive the innate immune defence, intracellular amastigotes spreading towards uninfected cells is instrumental to disease progression. Nevertheless the mechanism of Leishmania dissemination remains unclear, mostly due to the lack of a reliable model of infection spreading. Here, an in vitro model representing the dissemination of Leishmania amastigotes between human macrophages has been developed. Differentiated THP-1 macrophages were infe

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Hossain, M. Najmul, Anita Rani Dey, Nurjahan Begum, and Thahsin Farjan. "Parasitic infection in captive wild mammals and birds in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Safari Park, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 3 (2021): 17889–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5682.13.3.17889-17894.

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We investigated the infection rate of gastrointestinal (GI) parasite eggs and premature stages from different wild animals and birds in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Safari Park, Dulahazra, Cox’s Bazar. A total of 56 fecal samples were collected from 24 species during July to November 2012 using modified Stoll’s ova dilution technique. Coprology analysis revealed that the overall rate of parasitic infection was 78.6%, of which 51.8% were helminths and 35.7% protozoa. The identified parasites were Paramphistomum spp. (7.1%), Fasciola spp. (5.4%), strongyles (26.8%), Ascaris spp. (3.6%), Strongyloide

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Webley, L. S., I. Beveridge, and G. Coulson. "Endoparasites of an insular subspecies of the western grey kangaroo, Macropus fuliginosus." Australian Journal of Zoology 52, no. 6 (2004): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo04011.

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This study examined parasites occurring in the insular subspecies of the western grey kangaroo, Macropus fuliginosus fuliginosus, from Kangaroo Island. A total of 25 kangaroos from three sites were examined for gastrointestinal parasites. Fifteen parasite species were identified: eight in the stomach, five in the small intestine and two in the large intestine. Parasite prevalence showed a bimodal distribution: 'satellite' species were predominantly cestodes, whereas 'core' species were nematodes. There was no evidence of co-speciation in the 12 parasite species occurring in both island and mai

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Wang, Xiaoqi, Zhichao Zhang, Weiwen Yin, Qingxun Zhang, Rujing Wang, and Ziyuan Duan. "Interactions between Cryptosporidium, Enterocytozoon, Giardia and Intestinal Microbiota in Bactrian Camels on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (2021): 3595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083595.

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Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Giardia duodenalis are zoonotic pathogens commonly found in the intestinal tract of mammalian hosts including livestock and humans. The prevalence of these eukaryote microorganisms in domestic animals and their interaction with intestinal microbiota are not yet fully recognized. We analyzed the intestinal microbiota composition with metagenomics and functional characterization with Cluster of Orthologous (COG) in Bactrian camels, which were raised on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Northwest China. Thus, fecal samples were collected from the animals to

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Marcenac, Perrine, W. Robert Shaw, Evdoxia G. Kakani, et al. "A mating-induced reproductive gene promotes Anopheles tolerance to Plasmodium falciparum infection." PLOS Pathogens 16, no. 12 (2020): e1008908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008908.

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Anopheles mosquitoes have transmitted Plasmodium parasites for millions of years, yet it remains unclear whether they suffer fitness costs to infection. Here we report that the fecundity of virgin and mated females of two important vectors—Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles stephensi—is not affected by infection with Plasmodium falciparum, demonstrating that these human malaria parasites do not inflict this reproductive cost on their natural mosquito hosts. Additionally, parasite development is not impacted by mating status. However, in field studies using different P. falciparum isolates in Anop

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Mekachie Sandie, Sorelle, Irene Ule Ngole Sumbele, Martin Mih Tasah, and Helen Kuokuo Kimbi. "Malaria and intestinal parasite co-infection and its association with anaemia among people living with HIV in Buea, Southwest Cameroon: A community-based retrospective cohort study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (2021): e0245743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245743.

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BackgroundBoth malaria and intestinal parasites are endemic in Cameroon, and their co-infection can be of great impact on anaemia among people living with HIV (PLWH). This community-based retrospective cohort study determined the prevalence and association of infections with anaemia in PLWH and HIV-negative individuals in Buea, Cameroon from March to August 2019.MethodsThe study population comprised of 190 PLWH and 216 consenting HIV-negative individuals from the Buea community. Participants were examined clinically, the collected blood sample was used for malaria parasite (MP) detection, HIV

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