Academic literature on the topic 'CO2 increase zero'
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Journal articles on the topic "CO2 increase zero"
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Wellner-Kienitz, M. C., H. Shams, and P. Scheid. "Contribution of Ca2+-Activated K+ Channels to Central Chemosensitivity in Cultivated Neurons of Fetal Rat Medulla." Journal of Neurophysiology 79, no. 6 (1998): 2885–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.79.6.2885.
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Wellner-Kienitz, M.-C., H. Shams, and P. Scheid. Contribution of Ca2+-activated K+ channels to central chemosensitivity in cultivated neurons of fetal rat medulla. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 2885–2894, 1998. Neurons in fetal rat medullary slices that exhibited spontaneous electrical activity after blockade of synaptic transmission were investigated for their response to decreases in extracellular pH. Increases in [H+] (induced either by fixed acid or increases in PCO2) induced a significant increase in the frequency of action potentials, associated with a membrane depolarization, and/or increases in the slope of the interspike depolarization. In addition, CO2/H+ prolonged the repolarizing phase of action potentials and reduced the afterhyperpolarization, suggesting that K+ channels were the primary site of CO2/H+ action. The type of K+ channel that was modulated by CO2/H+ was identified by application of agents that inhibited Ca2+-activated K+ channels either directly (tetraethylammonium chloride, TEA) or indirectly (Cd2+ ions) by inhibiting Ca2+ influx. CO2/H+ effects on neuronal activity were abolished after application of these blockers. The contribution of Ca2+-activated K+ channels to H+ sensitivity of these neurons was confirmed further in voltage-clamp experiments in which outward rectifying I-V curves were recorded that revealed a zero current potential of −70 mV. CO2/H+ induced a prominent reduction in outward currents and shifted the zero current potential to more positive membrane potentials (mean −63 mV). The CO2/H+-sensitive current reversed at −72 mV and was blocked by external application of TEA. It is concluded that CO2/H+ exerts its stimulatory effects on fetal medullary neurons by inhibition of Ca2+-activated K+ channels, either directly or indirectly, by blocking voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, which in turn results in a reduction of K+ efflux and in cell depolarization.
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Okamoto, Shota, Makoto Yasuda, Kotoku Kawaguchi, et al. "Ciliary Motility Decreased by a CO2/HCO3−-Free Solution in Ciliated Human Nasal Epithelial Cells Having a pH Elevated by Carbonic Anhydrase IV." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 16 (2024): 9069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25169069.
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An application of CO2/HCO3−-free solution (Zero-CO2) did not increase intracellular pH (pHi) in ciliated human nasal epithelial cells (c-hNECs), leading to no increase in frequency (CBF) or amplitude (CBA) of the ciliary beating. This study demonstrated that the pHi of c-hNECs expressing carbonic anhydrase IV (CAIV) is high (7.64), while the pHi of ciliated human bronchial epithelial cells (c-hBECs) expressing no CAIV is low (7.10). An extremely high pHi of c-hNECs caused pHi, CBF and CBA to decrease upon Zero-CO2 application, while a low pHi of c-hBECs caused them to increase. An extremely high pHi was generated by a high rate of HCO3− influx via interactions between CAIV and Na+/HCO3− cotransport (NBC) in c-hNECs. An NBC inhibitor (S0859) decreased pHi, CBF and CBA and increased CBF and CBA in c-hNECs upon Zero-CO2 application. In conclusion, the interactions of CAIV and NBC maximize HCO3− influx to increase pHi in c-hNECs. This novel mechanism causes pHi to decrease, leading to no increase in CBF and CBA in c-hNECs upon Zero-CO2 application, and appears to play a crucial role in maintaining pHi, CBF and CBA in c-hNECs periodically exposed to air (0.04% CO2) with respiration.
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Lau, Hon Chung, and Steve C. Tsai. "Global Decarbonization: Current Status and What It Will Take to Achieve Net Zero by 2050." Energies 16, no. 23 (2023): 7800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16237800.
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A review of global CO2 emissions over the last century shows that emissions from 80 economies contributed to 95% of global emissions. Among them, 55 economies were decarbonizers, where CO2 emissions had either plateaued or were declining, while 25 economies were polluters, where CO2 emissions were still increasing. In 2021, the global CO2 emissions were 37.1 Gtpa, with 56% coming from polluters and 39% from decarbonizers. If current trends continue, global CO2 emissions will reach 49.6 Gtpa by 2050, with 81% coming from polluters and 14% from decarbonizers. Only 14 economies will reach net zero. The decarbonization target, over and above current efforts, to achieve net zero is calculated for each economy. Decarbonizers need to mitigate 230 Mtpa CO2 and polluters 1365 Mtpa CO2 beginning in 2021 to reach the net-zero target by 2050. This target will increase each year decarbonization is delayed. Analyses show that renewable energies’ share in the total final energy consumption in most economies increased by an average of only 4 percentage points in the last decade, which is inadequate for achieving net zero by 2050. Other means of decarbonization, including low-carbon fossil solutions through carbon capture and storage, will be needed. Pathways to accelerate decarbonization are proposed and their policy implications are discussed.
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Domrongpokkaphan, Vichai, Chantaraporn Phalakornkule, and Maneerat Khemkhao. "Bioconversion of carbon dioxide and zero valent iron to methane by anaerobic sludge: Kinetics and archaeal consortium." E3S Web of Conferences 530 (2024): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202453003004.
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Using carbon dioxide (CO2) as a carbon source for renewable energy production has potential applications for CO2 sequestration and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction. In biological conversion, CO2 can be transformed into methane (CH4) by hydrogenotrophic methanogens with hydrogen (H2) as an energy source. In this study, zero-valent iron (ZVI) of 16, 32, 64, and 96 g/L was used as the H2 energy source for a bioconversion of CO2 to CH4. When the ZVI dosage was increased, a decrease in CO2 in the headspace occurred simultaneously with the increase in CH4. The presence of CH4 in both CO2/H2 and CO2/ZVI indicates that hydrogenotrophic methanogens can utilize both ZVI and H2 as electron donors and convert CO2 to CH4. The highest methane yield of 1.728 mmol CH4/mmol CO2 was observed for the CO2/ZVI 96 g/L. The modified Gompertz equation fitted the cumulative CH4 production curves of CO2/H2 and CO2/ZVI very well, where R2 was 0.9915 and 0.9903-0.9968, respectively. 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing results revealed that ZVI addition facilitated the increase of the family Methanobacteriaceae, which became the most abundant among other archaea. It points out that this family favors ZVI and utilizes electrons more effectively from ZVI than H2.
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Marufu, Michell, Maxwell Goldman, Aditya Prajapati, et al. "Impact of Pulsed Currents on Zero-Gap Cu-Reduction of CO2 to Ethylene." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 37 (2024): 2168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01372168mtgabs.
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The electrochemical reduction of CO2 provides a sustainable route to produce key building blocks in the petrochemical and manufacturing industries, thereby reducing carbon emissions and dependence on non-renewable sources. Zero gap electrolyzers are more energy efficient compared to traditional electrolyzers due to significant reduction in ohmic losses. However, the challenge of salting out limits the lifetimes of high performance zero gap electrolyzers to a few hours, hindering their adoption into industry. Pulsed currents have been shown to increase the electrochemical stability of copper-based electrodes during the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). High operating current provides favorable CO2RR product efficiencies, but also increases the salt crossover from the anolyte to the cathode where the salt precipitation may lead to blocking the CO2 flow fields causing the electrolyzer to fail. We demonstrate an operating protocol that incorporates a short period of lower current which reduces CO2 consumption and allows for dissolution of carbonate salt on the cathode surface by reducing cation crossover. This is followed by a higher current to maximize CO2RR products. Intermittent pulsing reverses some of the carbonate salt production at the cathode, which allows the electrolyzer cell to restore itself, thereby increasing lifetime. The method is demonstrated in a 5cm2 zero-gap cell, with KOH, CsOH and CsHCO3 to establish the extent of this method’s utility with different cations and the effect of solubility limits on this salting behavior. By employing this pulsing protocol, we observe significantly increased cell lifetimes at a high current density of 200mA/cm2. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. LLNL-ABS-847304
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Demin, Evgeniy, Stanislav Miller, and Kirill Likhanov. "Influence of tillage methods on carbon dioxide emissions in spring wheat crops." BIO Web of Conferences 82 (2024): 06006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20248206006.
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The agriculture intensification is associated with an increase in anthropogenic load on arable soils. Tillage leads to disruption of the natural process of soil formation in connection with which the soil biota activity changes and the carbon cycle is disrupted. The purpose of the study is to establish the effects of the tillage method on the carbon dioxide emission in spring wheat crops. The emission of carbon dioxide during the growing season of spring wheat varies significantly depending on the soil processing method and temperature. At the beginning of spring wheat development, the daily emission of carbon dioxide during the dump and subsurface tillage method does not exceed 36.0 and 36.2 CO2 kg/ha using zero technology provides a reduction in production CO2 production to 27.8 kg/ha*day. With an increase in soil temperature by July 24, the daily emission increases on a dump and subsurface background to 105.5 and 106.0 CO2 kg/ha*day, on a zero background to 95.4 CO2 kg/ha*day. In the future, it decreases. The total carbon losses during the dump and subsurface tillage methods are 2829 and 2793 kg/ha, the use of zero tillage technology reduces carbon losses in grain agrocenosis by 18%.
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Shchinnikov, Pavel, Olesya Borush, Alina Frantseva, and Ivan Sadkin. "Efficiency of zero emission cycles on the basis of their configuration." E3S Web of Conferences 289 (2021): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128902001.
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In this work, a study of the efficiency of carbon dioxide energy cycles of different architecture is carried out. The relevance of these technical solutions in modern conditions is shown. Basic options of zero emission thermodynamic cycles using CO2 as an cycle fluid are presented. It is shown that the efficiency of the analyzed CO2-cycles with an initial temperature of 1000 °C will be 54-58%, depending on their configuration. It is presented that the efficiency can be increased up to 65% with an initial temperature increase up to 1500 °C.
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MacDougall, Andrew H., Michael Eby, and Andrew J. Weaver. "If Anthropogenic CO2 Emissions Cease, Will Atmospheric CO2 Concentration Continue to Increase?" Journal of Climate 26, no. 23 (2013): 9563–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00751.1.
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If anthropogenic CO2 emissions were to suddenly cease, the evolution of the atmospheric CO2 concentration would depend on the magnitude and sign of natural carbon sources and sinks. Experiments using Earth system models indicate that the overall carbon sinks dominate, such that upon the cessation of anthropogenic emissions, atmospheric CO2 levels decrease over time. However, these models have typically neglected the permafrost carbon pool, which has the potential to introduce an additional terrestrial source of carbon to the atmosphere. Here, the authors use the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model (UVic ESCM), which has recently been expanded to include permafrost carbon stocks and exchanges with the atmosphere. In a scenario of zeroed CO2 and sulfate aerosol emissions, whether the warming induced by specified constant concentrations of non-CO2 greenhouse gases could slow the CO2 decline following zero emissions or even reverse this trend and cause CO2 to increase over time is assessed. It is found that a radiative forcing from non-CO2 gases of approximately 0.6 W m−2 results in a near balance of CO2 emissions from the terrestrial biosphere and uptake of CO2 by the oceans, resulting in near-constant atmospheric CO2 concentrations for at least a century after emissions are eliminated. At higher values of non-CO2 radiative forcing, CO2 concentrations increase over time, regardless of when emissions cease during the twenty-first century. Given that the present-day radiative forcing from non-CO2 greenhouse gases is about 0.95 W m−2, the results suggest that if all CO2 and aerosols emissions were eliminated without also decreasing non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions CO2 levels would increase over time, resulting in a small increase in climate warming associated with this positive permafrost–carbon feedback.
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Kim, Hyunchul, Hyung-Suk Oh, Young-Jin Ko, and Ung Lee. "The Impact of CO2 Dynamics within the Gas Diffusion Electrode on Electrochemical CO2 Reduction in Zero-Gap MEA Operation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 62 (2024): 4171. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02624171mtgabs.
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Since the Industrial Revolution, massive amounts of generated from human industrial activities have been causing ongoing climate change and environmental impacts on Earth. Hence, there is a substantial body of research aimed at mitigating CO2 emissions to address climate change. Research on CO2 reduction has been actively conducted, focusing on electrochemical-based CO2 conversion capable of operating under high current and long-term conditions. Under high current and prolonged operation, catalyst are influenced by the concentration of CO2 within the catalytic layer. To investigate the impact of CO2 concentration, we fabricated reaction zones of flow plates used in zero-gap MEA electrolyzers in both flat and sunken shapes. The two flow plates feature an inlet with a channel to guide the incoming gas to the reaction zone and a channel within the reaction zone to distribute the gas effectively. Both the flat and sunken type feature. Both the flat and sunken shapes contain a reaction zone channel where the gas diffusion layer (GDL) is positioned at the top. However, In the sunken flow plate, gas introduced from the inlet can penetrate towards the GDL side, facilitating enhanced delivery of CO2 to the catalytic layer compared to flat flow plates. This leads to increased CO2 activity within the catalytic layer and, simultaneously, offers the advantage of easier water management, a major cause of equipment performance degradation. In this study, we confirm through simulation that the sunken shape in flow plates with serpentine channels in the reaction zone offers advantages in CO2 activity. Experimentally, we obtained partial current densities of 861 mA/cm2 and 1 A/cm2 for silver catalyst and NiNC catalyst, respectively, in the sunken serpentine structure. To analyze the reasons for the increase in these values, which are 34.5% and 18.3% higher respectively compared to the flat serpentine structure, we conducted device water discharge experiments and real-time CT imaging. Through this, we confirmed that water management is more efficient in the sunken serpentine structure. The insights and methods presented in this research are crucial for developing design principles suitable for large-scale industrial electrochemical CO2 electrolysis. Figure 1
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Demmig, B., and K. Winter. "Characterisation of Three Components of Non-photochemical Fluorescence Quenching and Their Response to Photoinhibition." Functional Plant Biology 15, no. 2 (1988): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9880163.
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Three components of non-photochemical fluorescence quenching were distinguished according to their response to irradiance and to their relaxation kinetics upon darkening. Two components of quenching were restricted to excessive irradiance and were interpreted to reflect radiationless dissipation. One relaxed rapidly upon darkening, and increased sharply when irradiance became excessive, i.e. as soon as net CO2 assimilation rate was no longer linearly related to irradiance, and attained a maximum value with only small further increases in irradiance. The second component relaxed slowly, increased mark- edly when the rapidly relaxing component had reached its maximum, and continued to increase linearly with increasing irradiance. The third component was already present at low irradiances, relaxed very slowly, and may be related to an altered distribution of excitation energy between PS II and PS I. Following exposure to weak illumination under conditions preventing photosynthetic electron transport (20 mbar O2, zero CO2), the reduction state of Q was initially high and decreased as non- photochemical fluorescence quenching indicative of radiationless dissipation developed. Subsequent to photoinhibitory treatments in high light and 20 mbar O2, zero CO2, an increased reduction state of Q as well as increased non-photochemical quenching of the two types indicative of increased heat dissipation was observed. In sunflower a lasting increase in the reduction state of Q was observed and fluorescence characteristics reflected photoinhibitory damage. In Nerium oleander, increased radiationless dissipation of the slowly relaxing type was the predominant response and the reduction state of Q was increased only transiently.
Book chapters on the topic "CO2 increase zero"
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Mezhov, Alexander, Bright Asante, and Wolfram Schmidt. "Increasing the Incorporation of CO2-Sequestering Materials in Concrete." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69626-8_4.
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AbstractThere are different ways to reduce the CO2 amounts emitted from concrete production, e.g., carbon capture during the cement production, application of low-clinker binders, or changing the structural design strategies to decrease the total consumption of overall materials. Another vital approach is to foster the application of locally available resources, which does not require a significant amount of energy for the production and transport, and which could be used as cementitious materials without compromising the properties of the concrete. Biochar, produced by pyrolysis, is a potentially promising material for improving the sustainability of cementitious materials as it can sequester CO2 and can be made widely available. However, its use in concrete is limited due to negative effects on concrete properties at dosages that can have a significant effect on the carbon footprint. These effects depend on the source of raw biomass and pyrolysis conditions. Biochar’s high porosity leads to the absorption of mixing water, altering the water to cement ratio and rheology. Superplasticizers can help adjust this, but at the cost of longer setting times. High levels of biochar also reduce the mechanical properties of cement-based materials. Currently, the maximum replacement of cement with biochar without compromising mechanical properties is 5–10%. However, to increase the CO2 reduction potential, the content of biochar in cement-based materials must be increased. The current paper suggests possible strategies to promote the use of biochar in cementitious materials to increase its CO2 reduction potential and pave the way to net-zero concrete technologies.
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Sarfraz, Shoaib, Ziyad Sherif, Michal Drewniok, et al. "Potentials for Energy Savings and Carbon Dioxide Emissions Reduction in Cement Industry." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-77429-4_85.
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AbstractCement production accounts for 7% of global carbon dioxide emissions, 3 to 4% of greenhouse gas emissions, and 7% of global industrial energy use. Cement demand is continuously increasing due to the rising worldwide population and urbanisation trends, as well as infrastructure development needs. By 2050, global cement production is expected to increase by 12 to 23% from its current level. Following the net-zero carbon 2050 agenda, both energy and emissions must be significantly reduced. Different production routes exist to produce cement that differs in energy intensity as well as carbon intensity. Similarly, a range of values exists related to energy and emissions for the major cement production stages i.e., raw meal preparation, clinkerisation and cement grinding. The same is the case with cement types produced. This study presents a literature review-based investigation and comparison of cement production practices in terms of energy consumption and CO2 emissions. This will provide perspectives to the cement industry by identifying approaches that are the least energy and emissions intensive.
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Pindyck, Robert S. "The Fundamental Problem." In Climate Future. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197647349.003.0002.
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Abstract This chapter explains the fundamentals of climate change, and the implications for temperature change. The chapter explains how CO2 emissions and atmospheric concentration are measured, how they affect temperature, and how higher temperatures can affect sea levels and weather patterns. The chapter then considers an optimistic scenario for global CO2 emissions: emissions start dropping in 2020 and fall to zero by the end of the century. Many have argued that a temperature increase greater than 2°C could be catastrophic. The chapter shows how even my optimistic scenario would likely cause a temperature increase greater than 2°C.
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Akaev, Askar, and Olga Davydova. "Climate and Energy." In History & Mathematics: Political, Demographic, and Environmental Dimensions. Uchitel’ Publishing House, 2024. https://doi.org/10.30884/978-5-7057-6354-2_10.
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The paper is devoted to the analysis of climate change issues and the transition to renewable energy sources. The features of the current climate situation are associated with a general increase in the average global temperature as a result of an extremely high concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, the amount of which is increasing and posing a threat to the stability of the global ecological system as a whole. Taking into consideration the fact that the main share of CO2 emissions is accounted for by energy consumption (which experienced over the entire timeline of history transitions fr om one type of energy resources to another – fr om biomass to coal, fr om coal to oil and from oil to natural gas), the authors analyze the possibilities of transitioning to renewable energy sources (RES) forecasted to take place by the second half of the 21st century. They carry out mathematical modeling of this transition with various scenarios for the future of the fuel and energy balance in the 21st century. For this, the authors have developed a specialized mathematical model that takes into account current trends in energy consumption based on the data from the largest energy companies and international organizations in the energy sector, such as BP, Equinor, Shell, International Energy Agency (IEA), International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), and others. Three scenarios for the increase in the average global temperature of the surface atmosphere in the 21st century are proposed: the conservative scenario, the ambitious scenario, and the Net Zero scenario. The conservative scenario assumes that government policies, technologies and social preferences continue to evolve in the same way as in the recent past. The ambitious scenario envisages the introduction of measures leading to a significant reduction in carbon emissions from energy use, which in turn makes it possible to lim it the increase in global temperature in the 21st century. The Net Zero scenario, which the authors consider the optimal one, assumes that the measures proposed in the ambitious scenario are complemented and reinforced by significant changes in the behavior and preferences of society. The paper details modern energy-efficient technologies and methods of using renewable energy sources, the implementation of which is envisaged in the framework of the optimal Net Zero scenario.
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Rai, Vikas. "Biodiversity and Climate Change: The Missing Link." In A Treatise on Ecological Science. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2024. https://doi.org/10.2174/9789815322491124010004.
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Changes in an organism’s DNA can influence all aspects of its life. Mutations serve as raw material for genetic variability and its evolution. These are caused by high-energy radiation. Chemical substances present in the environment are other potential causative agents. They may also occur during DNA replication. Radiation damage has increased many folds after the advent of cellular telephony. Genes are DNA molecules. These molecules are distributed on the chromosomes of individuals or populations of a species. Some populations grow faster than others. Why? The chapter tries to find an answer to it. Population increase has been observed in some countries and for others, a decrease has been detected. It has been predicted that the human population will increase to 8.5 billion in 2030 from 7. 8 billion in 2020. The exploitation of natural resources would increase accordingly. World Economic Forum reports that research conducted at the Swiss Re Institute has pointed out that an 18 percent reduction in GDP is achievable by 2050 if the Global temperature rise is restricted to 3.20 C. About 16 to 29% reduction in CO2 emissions would lead to a less dangerous climate change provided population growth is slowed down. If factors contributing to Global warming are managed in such a way that the Global temperature rises by 1.50 C, Sustainable Development Goals are achievable. Net–zero emissions targeted to be achieved by 2050 are not feasible as international agreements are not honored.
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Dell, Gerhard, and Christiane Egger. "Energy efficiency in the design of buildings." In Energy... beyond oil. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199209965.003.0014.
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The buildings sector accounts for 40% of European energy requirements. Two thirds of the energy used in European buildings is consumed by private households, and their consumption is growing every year as rising living standards lead to an increased use of air conditioning and heating systems. Research shows that more than one-fifth of the present energy consumption and up to 30–45 million tonnes of CO2 per year could be saved by 2010 by applying more ambitious standards both to new and refurbished buildings–these savings would represent a considerable contribution to meeting the European Kyoto targets (European Council, 2002). Without comprehensive measures, energy consumption and CO2 emissions from the building sector will continue to grow. Sustainable energy strategies for buildings will therefore increase in importance. Even today, so-called ‘zero emission buildings’ can be realized with existing planning approaches and technologies. Such buildings do not need an external energy input (for example from oil, gas or supplied electricity) other than solar energy. This is achieved by a combination of a high-level of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies. This chapter focuses on buildings in the housing and service sectors, presents new building design strategies, technologies, and building components as well as the new legal framework set by the European Buildings Directive. It also discusses the question of raising awareness, and presents some thoughts on how changing life patterns may impact the buildings of the future. Residential buildings mainly need energy for space heating; with present building standards, space heating represents about 70% of the overall energy demand of existing buildings. In many European countries there are substantial efforts to increase energy efficiency—nevertheless, not all the potential for energy savings has been realized by far, and oil is still a major energy source for heating. In recent years, heat demand for new buildings was reduced significantly by technical measures. However, the number of low energy or passive buildings in Europe is still very limited, despite the fact that they can be constructed at acceptable costs.
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Cavalcanti, Jessica Tamyris de Freitas, Julia Guedes de Lima, Myrella Rayane do Nascimento Melo, Eliana Cristina Barreto Monteiro, and Galba Maria Campos-Takaki. "Fossil fuels, nuclear energy and renewable energy." In A LOOK AT DEVELOPMENT. Seven Editora, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/alookdevelopv1-146.
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For the generation of energy sources, natural resources are used by man. The rapid growth of human populations, related to the phenomena of globalization and industrialization, has significantly increased the increase in the consumption of world energy sources. These energy sources can be renewable when the resources used are inexhaustible due to their constant renewal in the environment and non-renewable due to their slow process of formation in nature, thus becoming finite. Climate change is caused by increased emissions of greenhouse gases, mainly CO2, coming mainly from the burning of fossil fuels. However, new energy sources have been sought as a way not only to diversify the energy matrix of countries around the globe but also to develop alternatives that seek a reduction of impacts, especially of an environmental nature. While renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and wave energy can provide eco-friendly alternatives to fossil fuels and nuclear power, the intermittent nature of these energy sources requires an energy storage medium that allows for a continuous supply of energy. The work developed emphasizes that regardless of the type of generating source, whether renewable or non-renewable, there is no zero impact on the generation of energy. Knowledge of the low energy efficiency of renewable sources, investments, and the intermittency of schemes that is a characteristic of many of them, has shown that renewable energy sources will almost always be complementary to non-renewable ones.
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Bednarski, Mateusz, Maciej Gis, and Marcin K. Wojs. "Global Transport Challenges in Reducing Harmful Emissions: Selected Examples for Polish Part of Trans-European Road Network (TERN)." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde200132.
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Environmental pollution is a significant problem for the whole world. The lack of response from states can lead to many consequences. As consumption increases, so does the emission of harmful substances. According to the European Parliament, almost 30% of total CO2 (greenhouse gas affecting the greenhouse effect in the EU) comes from the transport sector, of which 72% is from road transport. Air pollution is a challenge for municipal authorities. According to the data, road transport accounted for approximately 5% of the creation of PM10 particles, ca. 7% of PM2.5 and approximately 32% for NOX. In Poland, suspended particles (PM10 and PM2.5) cause deaths of as many as 45,000 people a year. Therefore, it is necessary to undertake concrete efforts in order to reduce vehicle exhaust emissions as much as possible. Among them, solutions such as downsizing, hybridization of combustion engines or electrification are used. Based on the analyzes, the authors of the paper drew attention to the significant impact, in this process, of the modernization of energy infrastructure. Thanks to this, it is possible to simultaneously increase the share of zero-emission vehicles as well as the use of VtG (Vehicle to Grid) technology. What’s more, the authors of the paper have determined for the main communication routes (TERN) in Poland, the potential for setting up refuelling stations for new types of vehicles, such as hydrogen or electric cars. Finally, the main risks have been presented for drivers, infrastructure and environment as a result of proposed changes.
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Prasad, Dharmbir, Rudra Pratap Singh, . Tanuja, Ranadip Roy, and Md Irfan Khan. "Techno-Economic Analysis for Energy Supply to Sustainable Pilgrimage Market." In Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability. IGI Global, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-3985-5.ch008.
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Globally, the use of renewable energy sources has increased significantly in recent years. As an attempt to achieve environmental sustainability, a number of efforts are being implemented to lower the carbon footprint of rapidly growing economies. The objective of reaching zero emissions is essential for this project. Particularly in Varanasi, a promising future is emerging as the areas of renewable energy, technology, and economy come together. The initiatives to electrify the pilgrimage market through innovative technology solutions for the production of renewable energy are a prime example of this combination. There is a 197,146,136 watt hour need for energy in Varanasi, the proposed location. The solar and grid together in the proposed system generate 263,979 kWh, of which 30,615 kWh are produced by photovoltaic cells, 233,364 kWh by the grid itself and 19,334 kWh by grid sales. This system emits 140 kg of CO2 annually. In the present study, ROI is 54.3%, IRR is 58.5%, and the simple payback period is 1.71 years, according to the economics.
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Li, Yan, Ethan Wood, Gergely Kosa, Bushra Muzamil, Christian Vogelsang, and Rune Holmstad. "A New Insight of Phycoremdiation Study: Using Filamentous Algae for the Treatment of Tertiary Municipal Wastewater." In Microalgae [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104253.
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This book chapter demonstrated that the filamentous algae could be used as a promising phycoremediation approach to purify municipal tertiary wastewater. Initial screening of 25 algae strains across multiple genera revealed that Spirogyra sp. and Klebsormidium sp. were suitable to treat the tertiary effluent from a modern wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), and their co-culture was validated in three consecutive outdoor pilot tests. In the first two pilot tests, the nutrient concentrations of phosphorous and ammonium were depleted close to zero within 24 hours, whereas the pH value increased from 7 to 9 in the wastewater. Therefore, CO2 was added for pH control in the 3rd batch, but the nutrient removal efficacy indicated that fresh algae inoculum was critical to maintain treatment efficiency. The biomass accumulated notable amounts of Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Al, and heavy metals from the effluent, while the algae production increased by two to three times over 7 days with an average algae biomass productivity of 1.68 g m2 d−1. The derived biomass can be used for biogas production and biofertilizer applications based on the biochemical constituent. Given a great potential for further optimization and improvement, we provide a new insight to use phycoremediation approach to facilitate the green transition of wastewater treatment plants.
Conference papers on the topic "CO2 increase zero"
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Garber, James D., Vinayak B. Patil, and Kwei Meng Yap. "CO2, H2S and Bacteria Pitting Corrosion Model." In CORROSION 2011. NACE International, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2011-11257.
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Abstract The main purpose of the present study was to develop a comprehensive model that can predict the pitting corrosion rate of oil and gas pipelines containing CO2, H2S, and bacteria. Pitting corrosion has been described using a diffusion model in a unidirectional pit. The model considers 22 ionic species and the potential value inside the pit. The diffusion coefficient values of these ions, which strongly affect the corrosion rate, were found in the literature. This model predicts whether pitting will occur and the maximum corrosion rate at the time of the formation of a corrosion protective scale. The presence of H2S allows for the formation of FeS film, which has a suppressive effect on the CO2 corrosion rate. This suppressive effect on CO2 corrosion rate is more dramatic with increasing temperature and concentration of H2S. In the presence of bacteria, the concentration of sulfates at the bottom of the pit goes to zero when convergence occurs. The sulfate reducing bacteria reduces sulfate to sulfide and produces acetic acid at the bottom of the pit, which accelerates corrosion. These acetates also form complexes with iron, which increase the acidity of the pit. This comprehensive model provides information such as the corrosion rate in mils per year, if the system is CO2 or H2S dominated, and if the system is in a pitting or non-pitting condition. It was observed that the primary parameters that affect the model predictions are temperature, bulk pH, concentration of acetates, concentration of sodium chloride, concentration of hydrogen sulfide, concentration of sulfates, and metal wall thickness.
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Lopez-Basto, Erik, Eliana Lozano Sanchez, Samantha Eleanor Tanzer, and Andrea Ramirez. "System analysis and optimization of replacing surplus refinery fuel gas by coprocessing with HTL bio-crude off-gas in oil refineries." In The 35th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering. PSE Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.69997/sct.152452.
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This study evaluates the introduction of Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) process in two Colombian refineries, focusing on their potential to reduce CO2 emissions and their associated impacts under a scenario aligned with the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario defined in the 2023 IEA report. The work uses a MILP programming tool (Linny-R) to model the operational processes of refinery sites, incorporating a net total cost calculation to optimize process performance over five-year intervals. This optimization was constrained by the maximum allowable CO2 emissions. The methodology includes the calculation of surplus refinery off-gas availability, the selection of products and CCU technologies, and the systematic collection of data from refinery operations, as well as scientific and industrial publications. The results indicate that integrating surplus refinery fuel gas (originally used for combustion processes) and HTL bio-crude off-gas (as a source of biogenic CO2) can significantly lower scope 1 and 2 CO2 emissions, aligning with long-term decarbonization goals. However, these advantages carry additional costs due to significant increases in utility demands. In the high-complexity refinery, electricity consumption increases by a factor of 10, and steam demand and water usage each increase by a factor of 2.5 and 3, respectively. Similarly, in the medium-complexity refinery, electricity consumption rises by a factor of 11, steam demand by a factor of 4, and water usage by a factor of 6. The renewable energy requirements for water electrolyzers and CO2 capture units primarily drive these increases. Furthermore, despite achieving CO2 neutrality in scope 1 and 2 emissions by 2050, scope 3 emissions increase due to additional CO2-based methanol production. Economic analyses highlight profit opportunities in the long term. The production costs of CO2-based methanol are lower than the forecasted cost of production of fossil-based methanol, enhancing their economic viability in the long term. The study emphasizes the critical influence of refinery complexity levels on the scale and timeline for implementing these technologies to achieve short- and long-term CO2 reduction targets. However, further evaluation is necessary to align these results with national electrical grid capacity, water supply availability, and expansion plans.
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Sachin and Ashwinikumar Thakur. "Net Zero implementation on transportation projects." In IABSE Congress, New Delhi 2023: Engineering for Sustainable Development. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newdelhi.2023.0985.
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<p>Net zero has been a hot topic in discussion in the current timeline. Since the effect of global warming impacting the coastal zones, lot of attention have been garnered by Net Zero. The carbon emission has increased significantly from 8 billion tons CO2 per year to almost 40 billion tons CO2 per year.</p><p>Global atmospheric carbon concentration has gone up rapidly from 290 PPM to 370 PPM in 2000 and finally up to 413 PPM in 2020. The rate of CO2 concentration has increased from 0.61 PPM per year to 2.15 PPM per year now.</p><p>The current global warming is alarming at the rate of 0.18 °C per year which has caused significant reduction of polar ice and increase in sea levels.</p><p>Atkins - Member of SNC Lavalin group have developed an extensive system to reduce carbon footprint and to approach Net Zero in transportation and infrastructure projects based on PAS 2080 framework. It starts with building nothing to build efficient. A lot of our work focuses on capacity enhancement of existing structures where we have been able to reduce material and labour use to make it future proof and take us towards the Net Zero goal.</p><p>This paper will discuss few case studies on transportation projects where carbon reduction has been achieved.</p>
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Adila, Ahmed Sami, Arshad Raza, Yihuai Zhang, Mohamed Mahmoud, and Muhammad Arif. "Geochemical Interactions Among Rock/CO2/Brine Systems: Implications for CO2 Geo-Storage." In Gas & Oil Technology Showcase and Conference. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214029-ms.
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Abstract Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is one of the promising techniques to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions and move towards net zero targets. The efficiency of a geological storage process is, however, a complex function of CO2/rock/brine interactions. In particular, the effect of geochemical interactions among CO2/rock/brine systems in an aquifer and its associated impact on wetting behavior has not been rigorously investigated before. In this work, we study the effect of the critical parameters affecting the CO2/rock/brine system wettability from a geochemical perspective. In particular, we study the effect of temperature, pressure, and salinity on the wettability of the CO2/calcite/brine system. The wettability was assessed based on the disjoining pressure, which was calculated from calcite surface potential. The geochemical simulator used is based on surface complexation modeling and takes dissolution and precipitations reactions of the minerals and aqueous species into account. The results show that increasing pressure decreases the concentration of calcite surface species &gt;CaOH2+ and &gt;CO3−, while it increases the calcite surface species &gt;CaCO3−. However, increasing temperature increases the concentration of calcite surface species &gt;CaCO3− and &gt;CO3−, while it slightly decreases the calcite surface species &gt;CaOH2+. The results also show higher calcite surface potential and disjoining pressure at higher temperatures and lower salinity, which reflects an increase in water wettability (or a decrease in CO2-wetness) and greater CO2 storage potential in calcite-rich aquifers at these conditions. This paper provides insight into the effect of different influencing parameters on the CO2/rock/brine interactions and CO2/rock/brine wettability, which can help understand the geochemical processes involved in CCS projects under a wide range of operating conditions.
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Billingham, M. "The Role and Benefits of Intervention-Based Production in the Energy Transition and the Drive to Net Zero." In SPE/ICoTA Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/218369-ms.
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Abstract This work is an effort to quantify the CO2 production reduction with intervention-associated production. A brief summary of possible savings has been presented (Billingham et al. 2023). There is a global drive to reduce CO2 production to meet net zero ambitions and limit global warming. Fossil fuels, including oil and gas, have been shown to be a major contributor to CO2 emissions leading to an ongoing drive for energy transition to "greener" energy sources. Within this scenario, however, world energy demand continues to increase with a significant percentage of the world's population in a state of energy poverty. The growth of green-based new energy is significant but alone will not be able to meet the world's near-term energy requirements. As such, oil and gas will remain an important energy source in the near to mid-term future. To maintain and increase production there are two avenues, these being the drilling of new wells or the reduction in the decline of production in existing fields, which ideally will include increases in recovery factors. The industry states that the latter approach delivers the cheapest production with the lowest carbon footprint. It makes sense that the improved utilization of existing infrastructure can deliver this, and the associated cost of production has been quantified before (Billingham et al. 2023). This work assesses intervention-associated production techniques to quantify the CO2 production reduction associated with this production. Beginning with a high-level perspective evaluating rig-based new well production increases compared to agile interventions, the work then assessed specific technologies and methods that can deliver the desired outcomes. For example, it has been estimated that using a lightweight intervention vessel (LWIV) could reduce the associated CO2 production by 80% when compared to performing the same activity from a modular drilling unit (MODU). Opportunity for further improvements were also investigated. Operators have the challenge of meeting global energy demand and their net-zero ambitions. Intervention-based production should be an enabler in achieving this balance. This work will serve as an industry reference as to the benefits of intervention-based production during the ongoing energy transition and why it should be a key focus.
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Exalto-Sijbrands, Marja, Jelle Baars, Jelle Wijers, Nick van Grol, Bas Evers, and Pascal Ravesteijn. "How to Use Data to Increase Bike Use by Travelers." In Digital Restructuring and Human (Re)action. University of Maribor Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.fov.4.2022.12.
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The Government of the Netherlands wants to be energy neutral by 2050 (Rijksoverheid, sd). A transition towards nonfossil energy sources also affects transport, which is one of the industries significantly contributing to CO2 emission (Centraal Bureau Statistiek, 2019). Road authorities at municipalities and provinces want a shift from fossil fuel-consuming to zero emission transport choices by their inhabitants. For this the Province of Utrecht has data available. However, they struggle how to deploy data to positively influence inhabitants’ mobility behavior. A problem analysis scoped the research towards data to stimulate cycling. Three interviews, desk research and a survey revealed the gap between the province’s current data-item approach that is infrastructure oriented and the required approach that adopts traveler’s personas to successfully stimulate cycling. For this more precisely defined captured data is needed and the focus should shift from already motivated cyclists to non-cyclers.
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Zhang, Na, Ruixian Cai, and Wei Wang. "Study of Near-Zero CO2 Emission Thermal Cycles With LNG Cryogenic Exergy Utilization." In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38605.
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Compared with other fossil fuels, liquefied natural gas (LNG) supplies relatively clean energy because its low contribution to environmental pollution. Furthermore, while 10% of the gas energy was required for its liquefaction, the valuable high cryogenic (at ∼110 K) exergy of the LNG is wasted in many LNG receiving terminals worldwide, by uselessly cooling the seawater used for its re-vaporization. This cryogenic exergy is, however, as an excellent power source. In addition, due to the increasing concern about global climate change, the development of power system which minimizes CO2 emission is of great interest. In this paper, new cycles are proposed which integrate LNG cryogenic exergy utilization and CO2 recovery. The cycles employ both the fuel chemical exergy and LNG cryogenic exergy for power generation, they use no cooling water, and on the contrary, allow the easy removal and recovery of water and CO2 generated from combustion to thereby offer both energy saving and greenhouse gas emission mitigation. The cycles employ CO2 as the main working medium. Oxygen and fuel methane are introduced at stoichiometric ratio, and thus the turbine exhaust is merely a mixture of carbon dioxide and water steam. The LNG coldness is used to improve the power generation efficiency by (1) serving as a low temperature heat sink of the power cycle, and (2) cooling the working fluid prior to compression, to reduce compressor power consumption. Without consuming additional power, the water and extra carbon dioxide generated from combustion can be easily separated from the main stream during the exothermic process when integrated with the LNG evaporation process. Internal combustion and recuperation are adopted to increase the average heat absorption temperature. The proposed cycles are simulated using the commercial ASPEN PLUS code, and their performance is computed. The results indicate that the proposed cycles indeed reduce CO2 emissions significantly with very attractive thermal performances, able to attain thermal and exergy efficiencies of 60∼65% and 45∼53% respectively.
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Musa, Muhammad Idham Adli, Iliyas M Dan, Nurul Iffah M Garib, and Harni Farihah M Safari Lai. "Well Design for Sustainable Field Development Plan Towards Achieving Net Zero Carbon Emission by 2050." In SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/215250-ms.
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Abstract New field development operation and hydrocarbon production have been one of the main contributors to global carbon emission. With the introduction of carbon tax, the cost of developing new fields and hydrocarbon production is expected to increase significantly if no serious action is taken to address the carbon footprint from such activity, especially in the high Carbon Dioxide (CO2) field. This paper will share on the sustainable development concept undertaken by PETRONAS to address the future of Net Zero Carbon Emission (NZCE) by 2050 during field development planning of a high CO2 hydrocarbon reservoir and the approach in realizing the plan. Surface facility is designed to filter all the CO2 in the hydrocarbon production at offshore CPP (Central Processing Platform) and re-inject it back into the formation via a dedicated gas injector well. The well placement is carefully analyzed to be located at area where the injected CO2 gas can enhance the hydrocarbon recovery by maintaining the reservoir gas cap pressure. CO2 gas also can be used as a source of gas for oil producer wells that require gas lift. PETRONAS had established a process flow during well detail engineering design to guide the project team that consists of Subsurface and Facilities to find the right balance in addressing the risk of CO2 related well integrity issues and project economics outcome. Part of the process flow involves the sensitivity analysis of reinjection gas specification downstream surface compressor at CPP impact towards well casing and tubing material selection, CO2 plume migration and estimating reservoir condition at the end of field life. This established process flow managed to effectively guide the FDP (Field Development Plan) team to come out with the best cost-effective development concept that able to realize both company ambition of sustainable field development plan toward net zero carbon emission and projecting positive economic result. This paper would provide more insight into the study and analysis to be considered during designing new wells in a field that integrate development wells producing hydrocarbon and Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) CO2 wells with lesson learnt and best practices that are valuable for future project with similar scope.
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Hirai, Y., M. Takamura, and I. Ichinose. "A New Cryogenic Recovery Technology for Low Price, High Purity, and Readily Transportable Liquid CO2 and for Zero-Emission of Methane." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/222278-ms.
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Abstract We have developed a new economically available CO2 recovery and liquification technology that facilitates CO2 transfer, shipping, and the following injection at offshore. The leakage of CO2 and methane has been a significant problem in the development of natural gas, as well as in the production of biogas. Especially, latter leakage significantly contributes the acceleration of global warming. However, large energy consumption of the present CO2 recovery processes also limits the application range. Our low-cost technology can separate CO2 and methane without GHG leakage, and it will be applied for natural gas containing high concentration of CO2 (~70%) in Southeast Asia and for anaerobic biogas reactors of 40~45% CO2 concentration. Our technology features a cryogenic CO2 liquification system combined with CO2 sorption columns containing soft and tough polymeric materials. We developed an elastic sorbent of cross-linked PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane). This sorbent can capture CO2 up to 800 mg/g at low temperature and high pressure. PDMS has a significantly low glass transition temperature (ca. −120℃) and does not deteriorate for many years even under existence of BTX, VFA, H2S, and other gases. The cryogenic CO2 liquefication system with CO2 sorption columns is operated at the temperature near -50℃ and at the pressure near 5 MPa. CO2 and methane separated by the sorption columns and the purification unit, respectively, are returned to CO2 liquefication system, then any gases are not emitted to the outside. We realized (1) recovery of high purity liquid CO2, (2) lower energy consumption, (3) significantly space-saving facility, and (4) no leakage of CO2 and methane though the process. Soft PDMS elastomer with extremely large CO2 sorption capacity readily desorbs the sorbed CO2 only by decreasing the pressure. The large CO2/CH4 sorption selectivity enables to produce high purity methane. As for durability, we have confirmed that the performance does not deteriorate even after repeated testing of 500,000 times (equivalent to over 5 years of use). The footprint of CO2 sorption columns required for a small natural gas field of 10,000 m3/h is only 10 m2, providing a considerable space-saving manner. Our technology shows the highest energy efficiency and can reduce overall GHG emissions. Furthermore, recovered CO2 is obtained as liquid state, suitable for the following transfer and storage. We will establish a startup and develop new business models for biogas production and natural gas development. In 2024, a significant improvement has been made in the system to meet customer requests for high purity CO2. The new system can increase CO2 purity to a maximum of 99.99%, so CO2 can be used not only for CCS but also as a raw material for chemical reactions as well as food additives. Based on the simulation results, our technique requires about 30% less energy than conventional membrane separation systems, and we achieve the lowest CO2 recovery cost of less than 1,000 JPY/t-CO2 (6.4 US$/t-CO2 as of 2024.7.22) at natural gas fields of certain conditions.
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Pirtovšek, Darko, and Sonja Boštjančič. "Analysis of the Probability of Meeting the Zero CO2 Emissions Target for All New Passenger Vehicles by 2035 in EU Countries." In 7th International Scientific Conference ITEMA Recent Advances in Information Technology, Tourism, Economics, Management and Agriculture. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/itema.2023.217.
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In this paper, the authors undertook an analysis of the likelihood that EU Member States will meet the commitments made by the European Parliament in adopting the »Fit for 55« strategy, which sets the target of making all new passenger cars and light commercial vehicles zero-emission by 2035. The analysis itself was based on the data obtained on the increase in the share of passenger plug in electric vehicles (PEVs) from individual EU countries over the last 5-year period 2017-2022. This data was then used to calculate the trends in the increase in the share of PEVs in each EU country up to 2035. The results of the analysis itself showed that the targets set by the European Parliament are too ambitious and unrealistic, with only 4 countries – Sweden, Denmark, Luxembourg and the Netherlands – expected to reach them. All other countries are more or less far from them.
Reports on the topic "CO2 increase zero"
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Noronha, S. Climate Change and Generation Zero – Analysing the 50/50 Campaign: A Communication for Social Change Approach. Unitec ePress, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/ocds.12013.
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Climate change does not respect national boundaries or distinguish between big and small polluters. It is one of the truly global problems humanity faces today. In spite of this, there is a reluctance to believe in the existence of climate change even though the scientific consensus is that human influence bears much of the responsibility. In less than 200 years, human activity has increased the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases by some 50 percent relative to pre-industrial levels, leading to an increase in global temperatures. 1 Yet contrarian perspectives abound, given prominence by the media and promoted by fossil fuel lobbies. One such example is Dennis Avery and Fred Singer’s Unstoppable Global Warming: Every 1,500 Years, a book whose premise is that “human-emitted CO2 has played only a minor role” in contributing to climate change.
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Noronha, S. Climate Change and Generation Zero – Analysing the 50/50 Campaign: A Communication for Social Change Approach. Unitec ePress, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/ocds.12013.
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Climate change does not respect national boundaries or distinguish between big and small polluters. It is one of the truly global problems humanity faces today. In spite of this, there is a reluctance to believe in the existence of climate change even though the scientific consensus is that human influence bears much of the responsibility. In less than 200 years, human activity has increased the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases by some 50 percent relative to pre-industrial levels, leading to an increase in global temperatures. 1 Yet contrarian perspectives abound, given prominence by the media and promoted by fossil fuel lobbies. One such example is Dennis Avery and Fred Singer’s Unstoppable Global Warming: Every 1,500 Years, a book whose premise is that “human-emitted CO2 has played only a minor role” in contributing to climate change.
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Guzman, Andres Felipe, and Edgar Jimenez Perez. Assessing CO2 Emissions from Commercial Aviation in Saudi Arabia: A Methodological Approach. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, 2025. https://doi.org/10.30573/ks--2025-mp02.
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Aviation is projected to grow in the coming decades, leading to increased fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, despite advancements in efficiency. As other sectors decarbonize, aviation’s impact on climate change may become more significant. Assessing aircraft performance, which involves various factors such as efficiency, environmental impact, and technological advancements, is essential for improving aviation’s environmental performance. This paper introduces a methodology using an open-source aircraft performance model, offering insights to support decarbonization efforts and help the aviation sector achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.
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Furman, Burford, Laxmi Ramasubramanian, Shannon McDonald, et al. Solar-Powered Automated Transportation: Feasibility and Visualization. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1948.
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A solar-powered automated transportation network (ATN) connecting the North and South campuses of San José State University with three passenger stations was designed, visualized, and analyzed in terms of its energy usage, carbon offset, and cost. The study’s methodology included the use of tools and software such as ArcGIS, SketchUp, Infraworks, Sketchup, Rhinoceros, and Autodesk 3DS Max. ATN vehicle energy usage was estimated using data from the university’s Park & Ride shuttle bus operation and by modeling with SUMOPy, the advanced simulation suite for the micro-traffic simulator SUMO. The energy study showed that an extensive solar photovoltaic (PV) canopy over the guideway and stations is sufficient for the network to run 24/7 in better-than-zero net-metered conditions—even if ridership were to increase 15% above that predicted from SJSU Park & Ride shuttle data. The resulting energy system has a PV-rated output of 6.2 MW, a battery system capacity of 9.8 MWh, and an estimated cost of $11.4 million USD. The solar ATN also produces 98% lower CO2 and PM2.5 emissions compared to the Park & Ride shuttle bus. A team of experts including urban planners, architects, and engineers designed and visualized the conceptual prototype, including a comprehensive video explaining the need for solar ATN and what a typical rider would experience while utilizing the system. This research demonstrates both benefits and challenges for solar-powered ATN, as well as its functionality within the urban built environment to serve diverse San José neighborhoods.
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Hinojosa, Jorge Luis, Saúl Villamizar, and Nathalia Gama. Green Hydrogen Opportunities for the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004621.
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The decarbonization of the energy, transport, and industrial sectors is an essential part of achieving net-zero CO2 emissions, to limit global warming to 1.5C above pre-industrial levels. Green hydrogen is emerging as one of the most versatile climate change mitigation tools, since it poses a unique potential to decarbonize hard-to-abate sectors, such as freight transport, energy-intensive industries, and power systems highly dominated by fossil fuels. It also holds an alternative to produce fuels and chemical feedstock locally, using renewable energy without dependency on imported fuel, energy, or commodities. The Caribbean has defined as a priority its aim to enhance its energy security with resilient and low-carbon technologies while improving reliability, affordability, and sustainability of energy services. This report aims to contribute to the ongoing discussion on the role that green hydrogen can play to support the achievement of these goals and to provide an overview and guide for decision-makers in this area. Even though hydrogen is currently expensive for most applications at a global level, the exponential decrease in renewable energy costs in the last decade and the expected accelerated cost reduction of hydrogen technologies in the upcoming years are projected to drive an increase in the attractiveness of green hydrogen worldwide. As Caribbean countries are in the early stages of developing their renewable energy potential, there are opportunities to keep the cost decline of renewable energy production, enabling green hydrogen to get closer to achieving cost-competitiveness and could eventually become economically viable and a more broadly adopted solution.
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Duffy, Katie, Kelly De Bruin, Loïc Henry, Clement Kyei, Anne Nolan, and Brendan Walsh. Health impacts of climate change and mitigation policies in Ireland. ESRI, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/rs188.
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Recognition of the need to limit climate change has led countries to sign up to concerted efforts to decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These efforts culminated in the ratification of the Paris Agreement by Ireland and 196 other countries in 2015. This agreement, and the subsequent Climate Action and Low Carbon Development Act of 2021, commit Ireland to a GHG emissions reduction goal of at least 55 per cent compared to 1990 levels by 2030 and net-zero emissions by 2050. These commitments to reduce GHG emissions through various Climate Action Plans will have considerable economic and societal ramifications, including on population health. For EU countries, the health implications of climate change are estimated to be extensive, while climate change may impede the sustainability of healthcare service provision. The changing climate, predicted to intensify, can exacerbate health impacts, especially in vulnerable demographic groups such as children, older people, and individuals with chronic diseases. However, in addition to the direct benefits for health from emission reductions (e.g., from fewer extreme weather events), emission reduction policies may also have co-benefits for health, e.g., the shift to more bicycle-based commuting through increased cycle lanes or the switch to lower meat consumption can help reduce emissions and improve health outcomes. Despite the growing evidence on the link between increasing temperatures, and likely emission reduction target policies, on health, little evidence exists on the health effects of climate change and associated mitigation actions in an Irish context. The aim of this report is to contribute to the understanding of the link between climate change and health by examining the impact of temperature changes on health and healthcare utilisation in Ireland. While there are multiple dimensions of climate change that may affect health (e.g., increasing temperature, increased precipitation, wildfires, etc.), temperature change is considered one of the principal health threats facing Ireland with respect to climate change. First the report undertakes an in-depth review of the literature on the link between temperature change and health, focusing on evidence from other regions with moderate climates that are similar to Ireland. It also provides an overview of the literature that has assessed the health benefits and co-benefits of climate change mitigation action. Second, the report utilises Met Éireann temperature data to develop Irish climate projections based on simulations performed by the Irish Centre for High-End Computing (ICHEC). Next, the research examines the impact of increases in temperature on use of emergency in-patient hospital care in Ireland. Finally, the report also outlines some of the potential health benefits and co-benefits of climate change mitigation actions, in Ireland.
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Bunn, Sarah. COVID-19 and social distancing: the 2 metre advice. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/rr32.
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An infected person produces respiratory droplets when talking, coughing and sneezing. These are responsible for the transmission of virus between people. Droplets can travel up to 2m, with finer aerosols containing smaller viral particles travelling even further. Numerous complex and interacting factors influence how they move and settle onto surfaces, and how infectious they are. The further away a person is, the fewer droplets they will be exposed to and so their risk of being infected with the virus reduces. The advice on 2 m distancing is a risk assessment based on relative not absolute risk; 2 m does not represent zero risk. Measures to mitigate the increased risk of reducing physical distancing include ventilation, physical barriers (screens and face coverings), reduced building occupancy and enhanced cleaning. These will vary according to the context. The wider range of social distancing practices will need to be maintained to contain viral transmission even if the 2 m advice changes. Social distancing and other public health measures are likely to be needed long-term, until a vaccine or more effective treatments for COVID-19 are available. There are numerous knowledge gaps about SARS-CoV-2 transmission; research to address them will inform policy-making.
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Andersen, Gisle, Christine Merk, Marie L. Ljones, and Mikael P. Johannessen. Interim report on public perceptions of marine CDR. OceanNets, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d3.4.
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This deliverable synthesizes the results on public perceptions of marine CDR methods from the first two years of OceanNETs. The purpose is to inform the other work packages in OceanNETs and stakeholders about our results in a timely and brief manner about the ways members of the public view marine CDR specifically but also in the broader context of net-zero targets and climate policy. The deliverable summarises results of two studies: (1) focus groups held in Germany and Norway that covered ocean fertilization, ocean alkalinity enhancement, artificial upwelling and blue carbon management and (2) a deliberative survey in Norway that covered ocean alkalinity enhancement, macroalgae farming with BECCS or biomass sinking and land-based BECCS and enhanced weathering as terrestrial approaches for comparison. Participants in both studies emphasise the importance of reducing emissions and changing consumptions patterns. They hardly discuss the need to remove CO2 from the atmosphere to reach the Paris climate goal and the concept of negative emissions seems difficult for them to engage with. Among the methods, participants prefer ecosystem-based approaches like mangrove or seagrass restoration over other methods like alkalinity enhancement or ocean fertilization. Participants are concerned about the actual feasibility of deployment at a relevant removal scale and for a longer period. Connected to this are concerns about the controllability of the deployment and the methods’ impact, like difficulties to control negative environmental effects from biomass sinking at the seafloor. They also question the buildup of additional infrastructure or additional interventions into nature on top of already existing human interference. The opportunity to deliberate the methods increases participants’ certainty about their assessment but only slightly changes the direction of the assessment.
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Deere Birkbeck, Carolyn. Priorities for the climate-trade agenda: how a trade ministers' coalition for cooperation on climate action could help. The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc015.
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This paper argues that governments should commit to enhanced international dialogue, coordination and action on trade and climate intersections through: 1. Ministerial attention to trade, climate and environmental sustainability on the official agenda of the 12th WTO Ministerial Conference (MC12) in late 2021 as well as through a complementary Ministerial Statement, co-sponsored by a majority of WTO Members, that recognises the need for the multilateral trading system to enable and support climate mitigation and adaptation efforts and the importance of multilateral cooperation on the interface of climate, trade and sustainable development goals; and 2. The creation of a trade ministers’ coalition for cooperation on climate action to serve as focal point for the top-level dialogue needed to develop trade policy frameworks that support climate mitigation and adaptation, to solve tough and complex issues around competitiveness, fairness and transparency, and to advance coordination on trade and climate policy intersections. The coalition could help forge a shared vision of the highest priorities at the interface of climate and trade, how these should be pursued in policy terms, and how best to cooperate and connect the dots between different international processes. The paper also identifies six policy priorities at the interface of climate and trade that could be advanced in the final months of 2021: 1. Commitments to enhanced transparency, consultation and coordination on climate policies and regulations that impact trade, and on trade policies that impact the climate and decarbonization efforts, with special attention to addressing the needs of developing countries and unintended trade consequences; 2. Action to promote trade in climate-friendly goods and services, including at the World Trade Organization (WTO), with a focus on trade and supply chains that support climate mitigation and adaptation as top priorities; 3. Launch of talks on fossil fuel subsidy reform at the WTO that combine a focus on improved transparency, a just transition and a timeline for cooperation on concrete reform efforts; 4. Commitments to increase green aid for trade and finance to support trade-related climate mitigation and adaptation, and to promote climate-friendly economic diversification, production and trade in developing countries; 5. Adoption of a 2025 deadline for net zero official trade finance; and 6. Enhanced ambition and cooperation to reduce transportation emissions associated with international trade and decarbonize the transport sector.