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Journal articles on the topic 'Coach pathways'
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Brasil, Vinicius Z., Valmor Ramos, Michel Milistetd, Diane M. Culver, and Juarez V. do Nascimento. "The learning pathways of Brazilian surf coach developers." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 13, no. 3 (November 2, 2017): 349–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954117739717.
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The purpose of this study was to explore the learning pathways of five Brazilian surf coach developers, in order to understand how they became coach developers. A case study was conducted with five surf coach developers working in the sport participation context, and linked to a legally organized Brazilian surf federation. Three main research topics guided the semi-structured interviews: participants’ experiences as a surfer, as a surf coach, and as a coach developer. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis to explore the participants’ perceptions of the experiences around becoming a surf coach developer. The study revealed a pattern of formative experiences for the participants, across their lives and careers. Their experiences as a surfer and as a surf coach, as well as their exposure to the surfing environment and their contact with significant others, influenced in their engagement in surfing and in the surf coach context; leading them eventually to the desire to share knowledge with others. Becoming a surf coach developer in this study corresponded to a mutual socialization process across a lifetime. This process was marked by situated socio-cultural aspects of different life phases, strongly influenced by the social relations established in immediate contexts (family) and with other specific groups (surfers, coaches, and developers).
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Douglas, Scott, William R. Falcão, and Gordon A. Bloom. "Career Development and Learning Pathways of Paralympic Coaches With a Disability." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2017-0010.
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The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the career development and learning pathways of Paralympic head coaches who previously competed as Paralympic athletes. Each coach participated in a semistructured interview. A thematic analysis of the data revealed three higher order themes, which were called becoming a coach, learning to coach, and lifelong learning and teaching. Across these themes, participants discussed interactions with other coaches and athletes with a disability, learning from mentors and coaching clinics, as well as limited formal educational opportunities they experienced transitioning from athlete to head coach. The findings revealed that they acquired most of their knowledge from a combination of knowledge gained as athletes and informal sources, including trial and error. They also stressed the need for enhanced recruiting of parasport coaches and parasport coach education opportunities that would enhance programs for athletes with physical disabilities, from grassroots to Paralympic levels.
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Crickard, Travis, Diane M. Culver, and Cassandra M. Seguin. "From Center Stage to the Sidelines: What Role Might Previous Athletic Experience Play in Coach Development?" International Sport Coaching Journal 7, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2019-0091.
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Traditionally, playing experience in sport has been used as a springboard into the coaching profession. Specifically, playing experience has been discussed in research as facilitating the transition into early coaching roles, fast-tracking through coach education programs, and being viewed as a desirable factor in high-performance sport. However, explorations into the intricacies that make this playing experience so valuable have been minimal. Thus, this Insights article is meant to foster discussion within the coach research community regarding the role of playing experience in coaching pathways from a position perspective. This unique area of inquiry may offer insight to those concerned with coach pathways, coach development, and coach education. To promote this discussion, the following article will present some avenues through which previous playing experience could be explored. In addition, the authors will present a study that was conducted with high-performance head ice hockey coaches who formerly played goaltender and offer interesting directions for future research inquiries. Notably, the authors will consider playing experience in connection with career advancement, potential implications for hiring processes, considerations for coach education, and possible barriers to coaching opportunities.
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Blackett, Alexander David, Adam B. Evans, and David Piggott. "“Active” and “Passive” Coach Pathways: Elite Athletes’ Entry Routes Into High-Performance Coaching Roles." International Sport Coaching Journal 5, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2017-0053.
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This study sought to analyse the lived experiences of so-called “fast-tracked” coaches from men’s association football and rugby union by seeking to understand how these individuals prepared for and then transitioned into a post-athletic coaching career. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 male coaches. All participants were former elite athletes and had followed a fast-tracked pathway into their current post-athletic coaching roles. Participants were based in England and had retired from an athletic career within 12 months of being interviewed. Two general categories of “active” and “passive” coach pathways were identified for the career trajectory. Active coaches purposefully prepared for a coaching career during their athletic careers, whereas passive coaches did not. Passive coaches’ decisions to become a coach were often reactive and made after retiring from a competitive athletic career. Results indicate that only the career trajectory of passive coaches reflects a fast-track pathway. None of the active or passive coaches negotiated any formalised recruitment processes into their first post-athletic coaching roles. The suggestion is that prejudicial recruitment practices are enacted by senior club management which creates a homogenous coaching workforce. This furthers the need for greater governance of high-performance coach recruitment within England for these sports.
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Vangrunderbeek, Hans, and Hans Ponnet. "The History of Coach Education in Flanders." International Sport Coaching Journal 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 380–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2020-0049.
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From an international perspective, it is indispensable to shed light on the education and certification of sports coaches within different countries in order to exchange good practices and facilitate international collaboration. This article highlights the past, present and future of coach education in Flanders, Belgium. A historical overview of the main initiatives of public, private and academic partners and their shifting relationships with regard to coach education provides insight into the establishment of the current Flemish School for Coach Education, a unique cooperative association between the public government, private sports federations and academic institutes for physical education. Key elements of the Flemish coach education system are presented: mission, organisation and partnerships, framework, competence model, learning pathways/culture and quality assurance. Important future steps involve the transition from a linear framework to a context-specific and nonlinear alternative, based on long-term athlete and coach development models, rethinking coach competences for all programs and implementing a blended learner-based approach with more focus on unmediated, nonformal mediated and internal learning situations.
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Duarte, Tiago, Diane M. Culver, and Kyle Paquette. "Assessing the Value Created in a Social Learning Space Intervention: Four Vignettes of Parasport Coaches." International Sport Coaching Journal 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 348–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2020-0006.
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In this paper, the authors reflect on the current literature and the evolution of coach communities of practice and how the coach development area has embraced Wenger-Trayner’s social learning theory. Studies examining parasport coach development interventions, specifically those using a landscape of practice approach, are lacking. This paper is the third in a series about increasing learning capability in the wheelchair curling landscape. The authors utilized a collaborative approach to assess the learning value created through a 13-month social learning intervention. Four composite vignettes based on the coaches’ pathways and residency within the landscape were created from the data generated and analyzed using the value creation framework. The vignettes illustrate the many dimensions of learning values experienced by the coaches. This paper advances the literature surrounding social learning theory by providing examples of the novel concept of different dimensions of learning value. Applied implications are included.
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Conroy, David E., and J. Douglas Coatsworth. "Coach Training as a Strategy for Promoting Youth Social Development." Sport Psychologist 20, no. 2 (June 2006): 128–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.20.2.128.
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Organized youth sports afford a unique opportunity for promoting positive youth development, but little is known about why these settings can be beneficial for youth. The purposes of this article are (a) to discuss the instrumental role coaches play in determining the developmental yield of sport participation for youth and (b) to examine the efficacy of coach training programs for enhancing youth development in light of an expanded model of coaching effects on youth. This model features an elaborated internalization mechanism involving cognitive and motivational pathways. Emerging support for this model is reviewed and future directions for coach training researchers and practitioners are highlighted.
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Larsen, Leslie K., and Christopher J. Clayton. "Career Pathways to NCAA Division I Women’s Basketball Head Coach Positions: Do Race and Gender Matter?" Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 27, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2018-0068.
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In 2017–2018, more than 60% of NCAA Division I women’s basketball (DI WBB) players identified as women of color, while less than 17% of the head coaches of DI WBB teams identified as women of color. Larsen, Fisher, and Moret suggested differences in career pathways between black female head coaches and their white female and white and black male counterparts could be one explanation for the aforementioned discrepancy. However, there is currently limited research on the career pathways of DI WBB head coaches to support Larsen and colleagues’ hypothesis. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the career pathways of DI WBB head coaches to identify race and gender differences. To accomplish this, a content analysis was conducted on the online biographies of head coaches from all 351 DI WBB programs. Significant differences between groups were found in the number of years coaching in DI women’s basketball prior to receiving a first DI head coaching position; both white women (M = 6.97) and women of color (M = 7.94) had significantly more years in DI WBB coaching than white males (M = 4.95; F(3, 348) = 4.63, p = .003). Further, chi-square tests revealed a significant relationship between the race and gender of a coach and the highest level of playing experience and education. These results indicate that race and gender play a significant role in determining what pathway is required to obtain an DI WBB head coaching position. In addition to these research findings, practical implications are discussed.
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Santos, Fernando, Daniel Gould, and Leisha Strachan. "Research on Positive Youth Development-focused Coach Education Programs: Future Pathways and Applications." International Sport Coaching Journal 6, no. 1 (January 2019): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2018-0013.
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Hamer, Jennifer, Ben Desbrow, and Chris Irwin. "Are Coaches of Female Athletes Informed of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport? A Scoping Review." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 29, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2020-0062.
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In the last decade, there has been greater appreciation of the harmful consequences of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S), particularly in adolescent female athletes. Coaches act as both important moderators in the development of the condition and as identifiers of athletes at risk. Research suggests that coaches lack knowledge on this topic. At present, it is unclear if RED-S education is incorporated into coach accreditation pathways. The aim of this scoping review was to describe the extent to which RED-S education is incorporated into the coach accreditation pathways of endurance sporting organizations. Five national sporting organizations (Cycling Australia, Athletics Australia, Swimming Australia, Triathlon Australia, and Rowing Australia) were contacted to participate. First, each sporting organization’s website was scoped, then semi-structured interviews were conducted online. One investigator transcribed each interview verbatim. Transcripts were analyzed for thematic content. Four of the sporting organizations provided little to no RED-S education. Rowing Australia delivered a program of RED-S content via an affiliated sports dietitian. The barriers identified for implementation of RED-S content were: limited time, resources, and coaches’ preexisting knowledge and beliefs. Based on these results, RED-S education is, indeed, lacking in some coach accreditation programs for endurance-based sporting organizations. Support for these organizations is required to overcome existing barriers and to facilitate inclusion of RED-S education within the coaching curriculum to support female athlete health.
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Kroshus, Emily, Tom Paskus, and Lydia Bell. "Coach Expectations About Off-Field Conduct and Bystander Intervention by U.S. College Football Players to Prevent Inappropriate Sexual Behavior." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 2 (September 21, 2015): 293–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515605122.
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The objective of the present study was to assess whether there is a positive association between expectations about off-field conduct set by the team coach and the likelihood that college football players intend to engage as prosocial bystanders in the prevention of what they consider to be inappropriate sexual behavior. In a sample of U.S. collegiate football players ( N = 3,281), a path analysis model tested the association between coach expectations, perceived likelihood of discipline for off-field transgressions, and likelihood of intending to intervene to prevent inappropriate sexual behavior. Mediation of these relationships by the athlete’s sense of exploitative entitlement and their attitudes about intervening were also assessed. Findings supported the hypothesized relationships, with expectations and discipline associated with bystander intentions both directly and indirectly through the mediating pathways of entitlement and attitudes about intervening. These findings provide evidence about the important role that sports team coaches can play in encouraging bystander intervention by clarifying expectations and consequences for conduct off the field of play. Athletic departments can provide a framework within which coaches are informed about the importance of setting and enforcing standards for off-field behavior, and are appropriately incentivized to do so.
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Galatti, Larissa R., Yura Yuka Sato dos Santos, and Paula Korsakas. "A Coach Developers’ Narrative on Scaffolding a Learner-Centred Coaching Course in Brazil." International Sport Coaching Journal 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2018-0084.
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Sport coaching in Brazil is a regulated profession that requires higher education qualifications. A degree in physical education (PE) is mandatory since 1998 for those who aspire to work as coaches in the country, which has led universities and professors to play a key role in developing coaches through formal education. Through a personal narrative approach, we—a professor and a PhD candidate—wrote this paper with the purpose of sharing our pathways and reflections in implementing a learner-centred teaching (LCT) approach in an undergraduate coaching course in Brazil, both acting as coach developers (CDs). From a personal and professional growth perspective, as CDs, we acknowledge the relevance of offering such practical experiences along with reflection and peer sharing as crucial steps for practitioners to improve CD expertise in the higher education setting. By reflecting on the potential of a LCT approach in higher education, we demonstrate how LCT strategies can enhance opportunities for student-coaches to gain exposure to meaningful practical coaching situations as a way to better develop their coaching skills within the university environment.
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Hatcher, Simon, Robyn Whittaker, Murray Patton, Wayne Sylvester Miles, Nicola Ralph, Katharina Kercher, and Cynthia Sharon. "Web-based Therapy Plus Support by a Coach in Depressed Patients Referred to Secondary Mental Health Care: Randomized Controlled Trial." JMIR Mental Health 5, no. 1 (January 23, 2018): e5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/mental.8510.
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Background The evidence for the effectiveness of Web-based therapies comes mainly from nonclinical populations, with a few studies in primary care. There is little evidence from patients referred to secondary mental health care with depression. Adherence to Web-based therapies is often poor. One way to increase this is to create a new health service role of a coach to guide people through the therapy. Objective This study aimed to test in people referred to secondary care with depression if a Web-based therapy (The Journal) supported by a coach plus usual care would be more effective in reducing depression compared with usual care plus an information leaflet about Web-based resources after 12 weeks. Methods We conducted a randomized controlled trial with two parallel arms and a process evaluation that included structured qualitative interviews analyzed using thematic analysis. The coach had a background in occupational therapy. Participants were recruited face-to-face at community mental health centers. Results We recruited 63 people into the trial (intervention 35, control 28). There were no statistically significant differences in the change from baseline in Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scores at 12 weeks comparing The Journal with usual care (mean change in PHQ-9 score 9.4 in the intervention group and 7.1 in the control group, t41=1.05, P=.30; mean difference=2.3, 95% CI −2.1 to 6.7). People who were offered The Journal attended on average about one less outpatient appointment compared with usual care, although this difference was not statistically significant (intervention mean number of visits 2.8 (SD 5.5) compared with 4.1 (SD 6.7) in the control group, t45=−0.80, P=.43; mean difference=1.3, 95% CI −4.5 to 2.0). The process evaluation found that the mean number of lessons completed in the intervention group was 2.5 (SD=1.9; range=0-6) and the number of contacts with the coach was a mean of 8.1 (SD=4.4; range=0-17). The qualitative interviews highlighted the problem of engaging clinicians in research and their resistance to recruitment: technical difficulties with The Journal, which prevented people logging in easily; difficulty accessing The Journal as it was not available on mobile devices; participants finding some lessons difficult; and participants saying they were too busy to complete the sessions. Conclusions The study demonstrated that it is feasible to use a coach in this setting, that people found it helpful, and that it did not conflict with other care that participants were receiving. Future trials need to engage clinicians at an early stage to articulate where Web-based therapies fit into existing clinical pathways; Web-based therapies should be available on mobile devices, and logging in should be easy. The role of the coach should be explored in larger trials. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN): 12613000015741; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=363351&isReview=true (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6wEyCc6Ss).
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Cripps, Ashley J., Luke S. Hopper, and Christopher Joyce. "Can coaches predict long-term career attainment outcomes in adolescent athletes?" International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 14, no. 3 (June 2019): 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954119848418.
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Coaches’ subjective perceptions of an athlete's career potential play an important role in the identification and subsequent selection of talented adolescents into or out of development pathways. However, evidence suggests that these perceptions may be biased by variations in athlete maturity. The primary aim of this study was to examine the predictive accuracy of development pathway coaches’ perceptions when tasked with identifying adolescent athlete’s long-term potential within the Australian Football talent pathway. A secondary aim was to explore if the maturational status of adolescent athletes influenced the accuracy of coaches’ long-term career attainment predictions. This observational study initially recruited adolescent athletes (n = 264) and their coaches (n = 9) from teams involved in a state-based Australian Football competition. At the initial testing sessions, estimates for biological maturity were undertaken for all athletes and coaches were asked to rate the perceived long-term career attainment potential of their athletes via a questionnaire. Four years after this initial questionnaire, the research team retrospectively examined each athlete’s highest level of competition attained. Coaches correctly predicted the level of career attainment for 63% of athletes, demonstrating a fair level of agreement (κ = 0.25, 95% CI = −0.16–0.35, p < 0.001) between coach perception and actual career progression outcomes. The coaches’ greatest level of predictive accuracy was for late maturing athletes (79% accuracy), while the poorest was for the early maturing athletes (52% accuracy). The findings of this study highlight the complexity associated with correctly identifying athletes with long-term performance potential at early stages of development pathways.
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Lara-Bercial, Sergio, and Clifford J. Mallett. "The Practices and Developmental Pathways of Professional and Olympic Serial Winning Coaches." International Sport Coaching Journal 3, no. 3 (September 2016): 221–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2016-0083.
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In 2011, the Innovation Group of Leading Agencies of the International Council for Coaching Excellence initiated a project aimed at supporting the identification and development of the next generation of high performance coaches. The project, entitled Serial Winning Coaches, studied the personalities, practices and developmental pathways of professional and Olympic coaches who had repeatedly achieved success at the highest level of sport. This paper is the third publication originating from this unique project. In the first paper, Mallett and Coulter (2016) focused on the development and testing of a novel multilayered methodology in understanding a person through a single case study of a successful Olympic coach. In the second, Mallett and Lara-Bercial (2016) applied this methodology to a large sample of Serial Winning Coaches and offered a composite account of their personality. In this third instalment, we turn the focus onto the actual practices and developmental pathways of these coaches. The composite profile of their practice emerging from the analysis revolves around four major themes: Philosophy, Vision, People and Environment. In addition, a summary of the developmental activities accessed by these coaches and their journey to success is also offered. Finally, we consider the overall findings of the project and propose the concept of Driven Benevolence as the overarching operational principle guiding the actions and behaviours of this group of Serial Winning Coaches.
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R Richards, K. Andrew, Nicholas S. Washburn, and Michael A. Hemphill. "Exploring the influence of perceived mattering, role stress, and emotional exhaustion on physical education teacher/coach job satisfaction." European Physical Education Review 25, no. 2 (November 29, 2017): 389–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356336x17741402.
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Job dissatisfaction has been linked to decreased performance and increased workplace turnover. It is, therefore, important to understand the experiences that are associated with physical education teacher job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. This study examined relationships among perceived mattering, role stress, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction in teacher/coaches and non-coaching physical education teachers. The participants included 500 physical educators (251 females, 249 males) from the United States. Most participants (91.20%) were Caucasian, and over half (53.60%) coached. Data were collected using an online survey, and analyzed using latent variable modeling procedures. Results supported the conceptual framework, χ2(214) = 511.49, p < .001, RMSEA = .052 (90% CI = [.046, .058], p = .216), SRMR = .06, NNFI = .95, CFI = .96, and commonly experienced pathways were invariant across coaching and non-coaching groups. A key goal for schools should be to increase teacher perceived mattering and reduce role stress and emotional exhaustion.
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Blackett, Alexander David, Adam Evans, and David Piggott. "Why ‘the best way of learning to coach the game is playing the game’: conceptualising ‘fast-tracked’ high-performance coaching pathways." Sport, Education and Society 22, no. 6 (August 18, 2015): 744–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2015.1075494.
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Jacob, Ysabel, Tania Spiteri, Nicolas Hart, and Ryan Anderton. "The Potential Role of Genetic Markers in Talent Identification and Athlete Assessment in Elite Sport." Sports 6, no. 3 (August 30, 2018): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports6030088.
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In elite sporting codes, the identification and promotion of future athletes into specialised talent pathways is heavily reliant upon objective physical, technical, and tactical characteristics, in addition to subjective coach assessments. Despite the availability of a plethora of assessments, the dependence on subjective forms of identification remain commonplace in most sporting codes. More recently, genetic markers, including several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), have been correlated with enhanced aerobic capacity, strength, and an overall increase in athletic ability. In this review, we discuss the effects of a number of candidate genes on athletic performance, across single-skilled and multifaceted sporting codes, and propose additional markers for the identification of motor skill acquisition and learning. While displaying some inconsistencies, both the ACE and ACTN3 polymorphisms appear to be more prevalent in strength and endurance sporting teams, and have been found to correlate to physical assessments. More recently, a number of polymorphisms reportedly correlating to athlete performance have gained attention, however inconsistent research design and varying sports make it difficult to ascertain the relevance to the wider sporting population. In elucidating the role of genetic markers in athleticism, existing talent identification protocols may significantly improve—and ultimately enable—targeted resourcing in junior talent pathways.
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Burgess, Darren J., and Geraldine A. Naughton. "Talent Development in Adolescent Team Sports: A Review." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 5, no. 1 (March 2010): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.5.1.103.
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Traditional talent development pathways for adolescents in team sports follow talent identification procedures based on subjective games ratings and isolated athletic assessment. Most talent development models are exclusive rather than inclusive in nature. Subsequently, talent identification may result in discontentment, premature stratification, or dropout from team sports. Understanding the multidimensional differences among the requirements of adolescent and elite adult athletes could provide more realistic goals for potential talented players. Coach education should include adolescent development, and rewards for team success at the adolescent level should reflect the needs of long-term player development. Effective talent development needs to incorporate physical and psychological maturity, the relative age effect, objective measures of game sense, and athletic prowess. The influences of media and culture on the individual, and the competing time demands between various competitions for player training time should be monitored and mediated where appropriate. Despite the complexity, talent development is a worthy investment in professional team sport.
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Uehara, Luiz, Chris Button, and Keith Davids. "Sport expertise development and the constraints-led approach." Conexões 17 (March 15, 2019): e019001. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/conex.v17i0.8649755.
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Objective: This review article delineates some important theoretical concepts that inform sport expertise acquisition studies. In particular, the principles of ecological psychology and dynamical systems theory have united together to form the ecological dynamics, a framework that provides the perfect platform through which to study the role of socio-cultural constraints upon sport expertise. Methodology: The body of information collected for this article was primarily extracted from peer- reviewed articles and academic books. This review article used Brazilian soccer as the case study. Results and discussion: Whilst the sports expertise literature has been guilty of somewhat polarising the influence of either practice or inherited attributes upon motor learning there are nonetheless many useful lessons to be learnt from this review article. For example, sport expertise development takes place over many years and includes numerous formal and informal pathways that athletes can take to excel. Conclusion: The constraints-led approach has been promoted as a framework for understanding how people acquire perceptual-motor skills for sport and physical activities. On a practical level, this approach suggests that the major role of the coach or teacher is to manipulate key constraints in order to facilitate discovery of functional movement behavior.
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Riccio, Gennaro, Daniele De Luca, and Chiara Lauritano. "Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and Sulfolipid Synthesis in Microalgae." Marine Drugs 18, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18050237.
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Microalgae, due to their huge taxonomic and metabolic diversity, have been shown to be a valuable and eco-friendly source of bioactive natural products. The increasing number of genomic and transcriptomic data will give a great boost for the study of metabolic pathways involved in the synthesis of bioactive compounds. In this study, we analyzed the presence of the enzymes involved in the synthesis of monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDGs) and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols (SQDG). Both compounds have important biological properties. MGDGs present both anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities while SQDGs present immunostimulatory activities and inhibit the enzyme glutaminyl cyclase, which is involved in Alzheimer’s disease. The Ocean Global Atlas (OGA) database and the Marine Microbial Eukaryotic Transcriptome Sequencing Project (MMETSP) were used to search MGDG synthase (MGD), UDP-sulfoquinovose synthase (SQD1), and sulfoquinovosyltransferase (SQD2) sequences along microalgal taxa. In silico 3D prediction analyses for the three enzymes were performed by Phyre2 server, while binding site predictions were performed by the COACH server. The analyzed enzymes are distributed across different taxa, which confirms the importance for microalgae of these two pathways for thylakoid physiology. MGD genes have been found across almost all analyzed taxa and can be separated in two different groups, similarly to terrestrial plant MGD. SQD1 and SQD2 genes are widely distributed along the analyzed taxa in a similar way to MGD genes with some exceptions. For Pinguiophyceae, Raphidophyceae, and Synurophyceae, only sequences coding for MGDG were found. On the contrary, sequences assigned to Ciliophora and Eustigmatophyceae were exclusively corresponding to SQD1 and SQD2. This study reports, for the first time, the presence/absence of these enzymes in available microalgal transcriptomes, which gives new insights on microalgal physiology and possible biotechnological applications for the production of bioactive lipids.
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Ciampolini, Vitor, Alexandre VB Tozetto, Fabrício J. Milan, Martin Camiré, and Michel Milistetd. "Lifelong learning pathway of a coach developer operating in a national sport federation." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 15, no. 3 (March 18, 2020): 428–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954120912384.
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Coach developers play essential roles in “coaching the coaches,” and investigating their lifelong learning pathway is key for better understanding the mechanisms that lead certain coaches to become coach developers. Thus, the purpose of the paper was to conduct a case study to investigate the lifelong learning pathway of a coach developer operating in a national sport federation. The case investigated is Mille, a certified coach developer in charge of the Brazilian Rugby Federation’s coach education program. Data were collected through the Rappaport Time Line and two semi-structured interviews. An interpretative phenomenological analysis was adopted to explore the lived experiences reported by the participant. The results highlighted that Mille is an individual driven by challenges provided either by external factors (i.e. school, university, work) or by his own choices (i.e. becoming a coach, becoming a coach developer, starting a PhD) for personal and professional development. Specific life events led him to make decisions for evolving in his roles, from athlete, to coach, to coach developer, and to “master trainer,” which is the highest level of certification provided by World Rugby. Practical implications are suggested to contribute to the organization of education initiatives for coach developers through a lifelong learning perspective.
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Ski, Chantal F., Martje H. L. van der Wal, Michael Le Grande, Dirk J. van Veldhuisen, Ivonne Lesman-Leegte, David R. Thompson, Sandy Middleton, Jan Cameron, and Tiny Jaarsma. "Patients with heart failure with and without a history of stroke in the Netherlands: a secondary analysis of psychosocial, behavioural and clinical outcomes up to three years from the COACH trial." BMJ Open 9, no. 8 (August 2019): e025525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025525.
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ObjectiveTo identify differences in psychosocial, behavioural and clinical outcomes between patients with heart failure (HF) with and without stroke.Design and participantsA secondary analysis of 1023 patients with heart failure enrolled in the Coordinating study evaluating Outcomes of Advising and Counselling in Heart failure.SettingSeventeen hospitals located across the Netherlands.Outcomes measuresDepressive symptoms (Centre for Epidemiological StudiesDepressionScale), quality of life (Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire, Ladder of Life Scale), self-care (European Heart Failure Self-Care Behaviour Scale), adherence to HF management (modified version of the Heart Failure Compliance Questionnaire) and readmission for HF, cardiovascular-cause and all-cause hospitalisations at 18 months, and all-cause mortality at 18 months and 3 years.ResultsCompared with those without stroke, patients with HF with a stroke (10.3%; n=105) had twice the likelihood of severe depressive symptoms (OR 2.83, 95% CI 1.27 to 6.28, p=0.011; OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.03 to 4.88, p=0.043) at 12 and 18 months, poorer disease-specific and generic quality of life (OR 2.80, 95% CI 1.61 to 4.84, p<0.001; OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.09 to 3.50, p=0.019) at 12 months, poorer self-care (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.05 to 3.11, p=0.034; OR 2.87, 95% CI 1.61 to 5.11, p<0.0011) and HF management adherence (OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.81, p=0.012; OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.72, p=0.004) at 12 and 18 months, higher rates of hospitalisations and mortality at 18 months and higher all-cause mortality (HR 1.43, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.91, p=0.016) at 3 years.ConclusionsPatients with HF and stroke have worse psychosocial, behavioural and clinical outcomes, notably from 12 months, than those without stroke. To ameliorate these poor outcomes long-term, integrated disease management pathways are warranted.
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Van Mullem, Pete, and Kirk Mathias. "Coach Development: Practical Recommendations for Interscholastic Sport." International Sport Coaching Journal 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2020-0007.
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In the United States, interscholastic sport coach development occurs at the national, regional, and local levels, through higher education institutions, coaching associations, governing bodies of sport, and coach developers. Although each coach development pathway employs similar instructional methods, delivery formats, and often seeks the same outcome (i.e., certification or degree), each is unique in how they educate interscholastic coaches. Research studies on coach development have examined how interscholastic coaches learn, what they need to know, and what they need to know how to do. Furthermore, research studies in sport coaching have examined the role of a coach developer in facilitating, mentoring, and guiding coach development activities. Therefore, guided by the literature on coach development, the role of the interscholastic sport administrator as a coach developer, and insight gleaned from an exploratory descriptive study on interscholastic sport coaches, this best practices paper offers three steps the interscholastic sport administrator can implement in practice to provide ongoing coach development.
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Adamiak, Mateusz, Malwina Suszynska, Ahmed Abdel-Latif, Ahmed Abdelbaset-Ismail, Janina Ratajczak, Magdalena Kucia, and Mariusz Z. Ratajczak. "Novel Evidence That the Mannan-Binding Lectin (MBL) Pathway of Complement Activation Plays a Pivotal Role in Triggering Mobilization of Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells By Activation of Both the Complement and Coagulation Cascades." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 3371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.3371.3371.
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Abstract Background . The complement cascade (ComC), which is part of the innate immune system, exerts several pleiotropic effects, and, as we have demonstrated, it is required for mobilization of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) during infection or tissue/organ injury as well as in response to administration of pharmacological mobilizing agents, such as G-CSF or AMD3100 (Blood 2004, 103, 2071-2078). The ComC is activated by three pathways: the classical, mannan-binding lectin (MBL), and alternative pathways. Activation of the ComC and generation of cleavage fragments of the fifth component of the ComC (C5), such as C5a, desArgC5a, and C5b, by classical C5 convertase initiates events that are required for egress of HSPCs from bone marrow (BM) into peripheral blood (PB) (Leukemia 2009, 23, 2052-2062). Recent results indicate that the coagulation cascade (CoaC) is activated in parallel with activation of the ComC during the mobilization process and plays a supportive role, because thrombin has "C5 convertase-like activity" (Leukemia 2014, 28, 2148-2154). While a requirement for ComC activation and the pivotal roles of the distal part of complement activation and the generation of C5 cleavage fragments have been previously demonstrated (Leukemia 2009, 23, 2052-2062), mice with mutations in components of the classical pathway (C1q-/- mice), in which the distal pathway of C5 activation remained intact, do not show impairment of HSPC mobilization (Leukemia 2010, 24, 1667-1675). Aim of the study. Since no studies have yet been performed to address the role of the MBL pathway in triggering the mobilization of HSPCs, we became interested in its involvement in both ComC and CoaC activation after administration of G-CSF or AMD3100. The MBL pathway is homologous to the classical pathway but contains a soluble MBL receptor instead of C1q, and MBL functions as activator of the MBL-associated serine proteases, MASP-1 and MASP-2, which are activated downstream of both the ComC and the CoaC. Hypothesis. We hypothesized that the MBL-initiated ComC and CoaC activation pathways are involved in triggering mobilization of HSPCs and that MBL deficiency may result in poor mobilization efficiency.Materials and Methods. In our experiments, 2-month-old, MBL-deficient (MBL-/-) and MASP-1-deficient (MASP-1-/-) mice as well as their normal wild type (WT) littermates were mobilized with G-CSF or AMD3100. Following mobilization, we measured i) the total number of white blood cells (WBCs), ii) the number of circulating clonogenic colony-forming unit granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM) progenitors, and iii) the number of Sca-1+c-kit+lineage- (SKL) cells in PB. In parallel, we evaluated activation of the ComC after administration of G-CSF and AMD3100 in experimental animals by employing C5a ELISA. To address the role of the CoaC in MBL-MASP-1- and MBL-MASP-2-induced mobilization, MBL-/- mice were treated with inhibitors of the CoaC (refludan) in some of the experiments. Results. We found that the MBL-MASP ComC activation pathway is involved in pharmacological G-CSF- and AMD3100-induced mobilization of HSPCs. As predicted, MBL-/- and MASP-1-/- mice were found to be poor mobilizers. Furthermore, inhibition of the CoaC by refludan inhibited mobilization in wild type animals but did not generate the additional defects seen in MBL-/- mice. Conclusions. We identified a previously unrecognized role for the MBL-MASP-1 pathway in triggering ComC and CoaC activation in the HSPC mobilization process. This finding explains the pivotal role of the MBL pathway in triggering activation of the proximal part of the ComC and explains why, even with a deficiency in activation of classical pathway components (C1q), mobilization of HSPCs proceeds normally as long as the MBL pathway is intact. Taking into consideration that ~10% of normal people are poor activators of the MBL pathway and that this percentage corresponds with the ~10% of the normal healthy population that are poor mobilizers, we are currently investigating whether MBL deficiency correlates with poor mobilization status in patients. MBL could be an important predictive parameter for identifying poor mobilizers. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Norman, Leanne. "“I Don’t Really Know What the Magic Wand Is to Get Yourself in There”: Women’s Sense of Organizational Fit as Coach Developers." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 28, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2019-0020.
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Building on the body of research that has addressed the experiences of female coaches, the present study examines women’s role as coach developers. English football served as the context for the research. Figures demonstrate women are underrepresented in this role more so than they are as coaches, and their distribution across the coach developer pathway is unevenly balanced, with most women qualified at Level I of the pathway. Using the concept of ‘organizational fit’, the research connects the experiences of the 10 coach developers interviewed, to the structural practices of their national and local governing bodies. These practices were symptomatic of the organizations’ culture that is created and upheld by masculine ideals. Work expectations and the environment were structured on the image of men as coaches and coach developers. Cultural barriers to women’s sense of organizational fit were specifically found to be: the incentive to progress (return on investment from higher coaching qualifications), the degree of organizational support and nurture, and the opportunity to progress and practice. Consequently, organizational expectations and values do not support the ambitions of women to climb the coach developer career ladder, and restrict their sense of choice and control. Future research should direct its attention towards a greater interrogation of aspects of sport organizational culture that may serve to ‘push’ female coaches away from its core, or alternatively, pull them closer to engage and make use of their expertise and abilities as coach developers.
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Kelly, Seamus, and Niall O’Regan. "The Union of European Football Associations 2020 Coaching Convention Update and Coach Education in the Football Association of Ireland." International Sport Coaching Journal 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 382–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2020-0090.
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This article explores how the 2020 edition of the Union of European Football Association’s (UEFA) Coaching Convention impacts coach education in the Football Association of Ireland (FAI), a member of the UEFA. First, this article provides a brief history of the UEFA Coaching Convention and it’s historical benefits. Second, the UEFA Coaching Convention’s principles and practices of adult learning and reality-based learning are identified, along with the national association’s responsibilities for their implementation. Third, we outline the four main changes to the 2020 UEFA Coaching Convention, and fourth, following an overview of coach education in the FAI, we identify how the FAI’s Coach Education Department adopts a constructivist, learner-centered approach when implementing the UEFA adult learning and reality-based learning principles. Fifth, we discuss some of the implemented and planned coach education initiatives in the FAI and provide an overview of the FAI’s redeveloped coach education pathway, which was launched in August 2020 for implementation from 2021 to 2025. The article concludes with an overview of the future of coach education in the FAI and suggestions for further research.
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Fawver, Bradley, Garrett F. Beatty, John T. Roman, and Kevin Kurtz. "The Status of Youth Coach Training in the United States: Existing Programs and Room for Improvement." International Sport Coaching Journal 7, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2019-0017.
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The United States is one of the world’s perennial sports powers, yet the pathway to that success is littered with millions of youth athletes who either are not good enough to compete at a higher level or dropout from sport completely due to various personal, social, and organizational factors. These barriers are compounded by a win-at-all-costs mentality that pervades the U.S. sport culture and ultimately disenfranchises many youths from the opportunity to enjoy sport participation throughout their life. The authors argue that principle components in this flawed system are the lack of standardized coach education at the state and national level, weaknesses in the current curricula offered, and difficulties for aspiring coaches accessing existing training programs. In the current paper, the authors (a) briefly review the history of coach education in the United States as well as existing opportunities for coach education at the university, sport-specific, and private sectors; (b) provide a description of the strengths and weaknesses of the current coaching model; and (c) provide recommendations to improve coach education and training in the United States.
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Wang, Chih‐Wei, and Glenda Lynn Rose. "Teaching Case—Gamified tech integration coach pathway for AEL teachers and staff." New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development 32, no. 4 (September 2020): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nha3.20300.
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Sinha, Ranjan, Dashyanng Kachru, Roshni Ray Ricchetti, Simitha Singh-Rambiritch, Karthik Marimuthu Muthukumar, Vidhya Singaravel, Carmel Irudayanathan, et al. "Leveraging Genomic Associations in Precision Digital Care for Weight Loss: Cohort Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): e25401. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/25401.
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Background The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the urgency of addressing an epidemic of obesity and associated inflammatory illnesses. Previous studies have demonstrated that interactions between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and lifestyle interventions such as food and exercise may vary metabolic outcomes, contributing to obesity. However, there is a paucity of research relating outcomes from digital therapeutics to the inclusion of genetic data in care interventions. Objective This study aims to describe and model the weight loss of participants enrolled in a precision digital weight loss program informed by the machine learning analysis of their data, including genomic data. It was hypothesized that weight loss models would exhibit a better fit when incorporating genomic data versus demographic and engagement variables alone. Methods A cohort of 393 participants enrolled in Digbi Health’s personalized digital care program for 120 days was analyzed retrospectively. The care protocol used participant data to inform precision coaching by mobile app and personal coach. Linear regression models were fit of weight loss (pounds lost and percentage lost) as a function of demographic and behavioral engagement variables. Genomic-enhanced models were built by adding 197 SNPs from participant genomic data as predictors and refitted using Lasso regression on SNPs for variable selection. Success or failure logistic regression models were also fit with and without genomic data. Results Overall, 72.0% (n=283) of the 393 participants in this cohort lost weight, whereas 17.3% (n=68) maintained stable weight. A total of 142 participants lost 5% bodyweight within 120 days. Models described the impact of demographic and clinical factors, behavioral engagement, and genomic risk on weight loss. Incorporating genomic predictors improved the mean squared error of weight loss models (pounds lost and percent) from 70 to 60 and 16 to 13, respectively. The logistic model improved the pseudo R2 value from 0.193 to 0.285. Gender, engagement, and specific SNPs were significantly associated with weight loss. SNPs within genes involved in metabolic pathways processing food and regulating fat storage were associated with weight loss in this cohort: rs17300539_G (insulin resistance and monounsaturated fat metabolism), rs2016520_C (BMI, waist circumference, and cholesterol metabolism), and rs4074995_A (calcium-potassium transport and serum calcium levels). The models described greater average weight loss for participants with more risk alleles. Notably, coaching for dietary modification was personalized to these genetic risks. Conclusions Including genomic information when modeling outcomes of a digital precision weight loss program greatly enhanced the model accuracy. Interpretable weight loss models indicated the efficacy of coaching informed by participants’ genomic risk, accompanied by active engagement of participants in their own success. Although large-scale validation is needed, our study preliminarily supports precision dietary interventions for weight loss using genetic risk, with digitally delivered recommendations alongside health coaching to improve intervention efficacy.
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Klein, C., and D. Korn. "A morphometric approach to conch ontogeny of <i>Cymaclymenia</i> and related genera (Ammonoidea, Late Devonian)." Fossil Record 17, no. 1 (February 20, 2014): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/fr-17-1-2014.
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Abstract. Representatives of the Late Devonian ammonoid family Cymaclymeniidae were studied for their conch ontogeny. Two methods were applied: (1) the analysis of classical morphometric conch parameters and (2) an outline analysis of the aperture using elliptic Fourier analysis. Application of both methods leads to similar results, allowing a separation of some of the species by means of their ontogenetic pathways. The new species Procymaclymenia ebbighauseni n. sp., Cymaclymenia subvexa n. sp., Cymaclymenia formosa n. sp., Cymaclymenia lambidia n. sp., Cymaclymenia carnata n. sp., Cymaclymenia aulax n. sp., Cymaclymenia serotina n. sp. and Postclymenia calceola n. sp. are described in the systematic part.
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Tangalos, Christie, Samuel J. Robertson, Michael Spittle, and Paul B. Gastin. "Predictors of Individual Player Match Performance in Junior Australian Football." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 7 (October 2015): 853–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0428.
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Context:Player match statistics in junior Australian football (AF) are not well documented, and contributors to success are poorly understood. A clearer understanding of the relationships between fitness and skill in younger players participating at the foundation level of the performance pathway in AF has implications for the development of coaching priorities (eg, physical or technical).Purpose:To investigate the relationships between indices of fitness (speed, power, and endurance) and skill (coach rating) on player performance (disposals and effective disposals) in junior AF.Methods:Junior male AF players (N = 156, 10–15 y old) were recruited from 12 teams of a single amateur recreational AF club located in metropolitan Victoria. All players were tested for fitness (20-m sprint, vertical jump, 20-m shuttle run) and rated by their coach on a 6-point Likert scale for skill (within a team in comparison with their teammates). Player performance was assessed during a single match in which disposals and their effectiveness were coded from a video recording.Results:Coach rating of skill displayed the strongest correlations and, combined with 20-m shuttle test, showed a good ability to predict the number of both disposals and effective disposals. None of the skill or fitness attributes adequately explained the percentage of effective disposals. The influence of team did not meaningfully contribute to the performance of any of the models.Conclusions:Skill development should be considered a high priority by coaches in junior AF.
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Kellezi, Blerina, Juliet Ruth Helen Wakefield, Clifford Stevenson, Niamh McNamara, Elizabeth Mair, Mhairi Bowe, Iain Wilson, and Moon Moon Halder. "The social cure of social prescribing: a mixed-methods study on the benefits of social connectedness on quality and effectiveness of care provision." BMJ Open 9, no. 11 (November 2019): e033137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033137.
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ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the degree to which the ‘social cure’ model of psychosocial health captures the understandings and experiences of healthcare staff and patients in a social prescribing (SP) pathway and the degree to which these psychosocial processes predict the effect of the pathway on healthcare usage.DesignMixed-methods: Study 1: semistructured interviews; study 2: longitudinal survey.SettingAn English SP pathway delivered between 2017 and 2019.ParticipantsStudy 1: general practitioners (GPs) (n=7), healthcare providers (n=9) and service users (n=19). Study 2: 630 patients engaging with SP pathway at a 4-month follow-up after initial referral assessment.InterventionChronically ill patients experiencing loneliness referred onto SP pathway and meeting with a health coach and/or link worker, with possible further referral to existing or newly created relevant third-sector groups.Main outcome measureStudy 1: health providers and users’ qualitative perspectives on the experience of the pathway and social determinants of health. Study 2: patients’ primary care usage.ResultsHealthcare providers recognised the importance of social factors in determining patient well-being, and reason for presentation at primary care. They viewed SP as a potentially effective solution to such problems. Patients valued the different social relationships they created through the SP pathway, including those with link workers, groups and community. Group memberships quantitatively predicted primary care usage, and this was mediated by increases in community belonging and reduced loneliness.ConclusionsMethodological triangulation offers robust conclusions that ‘social cure’ processes explain the efficacy of SP, which can reduce primary care usage through increasing social connectedness (group membership and community belonging) and reducing loneliness. Recommendations for integrating social cure processes into SP initiatives are discussed.
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Paquette, Kyle J., and Philip Sullivan. "Canadian Curling Coaches’ Use of Psychological Skills Training." Sport Psychologist 26, no. 1 (March 2012): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.26.1.29.
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Multiple conceptual frameworks support the link between coaches’ attitudes and behaviors, and their effect on a variety of athlete outcomes, such as performance, motivation, and athlete self-perceptions. The present study explored the relationships among coaches’ attitudes and behaviors, with respect to psychological skills training (PST), and the beliefs of their athletes. One hundred and fifteen coaches completed PST attitude (SPA-RC-revised) and behavior measures, while 403 athletes completed two perception measures (CCS and SCI). Structural Equation Modeling showed that the proposed relationships were statistically significant, except for the pathway between coaches’ attitudes and their behaviors. Results support the disconnect between coaches’ attitudes and behaviors previously established in PST research, as well as the theoretical links between coaches’ behaviors and athletes’ perceptions (i.e., evaluation of their coach and self-confidence).
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Mattson, Mark P. "Challenging Oneself Intermittently to Improve Health." Dose-Response 12, no. 4 (October 1, 2014): dose—response.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2203/dose-response.14-028.mattson.
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Humans and their predecessors evolved in environments where they were challenged intermittently with: 1) food scarcity; 2) the need for aerobic fitness to catch/kill prey and avoid or repel attackers; and 3) exposure to biological toxins present in foodstuffs. Accordingly, cells and organ systems acquired and retained molecular signaling and metabolic pathways through which the environmental challenges enhanced the functionality and resilience of the cells and organisms. Within the past 60 years there has been a precipitous diminution of such challenges in modern societies because of the development of technologies that provide a continuous supply of energy-dense processed foods and that largely eliminate the need for physical exertion. As a consequence of the modern ‘couch potato’ lifestyle, signaling pathways that mediate beneficial effects of environmental challenges on health and disease resistance are disengaged, thereby rendering people vulnerable to obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. Reversal of the epidemic of diseases caused by unchallenging lifestyles will require a society-wide effort to re-introduce intermittent fasting, exercise and consumption of plants containing hormetic phytochemicals into daily and weekly routines.
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Pires, Pedro, André Ramalho, Antonio Antúnez, Helena Mesquita, and Sergio J. Ibáñez. "Career Development of Adapted Sports Coaches: Systematic Review of Qualitative Evidence Literature." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (June 19, 2021): 6608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126608.
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This study aims to synthesize and understand the qualitative and empirical evidence previously published on adapted sports career development. This systematic literature review also aimed at developing a conceptual model of the training and career path of adapted sports coaches. The research was carried out through the following databases: PubMed, Erid, EBSCO, Web of Science and Scopus. We selected nine qualitative studies according to the specific eligibility criteria. Data extraction was carried out independently by different authors, including the assessment of the methodological quality of the articles. We developed a conceptual model composed of four descriptive subjects (adapted sport option; perception of training athletes in adapted sports; development of the adapted sports coach’s learning; adapted sports coach reality) about the adapted sports coach’s pathway and added three analytical subjects about the difficulties, opportunity and reality of adapted sports. The conceptual model suggests inclusion of practical activity programs, the specificities of related contents with the adapted modalities, and observation in a real context are fundamental.
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Korn, Dieter, Konrad Bartzsch, Stella Zora Buchwald, Volker Ebbighausen, and Dieter Weyer. "The Late Devonian ammonoid subfamily Paratornoceratinae." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 297, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 245–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2020/0924.
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Ammonoids of the subfamily Paratornoceratinae are characterised by disc-shaped adult conchs; furthermore they display a wide range of ontogenetic pathways leading to a similar adult conch morphology. The subfamily Paratornoceratinae occurs in the late early Famennian shelf sediments of various regions from the Anti-Atlas of Morocco to the Canning Basin of Western Australia; where endemic species of the genera Paratornoceras and Acrimeroceras appear in stratigraphic succession. We revise the species Paratornoceras lentiforme (Sandberger, 1857) and describe the new species Paratornoceras thuringense Korn, Bartzsch & Weyer n. sp., P. harounense Korn & Ebbighausen n. sp., P. ayense Korn & Buchwald n. sp., P. peterseni Korn & Buchwald n. sp., Acri meroceras hoppeckense Korn & Buchwald n. sp., A. ropicense Korn, Bartzsch & Weyer n. sp. and A. saalense Korn, Bartzsch & Weyer n. sp.
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Mansfield, David A., Alistair J. Anderson, and Linda A. Naylor. "Regulation of PHB metabolism inAlcaligenes eutrophus." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 41, no. 13 (December 15, 1995): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m95-166.
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Metabolites associated with the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) biosynthetic pathway in Alcaligenes eutrophus were measured to gain an insight into the regulation of PHB synthesis in vivo. Alcaligenes eutrophus was grown in carbon-limited chemostat culture to provide bacteria producing negligible PHB, and in nitrogen-limited chemostat culture to yield PHB-synthesizing bacteria. 3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA (3HBCoA) was detected only in polymer-accumulating bacteria. The level of coenzyme A (CoASH) was approximately three times higher in the absence of PHB synthesis, in accord with the putative role of this metabolite in the regulation of 3-ketothiolase. The level of acetoacetyl-CoA was, however, similar in PHB-accumulating and nonaccumulating bacteria, suggesting that NADPH-acetoacetyl-CoA reductase may regulate PHB synthesis in bacteria grown under carbon limitation. Immediately after nitrogen exhaustion in batch culture of A. eutrophus, there was an initial large decrease in the weight-average molecular weight, which corresponded to the rapid disappearance of CoASH and the maximum level of 3HBCoA. The decrease in the rate of PHB synthesis in batch culture was consistent with regulation involving NADPH-acetoacetyl-CoA reductase. The disappearance of 3HBCoA coincided with the cessation of PHB synthesis and the maximum level of acetyl-CoA.Key words: metabolites, PHB biosynthesis, regulation, Alcaligenes eutrophus, molecular weight.
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Ogata, Yuta, Hiroki Katoh, Munehiko Asayama, and Shigeru Chohnan. "Role of prokaryotic type I and III pantothenate kinases in the coenzyme A biosynthetic pathway of Bacillus subtilis." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 60, no. 5 (May 2014): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2013-0793.
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Pantothenate kinases (CoaAs) catalyze the phosphorylation of pantothenate in the first step of the coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthetic pathway. These bacterial enzymes have been categorized into 3 types, the prokaryotic type I, II, and III CoaAs. Bacteria typically carry a single CoaA gene on their genome, but Bacillus subtilis possesses 2 proteins homologous to type I and III CoaAs, known as BsCoaA and BsCoaX, respectively. Both recombinant proteins exhibited the expected kinase activity and the characteristic properties of type I and III CoaAs, i.e., regulation by CoASH and acyl-CoAs in BsCoaA and the requirement of a monovalent cation in BsCoaX. Both gene disruptants appeared to grow in a manner similar to the wild-type strain. With the BsCoaX disruptant, the BsCoaA had the ability to completely fill the intracellular CoA pool, whereas the BsCoaA disruptant did not. These findings clearly indicate that these 2 CoaAs are employed together in the CoA biosynthetic pathway in B. subtilis and that the contribution of the type I CoaA (BsCoaA) to the formation of the intracellular CoA pool is larger than that of the type III CoaA (BsCoaX).
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Long, Haiping, and Pengfei Kuang. "Modern Chinese confirmative shi." Functions of Language 24, no. 3 (December 31, 2017): 294–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.15018.lon.
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Abstract Modern Chinese confirmative shi (as in mei cuo, wo shi yao dusi ni (沒錯，我是要毒死你) ‘that’s right. I really wanted to poison you to death’) is not an auxiliary but an adverb. It derives from the adjective shi ‘true, real’ in Old Chinese (Yan zhi yan shi ye (偃之言是也) ‘what Yan said was true’). The grammaticalization pathway of the Modern Chinese confirmative shi is different from that of the copula shi (Laozhang shi huoche siji (老張是貨車司機) ‘Laozhang is a truck driver’) or the auxiliary shi (Laozhang shi kai huoche, wo shi kai keche (老張是開貨車，我是開客車) ‘Laozhang drives a truck and I drive a coach car’). Modern Chinese confirmative shi, copula shi, and auxiliary shi have the same morphological form because they all appear to derive from the adjective shi or demonstrative ( shi ke ren, shu bu ke ren ( 是可忍，孰不可忍) ‘if this could be endured, is there anything else that could not be endured’) in Old Chinese. Such a pattern of morphological sameness seems to be cross-linguistically rare, if not unique.
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Picon, Linda, and Don MacLennan. "Speech-Language Pathology Care for Military Traumatic Brain Injury in the Department of Veterans Affairs." Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 2, no. 2 (January 2017): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/persp2.sig2.31.
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Military activity often has been the impetus for advances in medical care and rehabilitation, including assessment and treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) working in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) have made substantive contributions to the theory and implementation of rehabilitation programs for Veterans and others who present with cognitive-communication disorders and dysphagia following TBI. This paper describes some of those contributions, including innovative rehabilitation programs and best practices that were developed in collaboration with SLPs from military, clinical, and academic settings. Results from interdisciplinary research collaborations such as the Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center’s randomized clinical trial investigating treatment of cognitive-communication disorders following TBI, provided valuable data about the rehabilitation and recovery trajectory of those with TBI and polytrauma. These data formed the foundation for the VA TBI/Polytrauma System of Care, and for innovative clinical programs and services such as: Assistive Technology (AT) Labs that offer a full complement of AT services; mobile apps such as Concussion Coach which helps to assess symptoms of mild to moderate TBI and facilitates coping strategies; Heroes Pathway which is a program for Servicemembers and Veterans emerging form prolonged disorder of consciousness; and college simulation programs that provide strategy training for Veterans who want to enter or return to college after TBI.
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Descatoire, Marc, Sandra Weller, Sabine Irtan, Sabine Sarnacki, Jean Feuillard, Sébastien Storck, Anne Guiochon-Mantel, et al. "Identification of a human splenic marginal zone B cell precursor with NOTCH2-dependent differentiation properties." Journal of Experimental Medicine 211, no. 5 (April 14, 2014): 987–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20132203.
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Mouse splenic marginal zone precursors (MZPs) differentiate into marginal zone B (MZB) cells under a signaling pathway involving Notch2 and its ligand, delta-like 1 ligand (Dll1). We report the identification of an MZP subset in the spleen of young children. These MZPs differentiate into MZ-like B cells in vitro in the presence of OP9 cells expressing human DLL1, as demonstrated by the up-regulation of classical MZB cell markers. A set of diagnostic genes discriminating IgM+IgD+CD27+ blood and splenic MZB cells from switched B cells was identified (up-regulation of SOX7, down-regulation of TOX, COCH, and HOPX), and their expression during the induction assay mirrored the one of MZB cells. Moreover, Alagille patients with a NOTCH2 haploinsufficiency display a marked reduction of IgM+IgD+CD27+ B cells in blood, whereas their switched memory B cells are not affected. Altogether, these results argue in favor of the existence of a rodent-like MZB cell lineage in humans.
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Gibala, Martin J., and Bengt Saltin. "PDH activation by dichloroacetate reduces TCA cycle intermediates at rest but not during exercise in humans." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 277, no. 1 (July 1, 1999): E33—E38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1999.277.1.e33.
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We hypothesized that dichloroacetate (DCA), which stimulates the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH), would attenuate the increase in muscle tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates (TCAI) during exercise by increasing the oxidative disposal of pyruvate and attenuating the flux through anaplerotic pathways. Six subjects were infused with either saline (Con) or DCA (100 mg/kg body mass) and then performed a moderate leg kicking exercise for 15 min, followed immediately by intense exercise until exhaustion (Exh; ∼4 min). Resting active fraction of PDH (PDHa) was markedly increased ( P ≤ 0.05) after DCA vs. Con (2.65 ± 0.27 vs. 0.64 ± 0.07 mmol ⋅ min−1 ⋅ kg wet wt−1); however, there were no differences between trials after 1 or 15 min of exercise or at Exh. The sum of five measured TCAI (ΣTCAI; ∼90% of total TCAI pool) was lower ( P ≤ 0.05) after DCA vs. Con at rest (0.78 ± 0.11 vs. 1.52 ± 0.23 mmol/kg dry wt, respectively). However, the net increase in muscle TCAI during the first minute of exercise was higher ( P≤ 0.05) in the DCA trial vs. Con (3.05 ± 0.45 vs. 2.44 ± 0.55 mmol ⋅ min−1 ⋅ kg dry wt−1, respectively), and consequently, the ΣTCAI was not different between trials during exercise. We conclude that DCA reduced TCAI pool size at rest by increasing the flux through PDH and diverting pyruvate away from anaplerotic pathways. The reason for the similar absolute increase in TCAI during exercise is not clear but may be related to 1) an initial mismatch between glycolytic flux and PDH flux that provided sufficient pyruvate for anaplerosis in both trials; or 2) a transient inhibition of PDH flux during the DCA trial due to an elevated resting acetyl-CoA-to-CoASH ratio, which augmented the anaplerotic flux of carbon during the rest-to-work transition.
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Masterson, Christine, and Clifford Wood. "Carnitine palmitoyltransferases in pea leaf chloroplasts: partial purification, location, and properties." Canadian Journal of Botany 78, no. 3 (April 20, 2000): 328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-008.
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Carnitine palmitoyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.21), an enzyme that catalyses the reversible transfer of activated long-chain acyl groups between CoASH and L-carnitine, has been confirmed in pea leaf chloroplasts. This enzyme is bound to the chloroplast inner envelope membrane and has two isoforms, one bound to the outside (cytosol side) of the inner envelope and one bound to the inside (stromal side) of the inner envelope. Malonyl CoA inhibited the activity of the outer carnitine palmitoyltransferase, while stimulating the activity of the inner isoform and may be a regulator of these enzymes in vivo. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase was solubilized from the chloroplast envelope by detergent treatment and the two isoforms separated by Q-Sepharose anion exchange chromatography. Both proteins were immunochemically observed by probing Western blots of sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels using an anti-beef heart mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase polyclonal antibody. The monomeric molecular mass of the protein recognized by this antibody was approximately 20 kDa. This 20-kDa protein also bound3H-carnitine. Both isoforms had broad acyl CoA substrate specificities, but showed increased activity with desaturated long-chain acyl CoAs, exhibiting a preference for linolenoyl CoA. A role for carnitine palmitoyltransferase in the shuttling of fatty acids across the chloroplast envelope is suggested.Key words: Pisum sativum, chloroplasts, carnitine palmitoyltransferase, fatty acid metabolism, eukaryotic pathway, membrane transport.
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Villemur, Richard. "Coenzyme A ligases involved in anaerobic biodegradation of aromatic compounds." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 41, no. 10 (October 1, 1995): 855–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m95-118.
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Bacterial strains and consortia of bacteria have been isolated for their ability to degrade, under anaerobic conditions, homocyclic monoaromatic compounds, such as phenolic compounds, methylbenzenes, and aminobenzenes. As opposed to aerobic conditions where these compounds are degraded via dihydroxyl intermediates introduced by oxygenases, most of aromatic compounds under anaerobic conditions are metabolized via aromatic acid intermediates, such as nitrobenzoates, hydroxybenzoates, or phenylacetate. These aromatic acids are then transformed to benzoate before the reduction and the cleavage of the benzene ring to aliphatic acid products. One step of these catabolic pathways is the addition of a coenzyme A (CoA) residue to the carboxylic group of the aromatic acids by CoA ligases. This addition would facilitate the enzymatic transformation of the aromatic acids to benzoyl-CoA and the subsequent degradation steps of this latter molecule. Aromatic acid – CoA ligases have been characterized or detected from several bacterial strains that were grown under anaerobic conditions and from an anaerobic syntrophic consortium. They are also involved in the degradation of some aromatic compounds under aerobic conditions. They have molecular masses varying between 48 and 61 kDa, require ATP, Mg2+, and CoASH as cofactors, and have an optimum pH of 8.2–9.3. Amino acid sequence analyses of four aromatic acid–CoA ligases have revealed that they are related to an AMP-binding protein family. Aromatic acid – CoA ligases expressed in anaerobically grown bacterial cells are strictly regulated by the anaerobic conditions and the presence of aromatic acids.Key words: aromatic compounds, coenzyme A ligase, anaerobic microorganisms.
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de Laurido, Lourdes E. Soto, Walter R. Frontera, and Aracelis Huertas. "4143 HiREC Endowment: Building Models in Research Capacity for Infrastructure Sustainability and Productivity." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 4, s1 (June 2020): 62–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2020.214.
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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Improve infrastructure, resources, partnerships, and metrics to enhance the research environment for Hispanic researchers as a Minority Serving Institution. To support the research infrastructure in our Campus to encourage a research culture of sustainability and productivity. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Development of four research capacity-building models to enhance the pathway of junior researchers as independent researchers:1. MSc Phase I-Scholar Award 2 years in a Post Doctoral Master in CTR ; 2. Advanced CTR Award 1 year to support research infrastructure development in submitting a grant to NIH with the mentoring of a Visiting Endowed Chair; 3. Mini Infrastructure Research Award 1 year provides funds to increase research productivity; 4. Award on Excellence in CTR recognizes a faculty member with a distinguished research portfolio that support HiREC Career Coach and Mentoring approach. HiREC targets junior faculty, early and mid-career researchers from our two partners Schools. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: HiREC has been recognize as support for research infrastructure development. Since 2011, 10 MSc Phase I-Scholar Awards have been granted increasing the pool of trained Hispanics researchers in P. R., the Advanced CTR Award of $50,000 each, from March, 2019, was granted to 2 women researchers from the SoM and 2 Visiting Endowed Chair were accepted as candidates. The Mini Infrastructure Research Award, since 2017, supported the development of 2 Science labs, data analysis, 3 peer review publications and other research capacity building. Two researchers from the SoM were honored with the HiREC 2018 Award on Excellence in CTR heighten the institutional recognition of top researchers’ endeavors. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: It’s imperative to pursue specific strategies that lead to successful research capacity-building models. By acknowledging institutional research infrastructure needs, trendy scientific and technological knowledges and researchers’ needs, HiREC have been able to successfully accomplish its mission. CONFLICT OF INTEREST DESCRIPTION: Authors have no conflict of interest in this research.
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Harvie, Peter D., Maria Filippova, and Peter J. Bryant. "Genes Expressed in the Ring Gland, the Major Endocrine Organ of Drosophila melanogaster." Genetics 149, no. 1 (May 1, 1998): 217–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/149.1.217.
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Abstract We have used an enhancer-trap approach to begin characterizing the function of the Drosophila endocrine system during larval development. Five hundred and ten different lethal PZ element insertions were screened to identify those in which a reporter gene within the P element showed strong expression in part or all of the ring gland, the major site of production and release of developmental hormones, and which had a mutant phenotype consistent with an endocrine defect. Nine strong candidate genes were identified in this screen, and eight of these are expressed in the lateral cells of the ring gland that produce ecdysteroid molting hormone (EC). We have confirmed that the genes detected by these enhancer traps are expressed in patterns similar to those detected by the reporter gene. Two of the genes encode proteins, protein kinase A and calmodulin, that have previously been implicated in the signaling pathway leading to EC synthesis and release in other insects. A third gene product, the translational elongation factor EF-1α F1, could play a role in the translational regulation of EC production. The screen also identified the genes couch potato and tramtrack, previously known from their roles in peripheral nervous system development, as being expressed in the ring gland. One enhancer trap revealed expression of the gene encoding the C subunit of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) in the medial cells of the ring gland, which produce the juvenile hormone that controls progression through developmental stages. This could reveal a function of V-ATPase in the response of this part of the ring gland to adenotropic neuropeptides. However, the gene identified by this enhancer trap is ubiquitously expressed, suggesting that the enhancer trap is detecting only a subset of its control elements. The results show that the enhancer trap approach can be a productive way of exploring tissue-specific genetic functions in Drosophila.
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Sharifi, N., E. Hurt, and W. L. Farrar. "TGFBR3 is lost in prostate cancer, contributing to malignant transformation." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2006): 14552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.14552.
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14552 Background: Resistance to transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is common in solid tumors. Alterations of TGF-beta biology in prostate cancer are complex, with a downregulation of this cytokine reported in early disease and upregulation of TGF-beta in advanced disease. Mechanisms of TGF-beta resistance in early disease are not well understood. We have investigated the function of TGF-beta receptor 3 (TGFBR3) to determine its role in prostate cancer. Methods: We undertook an analysis of the data in seven published DNA microarray studies of nonneoplastic prostate tissue versus prostate cancer specimens using oncomine. Of the genes we identified as known to be directly involved in the TGF-beta pathway, loss of TGFBR3 was most significantly associated with prostate cancer. We determined TGFBR3 expression in prostate cancer cell lines and the immortalized prostate epithelial cell line RWPE-1. To assess the consequences of loss of TGFBR3 expression, we created an shRNA construct and stably infected RWPE-1 cells. We analyzed gene expression changes by DNA microarray analysis and confirmed changes by Western Blot. We then searched TGFBR3 regulated genes based on our knockdown studies in the data set from the seven previously published studies. Furthermore, we evaluated the phenotypic consequences of TGFBR3 knockdown. Results: TGFBR3 expression was significantly lost in 6 of 7 microarray studies. TGFBR3 was downregulated in 3 of 4 of prostate cancer cell lines, compared with RWPE-1. DNA microarray analysis of TGFBR3 knockdown in RWPE-1 cells showed that expression of DPYSL3, Vimentin, COCH, SERPINF1, PMP22, LTBP1 and BMP4 were decreased both with TGFBR3 knockdown and in the transition to prostate cancer. Of these genes, vimentin expression was most dramatically downregulated in TGFBR3 knockdown cells and we showed that vimentin protein expression was completely lost. The phenotypic consequence of TGFBR3 knockdown in RWPE-1 cells was formation of colonies that appear to reflect loss of contact inhibition. Conclusions: TGFBR3 is lost in prostate cancer. TGFBR3 knockdown leads to colony formation by immortalized prostate epithelial cells. Our data suggests that loss of TGFBR3 contributes to malignant transformation of the prostate. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan, Dian Wulandari, and Luciana Kristanto. "REDESAIN INKLUSIF DAN PENINGKATAN AKSESIBILITAS LAYANAN UNTUK BERBAGAI PENGGUNA DI PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN PETRA." ATRIUM Jurnal Arsitektur 6, no. 1 (June 5, 2020): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21460/atrium.v6i1.13.
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Title: Inclusive Design and Service Accessibility Improvement for Various Users in Petra Christian University Library
In the context of Indonesia, Act No. 8 of 2016 actually recognizes the rights of the disabled. Unfortunately, the UNCRPD implementation seems not quite effective. Many educational facilities are not accessible for the disabled or the People with Disabilities. The learning environment has an indirect impact on student achievement, creating a positive attitude, higher motivation for learning and no doubt better performance. The accessibility aspect of learning places is crucial for educational facilities such as university Library. Petra Christian University (UKP) is located in the heart of Wonocolo District, Surabaya, East Java-Indonesia. With the motto "Learning zone that cares ". Library@Petra wants to be a learning center that caters to academics, and practitioners. Library@Petra is the largest and most complete academic library in East Java. On the other hand, many users find accessibility barriers to Library@Petra-owned facilities built in the 1980 's. Accessibility issues for all users are generated from Focus Group discussion (FGD) discussions, involving people with disabilities, elderly, pregnant women following children in accordance with User – Centered Principle. The Library@Petra redesign was submitted based on the principles of inclusive design submitted by Tanuwidjaja (2015). An Equitable Use but Reasonable Principle will be met through providing a help corner for users with special needs, accessible pathways and space to spin, as well as accessible meeting and toilet areas. Simple and Intuitive Use Principle will be filled with braille/visual and directional guides for the blind and other. The principle of requiring Low Physical Effort applied to accessible toilets and assistance to retrieve books in specific areas that are hard to reach, computers for users with special needs (blind users) are provided for reading, to access e-books and catalogs. Prohibition of Usage Error is recommended with the installation of a fence as high as 150 cm around the elevator aisle and anti-slippery floor. These recommendations were found difficult to be addressed because of the limited university's budget and the use of active Library@Petra throughout the year. Therefore, it is proposed a Special Assistance Corner for special users including disability as a first step. This corner is equipped with a dedicated User Service desk, a waiting couch and three computer stations for visual disabilities to read ebook and catalogue sites. Recommendation of this case is the higher nvolvement of People with Disabilites in inclusive design.
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Russell, M., F. Coath, M. Yates, K. Bechman, S. Norton, J. Galloway, J. Ledingham, R. Sengupta, and K. Gaffney. "POS0959 DIAGNOSTIC DELAY IN AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS: RESULTS FROM THE NATIONAL EARLY INFLAMMATORY ARTHRITIS AUDIT." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 744.1–744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.894.
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Background:Diagnostic delay is a significant problem in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), and there is a growing body of evidence showing that delayed axSpA diagnosis is associated with worse clinical, humanistic and economic outcomes.1 International guidelines have been published to inform referral pathways and improve standards of care for patients with axSpA.2,3Objectives:To describe the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of newly-referred patients with axSpA in England and Wales in the National Early Inflammatory Arthritis Audit (NEIAA), with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and mechanical back pain (MBP) as comparators.Methods:The NEIAA captures data on all new patients over the age of 16 referred with suspected inflammatory arthritis to rheumatology departments in England and Wales.4 We describe baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of axSpA patients (n=784) recruited to the NEIAA between May 2018 and March 2020, compared with RA (n=9,270) and MBP (n=370) during the same period.Results:Symptom duration prior to initial rheumatology assessment was significantly longer in axSpA than RA patients (p<0.001), and non-significantly longer in axSpA than MBP patients (p=0.062): 79.7% of axSpA patients had symptom durations of >6 months, compared to 33.7% of RA patients and 76.0% of MBP patients; 32.6% of axSpA patients had symptom durations of >5 years, compared to 3.5% of RA patients and 24.6% of MBP patients (Figure 1A). Following referral, median time to initial rheumatology assessment was longer for axSpA than RA patients (36 vs. 24 days; p<0.001), and similar to MBP patients (39 days; p=0.30). The proportion of axSpA patients assessed within 3 weeks of referral increased from 26.7% in May 2018 to 34.7% in March 2020; compared to an increase from 38.2% to 54.5% for RA patients (Figure 1B). A large majority of axSpA referrals originated from primary care (72.4%) or musculoskeletal triage services (14.1%), with relatively few referrals from gastroenterology (1.9%), ophthalmology (1.4%) or dermatology (0.4%).Of the subset of patients with peripheral arthritis requiring EIA pathway follow-up, fewer axSpA than RA patients had disease education provided (77.5% vs. 97.8%; p<0.001), and RA patients reported a better understanding of their condition (p<0.001). HAQ-DI scores were lower at baseline in axSpA EIA patients than RA EIA patients (0.8 vs 1.1, respectively; p=0.004), whereas baseline Musculoskeletal Health Questionnaire (MSK-HQ) scores were similar (25 vs. 24, respectively; p=0.49). The burden of disease was substantial across the 14 domains comprising MSK-HQ in both axSpA and RA (Figure 1C).Conclusion:We have shown that diagnostic delay remains a major challenge in axSpA, despite improved disease understanding and updated referral guidelines. Patient education is an unmet need in axSpA, highlighting the need for specialist clinics. MSK-HQ scores demonstrated that the functional impact of axSpA is no less than for RA, whereas HAQ-DI may underrepresent disability in axSpA.References:[1]Yi E, Ahuja A, Rajput T, George AT, Park Y. Clinical, economic, and humanistic burden associated with delayed diagnosis of axial spondyloarthritis: a systematic review. Rheumatol Ther. 2020;7:65-87.[2]NICE. Spondyloarthritis in over 16s: diagnosis and management. 2017.[3]van der Heijde D, Ramiro S, Landewe R, et al. 2016 update of the ASAS-EULAR management recommendations for axial spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(6):978-91.[4]British Society for Rheumatology. National Early Inflammatory Arthritis Audit (NEIAA) Second Annual Report. 2021.Acknowledgements:The National Early Inflammatory Arthritis Audit is commissioned by the Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership, funded by NHS England and Improvement, and the Welsh Government, and carried out by the British Society for Rheumatology, King’s College London and Net Solving.Disclosure of Interests:Mark Russell Grant/research support from: UCB, Pfizer, Fiona Coath: None declared, Mark Yates Grant/research support from: UCB, Abbvie, Katie Bechman: None declared, Sam Norton: None declared, James Galloway Grant/research support from: Abbvie, Celgene, Chugai, Gilead, Janssen, Lilly, Pfizer, Roche, UCB, Jo Ledingham: None declared, Raj Sengupta Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Biogen, Celgene, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, UCB, Karl Gaffney Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Biogen, Cellgene, Celltrion, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, UCB.