Journal articles: 'Coagulant FeSO4'

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Noor Aina, Mohamad Zuki, Jing Yao Sin, Amane Jada, Arezoo Fereidonian Dashti, and Mohd Omar Fatehah. "Agglomeration of Silicon Dioxide Nanoscale Colloids in Chemical Mechanical Polishing Wastewater: Influence of pH and Coagulant Concentration." Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 29, no. 3 (2019): 252–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2019-0040.

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Abstract Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) wastewater generated from semiconductor manufacturing industries is known to contain residual organic and inorganic contaminants, i.e. photoresists, acids, including silicon dioxide (SiO2), nanoparticles (NPs) and others. Nanoscale colloids in CMP wastewater have strong inclination to remain in the suspension, leading to high turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Although various types of pre-treatment have been implemented, these nanoparticles remain diffused in small clusters that pass through the treatment system. Therefore, it is crucial to select suitable pH and coagulant type in the coagulation treatment process. In this research zeta potential and dynamic light scattering measurements are applied as preliminary step aimed at determining optimum pH and coagulant dosage range based on the observation of inter particle-particle behavior in a CMP suspension. The first phase of the conducted study is to analyze nanoscale colloids in the CMP suspension in terms of zeta potential and z-average particle size as a function of pH within a range of 2 to 12. Two types of coagulants were investigated - polyaluminum chloride (PACl) and ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4·7H2O). Similar pH analysis was conducted for the coagulants with the same pH range separately. The second phase of the study involved evaluating the interaction between nanoscale colloids and coagulants in the suspension. The dynamics of zeta potential and corresponding particle size were observed as a function of coagulant concentration. Results indicated that CMP wastewater is negatively charged, with average zeta potential of -59.8 mV and 149 d.nm at pH value of 8.7. The interaction between CMP wastewater and PACl showed that positively charged PACl rapidly adsorbed colloids in the wastewater, reducing the negative surface charge of nanoscale clusters. The interaction between CMP wastewater and FeSO4·7H2O showed that larger dosage is required to aggregate nanoscale clusters, due to its low positive value to counter negative charges of CMP wastewater.

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Ngteni, Rahmat, Md Sohrab Hossain, Mohd Omar Ab Kadir, Ahmad Jaril Asis, and Zulhafiz Tajudin. "Kinetics and Isotherm Modeling for the Treatment of Rubber Processing Effluent Using Iron (II) Sulphate Waste as a Coagulant." Water 12, no. 6 (2020): 1747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061747.

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There is increasing concern to determine an alternative coagulant for treating industrial effluent with minimal environmental impact and operational cost. In this study, iron (II) sulphate heptahydrate (FeSO4·7H2O) waste, an industrial byproduct from a titanium oxide processing industry, was used as a coagulant for the removal of ammonia (NH3), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and suspended solid (SS) from secondary rubber processing effluent (SRPE). The highest percentage removal of BOD, COD, SS, and NH3 achieved was approximately 97%, 99%, 98%, and 95%, respectively, at pH 5.0, coagulant dose of 1 g/L, coagulation time of 60 min, sedimentation time of 60 min, and at an elevated temperature of 70 °C. The best described adsorption isotherm model was found to be the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) model, indicated that the FeSO4·7H2O adsorption took placed on the surface of iron hydroxide precipitates with multilayer formation and random distribution. The kinetics analysis showed that the adsorption mechanism was well fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The findings of the present study show that the FeSO4·7H2O waste has the potential to be used as a coagulant for the treatment of industrial effluents, including the secondary rubber processing effluent.

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Hossain, Md Sohrab, Shabib Al Rashdi, Yaman Hamed, et al. "Implementation of FeSO4·H2O as an Eco-Friendly Coagulant for the Elimination of Organic Pollutants from Tertiary Palm Oil Mill Effluent: Process Optimization, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics Studies." Water 14, no. 22 (2022): 3602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14223602.

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The biologically treated palm oil mill effluent (POME) urges further treatment to minimize the residual pollutant concentration for safe discharge in the nearest watercourse. In the present study, the post-treatment of biologically treated POME was conducted using ferrous sulfate monohydrate (FeSO4·H2O) as a coagulant. The influence of the FeSO4·H2O coagulation of POME was determined on the elimination of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solids (SS), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) with varying flocculation time (min), slow mixing speed (rpm), coagulant doses (g/L) and pH. The FeSO4·H2O coagulation–flocculation experimental conditions were designed following the central composite design (CCD) of experiments and optimized by employing response surface methodology (RSM) based on the optimal SS, COD, and BOD elimination from POME. The maximum BOD, SS, and COD elimination achieved were about 96%, 97%, and 98%, respectively, at the optimized experimental condition. The surface morphology and elemental composition analyses of raw FeSO4·H2O and sludge generated after coagulation revealed that the FeSO4·H2O effectively removed the colloidal and suspended particles from POME. The well-fitted kinetic model equation was the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation to describe the FeSO4·H2O coagulation–flocculation behavior. The thermodynamics properties analyses revealed that the FeSO4·H2O coagulation of POME was non-spontaneous and endothermic. The residual SS, COD, and BOD in treated POME were determined to be 28.27 ± 5 mg/L, 147 ± 3 mg/L, and 6.36 ± 0.5 mg/L, respectively, lower the recommended discharged limits as reported by the Department of Environment (DoE), Malaysia.

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Hussein, Tamara Kawther, and Nidaa Adil Jasim. "Removal of Reactive Green 12 Dye and COD from Simulated Wastewater Using Different Coagulants." Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences 26, no. 2 (2019): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2019.26.2.002.

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The ability of using each of the following: aluminum sulphate (Al2(SO4)3.16H2O), ferric chloride (FeCl3), and ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) as chemical coagulants was investigated for removing of reactive green 12 (RG 12) dye and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from simulated wastewater. Best pH , coagulants dosages, and initial concentrations were obtained by jar test. The maximum efficiency for removing RG-12 and COD recorded by ferric chloride were 98% and 88 %, by alum were 95% and 88%, and by ferrous sulphate were 70% and 50%. All these results obtained at the best pH 6, dosage 100 mg/l and initial concentrations for RG-12 and COD 50 mg/l and 600 mg/l respectively. The maximum volume of sludge was for alum coagulant 14 ml/l, 12 ml/l for ferric chloride and 0.5 ml/l for ferrous sulphate. The study improved that it is possible to use each of aluminum sulphate, ferric chloride and ferrous sulphate as an economical coagulant to treat the wastewater which it is polluted with RG 12 dye and COD.

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Ghaneian, Mohammad Taghi, Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush, Eghbal Ehsanzadeh, Ali Nikoonahad, and Mohammad Miri. "Upgrading secondary wastewater plant effluent by modified coagulation and flocculation, for water reuse in irrigation." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 7, no. 3 (2016): 298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2016.049.

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In this study, the feasibility of using coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation (CF-S) for advanced treatment of secondary effluent released from the Yazd Intermittent Cycle Extended Aeration System was investigated. Four coagulants including ferric chloride (FeCl3), polyaluminum chloride (PAC), ferrous sulfate (FeSo4), and potassium ferrate (K2FeSo4) along with Gflog C-150 as flocculant polymer were used. In this study, returned chemical sludge was considered as a modification. Preliminary CF-S processes showed that FeSO4 and K2FeO4 had low removal efficiencies. Thus, these two coagulants were abandoned and CF-S processes were continued only with PAC and FeCl3 coagulants which had higher efficiencies in the removal of biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and turbidity. Removal efficiency was higher when half of the chemical producing sludge was returned as compared with using both coagulants simultaneously along with 2 mg L−1 of C-150 as flocculant. In the optimum dosage, when half of PAC and FeCl3 sludge were returned, the volume of produced sludge was reduced by 40% and 28%, respectively, as compared without returned sludge. For the PAC coagulant in the optimum dosage with half of the sludge returned, all 2012 EPA standards of irrigation were met for both ‘processed and non-processed type’ agricultural crops.

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Lee, S. H., J. Iamchaturapatr, C. Polprasert, and K. H. Ahn. "Application of chemical precipitation for piggery wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 5-6 (2004): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0778.

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Several series of experiments were conducted to investigate the treatment of piggery wastewater using chemical precipitation (CP) where various types of coagulants such as aluminium sulfate (Al2(SO4)3), poly aluminium chloride (PAC), ferric chloride (FeCl3), ferric sulfate (Fe2(SO4)3), ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) and ferrous chloride (FeCl2) were used. Throughout the experiments, CP was found to achieve high removal efficiencies for organic compounds and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) from the piggery wastewater. Experimental results showed the optimal doses of FeCl3, Fe2(SO4)3, FeCl2 and FeSO4 was 2.0 g/L, while 0.31 g/L and 2.5 g/L were the optimum dose for PAC and Al2(SO4)3, respectively. The pH range 4-5 resulted in the best performance to all coagulants except FeCl2 and FeSO4, whose optimum pH were more than 6. Percentage removal efficiencies for COD were in the ranges of 70-80%, 90-95% for SS, 80-90% for organic-N and TP. Those removal efficiencies were achieved within 5 min of operation. Three times of repetition in CP resulted in higher removal efficiencies for COD, SS and colour up to 74%, 99% and 94% respectively, in which Al2(SO4)3 was used as the coagulant. Removal efficiencies of various water quality parameters in a continuously operated reactor were similar to those of the batch experiments. Biodegradable ratios (BOD5increased up to 65% after the application of CP.

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Tu, Jiancheng, Yanping Zhang, Liling Chen, et al. "Optimization of FeSO4-Al2(SO4)3 Composite Flocculant for Enhanced Phosphorus Removal in Wastewater Treatment: A Response Surface Methodology Study." Processes 13, no. 3 (2025): 882. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13030882.

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The persistent challenge of achieving cost-effective total phosphorus (TP) removal in wastewater treatment necessitates innovative coagulant development. While polyaluminum chloride (PAC) demonstrates efficacy in eliminating total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), suspended solids (SSs), and pH stabilization, its limitations in attaining economical TP removal remain unresolved. This study introduces a novel FeSO4-Al2(SO4)3 composite coagulant to address PAC’s shortcomings through systematic formulation optimization. Utilizing single-variable experiments and response surface methodology (RSM), we determined the optimal reagent combinations under simulated high-efficiency sedimentation tank conditions. The results revealed that the FeSO4-Al2(SO4)3 composite achieved a TP removal efficiency approximately 40% greater than the PAC at equivalent dosages. A cost–benefit analysis indicated an approximate 50% reduction in the chemical expenditure relative to conventional PAC-based systems. The optimized formulation demonstrated synergistic effects between the Fe2+ and Al3+ ions, enhancing the charge neutralization and sweep flocculation mechanisms. These findings establish FeSO4-Al2(SO4)3 as a technically and economically viable alternative for TP-centric wastewater treatment, with implications for process sustainability. Further investigations should validate the long-term operational stability across diverse water matrices and assess the environmental impacts of residual metal ions.

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Madonna, Sandra, Sirin Fairus, and Nadya Nurul Amelinda. "LABORATORY STUDY ON THE OPTIMIZATION OF IPLT SUMUR BATU DEWATERING UNIT USING DIFFERENT COAGULANTS." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF URBAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2, no. 2 (2019): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v0i0.4363.

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Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the most effective type and concentration of coagulant to reduce TDS, TSS, BOD and COD Sumur Batu Fecal Treatment Plant or Instalasi Pengolahan Lumpur Tinja (IPLT) Sumur Batu. Methodology and Results: Using the jar test method at a laboratory scale, the types of coagulants of PAC, Alum and FeSO4 with varied concentration of 70 mg/L, 137.5 mg/L and 200 mg/L were used. Additionally, Polyacrylamide was also used in the study with concentration varied between 0.1 mg/L, 0.6 mg/L, and 1.1 mg/L adjusted to the concentration in the field. Conclusion, significance and impact study: Results showed that Alum with a concentration of 200 mg/L was the most effective coagulant, with removal efficiency for each parameter is as follows TDS = 82.17%, TSS = 67.69%, BOD = 60.16%, and COD = 59.76%.

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Carneiro-Marra, Livia, Larissa Sad, and Marcelo Da Silva-Batista. "Evaluation of mucilage and powder of Okra as bio-flocculant in water treatment." Revista ION 32, no. 2 (2019): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18273/revion.v32n2-2019005.

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Mucilage and powder of okra were evaluated as bio-flocculant in water treatment using jar test. The agitations sets, okra preparation methods and the amount of coagulant/bio-flocculant were evaluated in the turbidity removal. The results showed that agitations set of 150 rpm and then 40 rpm were more effective for reducing turbidity. Turbidity reduction was 39% using inorganic coagulant (FeSO4) alone, but reduction came to 76% and 88% by adding okra mucilage and powder, respectively. All results showed that okra powder present better turbidity removal in water treatment. It can be prepared by simple methodology, and also allow the inorganic coagulant reduction in approximately 64 %. In okra powder were identified hydroxyl groups that serve as active sites for colloidal particles removal

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ONYSHCHUK, Oksana. "TO THE STUDY OF THE FLOCCULATION AND COAGULATION PROCESS IN THE PURIFICATION OF WATER FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Technical sciences 317, no. 1 (2023): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2023-317-1-151-154.

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It is an important criterion the choice of lighting technique for industrial applications in water purification. In the article it was examined the research methods of the coagulation and flocculation process. Today, the improvement of these techniques and the use of flocculants and coagulants, which speed up the process of coagulation and flocculation, are relevant. It were considered as coagulants sulfuric acid salts Al2(SO4)3 and FeSO4. It was noted an advantage over aluminum salts since iron salts which can be used to purify water with different salt composition and different pH values, which work better at low temperatures, and are characterized by greater strength and grain size. It was considered the application and influence of the cationic flocculant “PuroFloc 890” or the anionic “Flopam”, which allow water clarification without the use of a coagulant. It was determined and considered the process of coagulant formation. Methods and processes for the intensification of the separation process have been studied, including due to the thickening of particles in the aggregate under the action of coagulants and flocculants (coagulants), separation of the liquid and solid phases. It was found that the advantage of the resulting suspended layer is that it works like a filter, removing fine particles from the water. As the particles accumulate, their concentration increases and the phenomenon of compressed deposition occurs, in which the deposition rate decreases because energy was spent on friction. It is necessary to reduce the speed of the upward flow to reduce the productivity of the illuminator,

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Kurylets, Oksana, Andriy Helesh, Viktor Vasiichuk, Zenoviy Znak, and Anna Romaniv. "Coagulation treatment of effluent from milk-processing enterprises with waste FeSO4." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 1, no. 10(115) (2022): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.252309.

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As the world's population grows, the problem of food shortages becomes global, and, for human survival, it is necessary to significantly increase food production, which may increase environmental pollution. This paper has theoretically and practically substantiated the expediency of coagulation treatment of wastewater from milk-processing enterprises. The coagulant proposed to use is a multi-tonnage waste from industrial enterprises, specifically technical ferrous sulfate. It is shown that it is advisable to use the dairy effluent imitations based on milk powder for experimental studies. The potentiometric titration of dairy effluent imitations has established the presence of two points (pH=4.2 and 8.3), which characterize the boundaries of the buffering capacity of solutions. The expediency of carrying out the process of coagulation of dairy effluents in a weakly alkaline environment at pH≥8.3 has been substantiated, and, for the starting effluent to reach such a pH value, a 10-% suspension of Са(ОН)2 should be used. The effectiveness of reagent treatment of dairy effluents has been experimentally confirmed, subject to the alternate introduction of a coagulant (technical FeSO4) and flocculant (polyacrylamide) in the quantities of 120 and 40 mg/dm3, respectively; the degree of clarification of dairy effluents is 90 % while the residual COC value is 76 mgO2/dm3. It has been shown that when ultrasound was applied, it was possible to significantly reduce the interaction time and the amount of Са(ОН)2 suspension necessary to achieve pH≥8.3. Thus, there are grounds to assert the prospects for devising highly effective technology for the coagulation treatment of wastewater from milk-processing enterprises; the results and conclusions reported here about the technological feasibility of using technical FeSO4 as a coagulant could be practically applied for other technologies of coagulation wastewater treatment, provided that its pH value is brought to 8.3.

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Oksana, Kurylets, Helesh Andriy, Vasiichuk Viktor, Znak Zenoviy, and Romaniv Anna. "Coagulation treatment of effluent from milk-processing enterprises with waste FeSO4." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 1, no. 10(115) (2022): 17–23. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.252309.

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As the world's population grows, the problem of food shortages becomes global, and, for human survival, it is necessary to significantly increase food production, which may increase environmental pollution. This paper has theoretically and practically substantiated the expediency of coagulation treatment of wastewater from milk-processing enterprises. The coagulant proposed to use is a multi-tonnage waste from industrial enterprises, specifically technical ferrous sulfate. It is shown that it is advisable to use the dairy effluent imitations based on milk powder for experimental studies. The potentiometric titration of dairy effluent imitations has established the presence of two points (pH=4.2 and 8.3), which characterize the boundaries of the buffering capacity of solutions. The expediency of carrying out the process of coagulation of dairy effluents in a weakly alkaline environment at pH≥8.3 has been substantiated, and, for the starting effluent to reach such a pH value, a 10-% suspension of Са(ОН)2 should be used. The effectiveness of reagent treatment of dairy effluents has been experimentally confirmed, subject to the alternate introduction of a coagulant (technical FeSO4) and flocculant (polyacrylamide) in the quantities of 120 and 40 mg/dm3, respectively; the degree of clarification of dairy effluents is 90 % while the residual COC value is 76 mgO2/dm3. It has been shown that when ultrasound was applied, it was possible to significantly reduce the interaction time and the amount of Са(ОН)2 suspension necessary to achieve pH≥8.3. Thus, there are grounds to assert the prospects for devising highly effective technology for the coagulation treatment of wastewater from milk-processing enterprises; the results and conclusions reported here about the technological feasibility of using technical FeSO4 as a coagulant could be practically applied for other technologies of coagulation wastewater treatment, provided that its pH value is brought to 8.3.

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Li, Simin, Yongkang Lv, and Zhanmeng Liu. "Preparation of composite coagulant of PFM-PDMDAAC and its coagulation performance in treatment of landfill leachate." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 5, no. 2 (2015): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2015.093.

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A novel inorganic–organic composite coagulant, poly-ferric-magnesium (PFM) polydimethyldiallylammonium chloride (PDMDAAC), was prepared using FeSO4, MgSO4 and PDMDAAC as raw materials and was introduced to treat landfill leachate. The coagulation performance of the new reagent was evaluated and compared with those of other coagulants. The new reagent was characterized in terms of the analysis of ferron-timed spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The coagulation mechanism was investigated by measuring the ζ-potential reduction and chemical oxygen demand removal at different dosages. Coagulation experiments revealed that the new reagent exhibited better coagulation performance compared with the simple PFM and the PFM + PDMDAAC. Ferron-timed spectroscopy showed that the new reagent exhibited increased effective polymer species concentration. XRD and FTIR spectroscopy showed that the new reagent was not a simple mechanical mixing of PFM and PDMDAAC, but a composite system with inorganic–organic complex interpenetration networks. The predominant coagulation mechanism of the new reagent was charge neutralization at low dosages, as well as adsorption bridging and co-precipitation netting at high dosages, when treating landfill leachate.

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Taiwo, A. M., A. Bello, A. T. Towolawi, J. A. Oyedepo, and Y. O. Khaniabadi. "Remediation of Dumpsite Leachate Contaminants by Coagulation and Complexation." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 45, no. 3 (2019): 380–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2019.380.

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Leachate is a major threat to groundwater quality and ecosystem. The present study adopted four selected coagulants (inorganic: Al2(SO4)3 [Alum], FeCl3, FeSO4; biological: Moringa oleifera) and a complexing agent (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid EDTA) to remediate leachates collected from two dumpsites in Abeokuta. The leachate samples were subjected to chemical and heavy metal analyses using the American Public Health Association (APHA) standard method. The data obtained were evaluated for simple descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) using SPSS for Windows. The results indicated that except for Fe and Ni, metal values in both raw and treated leachates were generally higher than the permissible standard of the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA). The study revealed that despite treatment, the values of metals in treated leachates were still issues of environmental concerns. The reduction data revealed substantial removal of EC and TDS (100%), Cl- (87-95 %) and SO42- (60-84%) in leachates. The present study also revealed that each coagulant has varied affinity for removal of different parameters in the leachate. Among the coagulants, Moringa oleifera showed the highest % removal efficiency for Cd (57-63%) and Ni (57-98%), while EDTA showed the lowest removing ability for Cd (2-6%). All the remediating agents effectively reduced the chemical contaminants in leachate samples to appreciate levels.

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Kristianto, Hans, Susiana Prasetyo, and Asaf Kleopas Sugih. "Pemanfaatan Ekstrak Protein dari Kacang-kacangan sebagai Koagulan Alami: Review." Jurnal Rekayasa Proses 13, no. 2 (2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jrekpros.46292.

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Coagulation and flocculation are commonly used in water and wastewater treatment. Inorganic coagulant such as alum (Al2(SO4)3), ferrous sulphate (FeSO4), and polyaluminium chloride (PAC) are commonly used. These coagulants are known for its effectiveness and simple operation procedure. However, there are some drawbacks such as reduction in pH, potential negative health effect when the treated water is consumed, and large sludge volume. To overcome these problems, utilization of natural coagulants has been proposed. Based on its active coagulating agent, natural coagulant could be divided as polyphenolic, polysaccharides, and protein. Protein from beans and seeds is commonly used as the source of active coagulating agent, due to its effectiveness, availability, and relatively simple pretreatment is needed. Usually the protein is extracted by using 0.5-1 M NaCl solution as globulin is the major protein fraction in beans.The extracted protein could act as cationic polymer to neutralize negatively charged colloids through adsorption-charge neutralization mechanism. Extracted protein could work effectively to treat turbid and waste water with lower cost compared to alum. However, most of existing studies are still focused on small – pilot scale utilization thus further explorations are still needed.A B S T R A KKoagulasi dan flokulasi merupakan proses yang umum digunakan dalam pengolahan air dan limbah cair. Pada umumnya digunakan koagulan seperti alum (Al2(SO4)3), ferro sulfat (FeSO4), dan polialuminium klorida (PAC). Selain efektif, koagulasi merupakan proses yang relatif sederhana dan mudah diterapkan. Akan tetapi koagulasi dengan koagulan anorganik memiliki beberapa kekurangan seperti menurunnya pH menjadi asam saat digunakan, potensi gangguan kesehatan jika air hasil pengolahan terkonsumsi, serta volume sludge yang dihasilkan relatif tinggi. Penggunaan koagulan alami menjadi alternatif dalam pengolahan air untuk mengatasi berbagai kekurangan tersebut. Berdasarkan bahan aktif koagulannya, koagulan alami dapat dibagi menjadi polifenol, polisakarida, dan protein. Protein dari kacang-kacangan merupakan salah satu sumber koagulan alami yang umum digunakan, karena selain efektif, kacang-kacangan mudah didapat, serta membutuhkan perlakuan yang relatif sederhana, meliputi pengeringan, pengecilan ukuran, ekstraksi, serta purifikasi. Proses ekstraksi kacang-kacangan pada umumnya menggunakan larutan garam NaCl dengan konsentrasi 0,5-1 M, dikarenakan fraksi protein dominan pada protein kacang-kacangan pada umumnya berupa globulin. Protein yang terekstrak berfungsi sebagai polimer kationik yang cocok digunakan untuk mengolah koloid yang bermuatan negatif melalui mekanisme adsorpsi-netralisasi muatan. Pemanfaatan ekstrak protein dapat bekerja efektif untuk mengolah kekeruhan dan air limbah, dengan biaya yang lebih rendah dibandingkan alum. Akan tetapi pemanfaatannya masih pada skala laboratorium-pilot, sehingga diperlukan pengembangan lebih lanjut untuk isolasi ekstrak serta aplikasinya pada skala industri.

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Линников, О. Д., and И. В. Родина. "Purification of solutions from nickel(II) ions when using iron(II) sulfate as a coagulant." Химическая безопасность / Chemical Safety Science 5, no. 1 (2021): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25514/chs.2021.1.19002.

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Представлены результаты по исследованию возможности использования коагулянта сульфата железа(II) для очистки загрязненных растворов не только от нерастворимых грубодисперсных и коллоидных примесей, но также и от присутствующих в них ионов никеля(II). Исследования были проведены при комнатной температуре на модельном растворе сульфата натрия (400 мг/л), имитирующем загрязненные природные и сточные воды. Установлено, что удаление ионов никеля из модельного раствора образующимся в нем осадком гидроксида железа(III) при рН=8 с удовлетворительной точностью описывается изотермой Фрейндлиха и уравнением Ленгмюра для мономолекулярной адсорбции. Найденная величина сорбционной емкости гидроксида железа(III) по отношению к ионам никеля составляет 833,4 мг/г, что значительно превосходит аналогичные сорбционные емкости многих минеральных и угольных сорбентов. Полученные данные позволяют подбирать требуемую концентрацию коагулянта FeSO4 для достижения заданной глубины очистки загрязненных растворов от ионов никеля. The results of studying the possibility of using a coagulant of iron(II) sulfate for cleaning contaminated solutions not only from insoluble coarse and colloidal impurities, but also from the nickel(II) ions present in them are presented. The studies were carried out at room temperature on a model sodium sulfate solution (400 mg/L), simulating polluted natural and waste waters. It was found that the removal of nickel ions from the model solution by the precipitate of iron(III) hydroxide formed in it at pH=8 is described with satisfactory accuracy by the Freundlich isotherm and the Langmuir equation for monomolecular adsorption. The found value of the sorption capacity of iron(III) hydroxide in relation to nickel ions is 833.4 mg/g, which significantly exceeds the similar sorption capacities of many mineral and carbon sorbents. The data obtained make it possible to select the required concentration of the coagulant FeSO4 to achieve a given depth of purification of contaminated solutions from nickel ions.

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Wang, Li Ping, Yu Chuan Guo, Yi Zhong Chen, Er Deng Du, and Yong Jing Mao. "The Treatment of Printing and Dyeing Wastewater by Using Coagulation and Fenton Reagent Oxidation Combined Process." Advanced Materials Research 331 (September 2011): 368–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.331.368.

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It is difficult to treat printing and dyeing wastewater, for printing and dying wastewater features complex composition, high chromaticity and many toxic substances.The paper studied the effect of the compound of inorganic and organic coagulant with Fenton reagent on the treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater. The effect of other factors were also investigated, including pH value, flocculants, Fenton reagent and reaction time. The results showed that, under the conditions of room temperature, pH 9, PAFCS dosage 100mg/L, PAMC 4mg/L, pH 4, H2O2 dosage 1.0mL/L, FeSO4•7H2O dosage 150 mg/L, the reaction time 60 min, the CODCr removal was high over 91%, and the color was also significantly removed.

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Yung-Tse HUNG and Howard H. PAUL, Bukola M. ADESANMI. "Coagulation-Flocculation Treatment for Naphthol Green Band Flour Wastewater." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 6, no. 12 (2020): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst061237.

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The interference of synthetic dye in the water bodies and environment poses a risk to both human and environmental health. Due to the recalcitrant nature of dye and presence of many other pollutants in industrial wastewater, efficient method of treatment of industrial effluent is required to address the lingering problem over the years. To address this major concern, experimental was carried out on synthetic dye and flour wastewater treatment by coagulation-flocculation while varying operating parameters (dosage, concentration, coagulant type etc.). The effectiveness of coagulation-flocculation process for the removal of Naphthol Green B in a mixture of dye wastewater and flour wastewater at different concentrations (50 ppm, 100 ppm, 150 ppm, 200 ppm) was investigated. Using 3 coagulant (FeCl3, FeSO4 and Al2(SO4)3), color removal efficiency was also investigated. The effectiveness of the coagulation process was measured for transmittance and absorbance as indices using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. Also, the total organic carbon (TOC) was measured. Transmittance and absorbance values of 99.6% and 0.001 respectively were achieved post treatment. Ferric Chloride and Aluminum Sulfate gave better results than Ferrous Sulfate which gave the poorest transmittance and absorbance values indicating reduced color removal efficiency. The results of this study revealed that coagulation process is an efficient preliminary treatment for appreciable suspended particles and color removal from dye wastewater. It also showed the impact of coagulant dosage, dye strength and combined wastewater samples on the removal efficiency and resulting effluent quality.

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Marisi, Dany Poltak, Suprihatin Suprihatin, and Andes Ismayana. "Penurunan Kadar Torium dan Radioaktivitas dalam Limbah Cair Proses Pengolahan Monasit PLUTHO Menggunakan Koagulan FeSO4." EKSPLORIUM 39, no. 1 (2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/eksplorium.2018.39.1.4276.

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Pemisahan unsur radioaktif dan logam tanah jarang yang dilakukan di PLUTHO menghasilkan limbah yang masih mengandung torium dan uranium. Limbah yang dihasilkan memerlukan pengolahan lanjutan agar ramah lingkungan. Tujuan penelitian adalah menurunkan kadar torium dan radioaktivitas dalam limbah cair proses pengolahan monasit pilot plant PLUTHO menggunakan koagulan fero sulfat. Pilot Plant PLUTHO merupakan suatu fasilitas yang didirikan untuk untuk memisahkan uranium, torium, dan logam tanah jarang (LTJ) dari mineral monasit dan mineral lainnya dalam skala pilot. Perlakuan variasi yang dilakukan pada penelitian adalah dosis koagulan dan pH. Pengukuran kadar torium dilakukan dengan metode Spektrofotometer UV-Vis, sedangkan pengukuran radioaktivitas dilakukan dengan alat ukur radiasi Ludlum Model 1000 Scaler. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kondisi optimum koagulasi pada pH 8,0 dengan dosis koagulan FeSO4 225 mg/L yang dapat menurunkan kadar torium sebesar 45,20 % dan menurunkan radioaktivitas sebesar 100 % dari kadar torium dan radioaktivitas awal yaitu 0,73 mg/L dan 1,35 Bq/g. The separation of radioactive and rare earth mineral carried out in PLUTHO produces waste that still contains thorium and uranium. The resulting waste requires further processing to be environmentally friendly. The purpose of study is to reduce thorium content and radioactivity in liquid waste of PLUTHO monazite treatment process using ferro sulphate coagulant. PLUTHO Pilot Plant is one of facility that built to dissociate uranium, thorium and light rare earth from mineral of monazite. Variations of treatments applied in the research are coagulant dosage and pH. Thorium content is measured by Spectrophotometer UV-Vis method, whereas radioactivity is measured by radiation counting meter Ludlum Model 1000 Scaler. The result shows that the optimum condition of coagulation is in pH 8,0 with concentration of ferro sulphate 225 mg/L which may reduce thorium content up to 45,20 % and reduce radioactivity to 100 % out of its initial thorium content and radioactivity as much as 0,73 mg/L and 1,35 Bq/g, respectively.

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Bozarslan, G., S. K. Çelebi, and F. Sengül. "Characterization and treatability studies of cigarette industry wastewaters: a case study." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 2-3 (1997): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0485.

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In this study, the wastewater of one of the cigarette factories in Izmir was characterized and treatability studies were done. The characterization studies of the wastewater showed that the COD, and the pH changes drastically. The chemical treatability studies of the influent wastewater were done by using Ca(OH)2, FeCl3 and Fenton Reagent. The optimum dose of FeCI3 was determined by jar tests. When using Ca(OH)2, the best flocculation, settling behaviour, and the highest COD removal occurred around pH 11. The optimum doses of Fenton Reagent (FeSO4 and H2O2) were determined. The supernatants of the previously chemically treated wastewaters were used for biological treatment. According to total COD removal efficiencies and the amount of sludge production during chemical treatment, FeCl3 was found to be the most economical and effective coagulant. Chemical treatment units were designed for a batch and a continuous system. The batch system has more advantages than a continuous system in this case.

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Li, Yun Chong, Rong Jun Su, Yu Su, et al. "Study on the Treatment of Oil-Produced Wastewater Using the Combined Processes Including Advanced Oxidation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 641-642 (September 2014): 390–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.641-642.390.

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It is difficult to be degraded by biological process for some oil-produced wastewater containing high content of oil, salt, and COD. The combined process including advanced oxidation was adopted to handle it in this paper. The combined process including adsorption by furnace ash, coagulation by complex of ferro-aluminum salt, Fenton advanced oxidation, alkali out by NaOH and Fenton secondary oxidation was determined. Considering both the treatment effect and the cost, the optimizing process is as follows, the slurry of ferro-aluminum complex salt of 9% (m/m) was as a coagulant with a dosage of 0.8% (v/v); pH value of 3.2,Fe2+/H2O2of 1/2.5(v:v) and 30 mmol/L dosage of FeSO4⋅7H2O was confirmed in advanced oxidation phase; NaOH was as precipitant with a dosage of 1%(m/m); Finally, after the secondary oxidation, the COD value greatly dropped from original 5 422 mg/L of raw oil-produced wastewater to 185.3 mg/L of effluent with a removal as high as 96.6%. It meets the national discharge standard on oil-produced wastewater. BOD5/ COD also rose from 0.23 to 0.39 which indicated an improved biochemical property.

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Miller, Tymoteusz, Zdenka Svobodova, Edward Meller, and Gorzysław Poleszczuk. "Glebokie Lake in Szczecin after hydrotechnical regulations." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 23, no. 1 (2016): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2016-0005.

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Abstract Water quality of the Glebokie Lake in Szczecin (NW-Poland) was studied in years 2012-2014. Glebokie Lake is a reservoir with a negative water balance related to the location draining groundwater drinking water intake for Szczecin agglomeration. In 2004 hydrotechnical regulations were conducted aimed at maintaining a constant amount of water in the lake, which involved a temporary feeding Glebokie Lake with Gunica River waters. In order to determine the hydrochemical status of the Lake waters and the factors shaping water quality - 19 water quality indices within 25 months were measured: temperature, pH and water oxygen status, nutrients (N, P) and ionic macrocomponents and Fetot. Trophic status of the lake waters using the Carlson criteria was defined. On the basis of chemometric analysis of measurement data (CA, PCA/FA and DA) we established that statistically significant factors affecting water quality in the study period were: seasonal (the climatic seasons) changes in the biological processes activity, periodical (in April and November) waters inflows from the Gunica River, anthropopressure in during swimming season and the coagulant (FeSO4) presence in the ecosystem. The possibility of applying the chemometric techniques to interpret measurement data in the lake type like Glebokie Lake with a small amount of data has been shown.

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López-Ramírez, M. A., O. P. Castellanos-Onorio, F. Lango-Reynoso, et al. "Evaluation of an Electrocoagulation Process Modified by Fenton Reagent." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 23, no. 2 (2024): 1007–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2024.v23i02.034.

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This article is oriented to the degradation of nickel in an ionic state at laboratory level from synthetic water made with nickel sulfate, using the electrocoagulation process with aluminum cathodes and modifying this process by the addition of the Fenton reagent, which results from the combination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) being this reagent a catalyst and oxo-coagulant agent, The efficiency of this reagent will be compared with the typical treatment with aluminum sulfate, which is a typical process based on ion exchange/coagulation at the same percentage concentrations as the Fenton reagent. For this purpose, the optimum conditions of the advanced electrocoagulation process were determined, which consisted of determining the concentrations of Fenton’s reagent at concentrations of 150 ppm, 300 ppm, and 450 ppm, in addition to the operating variables such as pH of 8 and 10, voltage of 17.5 V and 19 V and their reaction time, which were compared with aluminum sulfate at 300 ppm, 600 ppm, and 900 ppm. The results obtained with respect to the typical treatment were 0% nickel degradation. However, with the advanced oxidation treatment, an average reduction of 97.5% was found at the conditions of 19 V, pH 10, and Fenton 150 ppm in a time of 30 min.

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Wang, Jian, Chunxiao Zhao, Feng Qian, Jie Su, and Hongjie Gao. "Fate of Dissolved Organic Matter and Cooperation Behavior of Coagulation: Fenton Combined with MBR Treatment for Pharmaceutical Tail Water." Molecules 30, no. 12 (2025): 2520. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30122520.

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In this study, the treatment of pharmaceutical tail water (PTW) by coagulation, Fenton combined with membrane bioreactor (MBR), was studied. Optimal parameters were obtained according to batch experiment and central composite design (CCD). Results showed that Polymeric Ferric Sulfate (PFS) was the best coagulant for original pharmaceutical tailwater due to less dosage and higher removal efficiency to TOC, COD, NH4+-N and UV254m, with the optimized pH = 7.25 and 0.53 g/L PFS dosage. The best coagulation performance was achieved when the mixer was stirred at 250 rpm for 3 min, 60 rpm for 10 min, and then left to stand for 60 min. Coagulation mainly removed organics with molecular weight above 10 kDa. After treated by coagulation, 43.1% TOC removal efficiency of PTW was obtained by Fenton reaction with 11.6 mmol/L H2O2, 3.0 mmol/L FeSO4, pH = 3.3 and T = 50 min. A type of common macromolecule aromatic amino acid compounds which located Ex = 250 nm and Em = 500 nm was the main reason that caused the high TOC concentration in the effluent. Stable COD and NH4+-N removal efficiencies in the MBR reactor within 10 d were observed when the mixture of pre-treated PTW (20%, v) and domestic sewage (80%, v) was fed into the MBR reactor, and over 95% COD and 50% NH4+-N were removed. One kind of amino acid similar to tryptophan was the prime reason that caused PTW resistance to be degraded. Analysis of the microorganism community in the MBR suggested that norank_f__Saprospiraceae was the key microorganism in degrading of PTW.

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Fabara, Diana, Jessica Jasmín Arias Acurio, Paola Alexandra Monge Franco, et al. "Alternativas de procesos de coagulación para el tratamiento de aguas residuales, Hospital Docente de Calderón, Ecuador." REVISTA PERSPECTIVA 20, no. 4 (2020): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33198/rp.v20i2.00050.

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Dada la problemática ambiental generada por la presencia de microorganismos patógenos yturbidez del efluente en aguas residuales hospitalarias se lleva a cabo la presente investigación conla finalidad de comparar la efectividad del cloruro férrico y del sulfato ferroso, como coagulantesen el tratamiento de aguas residuales del Hospital Docente de Calderón, Ecuador, haciendo usode una variación de pH para el caso del cloruro férrico. El estudio se realizó tomando en cuentaparámetros de DQO, DBO y turbidez para determinar el grado de contaminación presente en elagua residual y agua tratada. El agua residual presenta 533,33mg/L de DQO, 235 mg/L de DBOy 35 NTU de turbidez por lo cual se seleccionó un tratamiento secundario fisicoquímico conprocesos de coagulación.Los porcentajes de reducción de DQO con FeCl3 fue de 66.24%, con FeSO4 de 49.37% yFeCl3+FeSO4 de 56.68%, mientras que la reducción total de la Turbidez con FeCl3 fue del89.28%, FeSO4 del 86.06% y FeCl3+FeSO4 del 87.64%. Obteniendo los mejores resultados conel coagulante FeCl3 que provoca una remoción del 79.37% de la DQO.Palabras clave: Coagulantes, DBO, DQO, aguas residuales hospitalarias, Turbidez.

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Zhang, Ying, Lei Zhu, and Jie Fan. "Research on the Impact of Precipitates Produced with Fe²⁺ as a Coagulant Plays on Water Quality." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 4339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.4339.

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Fe2+ is widely used as a coagulant to enhance the primary SBR sewage treatment process. Based on SBR system, this paper studies the change trend of phosphate content in various stages by simulating the interaction between sewage and the precipitates produced with Fe2+ in the sediment as a coagulant. The results indicate that excluding the impact of activated sludge, the concentration of PO43+ increases in the end of the anaerobic stage with the increase of FePO4 cumulant in the sediment and there is an equimultiple relationship between the increase of the concentration of PO43+ in the effluent and the FePO4 dosage and that the accumulation of Fe (OH)3 can contribute to the subsequent sustainable phosphorus removal, but the cumulant increase of Fe (OH)3 has no significant influence on the effects of phosphorus removal.

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Thom, Pham Thi, Nguyen Tuan Khoi, and Nguyen Huu Bong. "Comparative Study on the Effectiveness of Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC), Aluminium Sulfate, and Iron Sulfate in Livestock Wastewater Treatment." Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology 23, no. 11 (2024): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajee/2024/v23i11625.

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This study investigates the effectiveness of chemical coagulation methods for treating livestock wastewater, a significant environmental concern due to the high levels of organic and inorganic pollutants it contains. The coagulants employed in this research include Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC), Aluminum Sulfate (Al₂(SO₄)₃·18H₂O), and Iron Sulfate (FeSO₄·7H₂O). Experimental results demonstrate that the treatment with PAC achieved the highest reduction in Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), with values decreasing from an initial concentration of 1431.32 mg/L to 700.18 mg/L, corresponding to a removal efficiency of 77.38%. Similarly, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD₅) values decreased from 1734.43 mg/L to 417.33 mg/L, achieving a removal efficiency of 75.68%. The Total Suspended Solids (TSS) also showed a significant reduction, reaching 112.02 mg/L after treatment, well below the regulatory limit of 150 mg/L as stipulated by QCVN 62-MT:2016/BTNMT. While Aluminum Sulfate and Iron Sulfate demonstrated some level of effectiveness, their results did not meet the regulatory standards, with residual COD, BOD₅, and TSS concentrations remaining above permissible limits. This study concludes that PAC is the most effective coagulant for livestock wastewater treatment, suggesting further optimization and potential application in agricultural settings to mitigate the environmental impact of livestock operations.

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Hrut, Kamila, and Tomasz Kamizela. "Iron compounds and a magnetic field as the conditioning agents for municipal sewage sludge." E3S Web of Conferences 45 (2018): 00022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184500022.

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The purpose of the research was to determine the possibility of using a magnetic field as a factor supporting the conditioning of municipal sewage sludge prepared using a chemical method. In order to condition the sludge, PIX 113 iron coagulant or Fe3O4 nanoparticles were used. Two types of organic flocculants: medium cationic Superfloc ® C-494 and high cationic Superfloc ® C-496 were also applied. For the various test combinations a capillary suction time test was performed, the specific resistance to filtration and the final filtration of the filter cakes were determined. For selected combinations, a quality of supernatants analysis was also performed, the measure of which was the COD values. The results show, that in the dual chemical conditioning method, the use of PIX 113 coagulant was more favorable than the nanoparticles Fe3O4. The influence of a magnetic field on the susceptibility to the dewatering of the tested sludge was variable, depending on process parameters such as the flow direction and flow rate through the solenoid. The type of polyelectrolyte used in the conditioning method with magnetic field action was also significant.

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Atia, Djamel, and Abdelghani Hoggui. "Minimizing Fluoride by Coagulation on Iron(III) Hydroxide in Drinkable Water from Oasis Region of Algeria." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 12 (September 2013): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.12.23.

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The drinkable water in oasis region of Algeria contains high quantity of fluoride which causes dental fluorosis. To reduce fluoride, we have chosen a sample with the biggest content of fluoride among many sources in order to coagulate it with FeSO4·H2O. After that the parameters influencing (concentration, pH, temperature) are studied to choose the best conditions for better reduction.

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Atia, Djamel, and Abdelghani Hoggui. "Minimizing Fluoride by Coagulation on Iron(III) Hydroxide in Drinkable Water from Oasis Region of Algeria." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 12 (April 20, 2013): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-p7dbl2.

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The drinkable water in oasis region of Algeria contains high quantity of fluoride which causes dental fluorosis. To reduce fluoride, we have chosen a sample with the biggest content of fluoride among many sources in order to coagulate it with FeSO4·H2O. After that the parameters influencing (concentration, pH, temperature) are studied to choose the best conditions for better reduction.

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Wang, Zhiwei, Shijun Zhu, Jing Deng, et al. "Facile Preparation of Fe3O4@SiO2 Derived from Iron-Rich Sludge as Magnetic Catalyst for the Degradation of Organic Contaminants by Peroxymonosulfate Activation." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (2022): 16419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416419.

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Iron-rich sludge, generated during flocculation/sedimentation processes by using Fe-based coagulant in drinking water treatment plants, could be used as a precursor to prepare an effective peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activator (Fe3O4@SiO2) for the ciprofloxacin (CIP) degradation via facile hydrothermal treatment. The catalytic performances of raw iron-rich sludge and Fe3O4@SiO2 were evaluated. The removal rate of CIP in Fe3O4@SiO2/PMS system increased from 44.7% to 82.8% within 60 min compared with the raw iron-rich sludge. The effects of PMS, catalyst loadings, temperature, and initial pH on the CIP degradation were examined, demonstrating that acidic conditions and higher temperatures were beneficial for CIP degradation. Both sulfate radicals (SO4•−) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) contributed to the CIP degradation, and SO4•− was predominated in the Fe3O4@SiO2/PMS system, which was confirmed by the result of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis and radical quenching tests. The mechanisms of the PMS activation process by Fe3O4@SiO2 were elucidated, and the influencing factors were among which the role of the iron mineral phase was emphatically explored. This study provides a facile method to convert the recycled waste iron-rich sludge to magnetic heterogeneous catalysts for CIP degradation with PMS activation.

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Zhang, Bo, Dan Jiang, Xiaochen Guo, et al. "Removal of Microcystis aeruginosa using nano-Fe3O4 particles as a coagulant aid." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22, no. 23 (2015): 18731–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5053-y.

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Kato, F., H. Kitakoji, K. Oshita, M. Takaoka, N. Takeda, and T. Matsumoto. "Extraction efficiency of phosphate from pre-coagulated sludge with NaHS." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 5 (2006): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.554.

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The recovery of phosphorus from sewage and sludge treatment systems is particularly important because it is a limited resource and a large proportion of the phosphorus currently used in Japan must be imported. We have been experimentally evaluating recovery methods with sulphide. In this study, we focussed on the extraction of phosphate from the sludge, and sought to achieve a greater extraction efficiency and to validate the extraction mechanism. We conducted three experiments, i.e. a sludge-type experiment, a coagulant ratio of pre-coagulated sludge experiment, and a concentration of pre-coagulated sludge experiment. Phosphate was extracted not with normal sewage sludge but with pre-coagulated sludge and FePO4 reagent at S/Fe=1.0–2.0. A coagulant ratio of 23 mg Fe L−1 was required in the pre-coagulation process to effectively extract phosphate. A high concentration of pre-coagulated sludge was required for the phosphate extraction. The mass balance was calculated, and 44.0% of phosphorus was extracted to supernatant, and 98.5% of iron and 98.3% of sulphur (44.1% of sulphur was sulphide). Thus, phosphate can be selectively separated from iron by the phosphate extraction method with NaHS, and phosphorus and iron can be recovered and reused at sewage treatment plants using ferric chloride as a coagulant.

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Zhou, Zheng, Aiqin Shan, and Yuxia Zhao. "Synthesis of a novel magnetic polyacrylamide coagulant and its application in wastewater purification." Water Science and Technology 75, no. 3 (2016): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.500.

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In this study, a novel magnetic polyacrylamide (PAM) coagulant based on the core of magnetite (Fe3O4), with oleic acid serving as modifier and acrylamide as monomer, was synthesized to remove suspended solids in kaolin-suspended water. The composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermo gravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The results demonstrated that 82.8% of turbidity removal rate was obtained in 5 min of static settling in simulated kaolin-suspended water. This proved to be superior to that of PAM and poly aluminum chloride. Also confirmed in this study was the fact that zeta potential was significantly correlated with turbidity removal.

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Atia, Djamel, Abdelghani Hoggui, and D. Bebba Ahmed Abdelhafid. "Comparative Study for the Defluoridation of Water by Coagulation." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 13 (September 2013): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.13.123.

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El-Oued is known for some diseases caused by fluoride concentration in drinkable water. To reduce it, we have chosen a sample with the highest content of fluoride among many sources in order to coagulate it with Al2(SO4)3·18H2O, Fe2(SO4)3·H2O and FeSO4. In order to get better reduction yield of fluoride, a study has been done on the influencing parameters (concentration, pH, temperature) to choose the best conditions. The remove of fluoride is favorable at low concentration of Al2(SO4)3, at room temperature and normal acidity.

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Atia, Djamel, Abdelghani Hoggui, and D. Bebba Ahmed Abdelhafid. "Comparative Study for the Defluoridation of Water by Coagulation." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 13 (May 3, 2013): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-k5ea06.

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El-Oued is known for some diseases caused by fluoride concentration in drinkable water. To reduce it, we have chosen a sample with the highest content of fluoride among many sources in order to coagulate it with Al2(SO4)3·18H2O, Fe2(SO4)3·H2O and FeSO4. In order to get better reduction yield of fluoride, a study has been done on the influencing parameters (concentration, pH, temperature) to choose the best conditions. The remove of fluoride is favorable at low concentration of Al2(SO4)3, at room temperature and normal acidity.

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Szul, Mateusz, Katarzyna Rychlewska, Tomasz Iluk, and Tomasz Billig. "The Efficiency of Chemical and Electrochemical Coagulation Methods for Pretreatment of Wastewater from Underground Coal Gasification." Water 16, no. 17 (2024): 2540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16172540.

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This article compares chemical coagulation with electrocoagulation, two popular methods for the primary treatment of wastewater generated in the process of underground coal gasification (UCG). The primary aim was to determine which method is more effective in the removal of cyanide and sulphide ions, metals and metalloids, as well as organic compounds. In both cases, experiments were conducted in batch 1 dm3 reactors and using iron ions. Four types of coagulants were tested during the chemical coagulation study: FeCl2, FeSO4, Fe2(SO4)3, and FeCl3. In the electrocoagulation experiments, pure iron Armco steel was used to manufacture the sacrificial iron anode. Both processes were tested under a wide range of operating conditions (pH, time, Fe dose) to determine their maximum efficiency for treating UCG wastewater. It was found that, through electrocoagulation, a dose as low as 60 mg Fe/dm3 leads to >60% cyanide reduction and >98% sulphide removal efficiency, while for chemical coagulation, even a dose of 307 mg Fe/dm3 did not achieve more than 24% cyanide ion removal. Moreover, industrial chemical coagulants, especially when used in very high doses, can be a substantial source of cross-contamination with trace elements.

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Gheorghe, Viorel. "Influence of Coagulants in the Chemical Flocculation Process of Pollutants from Petrochemical Wastewater." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 15, no. 3 (2025): 23799–805. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.10591.

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This study investigated the optimization of chemical methods for the removal of petrochemical pollutants from wastewater. The novelty of this research lies in identifying the optimal concentration of coagulants, particularly the combination of IP1140 polyelectrolyte with Fe2+ ions. Five identical reactors were tested using a mixture of FeSO4 (3%), IP1140 polyelectrolyte (0.2 ppm), and Ca(OH)2 (20%) in different molar ratios per 100 mL (v:v:v): 1:1:2, 1:2:2, 2:1:1, 2:1:2, and 2:2:1. Parameters, such as the pH value, COD, BOD, the amount of extractable, and residue, were evaluated. The results demonstrated that after 10 min, the pH increased from 6.5 to 6.8 in reactor A and to 7.2 in reactor E. After 30 min, the pH values ranged from 7.0 to 7.5, reaching a maximum of 8.5 in reactor E after 120 min. The chemical treatment resulted in COD reductions of up to 89% in reactor B and 91.8% in reactor C; BOD reductions of up to 76% in reactor B and 87% in reactor E; extractable substances were reduced by up to 92% in reactor D and 88% in reactor A; while residue decreased by up to 87% in reactor B and 84% in reactor D. The BOD/COD ratio ranged between 0.3 and 0.5, with the best chemical treatment ratio carried out in reactor E with molar ratio/100 mL (v:v:v) 2:2:1.

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Barbosa, Fernando Gomes, Gabriel Fernandes Silva, Valter Lúcio Pereira de Oliveira, et al. "Bioinputs from Eugenia dysenterica DC. (Myrtaceae): Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Assessment of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antibiofilm Activities." Molecules 30, no. 5 (2025): 1115. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30051115.

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By-products of fruit processing may contain bioactive compounds with potential application as bioinputs. This study optimized the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of phenolic compounds from the by-products of Eugenia dysenterica DC (Myrtaceae) fruit to obtain bioinputs with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activities. The fruit by-products (seeds and peels) were subjected to UAE optimization using the Box–Behnken design and response surface methodology. Two optimal conditions were defined: 1-plant material/solvent ratio of 0.01 g/mL, time of 40 min, and ethanol content of 30%; 2–0.19 g/mL, 39 min, and 46%. The bioinputs (liquid extract—LQE; lyophilized extract—LYE), obtained under the optimal conditions, were tested for antioxidant activity (ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH). LQE: 1633.13 µM Trolox/g, 1633.60 µM FeSO4/g and 73.35 g sample/g DPPH; LYE: 1379.75 µM Trolox/g, 1692.09 µM FeSO4/g and 83.35 g sample/g DPPH. For antimicrobial activity, both extracts presented MBC < 62.5 mg/mL and MIC and MBC of 2.5 mg/mL for P. aeruginosa. LQE presented antibiofilm action for S. coagulase (50 mg/mL) and Streptococcus spp. (12.5 mg/mL); LYE for P. aeruginosa (50 mg/mL; 12.5 mg/mL), E. coli (25 mg/mL). The bioinputs obtained by UAE under optimized conditions for phenolic compounds present antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activities.

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Tian, Yuansong, Qi Li, Guizhou Xu, et al. "Mechanistic investigation of an inorganic-organic hybrid coagulant with Fe3O4 magnetic loading-enhanced flocculation for water treatment." Journal of Cleaner Production 444 (March 2024): 141214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141214.

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Yao, Meng, Xiaoqing Dong, Zhilin Ran, Yukun Li, Guangzhou Liu, and Ting Chen. "Effect of nano Fe3O4-(CMC-Na)-PFS coagulant on coagulation–ultrafiltration process for treatment of algae -rich water." Desalination and Water Treatment 317 (January 2024): 100307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100307.

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Rizzo, L., V. Belgiorno, and S. Meriç. "Organic THMs precursors removal from surface water with low TOC and high alkalinity by enhanced coagulation." Water Supply 4, no. 5-6 (2004): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2004.0098.

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NOM removal from surface waters is needed because of potentially carcinogen compound (trihalomethane, THM) formation due to reaction between NOM and free residual chlorine used for disinfection. The stringent limits for THMs (e.g., 30 μg/l in Italy) force conventional drinking water treatment plants to increase TOC removal efficiency by enhanced coagulation. This study was performed on 17 samples taken from a surface water resource with low TOC content (&lt;3 mg/l) and high alkalinity (190 mg as CaCO3/l) to remove TOC and other parameters (DOC, UV254, SUVA, turbidity), typically used to characterize NOM content. Four different coagulants (Al2(SO4)3·18H2O, FeCl3·6H2O, FeSO4·7H2O and PACl) were used in jar test without adding polymer as flocculant. There was no correlation between DOC and SUVA in raw and treated water. TOC removal efficiencies (15–30%) required by the USEPA D/DBPs rule were obtained using 30–50 mg/l alum, 30–50 mg/l of FeCl3, and less than 20 mg/l of PACl (as Al2O3, 10%). The use of PACl is suggested for both lesser TTHMFP and residual Al levels (&lt;100 μg/l) occurrences without any pH adjustment.

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Hurtado, J. A., L. F. Valdez, and C. J. Escudero. "Solar homogeneous catalysis to the removal of organic matter from slaughterhouse effluents undergone to a prior biological process." Water Science and Technology 84, no. 9 (2021): 2242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.438.

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Abstract This study shows the effectiveness of the wastewater treatment from a municipal slaughterhouse that has undergone a previous biological treatment applying a sequence of stages, reaching a 75% of elimination of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) using sedimentation in combination with coagulation–flocculation, using 0.5 g/L FeCl3 which is one of the best known inorganic coagulants. Then, the elimination of COD was around 98% adding the Fenton process in which 1,000 mg/L H2O2 and FeSO4 were used. In addition to the COD, other water quality parameters were measured to evaluate the level of purification of the test samples, such as solids of different types, pH, DOC and so on. With the above process, it can be noted that the Fenton process produced a slight improvement in the effluent quality by using a solar concentrator in the now-called photo-Fenton process, reaching around 99% of COD removal (0.36 g/L), 91% of total suspended solids (0.32 g/L) and 89% of dissolved organic carbon (0.20 g/L). These results were the best achieved within a proposed treatment train for this type of complex wastewater. Moreover, this last part of the process adds an improvement by the usage of renewable energy sources such as sunlight.

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50

Hurtado, J. A., L. F. Valdez, and C. J. Escudero. "Solar homogeneous catalysis to the removal of organic matter from slaughterhouse effluents undergone to a prior biological process." Water Science and Technology 84, no. 9 (2021): 2242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.438.

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Abstract:

Abstract This study shows the effectiveness of the wastewater treatment from a municipal slaughterhouse that has undergone a previous biological treatment applying a sequence of stages, reaching a 75% of elimination of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) using sedimentation in combination with coagulation–flocculation, using 0.5 g/L FeCl3 which is one of the best known inorganic coagulants. Then, the elimination of COD was around 98% adding the Fenton process in which 1,000 mg/L H2O2 and FeSO4 were used. In addition to the COD, other water quality parameters were measured to evaluate the level of purification of the test samples, such as solids of different types, pH, DOC and so on. With the above process, it can be noted that the Fenton process produced a slight improvement in the effluent quality by using a solar concentrator in the now-called photo-Fenton process, reaching around 99% of COD removal (0.36 g/L), 91% of total suspended solids (0.32 g/L) and 89% of dissolved organic carbon (0.20 g/L). These results were the best achieved within a proposed treatment train for this type of complex wastewater. Moreover, this last part of the process adds an improvement by the usage of renewable energy sources such as sunlight.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Coagulant FeSO4'

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