Academic literature on the topic 'Coagulation electrocoagulation-'

Recently electrocoagulation has been considered as one of the promising coagulation processes and was increasingly used as a substitute for chemical coagulation in many water treatment fields. However, there have not been many fundamental studies performed on it. In this research, a preliminary investigation was carried out to verify the effectiveness of the electrocoagulation compared with conventional chemical coagulation through a set of batch experiments. Turbidity removal efficiencies, using various aluminium dosages and at different water pH values, were investigated. In addition, the zeta potential was studied to develop understanding of particle characteristic after applying both electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation. It can be concluded from the results that electrocoagulation is more efficient than chemical coagulation in turbidity removal.

This paper explores the use of electrocoagulation to remove boron from waste effluent in comparison with alum coagulation. In treating model test wastes, greater boron removals were achieved with electrocoagulation at low doses than conventional alum coagulation when reaction was undertaken for the same conditions (pH 8.5, and initial boron concentration was 500 mg/L). Al electrocoagulation can achieve good boron removal performance (68.3%) at a dose of 2.1 (as molar ratio of Al:B, and for current density of 62.1 A/m2), while alum coagulation can only achieve the maximum boron removal of 56% at a dose of 2.4. Also, Al electrocoagulation can remove 15–20% more boron than alum coagulation for the same dose compared in the treatment of both model test wastes and industry effluent. The estimation of running costs shows that to achieve 75% boron removal from industry waste effluent, i.e. removing 150 g of boron from 1 m3 of effluent, electrocoagulation was 6.2 times cheaper than alum coagulation. The economic advantage of electrocoagulation in the treatment of boron-containing waste effluent is thus significant.

In this paper, experimental studies were performed on a simulated reactive dyebath effluent to compare coagulation-flocculation and Fenton's oxidation with electrocoagulation using stainless steel (SS 304) and aluminium electrodes in terms of colour and COD removals as well as AOX formation potential and improvement of biological treatability. Results have indicated that FeCl3 and alum coagulation had little effect on colour removal whereas comparable colour removal efficiencies with those of electrocoagulation with steel electrodes and Fenton's oxidation were attained by FeSO4 coagulation. Almost complete colour removals accompanied with 77% COD abatement were obtained by both electrocoagulation with steel electrodes and Fenton's oxidation under optimised reaction conditions. Although electrocoagulation with aluminium electrodes yielded very limited colour removal and produced a high amount of sludge upon extended reaction time, this application brought about a marked improvement in biodegradability.

A mathematical model of the organic matter (chemical oxygen demand - COD) removal from synthetic oil-water emulsions by the electrocoagulation process was developed to evaluate the COD abatement. The model comprises the three fundaments of electrocoagulation: electrochemistry, coagulation and flotation. By comparing the experimental and calculated values of COD, it was found that the model was able to adequately predict the concentrations of organic matter (COD) present in the emulsions and satisfactorily describe the electrocoagulation process.

A characteristic feature of highly concentrated effluents is the presence of valuable components - biologically active substances, which are secondary raw materials. The effectiveness of physico-chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation methods in relation to highly concentrated wastewater from a poultry processing enterprise, as well as the prevention of the secondary pollution of the effluent supplied to biological treatment, were analyzed in the work. The objects of the study included poultry stock (suspended solids 1770.0 mg / dm3, dry residue 1920.0 mg / dm3, chemical oxygen demand (COD) 1769.0 mg O2 / dm3), iron (III) FeCl3 chloride, iron soluble electrodes as the coagulant. The objectives of study involved determination of wastewater treatment effectiveness by the studied methods (physico-chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation) with the priority indicators changing: suspended solids, dry residue, chemical consumption of oxygen, iron, chlorides, and the precipitated residue mass. As a result of testing of highly concentrated effluents with a COD index of at least 1700.0 mg O2 / dm3, it was found out that during physico-chemical coagulation with FeCl3 at a concentration of 0.75 g / dm3, the content of priority indicators decreased by no less than 60%, while the effectiveness of electrocoagulation in relation to reducing the concentration of priority indicators was at least 70%. The content of iron compounds in wastewater with the application of electrochemical coagulation was 2.08 mg / dm3, which is 34% lower than after treatment of the effluent with iron (III) chloride FeCl3 at a concentration of 0.75 g / dm3. The chloride concentration did not change. As a result of the treatment of the effluent during the coagulation of (III) FeCl3, the secondary contamination of the treated effluent and the isolated products with iron and chlorides took place. This aspect may adversely affect the subsequent biological wastewater treatment, as well as lead to a decrease in the quality of the isolated product and its use limitation. Electrocoagulation is a more preferred way of isolating valuable components in relation to physico-chemical coagulation.

The efficiency of the electrocoagulation method to remove boron from synthetic and mining effluents was investigated in this study. Different parameters were tested using boric acid solution and effluent collected from a mining company located in the city of Vitória-ES. The results showed a percentage of boron removal of over 60% for the synthetic and mining effluents, using aluminum electrodes, pH 7.5, current density of 14.82 mA cm−2, and supporting electrolyte of 0.200 mol L−1. The electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation methods were also compared, in which the percentage obtained by electrocoagulation was 56.30% higher for the mining effluent. Thus, electrocoagulation was more efficient in boron removal, especially when appropriate parameters are applied.

Chemical and electrocoagulation are widely used coagulation methods employed in water and wastewater treatment. Both coagulation processes are effective in removing a wide range of impurities which include dissolved organic matter in form of chemical and biological oxygen demand, pathogens, oils, and colloidal particles as well as heavy metals. The present review has revealed that the mode of action of both coagulation methods is based on charge neutralization and floc formation. The effectiveness of both coagulation techniques depend on factors such as pH, coagulation dose, coagulant type, current density, applied voltage, water and wastewater type, type of electrode, as well as size and number of electrodes. The commonly used chemical coagulants are inorganic coagulants based on aluminum and iron salts. However, there have been considerable successes in the development of pre-hydrolyzed inorganic coagulants which have the added advantage over traditional inorganic coagulants in that they function well over a wide range of pH and water temperatures. Electrocoagulation has been proposed as an alternative method to chemical coagulation because it is environmental friendly and cheap to operate. Nonetheless, most researchers are of the opinion that there are still some uncertainties regarding the understanding of its optimal performance and design mechanism.

Le sélénium (Se) est un élément chalcogène avec un domaine de concentration étroit entre essentialité et toxicité. La toxicité est principalement liée à la spéciation chimique du Se qui évolue en fonction des conditions redox du milieu. Les formes oxyanioniques de Se, le sélénite (Se [IV], SeO32-) et le séléniate (Se [VI], SeO42-), sont solubles dans l'eau, biodisponibles et toxiques. En revanche, le sélénium élémentaire, Se(0), est insoluble et moins toxique. Néanmoins, les nanoparticules du Se(0) sont potentiellement dangereuses pour certains groupes des mollusques (comme les bivalves) et aussi pour les poissons. En outre, lorsque le Se(0) est rejeté dans les écosystèmes aquatiques, sa ré-oxydation jusqu'au sélénite et séléniate peut se produire. Le sélénium élémentaire d'origine biogénique Se(0) a été produit par la réduction de SeO42- dans des conditions anaérobies en utilisant un inoculum microbien mixte (boues granulaires) et par la réduction de SeO32- dans des conditions aérobies en utilisant une culture bactérienne pure (une nouvelle souche de Pseudomonas moraviensis identifiée et caractérisée pour la première fois dans cette thèse). Les deux types de Se(0) ont montré une forte stabilité colloïdale dans l'écart de pH variant de 2 à 12. La stabilité colloïdale est due à la charge négative (-15 mV à -30 mV) de la couche de biopolymère qui entoure Se(0) et à la taille nanométrique des particules de Se(0). La taille des particules de Se(0) produite par la boue anaérobie granulaire se situait entre 50 et 300 nm, avec une taille moyenne de 166 nm. A l'inverse, les nanoparticules de Se(0) produites par Pseudomonas moraviensis stanleyae sont caractérisées par un diamètre plus faible (~ 100 nm).Compte tenu des risques pour l'environnement engendrés par le relargage du Se(0) biogénique, des mesures appropriées doivent être mises en œuvre pour la séparation solide-liquide en utilisant une technologie efficace. Le potentiel de séparation solide-liquide de Se(0) généré a été évaluée par centrifugation, filtration, coagulation-floculation et électrocoagulation. Alors que toutes les approches présentent des rendements de séparation de Se(0) variables, l'électrocoagulation en utilisant des électrodes sacrificielles de fer a montré l'efficacité d'élimination le plus élevée (97%)
Selenium (Se) is a chalcogen element with a narrow window between essentiality and toxicity. The toxicity is mainly related to the chemical speciation that Se undergoes under changing redox conditions. Se oxyanions, namely selenite (Se[IV], SeO32-) and selenate (Se[VI], SeO42-), are water-soluble, bioavailable and toxic. In contrast, elemental selenium, Se(0), is solid and less toxic. Nevertheless, Se(0) nanoparticles are potentially harmful as particulate Se(0) has been reported to be bioavailable to filter feeding mollusks (e.g. bivalves) and fish. Furthermore, Se(0) is prone to re-oxidation to toxic SeO32- and SeO42- when discharged into aquatic ecosystems. Biogenic Se(0) under investigation was produced by the reduction of Na2SeO4 under anaerobic conditions using a mixed bacterial inoculum (anaerobic granular sludge) and through the reduction of Na2SeO3 under aerobic conditions using a pure microbial culture (Pseudomonas moraviensis stanleyae, a novel strain identified and characterized for the first time herein). Both types of Se(0) showed strong colloidal stability within the 2-12 pH range. The colloidal stability is caused by the negatively charged (-15 mV to -30 mV) biopolymer layer covering biogenic Se(0) particles and by their nanometer size. The particle size of Se(0) produced by anaerobic granular sludge ranged between 50 and 300 nm, with an average size of 166 nm. Conversely, the Se(0) particles produced by Pseudomonas moraviensis stanleyae are characterized by a lower diameter (~ 100 nm).The solid-liquid separation potential of Se(0) was assessed by centrifugation, filtration, coagulation-flocculation and electrocoagulation. While all approaches can bring about Se(0) removal from suspension with various degrees of success, electrocoagulation using iron sacrificial electrodes showed the highest removal efficiency (97%). Because biogenic Se(0) is harmful to the environment, appropriate measures must be implemented for the solid-liquid separation using an efficient technology

Mineral treatment processes generally produce wastewaters containing ultrafine and colloidal particles that cause pollution upon their discharge into environment. It is essential that they should be removed from the wastewater before discharge. This study was undertaken by using synthetic turbid systems containing kaolinite and quartz particles in water with the amount of 0.20 g/L and 0.32 g/L, respectively. Removal of the turbidity was tried in two ways
electrocoagulation with aluminum anode and conventional coagulation with aluminum sulfate. Several key parameters affecting the efficiency of electrocoagulation and coagulation were investigated with laboratory scale experiments in search of optimal parameter values. Optimal values of the parameters were determined on the basis of the efficiency of turbidity removal from ultrafine suspensions. The parameters investigated in the study were suspension pH, electrical potential, current density, electrocoagulation time, and aluminum dosage. This study was also performed to compare electrocoagulation and conventional coagulation regarding the pH ranges under investigation and coagulant dosages applied. A comparison between electrocoagulation and coagulation was made on the basis of total dissolved aluminum, revealing that electrocoagulation and coagulation were equally effective at the same aluminum dosage for the removal of ultrafine particles from suspensions. Coagulation was more effective in a wider pH range (pH 5-8) than electrocoagulation, which yielded optimum effectiveness in a relatively narrower pH range around 9. In both methods, these pH values corresponded to near-zero zeta potentials of coagulated kaolinite and quartz particles. The mechanism for both coagulation methods was aggregation through charge neutralization and/or enmeshment in aluminum hydroxide precipitates. Furthermore, the experimental results confirmed that electrocoagulation could display some pH buffering capacity. The kinetics of electrocoagulation was very fast (<
10 min) in approaching a residual turbidity, which could be modeled with a second-order rate equation.

Cette étude s’est intéressée à caractériser la Matière Organique (MO) d’un lixiviat, MO qui joue un rôle majeur dans les processus biogéochimiques et dans la mobilité des polluants au sein des décharges. Des protocoles de fractionnement par résines XAD ont été mis en place afin d’étudier et de comparer la répartition des éléments carbonés, azotés et de l’oxydabilité de cette MO avec diverses matières organiques de milieux naturels terrestres (sol, tourbe) et aquatiques (eau de surface et eau souterraine). Une identification des éléments de base de la MO du lixiviat (fractions extraites) a été réalisée par pyrolyse CG/SM après dérivation au TMAH. La matière organique la plus hydrophile a en outre fait l’objet d’une nouvelle procédure de conditionnement à la pyrolyse, basée sur la fixation sur une argile catalytique. Divers protocoles de mesure de la biodégradabilité ont été développés et appliqués sur des fractions extraites permettant une caractérisation originale de la MO au travers de sa réactivité biochimique. Une autre approche de caractérisation a consisté à étudier la réactivité chimique de la MO du lixiviat en utilisant des procédés de traitement que sont la coagulation-floculation et l’électrocoagulation
This study was interested to characterise Organic Matter (OM) from a leachate, OM which plays a major role within landfills. Fractionation protocols by XAD resins were set up in order to compare the distribution of carbon-contained and nitrogen-contained elements and of the oxydability of this OM with various OM of terrestrial (soil, peat) and aquatic (surface water and groundwater) natural environments The basic elements of the leachate OM were identified by pyrolysis GC/MS after TMAH derivation. The most hydrophilic OM was the subject of a procedure of conditioning to pyrolysis, based on a fixation on a catalytic clay. Biodegradability tests were developed for an original characterisation of OM based on its biochemical reactivity. Another approach of characterisation consisted in studying the chemical reactivity of OM by using treatment processes like coagulation-flocculation and electrocoagulation

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
Bodies of water contamination problems have stimulated many researchers around the world in the search for alternatives to solve or minimize the effects caused by discharges of toxic materials to the environment. What is desired, preferably, is that such solutions are economically viable and efficient. Toxic metals on the list of the main contaminants of water bodies. Because these are very dangerous chemicals, this class of materials has led many research groups seeking to achieve avoid contamination of water bodies by this type of material. The wastewater generated by electroplating industries have a high concentration of metal ions, so it should be treated before discharge to receiving waters. The processes using adsorption emerge as one of the research lines most valued by many researchers in order to contribute to this issue. Electrochemical processes have also been tested in the remediation of wastewater contaminated with various pollutants, including toxic metals. Natural clays play an important role in this type of study. Several studies have shown very promising results with the use of such material in the removal of toxic metals. This paper aims to conduct a comparative study of removal efficiency of Cu (II), Ni (II), Cd (II) and Pb (II) from six natural clays Brazilian soil. The clays were used: sodium Clay (AS), green clay (AV), clay chocolate calcium (ACCA), ferric clay (AF), attapulgite (AT) and kaolin (CAU). Balance studies were performed through adsorption isotherms in batch systems. For the balance of studies used monoelementares systems and multielement containing the four metal ions. We have also performed the kinetic study to evaluate the lower equilibrium times. Finally experiments were conducted with hybrid systems which use electrocoagulation-adsorption and coagulation with the purpose of working in a continuous system. The results show that all clays have good adsorption capacity for the four ions. The adsorption equilibrium results were compared with the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained from monoelementares solutions were: 50.76 mg.g-1 [AS / Pb (II)], 50.76 mg.g-1 [AV / Cu (II)], 57.14 mg.g-1 [ACCA / Cu (II)], 34.72 mg.g-1 [AF / Cu (II)], 169.4 mg.g-1 [AT / Pb (II)] and 10 29 mg.g-1 [CAU / Cu (II)]. The kinetic model best suited to the experimental data was the pseudo second order. The Webber-Morri diffusion models and Boyd show that adsorption processes occur in more than one step and that in the early days predominates intrafilme diffusion process. The electrocoagulation-clotting experiments associated with adsorption with clays are promising because it promoted an increase in the removal capacity and facilitate the separation of the clay from the aqueous phase. The ion removal capacities of Cu (II) from industrial wastewater using the hybrid system were: 54% [AL / AS] to 45% [Al / ACCA] to 57% [Al / HF] 33% to [AL / AT], 48%
Problemas de contaminaÃÃo dos corpos hÃdricos tÃm estimulado muitos pesquisadores em todo mundo na busca de alternativas que resolvam ou minimizem os efeitos causados pelos descartes de materiais tÃxicos ao meio ambiente. O que se deseja, preferencialmente, à que tais soluÃÃes sejam economicamente viÃveis e eficientes. Os metais tÃxicos fazem parte da lista dos principais contaminantes dos corpos hÃdricos. Por se tratarem de substÃncias quÃmicas bastante perigosas, esta classe de material tem levado muitos grupos de pesquisa na busca de conseguir evitar a contaminaÃÃo dos corpos hÃdricos por este tipo de material. Os efluentes gerados pelas indÃstrias de galvanoplastia possuem uma elevada concentraÃÃo de Ãons metÃlicos, por isso devem ser tratados antes do descarte aos corpos receptores. Os processos que usam adsorÃÃo despontam como uma das linhas de pesquisas mais avaliadas por inÃmeros pesquisadores no intuito de contribuir com esta problemÃtica. Os processos eletroquÃmicos tambÃm tÃm sido testados na remediaÃÃo de efluentes contaminado por diversos poluentes, inclusive metais tÃxicos. As argilas naturais desempenham um papel importante neste tipo de estudo. Diversos trabalhos vÃm apresentando resultados bastante promissores com o uso deste tipo de material na remoÃÃo de metais tÃxicos. Este trabalho se propÃe a realizar um estudo comparativo de eficiÃncia de remoÃÃo dos Ãons Cu(II), Ni(II), Cd(II) e Pb(II) a partir de seis argilas naturais de solo brasileiro. As argilas utilizadas foram: Argila sÃdica (AS), argila verde (AV), argila chocolate cÃlcica (ACCA), argila fÃrrica (AF), atapulgita (AT) e caulim (CAU). Foram realizados estudos de equilÃbrio atravÃs de isotermas de adsorÃÃo em sistemas de batelada. Para os estudos de equilÃbrio utilizaram-se sistemas monoelementares e multielementares contendo os quatro Ãons metÃlicos. Realizou-se tambÃm o estudo cinÃtico para avaliarmos os menores tempos de equilÃbrio. Por fim foram realizados experimentos com sistemas hÃbridos que utilizam adsorÃÃo e eletroflotaÃÃo-coagulaÃÃo, com a finalidade de trabalharmos em sistemas contÃnuos. Os resultados obtidos mostram que todas as argilas apresentam boa capacidade de adsorÃÃo para os quatro Ãons. Os resultados de equilÃbrio de adsorÃÃo foram confrontados com os modelos de Langmuir, Freundlich e Temkin. As capacidades mÃximas de adsorÃÃo obtidas a partir de soluÃÃes monoelementares foram: 50,76 mg.g-1 [AS/Pb(II)], 50,76 mg.g-1 [AV/Cu(II)], 57,14 mg.g-1 [ACCA/ Cu(II)], 34,72 mg.g-1 [AF/ Cu(II)], 169,4 mg.g-1 [AT/Pb(II)] e 10,29 mg.g-1 [CAU/Cu(II)]. O modelo cinÃtico que melhor se adequou aos dados experimentais foi o de pseudo segunda ordem. Os modelos de difusÃo de Webber-Morri e Boyd demonstram que os processos de adsorÃÃo ocorrem em mais de uma etapa e que nos primeiros tempos predomina o processo de difusÃo intrafilme. Os experimentos de eletroflotaÃÃo-coagulaÃÃo associados à adsorÃÃo com argilas mostraram-se promissores porque promoveram um incremento nas capacidades de remoÃÃo e facilitam a separaÃÃo dos argilominerais da fase aquosa. As capacidades de remoÃÃo do Ãon Cu(II) a partir do efluente industrial usando o sistema hÃbrido foram: 54% para [AL/AS], 45% para [AL/ACCA], 57% para [AL/AF] 33% para [AL/AT], 48% para [FE/AS], 47% para [FE/ACCA], 54% para [FE/AF] e 40% para [FE/AT].

This PhD thesis investigated solid and liquid waste treatment systems for Sureclean, a waste Management company based in the North of Scotland. Sureclean receives a diverse range of waste streams and the increasing need for sustainable development as well as stringent environmental legislation motivated this research to develop an integrated waste treatment system. Waste characterisation was conducted using a range of analytical instrumentation to identify the TPH, COD, heavy metals content, TOC, and particle size of Sureclean waste streams. From there, four treatment systems were investigated utilising Sureclean waste streams: mechanical separation, chemical treatment, electro-coagulation and the advanced oxidation process. Laboratory and field trials were conducted using these different treatment techniques and the analysis was performed to verify the treatment results. The result of these trials led to the development of four modular waste treatment units, that form the outcome of this research: the Sureclean Water Treatment System (SWTS), a filtration based mechanical separation system was shown to reduce the TSS, BOD and TOC content of an oily wastewater; the Sureclean Sludge Separation System (SSSTS), a chemical-enhanced filtration based system was demonstrated to reduce 52.6 % of the sewage sludge volume; the Sureclean Electro-coagulation Water Treatment System (SEWTS), a system that agglomerates colloid particles and demulsifies oil removed 99.9 % of TPH from Sureclean interceptor effluent; and the Sureclean Advanced Water Treatment System (SAWTS), an advanced oxidation process which was demonstrated to reduce the TPH of a contaminated groundwater collected from an ex-gas work. The treated effluent could be discharged to Sureclean interceptor. The four treatment units developed in this research expanded Sureclean waste treatment capabilities and an integrated system was developed to treat different waste streams and to improve the treatment efficiency thus increasing the revenue and future waste stream options for Sureclean.

La demande croissante en eau nécessite l’exploitation de certaines sources ferrugineuses. Cependant la présence du Fe(II) dissous induit des problèmes d’ordre esthétique et organoleptique. L’électrocoagulation (EC), en tant que procédé substitut de la méthode conventionnelle, a prouvé son efficacité pour l’élimination du fer. En revanche, le mécanisme de déferrisation par EC reste peu connu et non maitrisé. La difficulté de l’étudier provient de l’intervention simultanée de plusieurs phénomènes. Les travaux de cette thèse ont de ce fait pour objectif d’apporter une meilleure compréhension du mécanisme d’élimination du Fe(II) par EC. Ainsi, différentes méthodes d’élimination du fer et des techniques d’analyses du liquide et du solide ont été exploitées. Au moyen d’une unité à recirculation forcée de la solution avec des électrodes en aluminium, la technique d’EC parvient à éliminer 97% d’une solution de 25 mg/L du fer. La quantité optimale d’énergie est de 0,21 kWh/m3. Des essais en milieu anoxique ont montré que la réduction du fer ionique par adsorption sur les flocs de Al(OH)3 est faible (18%). Par oxydation-précipitation à pH 6,5, le Al(OH)3 catalyse la réaction d’oxydation. Cet effet est plus prononcé en présence des ions chlorure qu’en ions sulfate. La spéciation associée à la modélisation cinétique ont permis d’apporter des explications sur le mode d’action de ces ions. Cependant, les expériences par EC en milieux anoxique et oxygéné montrent que la part de l’oxydation dans l’élimination du fer est négligeable pour les pH de travail. Les calculs thermodynamiques au voisinage des électrodes permettent de proposer la précipitation de Fe(OH)2, comme mécanisme prédominant d’élimination du fer par EC. La présence des carbonates réduit la performance du système par la réduction de la précipitation de Fe(OH)2 suite à la diminution du pH local et le Fe2+ libre par formation des complexes du Fe(II)
Water scarcity in some areas requires the exploitation of some ferruginous sources. However, the presence of Fe(II) induces aesthetic and organoleptic problems. The electrocoagulation (EC), as an alternative process of the conventional method, proved its efficacy for iron removal. Nevertheless, the iron removal mechanism in EC process remains unstudied and still unclear. The simultaneous involvement of several phenomena makes difficulties to study the system. This thesis aims to provide a better understanding of the mechanism of Fe(II) removal by EC and to highlight the phenomena that are most likely. Thus, different methods of iron removal and liquid and solid analysis techniques have been used. By means of a forced recirculating unit, EC's technique with aluminum electrodes reduce the dissolved iron of 25 mg Fe(II)/L - solution by about 97% with an optimum energy amount of 0,21 kWh/m3. Anoxic experiments showed that the reduction of ionic iron by adsorption on Al(OH)3 flocs is negligible (18%). Oxidation-precipitation experiments showed that at work pH 6,5, Al(OH)3 catalyzes the oxidation reaction. The catalytic effect is more pronounced in the presence of chloride ions than in sulfate ions. Fe(II)-speciation associated with kinetic modeling have allowed to explain of the mode by which these ions acts on the oxidation reaction kinetics. However, EC experiments in anoxic and oxygenated media show that the proportion of oxidation in iron removal is insignificant for work pH. Thermodynamic calculations allowed to propose the precipitation of Fe(OH)2 in the vicinity of the cathode as the predominant mechanism of iron removal by EC. The presence of carbonates affects the performance of the process by reducing the precipitation of Fe(OH)2; this was attributed to the decrease of the local pH and the free Fe(II) amount by Fe(II)-complexes formation

碩士
國立臺灣大學
化學工程學研究所
93
This thesis on separation between nano-particles and water in CMP wastewater by electrocoagulation has been mainly studied in five parts. The surface properties and behavior on coagulation of particles changing with various conditions were investigated in the first part of the study. Particle’s interactions were simulated and verified by DLVO modeling in the second part. Treatment efficiency affected by some important parameters and kinetic reaction modeling in the electrcoagulation process were investigated in the third and the forth part respectively. Optimization in the electrocoagulation process by experimental design was investigated in the final part of the study. According to the experimental results, I prefer to add MgCl2 for higher wastewater concentration to avoid passivation in the latter electrocoagulation(EC) process in CMP wastewater treatment. In addition, the left chloride anion was beneficial in the latter EC process. The behavior on coagulation between particles in CMP wastewater is more complicated than assessed by DLVO theory and it is more important on parameters controlling in the EC process. It was found aeration, current density, and pH controlling after EC treatment are necessary in the EC process and almost 99％ of particle removal efficiency was achieved by proper conditions in the treatment. It was also found particles and Fe3+ ions react in the first main reaction and then particles coagulate together rapidly in the second reaction by the kinetic modeling. Finally, the optimum parameters were determined by experimental design and the optimum parameters in the EC treatment including : 0.0455 A/cm2, 11.3 minutes during EC treatment, and pH controlling between 5~6 after EC treatment.

博士
大葉大學
環境工程學系碩士班
102
This study evaluated the removal efficiency by coagulation and electrocoagulation (EC) from three synthetic reactive dyeing wastewaters (containing SBB, SBR and SRS) under various parameters. In coagulation process, four kinds of coagulant: PAC, ferrous ammonium sulphate, chitosan, and Cassia fistula gum (taken from seed of Cassia fistula waste) was employed in Jar- test experiments to determine the dye removal efficiencies (color and COD) through one-factor-at-a-time experiment of five factors: pH, agitation speed, initial dye concentration (IDC), coagulant dosageand reaction time at slow mixing phase. In the case of EC, the parameters were pH, sulphate concentration, electrolysis time, IDC and electrical current density. The test results indicated that while coagulation process effect is highly depended on pH (5-11), coagulation dosage and IDC, the EC process mainly affected in narrower scale of pH (≥9), current density (86.6A/m2), time range (4-9min). Both of technologies have high removal capacity (decolorization efficiencies reached over 90%).However EC predominated in COD removal (≥70%) compared with coagulation process (≥50%). In the group of coagulants, Cassia fistula gum was the less effective, the best removal efficiencies only got around 62.0% (color) and 40.9% (COD). Nonetheless, because of its green characteristic, its waste origin and being effective in alkaline medium, this gum is very potential for using in combination with other coagulant in dye removal process of reactive dyeing wastewater which (usually) has high pH values (≥9). In the case of EC, the main mechanism(s) of dye removal seem(s) to be aggregation through charge neutralization and/or enmeshment in iron hydroxide precipitates. Furthermore, the experimental results confirmed that EC could display some pH buffering capacity. The kinetics of EC was very fast (<10 min) in approaching a low residual dye in the wastewater. Both treatment processes were also modeled with artificial neural networks. The results showed that neural networks modeling could effectively predict and simulate the behavior of the coagulation and EC process.

Poor settling of solids increases land requirement for tailings containment and imposes severe constraints on the water balance. Consequent to these considerations, the alternating current electrocoagulation (AC/EC) technique emerged as a candidate for enhancing the settling behaviour of suspensions in the mineral, coal and oil sands industries. Hence, a fundamental study of AC/EC was undertaken with aluminum electrodes. Ground silica (d50 = 20 m), which formed a stable suspension, served as the model tailings solid at 5.0 wt % in water. The AC/EC process consisted of two developmental stages: coagulation, marked by pH decrease in the silica suspension; and floc growth, characterized by pH increase from the minimum (i.e., the end of coagulation). AC/EC enhanced the initial settling rate of silica by over three orders of magnitude, and exhibited remarkable flexibility by virtue of the wide range of process parameters that could be optimized. For example, AC/EC can be operated in either the indirect or direct mode. The settling behaviour of bentonite (estimated d50 < 1 m) was more enhanced by indirect AC/EC, while that of silica benefited more from direct AC/EC. Any condition that increased aluminum dosage (e.g., current, retention time), increased the initial settling rate of silica. Over the feed water pH range of 3.0 to 9.1, AC/EC was effective in enhancing the settling behaviour of silica. AC/EC was also effective over a wide range of temperatures (23 to 85C). High electrical energy demand by AC/EC was observed throughout this study. Its optimization was beyond the scope of this work. Dilution of a sample of Syncrude mature fine tailings (MFT) to 4.6 wt % solids sustained a stable suspension. Settling occurred after AC/EC treatment, a crystal-clear supernatant resulted and bitumen was recovered as froth. Entrained solids were easily spray-washed from the froth with water. The settling behaviour of a Luscar Sterco fine coal tailings sample was not augmented by AC/EC, possibly due to contamination by the companys own electrocoagulation operation. After having been stored dry for more than a year, electrocoagulated silica was an effective coagulant for as-received silica and Syncrude MFT.
Chemical Engineering

Electrocoagulation has emerged a reliable technology for the treatment of various wastewaters. Its basic principle depends on the response of water particles to strong electric field in a redox reaction. Oxidation of the anode material releases coagulating agents that form metal hydroxide complexes which neutralize particulate materials to form agglomerates. The agglomerates either settle at the bottom or float to the surface depending on the removal path of the electrocoagulation reactor. The merits of electrocoagulation include minimal sludge generation, minimal operator attention, simple equipment, high pollutant removal capacity, and ease of operation. Therefore, this chapter explores the mechanisms of electrocoagulation, components of electrocoagulation, benefits, and demerits of electrocoagulation. Furthermore, the similarity between electrocoagulation and coagulation is explored. Application of electrocoagulation for the treatment of various wastewaters was explored. Feasibility of electrocoagulation was examined through cost evaluation with other treatment technologies.

This paper discusses passive and active self-sealing techniques for pressure vessels. The history and state-of-the-art of self-sealing fluid containment vessels is followed by a discussion of challenges specific to implementing self-sealing on pressure vessels. These challenges include large pressure differentials, high speed flows through the leak, the need for relatively rapid response, and embedding the sealing techniques as a composite within a pressure vessel while satisfying practical constraints of weight and size. A benchtop pneumatic test bed provides a setting for evaluating self-sealing technologies. Testing focuses on experiments and models of passive techniques that use shear-thickening fluid coagulation for plugging. This is followed by results that demonstrate the use of active sealing methods with coordinated leak sensing and activated sealing. Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring detects the leak. Electrocoagulation and thermoplastic flow provide the means of controlled sealing. A separate study explores AE testing as a tool for damage assessment. Combining AE testing with neural-network pattern recognition algorithms enables leak detection, location, and size assessment.