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1

Mishra, S., and D. K. Sharma. "Solvent extraction and extractive disintegration of coal in anthracene oil." Fuel 69, no. 11 (November 1990): 1377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(90)90118-a.

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2

Zhang, Xiaodong, Shuo Zhang, Xianzhong Li, and Shuai Heng. "Dynamic Evolution of Nanoscale Pores of Different Rank Coals Under Solvent Extraction." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 450–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18458.

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During the coalification process, coalbed methane (CBM) is formed and mainly adsorbed in the pores of coal. Pore structure evolution is critical to CBM adsorption/desorption and extraction. This paper puts forward two parameters, namely the variety degree x and variety gene σ, for characterizing pore structure through mercury injection tests. Then, under extraction with different solvents, the dynamic evolution characteristics of nanoscale pores are addressed and quantified by taking four different rank coals (lignite, medium-volatile bituminous coal, low-rank anthracite and mediumrank anthracite) from different coal mines of China as the study object. The results indicate that the content of meso- and macropores after solvent extraction is much larger, but that there is no obvious law with the content of transition pores and micropores in the size range of 50–7.2 nm, according to the basic data sets of specific surface area (SSA) and pore volume (PV) of all coal samples. This phenomenon can be explained by the pore increase and expansion effects in nanoscale pores during solvent extraction. Generally, with the increasing of the solvent extraction degree, the difference in variety degree x with respect to the total PV and total SSA of different coals shows a significant decreasing trend, which expresses a homogeneous development in the change in pore structure. In regard to different solvents, benzene mainly causes pore expansion in meso- and macropores, and CS2 has a great effect on micropores. Whereas acetone plays an important role in mesopores and transition pores with pore expansion, THF has various effects on different size pores. Further study with higher variety gene σ values shows that the total PV mainly depends on the change in the absolute content of meso- and macropores. While the change in the absolute content of transition pores and micropores (less than 50 nm) has a great influence on the total SSA. As the extraction degree increases, the influence of the transition pores and micropores on the total PV is increased, and then, the content of meso- and macropores also plays an important role on the total SSA. However, this effect is highly different for raw coals of different ranks.
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3

RUSIN, E., A. RUSIN, and W. POTYKA. "Influence of recycle solvent properties on coal extraction." Fuel 67, no. 8 (August 1988): 1143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(88)90385-7.

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4

Kodera, Yoichi, Koji Ukegawa, Yutaka Mito, Masashi Komoto, Etsuro Ishikawa, and Tetsuo Nakayama. "Solvent extraction of nitrogen compounds from coal liquids." Fuel 70, no. 6 (June 1991): 765–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(91)90076-m.

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5

DENG, Zhi-gan, Chang WEI, Gang FAN, Min-ting LI, Cun-xiong LI, and Xing-bin LI. "Extracting vanadium from stone-coal by oxygen pressure acid leaching and solvent extraction." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 20 (May 2010): s118—s122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(10)60024-6.

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6

Wu, Chunling, Yang Luo, Kai Zhao, Xiaobing Yu, Xian Zhang, and Xuqiang Guo. "Recycling Molybdenum from Direct Coal Liquefaction Residue: A New Approach to Enhance Recycling Efficiency." Catalysts 10, no. 3 (March 6, 2020): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10030306.

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In this paper, direct coal liquefaction residue was prepared from Shen-dong coal, and the solubility of the residue in five organic solvents was studied. Then, an experimental device was set up to recover molybdenum (Mo) compounds from the direct coal liquefaction residue after extraction, and the influences of sublimation temperature and duration on recycling efficiency were examined. The recycled Mo-based products were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and a thermal analyzer. The results reveal that the optimum extraction conditions were obtained through ultrasonic extraction with a quinoline solvent and the highest recycling efficiency occurred for sublimation at 900 °C for 30 min. The recycled products are identified to be α-MoO3 crystals. Moreover, the α-MoO3 crystal is thermally stable before the temperature reaches its melting point.
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7

Rodríguez, Francisco, José C. Burillo, Luis F. Adrados, and Julio F. Tijero. "Recovery of Anthracene from Coal Tar by Solvent Extraction." Separation Science and Technology 24, no. 3-4 (March 1989): 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496398908049767.

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8

Kenny, D. V., and S. V. Olesik. "Extraction of Lignite Coal Fly Ash for Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Modified and Unmodified Supercritical Fluid Extraction, Enhanced-Fluidity Solvents, and Accelerated Solvent Extraction." Journal of Chromatographic Science 36, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/36.2.59.

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9

An, Jung-Chul, Seong-Young Lee, Joo-Il Park, Manyoul Ha, Joongpyo Shim, and Ikpyo Hong. "Study of Quinoline Insoluble (QI) Removal for Needle Coke-Grade Coal Tar Pitch by Extraction with Fractionalized Aliphatic Solvents and Coke Formation Thereof." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 2906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11072906.

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Various fractionalized solvents with different paraffinicities were adopted to maximize the efficiency of the quinoline insoluble (QI) extraction process for coal tar pitch. In addition, highly pressurized conditions combined with raised temperature (4 bar at 300 °C) were used to accelerate the reaction kinetics of the extraction process. The QI content of purified coal tar pitch was analyzed to be 0.1% at a process yield of up to 72% as a solvent with a K-factor of 10 and above was used. Purified coal tar pitch was then processed to form anisotropic coke using a lab-scale tube bombe reactor. The texture observed under a polarized light microscope showed an anisotropic flow domain, a unique morphological feature of needle coke. The additives and reaction conditions used in this study for QI extraction for coal tar pitch were found to be effective and feasible as preliminary processing in needle coke production.
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10

Kenny, D. V., and S. V. Olesik. "Extraction of Bituminous Coal Fly Ash for Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Evaluation of Modified and Unmodified Supercritical Fluid Extraction, Enhanced Fluidity Solvents, and Accelerated Solvent Extraction." Journal of Chromatographic Science 36, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/36.2.66.

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11

Yao, Jian, Huaijun Ji, Huazhang Lu, and Tongtong Gao. "Effect of Tetrahydrofuran Extraction on Surface Functional Groups of Coking Coal and Its Wettability." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2019 (June 26, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1285462.

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Coking coal was extracted with tetrahydrofuran solvent using ultrasonic and microwave-assisted method at 50°C and atmospheric pressure. Wettability of raw coal and its residue (residual coal) was tested with capillary penetration method. The raw and residual coals were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) with curve-fitting analysis. The variation of main surface functional groups of coking coal before and after extraction and its effect on wettability were analyzed. The results were obtained as the following: after extraction with tetrahydrofuran, hydroxyl, ether oxygen, and carbonyl in the coal structure were dissolved, the content of hydrophilic functional groups reduced, and then the hydrophobicity of coal enhanced. At the same time, part of aliphatic hydrocarbon dissolved, the length of aliphatic chains (I2) decreased from 3.961 of raw coal to 3.636 of residual coal, the length of aliphatic chains became shorter, aliphatic CH2 side-chains decreased and aliphatic CH3 side-chains increased, and hydrophobic functional groups content increased. In the aromatic structure, four hydrogens per ring increased and two, three, and five hydrogens per ring decreased. Reduction of substitution functional groups and aliphatic hydrocarbon decreased with the side-chains breakage produce more active sites, which increases the degree of condensation of the aromatic ring (I3). The combined action of the decrease of the hydrophilic functional groups and the increase of the hydrophobic functional groups made the wettability of the coking coal become weak.
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12

Arroyo, Fátima, and Constantino Fernández-Pereira. "Hydrometallurgical Recovery of Germanium from Coal Gasification Fly Ash. Solvent Extraction Method." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 47, no. 9 (May 2008): 3186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie7016948.

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13

Chandaliya, V. K., P. P. Biswas, P. S. Dash, and D. K. Sharma. "Producing low-ash coal by microwave and ultrasonication pretreatment followed by solvent extraction of coal." Fuel 212 (January 2018): 422–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.10.029.

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14

Sakanishi, Kinya, Eiko Akashi, Tetsuya Nakazato, Hiroaki Tao, Hiroyuki Kawashima, Ikuo Saito, and Takayuki Takarada. "Characterization of eluted metal components from coal during pretreatment and solvent extraction." Fuel 83, no. 6 (April 2004): 739–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2003.08.022.

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15

Jin Kim, Su, and Yong Jin Chun. "Separation of Nitrogen Heterocyclic Compounds from Model Coal Tar Fraction by Solvent Extraction." Separation Science and Technology 40, no. 10 (July 2005): 2095–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ss-200068488.

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16

Qian, Weixiang, Xian Li, Xianqing Zhu, Zhenzhong Hu, Xu Zhang, Guangqian Luo, and Hong Yao. "Preparation of activated carbon nanofibers using degradative solvent extraction products obtained from low-rank coal and their utilization in supercapacitors." RSC Advances 10, no. 14 (2020): 8172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra09966b.

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17

Qi, Yu, Yiwen Ju, Jianchao Cai, Yuan Gao, Hongjian Zhu, Cheng Hunag, Jianguang Wu, Shangzhi Meng, and Wangang Chen. "The effects of solvent extraction on nanoporosity of marine-continental coal and mudstone." Fuel 235 (January 2019): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.07.083.

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18

SHUI, H., Z. WANG, and M. CAO. "Effect of pre-swelling of coal on its solvent extraction and liquefaction properties." Fuel 87, no. 13-14 (October 2008): 2908–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.04.028.

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19

Fei, You Qing, Kinya Sakanishi, Van Ni Sun, Ryo Yamashita, and Isao Mochida. "Concentration of pyrroles and phenols from coal tar pitch by organic solvent extraction." Fuel 69, no. 2 (February 1990): 261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(90)90186-t.

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20

Shishido, Masahiro, Takahiro Mashiko, and Kunio Arai. "Co-solvent effect of tetralin or ethanol on supercritical toluene extraction of coal." Fuel 70, no. 4 (April 1991): 545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(91)90034-8.

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21

Soltys, Pat A., Thad Mauney, David F. S. Natusch, and Mark R. Schure. "Time-resolved solvent extraction of coal fly ash: retention of benzo[a]pyrene by carbonaceous components and solvent effects." Environmental Science & Technology 20, no. 2 (February 1986): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00144a011.

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22

Sehume, Thabo Z., Christien A. Strydom, John R. Bunt, and Harold H. Schobert. "Solvent Extraction of a South African Bituminous Coal using a Model Biomass-derived Phenolic Mixture." South African Journal of Chemistry 72 (2019): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/0379-4350/2019/v72a31.

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23

Wang, Wenfeng, Yong Qin, Fuchang Qian, Longfang Ye, Weiduo Hao, Li Yuan, and Fali Jin. "Partitioning of elements from coal by different solvents extraction." Fuel 125 (June 2014): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.01.098.

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24

Seki, Hiroyuki, Jun Kumagai, Minoru Matsuda, Osamu Ito, and Masashi Iino. "Fluidity of coal residues after extraction with mixed solvents." Fuel 68, no. 8 (August 1989): 978–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(89)90061-6.

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25

Roy, Sujoy B., David A. Dzombak, and M. Ashraf Ali. "Assessment of in situ solvent extraction for remediation of coal tar sites: Column studies." Water Environment Research 67, no. 1 (January 1995): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143095x131141.

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26

Ali, M. Ashraf, David A. Dzombak, and Sujoy B. Roy. "Assessment of in situ solvent extraction for remediation of coal tar sites: Process modeling." Water Environment Research 67, no. 1 (January 1995): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143095x131150.

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27

Xiao, Nan, Yibo Wei, Hongqiang Li, Yuwei Wang, Jinpeng Bai, and Jieshan Qiu. "Boosting the sodium storage performance of coal-based carbon materials through structure modification by solvent extraction." Carbon 162 (June 2020): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.02.015.

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28

Ghosh, Rajat S., Sunil Saigal, and David A. Dzombak. "Assessment of in situ solvent extraction interrupted pumping for remediation of subsurface coal tar contamination." Water Environment Research 69, no. 3 (May 1997): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143097x125470.

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29

Rui, Hongming, Licheng Zhang, Lijuan Li, and Lixia zhu. "Solvent extraction of lithium from hydrochloric acid leaching solution of high-alumina coal fly ash." Chemical Physics Letters 771 (May 2021): 138510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138510.

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30

Seki, Hiroyuki, Osamu Ito, and Masashi Iino. "Caking properties of coal residues after extraction with mixed solvents." Fuel 68, no. 7 (July 1989): 837–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(89)90117-8.

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31

Cai, Zhenlei, Yali Feng, Haoran Li, and Yuzhao Zhou. "Selective Separation and Extraction of Vanadium(IV) and Manganese(II) from Co-leaching Solution of Roasted Stone Coal and Pyrolusite via Solvent Extraction." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 52, no. 38 (September 16, 2013): 13768–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie401635m.

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32

Choudhury, Ratna, A. K. Bhaktavatsalam, and Ritu Singh. "Desulfurization of various Indian coals by hydrogen donor solvent extraction." Fuel 72, no. 5 (May 1993): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(93)90636-g.

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33

Choudhury, Ratna, A. K. Bhaktavatsalam, and Ritu Singh. "Desulfurization of various Indian coals by hydrogen donor solvent extraction." Fuel 72, no. 5 (May 1993): 707–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(93)90637-h.

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34

Li, Xingbin, Zhigan Deng, Chang Wei, Cunxiong Li, Minting Li, Gang Fan, and Hui Huang. "Solvent extraction of vanadium from a stone coal acidic leach solution using D2EHPA/TBP: Continuous testing." Hydrometallurgy 154 (April 2015): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.11.008.

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35

ASHIDA, R., K. NAKGAWA, M. OGA, H. NAKAGAWA, and K. MIURA. "Fractionation of coal by use of high temperature solvent extraction technique and characterization of the fractions." Fuel 87, no. 4-5 (April 2008): 576–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2007.02.035.

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36

Ma, Ya-ya, Huan-huan Wang, Wen-long Mo, Xin-yang Zhang, Xing Fan, Jun Ma, Feng-yun Ma, and Xian-yong Wei. "Effect of Swelling by Organic Solvent on Structure, Pyrolysis, and Methanol Extraction Performance of Hefeng Bituminous Coal." ACS Omega 6, no. 23 (June 3, 2021): 14765–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c06105.

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37

SUZUKI, Toshio, Hiroyuki NAKAGAWA, and Kiyoshi SAWADA. "A combined solvent extraction-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of scandium in coal fly ash." Analytical Sciences 2, no. 3 (1986): 309–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/analsci.2.309.

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38

Miyake, Mikio, Kazushi Tamada, Hiroo Minami, and Masakatsu Nomura. "Effects of Pretreatment of Yubari Coal by Solvent-Extraction on the Reductive Alkylation with Molten Potassium and Iodoethane." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 64, no. 2 (February 1991): 741–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.64.741.

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39

Lee, P. H., K. P. Chao, and S. K. Ong. "Solvent–water extraction method for the evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bioavailability in coal–tar-contaminated soils." International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 11, no. 7 (November 7, 2013): 1999–2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-013-0405-y.

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40

Sharma, D. K., and S. K. Singh. "Comparative studies of solvent extraction of Neyveli lignite and Assam coal through alkaline treatment and acidic depolymerization." Fuel 68, no. 6 (June 1989): 717–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(89)90209-3.

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41

Townsend, Susan H., and Michael T. Klein. "Dibenzyl ether as a probe into the supercritical fluid solvent extraction of volatiles from coal with water." Fuel 64, no. 5 (May 1985): 635–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(85)90047-x.

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42

Sugawara, Katsuyasu, Takahiro Kato, Hirokazu Okawa, and Nakorn Worasuwannarak. "Distribution of Sulfur during Solvent Extraction of Coals and Desulfurization of Extracted Product." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 52, no. 7 (July 20, 2019): 610–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.19we013.

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43

Ishizuka, Tatsushi, Toshimasa Takanohashi, Osamu Ito, and Masashi lino. "Effects of additives and oxygen on extraction yield with cs2-NMP mixed solvent for argonne premium coal samples." Fuel 72, no. 4 (April 1993): 579–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(93)90120-q.

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44

Iino, Masashi, Toshimasa Takanohashi, Hironori Ohsuga, and Kiminori Toda. "Extraction of coals with CS2-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone mixed solvent at room temperature." Fuel 67, no. 12 (December 1988): 1639–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(88)90208-6.

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45

Jiao, Tiantian, Xizhuang Qin, Huawei Zhang, Wenrui Zhang, Yaqing Zhang, and Peng Liang. "Separation of phenol and pyridine from coal tar via liquid–liquid extraction using deep eutectic solvents." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 145 (May 2019): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2019.03.006.

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46

WILHELM, A., and K. HEDDEN. "A non-isothermal experimental technique to study coal extraction with solvents in liquid and supercritical state." Fuel 65, no. 9 (September 1986): 1209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(86)90231-0.

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47

Guillén, Maria D., and Carlos G. Blanco. "Empirical multiparametric relationships between coal tar pitch extraction yields in organic solvents and solubility parameter components of the solvents." Fuel 71, no. 3 (March 1992): 295–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(92)90077-2.

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48

Zhuang, Qi-Qi, Jing-Pei Cao, Xiao-Yan Zhao, Yan Wu, Zhi Zhou, Ming Zhao, Yun-Peng Zhao, and Xian-Yong Wei. "Preparation of layered-porous carbon from coal tar pitch narrow fractions by single-solvent extraction for superior cycling stability electric double layer capacitor application." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 567 (May 2020): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.02.022.

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49

Takanohashi, Toshimasa, Tadashi Ohkawa, Takayuki Yanagida, and Masashi Iino. "Effect of maceral composition on the extraction of bituminous coals with carbon disulphide-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone mixed solvent at room temperature." Fuel 72, no. 1 (January 1993): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(93)90374-b.

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50

Hou, Yucui, Zhi Feng, Jaime Ruben Sossa Cuellar, and Weize Wu. "Separation of phenols from oils using deep eutectic solvents and ionic liquids." Pure and Applied Chemistry 92, no. 10 (October 25, 2020): 1717–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-1119.

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AbstractPhenolic compounds are important basic materials for the organic chemical industry, such as pesticides, medicines and preservatives. Phenolic compounds can be obtained from biomass, coal and petroleum via pyrolysis and liquefaction, but they are mixtures in oil. The traditional methods to separate phenols from oil using alkaline washing are not environmentally benign. To solve the problems, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and ionic liquids (ILs) have been developed to separate phenols from oil, which shows high efficiency and environmental friendliness. In this article, we summarized the properties of DESs and ILs and the applications of DESs and ILs in the separation of phenols and oil. There are two ways in which DESs and ILs are used in these applications: (1) DESs formed in situ using different hydrogen bonding acceptors including quaternary ammonium salts, zwitterions, imidazoles and amides; (2) DESs and ILs used as extractants. The effect of water on the separation, mass transfer dynamics in the separation process, removal of neutral oil entrained in DESs, phase diagrams of phenol + oil + extractant during extraction, are also discussed. In the last, we analyze general trends for the separation and evaluate the problematic or challenging aspects in the separation of phenols from oil mixtures.
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