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Journal articles on the topic 'Coal liquefaction; Coal conversion processes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Du, Kun, Yu Li, and Ming Lei Lian. "Analysis of the Factors in Affecting the Performance of Coal Liquefaction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.195.

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Coal liquefaction is a conversion processes which coal generates liquid hydrocarbon and little gas hydrocarbon by its catalytic hydrogenation. Nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and other heteroatoms were removed from coal at the same time. Coal liquefaction is not only conducive to improve the utilization of coal resources, but also would ease China's oil tense situation. Improve the conversion efficiency of coal is the focus of coal liquefaction research, and the influence factor on coal liquefaction rate were discussed in this paper. It mainly related to coal type, coal petrographic macerals and catalysts.

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2

Demirbas, M. Fatih. "Nitrogenous Chemicals from Carbon Based Materials." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 23, no. 3 (June 2005): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/014459805774852065.

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Coal and biomass consist carbon-based materials can be used as a source of chemicals. There are four widespread processes allow for making chemicals from coals and biomass: Gasification, liquefaction, direct conversion, and co-production of chemicals and fuels along with electricity. The carbon-based materials are gasified to produce synthesis gas (syngas) with a gasifier which is then converted to parafinic liquid fuels and chemicals by Fischer-Trops synthesis. The humus substances can be recovered from brown coal by alkali extraction. Ammonium sulfate from coal tar by pyrolysis can be converted to ammonia. Nitrogenous biomass materials such as animal and municipal wastes are nitrogen-rich materials. All natural systems include ammonia concentrations below 2 ppm.

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3

Slavinskaya, N. A., U. Riedel, V. E. Messerle, and A. B. Ustimenko. "Chemical Kinetic Modeling in Coal Gasification Processes: an Overview." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 15, no. 1 (December 24, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj134.

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<p>Coal is the fuel most able to cover world deficiencies in oil and natural gas. This motivates the development of new and more effective technologies for coal conversion into other fuels. Such technologies are focused on coal gasification with production of syngas or gaseous hydrocarbon fuels, as well as on direct coal liquefaction with production of liquid fuels. The benefits of plasma application in these technologies is based on the high selectivity of the plasma chemical processes, the high efficiency of conversion of different types of coal including those of low quality, relative simplicity of the process control, and significant reduction in the production of ashes, sulphur, and nitrogen oxides. In the coal gasifier, two-phase turbulent flow is coupled with heating and evaporation of coal particles, devolatilization of volatile material, the char combustion (heterogeneous/porous oxidation) or gasification, the gas phase reaction/oxidation (homogeneous oxidation) of gaseous products from coal particles. The present work reviews literature data concerning reaction kinetic modelling in coal gasification. Current state of related kinetic models for heterogeneous/homogeneous oxidation of coal particles, included plasma assisted, is reviewed.</p>

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4

Khare, S., and M. Dell'Amico. "An overview of conversion of residues from coal liquefaction processes." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 91, no. 10 (March 18, 2013): 1660–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.21771.

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5

Strand, Julian, Reem Freij-Ayoub, and Shakil Ahmed. "Simulating the impact of coal seam gas water production on aquifers." APPEA Journal 52, no. 1 (2012): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11042.

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Derived from a larger scale project, which studied geomechanical issues associated with coal seam gas (CSG) production, this paper investigates a hypothetical case study based on the Latrobe Valley, Gippsland Basin, Victoria. The paper focuses on examining aquifer water management associated with CSG production-related water extraction. As such, the paper limits itself to determining the volume of water production from a hypothetical case study area in the Latrobe Valley. A simplistic property model and methane production strategy has been used. The impact of extraction of this water on the hydraulic head in aquifers underlying the produced seams is quantified. The Latrobe Valley Depression contains 129,000 million tonnes of coal resources and is one of the world’s largest, and lowest cost, energy sources. Most of Victoria’s electricity is generated using coal from the Loy Yang, Morwell and Yallourn mines. In addition to these massive operations, significant additional coal resources are available and unallocated at this time. Opportunities exist for the continued usage of these resources for electricity production, gasification, liquefaction and other coal conversion processes, as well as solid fuel for industrial, domestic and other uses. The existence of data from the Victorian Department of Primary Industries 2003 coal resource model was the main reason for the selection of the case study, and their data was used to form a model of the stratigraphy of the Latrobe Valley. Aquifer models were simulated in MODFLOW, based on extraction figures modelled in the CSG simulator COMET3.

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6

Sarwono, Rakhman, Silvester Tursiloadi, and Kiky Corneliasari Sembiring. "Carbonization of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) in Hydrothermal Processes to Produce Biochar." Jurnal Kimia Terapan Indonesia 18, no. 02 (December 30, 2016): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jkti.v18i02.46.

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ABSTRACT Empty fruit bunch (EFB) of palm oil is a waste from the palm oil industries which in a large amount, those waste is not properly utilized yet. EFB is a lignocelluloses waste as a polymer with big molecule such as cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses that can be degraded into smaller molecules in hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process. The HTC process of EFB will result three fractions such as gas, organic water soluble and biochar as solid residue or bio-char-water-slurry. EFB degradation is influenced by the operation conditions such as temperature, pressure, catalysts, reaction time, stirring and ratio liquid and solid. The HTC process involved many routes of reaction such as liquefaction, hydrolysis, dehydration, decarboxylation, condensation, aromatization, and polymerization. In this experiment 60 ml closed vessel was used as the HTC reactor to degrade of EFB. EFB concentration of 6.44% resulted 62% of conversion. Reaction time of 6 hours resulted 62 % of conversion. Increasing the reaction time and temperature increase the conversion of EFB. Liquid products of organic water soluble has cleared yellow color, after several hours the color become darkness that is further reaction still occurs in that solution. Solid products is biochar as brown coal, that can be easily separated and processed into powder, pellet or briquette form with outstanding storage and transport characteristics. For further economic development, biochar with excellent transport characteristics, the possibility of exporting this commodity to the worlds energy market is possible. Key words: EFB, hydrothermal, carbonization, conversion, biochar

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7

Heydari, Mehran, Moshfiqur Rahman, and Rajender Gupta. "Effect of initial coal particle size on coal liquefaction conversion." International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Technology 12, no. 1 (2016): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijogct.2016.075850.

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8

Whitehurst, D. D. "Modeling two-step coal liquefaction processes." Fuel Processing Technology 12 (March 1986): 299–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3820(86)90083-4.

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9

Heydari, Mehran. "Thermal Drying Methods on Coal Liquefaction Conversion." American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2019.57.60.

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10

Wang, Shaojie, He Huang, Keyu Wang, Michael T. Klein, and William H. Calkins. "Kinetics of Coal Liquefaction Distillation Resid Conversion." Energy & Fuels 12, no. 6 (November 1998): 1335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef980102z.

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11

Tang, Qing Jie, and Zhi Hong Wang. "The Effect of Technological Parameter on the Co-liquefaction of Coal with Lignin." Advanced Materials Research 577 (October 2012): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.577.167.

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The co-liquefaction of coal with lignin was studied by minisize high pressure reactor, tetralin and Fe2O3 were used as solvent and catalyst, and the study was focused on the reaction temperature, initial pressure of hydrogen and mixture ratio of lignin with coal. The results showed that the reaction temperature, the initial pressure and mixture ratio has the important influence on the conversion rate of coal, the oil production rate in the process of co-liquefaction with coal and the lignin. Effect of co-liquefaction is best in reaction temperature 440°C, initial pressure 9Mpa, mixture ratio of lignin and coal for 2∶8, the conversion rate of coal and the oil production rate respectively achieves 87.66% and 50.39%.

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12

Stiegel, G. J., R. G. Lett, D. L. Cillo, R. E. Tischer, and N. K. Narain. "Noncatalytic conversion of residuum in two-stage coal liquefaction." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 65, no. 1 (February 1987): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450650114.

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13

Shin, S. C., R. M. Baldwin, and R. L. Miller. "Coal reactivity in direct hydrogenation liquefaction processes: measurement and correlation with coal properties." Energy & Fuels 1, no. 4 (July 1987): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef00004a012.

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14

Luo, Hua Feng, Kai Cheng Ling, and Wei Shuai Zhang. "Role of Hydrogen for Quick Coal Liquefaction at High Temperature." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 888–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.888.

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In this paper, the role of hydrogen for quick coal liquefaction at high temperament (QCLHT) was investigated by liquefaction of Yanzhou coal using a 17ml tubular resonance agitation miniature batch reactor. The result shows (1) that QCLHT of Yanzhou coal without catalyst using mixed solvents with different mole ratio of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene to naphthalene shows that hydrogen hardly participate the reaction and active hydrogen mainly comes from hydrogen donor solvents and hydrogen-rich belonged to coal itself (2) For QCLHT,. high-dispersed iron-based catalyst (and cocatalyst sulfur) not only promotes the activation of dissolved hydrogen but also accelerates the pyrolysis of coal, which results in the increase of liquefaction total conversion and light component. Introduction

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15

Ross, David S., Georgina P. Hum, Tiee-Chyau Miin, Thomas K. Green, and Riccardo Mansani. "Supercritical water/CO liquefaction and a model for coal conversion." Fuel Processing Technology 12 (March 1986): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3820(86)90081-0.

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16

Sun, Qingyun, Jerald J. Fletcher, Yuzhuo Zhang, and Xiangkun Ren. "Comparative Analysis of Costs of Alternative Coal Liquefaction Processes." Energy & Fuels 19, no. 3 (May 2005): 1160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef049859i.

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17

Li, Fanxing, and Liang-Shih Fan. "Clean coal conversion processes – progress and challenges." Energy & Environmental Science 1, no. 2 (2008): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b809218b.

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18

Liu, Baolin, Yizhao Li, Hao Wu, Fengyun Ma, and Yali Cao. "Room-Temperature Solid-State Preparation of CoFe2O4@Coal Composites and Their Catalytic Performance in Direct Coal Liquefaction." Catalysts 10, no. 5 (May 3, 2020): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10050503.

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Iron-based catalysts are promising catalysts in the direct coal liquefaction (DCL) process as they are inexpensive and environmentally friendly. However, most such iron-based catalysts show relatively low activity in coal conversion and oil yield. Common techniques for the synthesis of these catalysts with excellent catalytic performance remain a substantial challenge. We present a simple solid-state synthesis strategy for preparing CoFe2O4 nanoparticles and CoFe2O4 nanoparticles supported on coal (CoFe2O4@coal) composites for DCL. The obtained bimetallic oxide CoFe2O4 nanoparticles show an enhanced catalytic performance in the DCL compared with monometallic components Fe2O3 and Co(OH)2 nanoparticles. The synergistic effect between Co and Fe of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles promotes the catalytic hydrogenation of coal during the DCL process. Moreover, the catalytic performance of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles is further improved when they are loaded on the coal. The conversion, oil yield, liquefaction degree, and gas yield of Dahuangshan lignite are 99.44, 56.01, 82.18 and 19.30 wt %, respectively, with the CoFe2O4@coal composites involved. The smaller particle size and high dispersion of CoFe2O4 supported on coal are of great benefit to full contact between coal and active components. The in-situ solid-state synthesis with coal as support shows great potential to prepare effective iron-based catalysts toward DCL in practice.

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19

Okuma, Osuma. "Liquefaction process with bottom recycling for complete conversion of brown coal." Fuel 79, no. 3-4 (February 2000): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-2361(99)00170-2.

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20

Bockrath, B. C., D. H. Finseth, and E. G. Illig. "Coal conversion and hydrogen utilization in catalytic liquefaction at low temperatures." Fuel Processing Technology 12 (March 1986): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3820(86)90075-5.

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21

Barraza, Juan, Edwin Coley-Silva, and Jorge Piñeres. "Effect of temperature, solvent/coal ratio and beneficiation on conversion and product distribution from direct coal liquefaction." Fuel 172 (May 2016): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.12.072.

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22

Joseph, J. T. "Beneficial effects of preswelling on conversion and catalytic activity during coal liquefaction." Fuel 70, no. 3 (March 1991): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(91)90139-2.

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23

Mastral, Ana M., Begoña Rubio, María T. Izquierdo, Carmen Mayoral, and Carlos Pardos. "Relation between release of conversion products in coal liquefaction and cross-linking." Fuel 73, no. 6 (June 1994): 925–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(94)90288-7.

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24

Williams, B. C., and J. T. McMullan. "Development of computer models for the simulation of coal liquefaction processes." International Journal of Energy Research 18, no. 2 (March 1994): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.4440180209.

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25

Wilson, B. W., D. D. Mahlum, and R. A. Pelroy. "Biomedical implications of altered product composition in advanced coal liquefaction processes." Fuel Processing Technology 13, no. 1 (April 1986): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3820(86)90043-3.

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26

Patrick, J. W. "Coal liquefaction products. Volume 1: NMR spectroscope characterization and production processes." Fuel 64, no. 5 (May 1985): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(85)90066-3.

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27

Talla, Harli, and Herman Tjolleng Taba. "Pencairan Batubara Peringkat Rendah Papua Menggunakan Katalis Bijih Besi." Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan 12, no. 2 (December 26, 2017): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.23955/rkl.v12i2.8819.

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Low rank coal utilization often adversely affects the equipment used. Distinct with coal liquefaction technology that prioritizes the use of low rank coal. This condition encourages this research, with the aim of observing the liquid potential of low rank Papuan coal by using iron ore catalysts. Papua low rank coal is liquefied on the autoclave 5 liter with iron ore catalyst and antrasen as solvent. Operating conditions consist of temperature of 400ºC and holding time of 60 minutes. The result of conversion of the three samples without catalyst is only in the range of 65.72-66,45 %, whereas the conversion with iron ore catalysts ranged from 88.63-89.94 % and oil yield between 62.11-63,34%. This result also shows the contribution of iron ore catalyst to increase the conversions that averaged 23.04 %.

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28

Teh, Jun Sheng, Yew Heng Teoh, Heoy Geok How, and Farooq Sher. "Thermal Analysis Technologies for Biomass Feedstocks: A State-of-the-Art Review." Processes 9, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 1610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091610.

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An effective analytical technique for biomass characterisation is inevitable for biomass utilisation in energy production. To improve biomass processing, various thermal conversion methods such as torrefaction, pyrolysis, combustion, hydrothermal liquefaction, and gasification have been widely used to improve biomass processing. Thermogravimetric analysers (TG) and gas chromatography (GC) are among the most fundamental analytical techniques utilised in biomass thermal analysis. Thus, GC and TG, in combination with MS, FTIR, or two-dimensional analysis, were used to examine the key parameters of biomass feedstock and increase the productivity of energy crops. We can also determine the optimal ratio for combining two separate biomass or coals during co-pyrolysis and co-gasification to achieve the best synergetic relationship. This review discusses thermochemical conversion processes such as torrefaction, combustion, hydrothermal liquefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification. Then, the thermochemical conversion of biomass using TG and GC is discussed in detail. The usual emphasis on the various applications of biomass or bacteria is also discussed in the comparison of the TG and GC. Finally, this study investigates the application of technologies for analysing the composition and developed gas from the thermochemical processing of biomass feedstocks.

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29

Petrov, Ivan Y., Alexei V. Osipov, Konstantin Y. Ushakov, Alexander R. Bogomolov, and Boris G. Tryasunov. ""CATALYTIC LIQUEFACTION OF COALS - A PROMISING WAY TO PRODUCE MOTOR FUELS AND VALUABLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS PART 3. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PROCESSES OF COAL LIQUEFACTION: COAL RANK AND COAL COMPOSITION"." Vestnik of Kuzbass State Technical University, no. 3 (July 2, 2021): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26730/1999-4125-2021-3-58-73.

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30

Driessen, Jan M. "Second Rolduc symposium on coal characterization for conversion processes." Fuel 68, no. 10 (October 1989): 1358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(89)90257-3.

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31

Qiu, Li Xin. "The Sensitivity Analysis of the Investment Decisions of the Coal Industry under the Restriction of Water Resources." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 2627–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.2627.

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For investment decision in the coal industry under the background of specific resources and environment in northwest, the influence of coal processing and conversion on water environment was studied, and the evaluation index system on water environmental influence was established. The TOPSIS method was used to assess the influence of air cooled generating electricity, indirect liquefaction of coal and coal-based methanol on water environment in northwest. For the evaluation results, sensitivity of the weight on the objective was discussed, and the range of various weights of the resources and environmental indicators was gained, and sensitivity analysis of sort stability about the optimal and sub-optimal program was done.

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32

Khare, S., and M. Dell'Amico. "An overview of solid-liquid separation of residues from coal liquefaction processes." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 91, no. 2 (February 1, 2012): 324–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.21647.

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33

Dai, Yu Li, Yi Qiang Pei, Jing Qin, Jian Ye Zhang, and Yun Long Li. "Experimental Study of Coal Liquefaction Diesel Combustion and Emissions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 1914–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.1914.

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An experimental study was conducted on the combustion processes and emissions of direct coal liquefaction (DDCL) and Fischer-Tropsch (FT) fuels in a single-cylinder research diesel engine. Under low load conditions (5 bar IMEP), the results show that the ignition delay is shorter for the FT fuel compared with the reference fuel (Euro IV diesel), while it is longer for the DDCL fuel compared with the reference fuel. However, under high load conditions (10-15 bar IMEP), the Cetane number (CN) shows insignificant effects on the combustion process. The premixed heat release peaks of the fuels are correlated with the ignition delays, i.e. shorter ignition delay led to lower premixed heat release peak. For the emissions, both the FT fuel and the DDCL fuel show similar NOx level to the reference fuel under the conditions tested. The two liquefaction fuels show significantly lower soot emissions than the reference fuel, specifically for the higher load conditions (>=10bar IMEP), and the FT fuel produced the lowest level of soot emissions among the three fuels. For the FT and DDCL fuels, the HC emissions are generally lower than those of the reference fuel, except for the lowest load condition, which DDCL produces slightly higher HC emission. However, the CO emission of FT is lower than the reference fuel while the CO emission of DDCL is higher. In terms of unregulated emissions, the two liquefaction fuels show insignificant difference compared with the reference fuel at very low levels.

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34

SAITO, Shozaburo. "Review of supercritical gas extraction applications to coal conversion processes." Journal of the Fuel Society of Japan 65, no. 2 (1986): 86–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3775/jie.65.86.

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35

Sampath, Vijay R., and Stuart Leipziger. "Analysis of vapor-liquid-liquid equilibrium in coal conversion processes." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development 24, no. 2 (April 1985): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/i200029a031.

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36

Wright, I. G. "High temperature erosion in coal combustion and conversion processes: Review." Materials Science and Engineering 88 (April 1987): 261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(87)90094-2.

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37

Ibrahim, Manjula M., and Mohindar S. Seehra. "Thermal conversion of coal liquefaction resids: temperature-programmed electron spin resonance and thermogravimetric investigations." Catalysis Today 19, no. 3 (April 1994): 337–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5861(94)87002-0.

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38

Sharypov, V. I., N. G. Beregovtsova, and B. N. Kuznetsov. "Conversion of coal into liquid products by hydrogenation and hydropyrolysis processes." Solid Fuel Chemistry 48, no. 2 (March 2014): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0361521914020116.

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39

Majchrowicz, B. B., J. Yperman, H. J. Martens, J. M. Gelan, S. Wallace, C. J. Jones, M. Baxby, N. Taylor, and K. D. Bartle. "Quantification of organic sulphur containing functional groups for coal conversion processes." Fuel Processing Technology 24 (January 1990): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3820(90)90058-z.

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40

Martínez, Manuel, Grony Garbán, Adriana Gamboa, and Ricardo Rodríguez. "Conversión de Carbón a Productos Líquidos mediante Despolimerización Asistida por Solventes: una Revisión de los Fundamentos y Avances en la Región." Revista Científica y Tecnológica UPSE 4, no. 1 (May 25, 2017): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26423/rctu.v4i1.240.

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En la búsqueda de transformar el carbón mineral en materiales más sencillos, se han ensayado varios procedimientos químicos de despolimerización (licuefacción, pirólisis, hidrogenación). El tratamiento con solventes luce como una alternativa que tiene la ventaja de requerir bajas temperaturas. Varios modelos macromoleculares han sido propuestos para explicar la interacción solvente-carbón. Se presenta una exposición de las características y antecedentes de la despolimerización, su aplicación en carbones y la potencialidad de la técnica para diversificar la industria carbonífera en los países de la región.Abstract Looking for the coal conversion into simpler materials, several procedures have been assayed (liquefaction, pyrolysis, and hydrogenation). The solvent treatment of coal looks as an alternative with the advantage of requiring low temperatures. Several macromolecular models have been proposed to explain the solvent-coal interaction. In this study, a comprehensive review of coal depolymerization is exposed, its feasibility and the potential of the technology to diversify the coal-bearing industry in the countries of the region.

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41

Qyyum, Muhammad Abdul, Yus Donald Chaniago, Wahid Ali, Hammad Saulat, and Moonyong Lee. "Membrane-Assisted Removal of Hydrogen and Nitrogen from Synthetic Natural Gas for Energy-Efficient Liquefaction." Energies 13, no. 19 (September 24, 2020): 5023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195023.

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Synthetic natural gas (SNG) production from coal is one of the well-matured options to make clean utilization of coal a reality. For the ease of transportation and supply, liquefaction of SNG is highly desirable. In the liquefaction of SNG, efficient removal of low boiling point impurities such as hydrogen (H2) and nitrogen (N2) is highly desirable to lower the power of the liquefaction process. Among several separation processes, membrane-based separation exhibits the potential for the separation of low boiling point impurities at low power consumption as compared to the existing separation processes. In this study, the membrane unit was used to simulate the membrane module by using Aspen HYSYS V10 (Version 10, AspenTech, Bedford, MA, United States). The two-stage and two-step system designs of the N2-selective membrane are utilized for SNG separation. The two-stage membrane process feasibly recovers methane (CH4) at more than 95% (by mol) recovery with a H2 composition of ≤0.05% by mol, but requires a larger membrane area than a two-stage system. While maintaining the minimum internal temperature approach value of 3 °C inside a cryogenic heat exchanger, the optimization of the SNG liquefaction process shows a large reduction in power consumption. Membrane-assisted removal of H2 and N2 for the liquefaction process exhibits the beneficial removal of H2 before liquefaction by achieving low net specific power at 0.4010 kW·h/kg·CH4.

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42

Stohl, Frances V., and Howard P. Stephens. "A comparative study of catalyst deactivation in integrated two-stage direct coal liquefaction processes." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 26, no. 12 (December 1987): 2466–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00072a014.

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43

Hameed, Zeeshan, Salman Raza Naqvi, Muhammad Naqvi, Imtiaz Ali, Syed Ali Ammar Taqvi, Ningbo Gao, Syed Azfar Hussain, and Sadiq Hussain. "A Comprehensive Review on Thermal Coconversion of Biomass, Sludge, Coal, and Their Blends Using Thermogravimetric Analysis." Journal of Chemistry 2020 (August 4, 2020): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5024369.

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Lignocellulosic biomass is a vital resource for providing clean future energy with a sustainable environment. Besides lignocellulosic residues, nonlignocellulosic residues such as sewage sludge from industrial and municipal wastes are gained much attention due to its large quantities and ability to produce cheap and clean energy to potentially replace fossil fuels. These cheap and abundantly resources can reduce global warming owing to their less polluting nature. The low-quality biomass and high ash content of sewage sludge-based thermal conversion processes face several disadvantages towards its commercialization. Therefore, it is necessary to utilize these residues in combination with coal for improvement in energy conversion processes. As per author information, no concrete study is available to discuss the synergy and decomposition mechanism of residues blending. The objective of this study is to present the state-of-the-art review based on the thermal coconversion of biomass/sewage sludge, coal/biomass, and coal/sewage sludge blends through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to explore the synergistic effects of the composition, thermal conversion, and blending for bioenergy production. This paper will also contribute to detailing the operating conditions (heating rate, temperature, and residence time) of copyrolysis and cocombustion processes, properties, and chemical composition that may affect these processes and will provide a basis to improve the yield of biofuels from biomass/sewage sludge, coal/sewage sludge, and coal/biomass blends in thermal coconversion through thermogravimetric technique. Furthermore, the influencing factors and the possible decomposition mechanism are elaborated and discussed in detail. This study will provide recent development and future prospects for cothermal conversion of biomass, sewage, coal, and their blends.

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Wang, Zhicai, Hengfu Shui, Zhiping Lei, Shibiao Ren, Shigang Kang, Hua Zhou, Xupeng Gu, and Jinsheng Gao. "Study of the preasphaltenes of coal liquefaction and its hydro-conversion kinetics catalyzed by SO42−/ZrO2." Fuel Processing Technology 92, no. 10 (October 2011): 1830–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.04.039.

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45

van Heek, K. H. "Coal utilization processes and their application to waste recycling and biomass conversion." Fuel 72, no. 5 (May 1993): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(93)90617-b.

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VANHEEK, K., B. STROBEL, and W. WANZL. "Coal utilization processes and their application to waste recycling and biomass conversion." Fuel 73, no. 7 (July 1994): 1135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(94)90250-x.

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47

Zhou, Bin, Qingya Liu, Lei Shi, and Zhenyu Liu. "Electron spin resonance studies of coals and coal conversion processes: A review." Fuel Processing Technology 188 (June 2019): 212–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2019.01.011.

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48

Zhao, Gang Wei, Wei Qi Yu, and Yun Han Xiao. "Study on Brown Coal Pyrolysis and Catalytic Pyrolysis." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 660–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.660.

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It is very important to the combustion processes of coal pyrolysis, so the catalytic effects of alkali, alkaline earth and transition metal on the brown coal (Yunnan,China) were investigated with a thermogravimetric analysis. These results show that the active pyrolysis orders are Mg>Ni,Fe>Na,K>Al2O3>CaO, and the maximal increment of conversion is 10.6% in brown coal.

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Cong, Xing Shun, and Min Li. "Preparation and Catalytic Performance of Fe-Cr-Si-Pillared Montmorillonite as Coal Liquefaction Catalyst." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 1629–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.1629.

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A set of pillared montmorillonite (PILM) catalysts were prepared by exchanging Na+ with iron pillars, chromium pillars, complexes pillars of iron and chromium with different proportion, as well as complexes pillar of silica sol and iron and chromium, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were used to characterize the catalysts. The XRD results reveal that Fe-Cr complexes pillared montmorillonites (Fe/Cr-PILM) have the basal spacing of about 2.04 nm after calcination at 300 °C for 2 h, while sole metal PILM have that of about 1.0 nm; in particular, the basal spacing of silica sol complexes pillared montmorillonite (Fe-Cr-Si-PILM) are expanded up to 4.33 nm. The TG-DTA results show that both Fe-Cr-PILM and Fe-Cr-Si-PILM have high thermal stability up to 640 °C. Catalytic activity of Fe/Cr-Si-PILM in Longkou lignite (LL) and ShengLi coal residue (SCR) liquefaction was studied, which showed that PILM had a good catalytic performance in coal conversion field.

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Newby, R. A., and R. L. Bannister. "Advanced Hot Gas Cleaning System for Coal Gasification Processes." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 116, no. 2 (April 1, 1994): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906825.

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The United States electric industry is entering a period where growth and the aging of existing plants will mandate a decision on whether to repower, add capacity, or do both. The power generation cycle of choice, today, is the combined cycle that utilizes the Brayton and Rankine cycles. The combustion turbine in a combined cycle can be used in a repowering mode or in a greenfield plant installation. Today’s fuel of choice for new combined cycle power generation is natural gas. However, due to a 300-year supply of coal within the United States, the fuel of the future will include coal. Westinghouse has supported the development of coal-fueled gas turbine technology over the past thirty years. Working with the U.S. Department of Energy and other organizations, Westinghouse is actively pursuing the development and commercialization of several coal-fueled processes. To protect the combustion turbine and environment from emissions generated during coal conversion (gasification/combustion) a gas cleanup system must be used. This paper reports on the status of fuel gas cleaning technology and describes the Westinghouse approach to developing an advanced hot gas cleaning system that contains component systems that remove particulate, sulfur, and alkali vapors. The basic process uses ceramic barrier filters for multiple cleaning functions.

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