Relevant bibliographies by topics / Coal maturation

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Coal maturation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Coal maturation"

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FERNANDES, P., G. LOPES, G. MACHADO, Z. PEREIRA, and B. RODRIGUES. "Superimposed thermal histories in the southern limit of the Ossa Morena Zone – Portugal." Geological Magazine 154, no. 3 (April 22, 2016): 591–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756816000248.

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AbstractThe Mississippian volcano-sedimentary complex in the Toca da Moura – Cabrela areas represents remnants of intra-volcanic marine sedimentary basins, formed during the collision between the Ossa Morena Zone with the South Portuguese Zone. These rock units are unconformably overlain by the Pennsylvanian intramontane coal-bearing Santa Susana Basin. Vitrinite reflectance determinations from rocks of these two basins indicate two episodes of thermal maturation. During the first episode, the Toca da Moura – Cabrela volcano-sedimentary complexes attained high maturation levels, equivalent to anthracite coal rank (3.0–3.5% Roran), which pre-dates the middle Moscovian Santa Susana Basin. The Santa Susana Basin attained moderate maturation levels equivalent to bituminous coal rank (1.35–1.5% Roran) recording a second episode of thermal maturation. Here, peak thermal conditions did not overprint the first maturation episode. The observed effects of magmatic intrusion on the thermal maturity and the lack of any increase in vitrinite reflectance with depth through c. 400 m of section in borehole SDJ-1 indicate high geothermal gradients during the first maturation episode. A contemporaneous magmatic event associated with the c. 335–320 Ma Cuba-Alvito Gabbros/Diorites of the Beja Massif was the possible cause for the high geothermal gradients postulated for the first maturation episode. Burial under a post-upper Moscovian sedimentary cover was the most likely process to account for the maturation levels determined for the Santa Susana Basin and for the second episode of thermal maturation.
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Monthioux, M., and P. Landais. "Natural and artificial maturation of coal: Hopanoid stereochemistry." Chemical Geology 75, no. 3 (March 1989): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(89)90119-8.

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Mullins, Oliver C., Sudipa Mitra-Kirtley, Jan Van Elp, and Stephen P. Cramer. "Molecular Structure of Nitrogen in Coal from XANES Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 8 (August 1993): 1268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934067991.

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Five major nitrogen chemical structures, present in coals of varying ranks, have been quantitatively determined with the use of nitrogen x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES). Similar studies of the sulfur chemical structures of coals have been performed for the last ten years; nitrogen studies on these fossil-fuel samples have only recently been realized. XANES spectra of coals exhibit several distinguishable resonances which can be correlated with characteristic resonances of particular nitrogen chemical structures, thereby facilitating analysis of these complicated systems. Many model compounds have been examined; for some, the relative peak positions are explained in terms of the orbital description of the lone pair of electrons. All features in the XANES spectra of coals have been accounted for; thus, all the major structural groups of nitrogen present in coals have been determined. A wide variety of aromatic nitrogen compounds is found in the coals; no evidence of saturated amine is found. Pyrroles, pyridines, pyridones, and aromatic amines are found in coal; of these, pyrrolic structures are the most prevalent. Pyridine nitrogen is prevalent in all except low-rank coals. The low pyridine content in low-rank (high-oxygen) coals correlates with a large pyridone content. This observation suggests that, with increasing maturation of coal, the pyridone loses its oxygen and is transformed into pyridine. Aromatic amines are present at low levels in coals of all rank. The spectral effects of aromatic amines are shown by comparing the XANES spectra of coal and petroleum asphaltenes.
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MEGURO, Seitaro. "A view of the coal/water slurry technological maturation." Journal of the Fuel Society of Japan 65, no. 11 (1986): 876–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3775/jie.65.11_876.

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Kitamura, Manami, Hideki Mukoyoshi, Patrick M. Fulton, and Takehiro Hirose. "Coal maturation by frictional heat during rapid fault slip." Geophysical Research Letters 39, no. 16 (August 16, 2012): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012gl052316.

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Saxby, J. D., P. Chatfield, G. H. Taylor, J. D. Fitzgerald, I. R. Kaplan, and S. T. Lu. "Effect of clay minerals on products from coal maturation." Organic Geochemistry 18, no. 3 (May 1992): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(92)90078-c.

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Monthioux, M., and P. Landais. "Natural and artificial maturation of coal: Non-hopanoid biomarkers." Chemical Geology 77, no. 1 (September 1989): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(89)90017-x.

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Powell, T. G., and C. J. Boreham. "PETROLEUM GENERATION AND SOURCE ROCK ASSESSMENT IN TERRIGENOUS SEQUENCES: AN UPDATE." APPEA Journal 31, no. 1 (1991): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj90023.

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Analytical pyrolysis and sealed tube pyrolysis at low temperatures have been used to study the timing and petroleum generating capacity of selected Permian through Tertiary coals and carbonaceous shales in relation to their petrographic and elemental composition. The results show that judicious application of flash pyrolysis techniques in conjunction with more conventional procedures are essential for effective source rock assessment in terrigenous source rocks, particularly in those of lower quality.Although the petroleum potential of the samples follows the broad trends in petrographic composition established for Australian coals, that is, relative proportions of vitrinite, inertinite and liptinite, there is much variation which cannot be explained petrographically at the maceral group level. Furthermore, there is no simple relationship between pyrolytic hydrocarbon yield from terrigenous kerogens and overall elemental composition. The yield and composition of pyrolysable normal hydrocarbons varies widely depending on the nature and amount of liptinite macerals, particularly for samples with Hydrogen Indices below 300. Liptinite-poor (Mass balance calculations based on Rock-Eval analyses of samples from the Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures show that the maximum oil formation occurs over a very narrow maturation window from 0.8 to 1.0 per cent Ro, although small amounts of oil may be generated at lower maturation levels. The gas to oil ratio of the generated hydrocarbons is constant up to a reflectance level of 1.0 per cent Ro, where upon the proportion of gas increases rapidly. The low quality Permian source rocks from the Cooper Basin have a lower ratio of labile to refractory kerogen than the Jurassic and Tertiary examples. As a result, the gas to oil ratio of hydrocarbons formed in the oil window is higher and the oil potential appears to be exhausted at an earlier stage of maturation. Efficient migration of hydrocarbons from Permian sediments in the Cooper Basin also appears to occur at a relatively early stage of maturation compared with the Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures.
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Han, Zhiwen, Qi Yang, and Zhigui Pang. "Artificial maturation study of a humic coal and a torbanite." International Journal of Coal Geology 46, no. 2-4 (May 2001): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-5162(01)00018-0.

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Yao, Suping, Chunyan Xue, Wenxuan Hu, Jian Cao, and Chuanlun Zhang. "A comparative study of experimental maturation of peat, brown coal and subbituminous coal: Implications for coalification." International Journal of Coal Geology 66, no. 1-2 (February 2006): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2005.07.007.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Coal maturation"

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Gérard-Zaugg, Laurence. "Effets de la maturation thermique sur les processus d'oxydation des charbons." Nancy 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NAN10041.

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Afin de générer une série de maturation artificielle, un échantillon de type III du delta de la Mahakam a été pyrolysé en milieu confiné pendant 72 heures à 700 bars à des températures allant de 250c à 400c par pas de 10c. Les échantillons ainsi obtenus ont été caractérisés par de nombreuses techniques. Les différents paramètres étudiés ont permis de mettre en évidence les stades clés de l'évolution thermique de ce charbon. L'échantillon brut et les pyrolysats représentatifs ont alors été choisis comme échantillons de départ pour l'étude de l'oxydation. Cette oxydation a été réalisée dans une étuve ventilée à 140c durant 2, 24 et 192 heures. Le mécanisme général de l'oxydation semble globalement identique pour tous les échantillons, mais l'étude détaillée de certains paramètres montre que le processus d'oxydation est lié au rang du charbon. L'analyse cinétique de l'évolution de différents paramètres géochimiques met en évidence deux types de réactions d'oxydation dont la vitesse et la durée varient en fonction du rang de la matière organique. Les différents oxydats, ont été ensuite pyrolysés dans les conditions temps-pression indiquées ci-dessus. Les mêmes techniques d'analyses ont été utilisées afin de caractériser les différents pyrolysats et d'étudier ainsi l'importance fondamentale du couple oxydation-maturation en s'affranchissant de tous problèmes d'origine et de composition macérale
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Mansuy-Huault, Laurence. "Rôle du milieu réactionnel au cours de la maturation artificielle de la matière organique : application au prélèvement des effluents en cours de pyrolyse." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL041N.

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Dans un système de pyrolyse comme dans un système de maturation naturelle de la matière organique, les différentes fractions du pyrolysat, qui constituent le milieu réactionnel, sont en contact intime sous l'effet de la pression développée dans le système. De façon à mettre en évidence les interactions entre ces différentes fractions et leur importance dans les réactions de maturation de la matière organique, cinq milieux réactionnels différents ont été reconstitués (1) une série de pyrolyse en milieu confiné classique du charbon de la Mahakam (280°C à 370°C - 24 h ; 700 bars) (2) une série EC où les hydrocarbures et les composés polaires sont prélevés à chaque étape de pyrolyse (étude du résidu solide au cours de la maturation) (3) une série EP ou le résidu solide et les composés polaires sont préservés dans le milieu tandis que les hydrocarbures sont prélevés (4, 5) l'influence d'un excès d'eau sur le comportement du résidu solide et de l'ensemble résidu solide-composés polaires est étudiée dans les séries ECO et EPO. Les résultats montrent l'importance des hydrocarbures dans les réactions de maturation du charbon. Ils jouent le role de phase mobile dans le milieu réactionnel et favorisent la mobilité des espèces, le transfert d'hydrogène et la plasticité du charbon. L’eau a aussi un rôle actif dans les processus de genèse des hydrocarbures mais sont rôle de source d'hydrogène dépend de la présence des composés polaires qui pourrait être les catalyseurs de la dissociation de l'eau
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Ruau, Olivier. "Applications de la microspectroscopie IRTF en modes transmission et réflexion spéculaire à la caractérisation chimique des matières organiques." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPL146N.

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Le couplage d'un spectromètre infrarouge et d'un microscope permet d'utiliser les potentialités de la spectroscopie IR à l'échelle microscopique. La microspectroscopie IR a été testée en géochimie organique afin de résoudre les problèmes liés à l'étude de la matière organique. En transmission, l'utilisation d'une enclume à fenêtres de diamant a permis de simplifier le protocole de préparation des échantillons et a conduit à des spectres de qualité très supérieure à ceux issus de l'analyse sur pastilles de KBr. Parallèlement un protocole de préparation des composés solubles (résines et asphaltènes) a été mis au point. Ainsi, la microspectroscopie IRTF en mode transmission a pu être utilisée pour la mise en évidence des mécanismes de transformation de la matière organique au cours de la maturation. En exploration pétrolière, la microspectroscopie IRTF en mode réflexion spéculaire se révèle particulièrement adaptée pour le contrôle chimique in situ des vitrinites. Les résultats montrent que le pouvoir réflecteur de la vitrinite utilisé dans les modèles mathématiques pour reconstruire l'histoire des bassins, peut être influencé par d'autres phénomènes que la maturation. Il a été mis en évidence que l'oxydation du matériel organique ou l'origine botanique des vitrinites sont des facteurs qui perturbent l'interprétation du pouvoir réflecteur en tant que paramètre de maturité. La versatilité de la microspectroscopie IRTF ainsi que la qualité des renseignements qu'elle fournit ont permis de démontrer ses potentialités dans le domaine de la géochimie organique
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Dolley, Marylise. "Maturation du col utérin par prostaglandines E2 en intracervical." Caen, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990CAEN3102.

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Gregg, Christina Maria. "Biochemical and structural characterization of the ATP-dependent maturation factor of acetyl-CoA synthase." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/18943.

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Acetyl-CoA Synthase (ACS) katalysiert die Reaktion eines Methylkations, Kohlenstoffmonoxid und CoA zu Acetyl-CoA. Das aktive Zentrum von ACS ist ein Ni,Ni-[4Fe4S]-Cluster (A-cluster), in dem zwei Nickel-Ionen mit einem kubanen [4Fe4S]-Cluster verbrückt sind. An der Biosynthese von komplexen Metallclustern sind in der Regel mehrere akzessorische Proteine, auch Maturationsfaktoren genannt, beteiligt. Die Biosynthese des A-Clusters wurde bisher noch nicht genauer untersucht und es war nicht bekannt welche Proteine die Biosynthese des A-Clusters katalysieren. In dieser Arbeit wurde das Protein AcsF als Maturationsfaktor der ACS identifiziert und seine biochemischen und strukturellen Eigenschaften wurden charakterisiert. AcsF und apoACS aus Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans bilden einen stabilen Komplex, der zwei Nickel-Ionen binden kann. ApoACS hingegen kann unter den gleichen Bedingungen im Durchschnitt nur weniger als ein Nickel-Ion binden. Der Ni-ACS-AcsF Komplex, an dem zwei Nickel-Ionen gebunden sind, ist katalytisch jedoch nicht aktiv. Erst durch Zugabe von Mg-ATP kann die inaktive Spezies in eine aktive Form überführt werden. AcsF-Proteine gehören zur gleichen Protein-Familie wie CooC-Proteine, die Maturationsfaktoren der Kohlenstoffmonoxid Dehydrogenase. Ein Sequenzähnlichkeitsnetzwerk konnte zeigen, dass AcsF- und CooC-Proteine jeweils eine eigene Untergruppe in dieser Familie bilden. Die AcsF-Proteine von C. hydrogenoformans und Archaeoglobus fulgidus wurden kristallisiert und deren Kristallstrukturen gelöst. Durch einen Vergleich der Strukturen von AcsF mit den Strukturen von zwei CooC-Proteinen konnte aufgedeckt werden, dass die größten strukturellen Unterschiede zwischen AcsF- und CooC-Proteinen zwischem dem Switch I Motif und dem CXC Motif zu finden sind.
Acetyl-CoA synthase (ACS) catalyzes the reaction of a methyl cation, carbon monoxide and CoA to acetyl-CoA. The active site of ACS is a Ni,Ni-[4Fe4S] cluster (A-cluster), in which two nickel ions are bridged to a cubane-type [4Fe4S] cluster. Usually, several accessory proteins are involved in the biosynthesis of such complex metal clusters. However, the biosynthesis of the A-cluster had not yet been investigated and it was not known which accessory proteins take part in its assembly. In this work, the protein AcsF was identified as a maturation factor of ACS, and its biochemical and structural properties were characterized. AcsF and apoACS from Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans form a stabile complex, that can bind two nickel ions. ApoACS alone, on the other hand, binds on average only less than one nickel ion under the same conditions. The Ni-ACS-AcsF complex, that contains two nickel ions, is not active, but the addition of Mg-ATP converts the inactive species into an active form. AcsF proteins belong to the same protein family as CooC proteins, the maturation factors of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. A sequence similarity network showed that AcsF and CooC proteins each form their own subgroup within this family. The AcsF proteins from C. hydrogenoformans and Archaeobglobus fulgidus were crystallized and their crystal structures were solved. A comparison of the crystal structures of AcsF proteins with the structures of two CooC proteins revealed that the main structural differences between AcsF and CooC proteins can be found between the switch I motif and the CXC motif.
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Kosai, Azuma. "Changes in acetyl-CoA mediate Sik3-induced maturation of chondrocytes in endochondral bone formation." Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/245830.

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京都大学
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(医学)
甲第22145号
医博第4536号
新制||医||1039(附属図書館)
京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻
(主査)教授 戸口田 淳也, 教授 安達 泰治, 教授 松田 秀一
学位規則第4条第1項該当
Doctor of Medical Science
Kyoto University
DFAM
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MAULOUBIER, BOTTET ANNE. "Maturation cervicale et prostaglandines : a propos de 129 cas sur col immature a la maternite de l'hotel dieu, c.h.r.u. de clermont-ferrand." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991CLF13036.

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Gregg, Christina Maria [Verfasser], Thomas [Gutachter] Eitinger, Holger [Gutachter] Dobbek, and Peter [Gutachter] Hildebrandt. "Biochemical and structural characterization of the ATP-dependent maturation factor of acetyl-CoA synthase / Christina Maria Gregg ; Gutachter: Thomas Eitinger, Holger Dobbek, Peter Hildebrandt." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1199116467/34.

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Gregg, Christina [Verfasser], Thomas [Gutachter] Eitinger, Holger [Gutachter] Dobbek, and Peter [Gutachter] Hildebrandt. "Biochemical and structural characterization of the ATP-dependent maturation factor of acetyl-CoA synthase / Christina Maria Gregg ; Gutachter: Thomas Eitinger, Holger Dobbek, Peter Hildebrandt." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1199116467/34.

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Creach, Anne. "Biosynthèse de l'acide érucique dans la graine de colza (Brassica napus L. ) en cours de maturation : solubilisation et purification partielle de la 18:1-CoA élongase." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR28282.

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Ce travail s'intègre dans un programme de valorisation de l'acide érucique des graines de colza (Brassica napus L. ) en cours de maturation. L'étude, in vitro, de la synthèse de l'acide érucique, catalysée par les acyl-CoA élongases, est réalisée sur des graines âgées de 6 à 8 semaines après l'anthèse. Le meilleur substrat pour la réaction d'élongation est le 18 : 1-CoA. La 18 : 1-CoA élongase est une enzyme membranaire, surtout associée au culot 15 000 g. Notre étude montre clairement que l'élongation du 18 : 1-CoA s'effectue par des condensations successives du malonyl-CoA et que les produits synthétisés sont libérés sous forme d'acyl-CoAs. Les conditions exérimentales permettant de solubiliser les acyl-CoA élongases ont été établies. Le Triton X-100 est utilisé à une concentration telle que l'on ait un rapport détergent/protéines de 2,5. Notre travail a permis d'isoler et de purifier partiellement la 18 : 1-CoA élongase. Elle présente une masse moléculaire relative en présence de Triton X-100 de 270 kDa. L'analyse des protéines par électrophorèse suggère fortement que la 18 ; 1-CoA elongase est un complexe multienzymatique constitué d'au moins 3 protéines. Le système d'élongation partiellement purifié synthétise essentiellement des β-hydroxyacyl-CoAs (92 %). Cependant, 8 % des produits sont bien des acides gras à très longues chaînes. Ceci indique que les sous unités protéiques responsables des réactions intermédiaires sont encore associées et fonctionnelles
This work is part of a program for the valorization of erucic acid in developing rapeseeds (Brassica napus L. ). Indeed, erucic acid has many applications in oleochemical industries. Erucic acid biosynthesis by acyl-CoA elongases is studied, in vitro, using 6-to 8- old seeds. The best substrate for the elongation is the 18 : 1 -CoA. The 18 : 1 CoA elongase is an integral membrane enzyme, preferentially associated with the 15 000 g pellet. Our study shows that erucic acid synthesis involves successive additions of malonyl-CoA to oleoyl-CoA and that the elongation products are released as very long- chain acyl -CoA thioesters. Triton X-100 was chosen for the solubilization of acyl -CoA elongases, using an optimal Triton X- 100/protein (w / w) ratio of 2. 5. Our work resulted in the partial purification of the 18 : 1 -CoA elongase, which presents an apparent molecular mass, in the presence of Triton X- 100, of 270 kDa. The electrophoretic analysis strongly suggests that the 18 : 1 -CoA elongase is a multienzyme complex constituted of least 3 proteins. The partially purified elongation system synthesizes essentially β-hydroxyacyl -CoAs (92 %). Nevertheless,, 8 % of the products are very long chain monounsaturated fatty acids, indicating that all of the proteins of the enzymatic complex are still associated and functional
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Books on the topic "Coal maturation"

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J, Walsh Timothy. Coal maturation and the natural gas potential of western and central Washington. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Natural Resources, 1991.

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Walsh, Timothy J. Coal maturation and the natural gas potential of western and central Washington. [Olympia, Wash.?]: Washington State Dept. of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Earth Resources, 1991.

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Kinney, Jeff. Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Old School. Puffin, 2017.

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Old School: Diary of a Wimpy Kid #10. Jeff Kinney, 2015.

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Diary of a wimpy kid. Amulet Books, 2015.

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Kinney, Jeff. Diary of a Wimpy Kid 10. Old School [Paperback] [Jan 01, 1804] JEFF KINNEY. PUFFIN BOOKS, 2016.

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Diary of A wimpy Kid Old School. Jeff kinney, 1997.

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the old school wimpikid. penguin group, 2015.

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Kinney, Jeff. Old School. Thorndike Press, 2017.

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Diary of a wimpy kid. New York, USA: Amulet Books, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Coal maturation"

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Bartholomew, Calvin H., Steven J. Butala, Juan Carlos Medina, Milton L. Lee, Terrence Q. Taylor, and Dallan B. Andrus. "Mineral-Catalyzed Formation of Natural Gas during Coal Maturation." In Coalbed Methane: Scientific, Environmental and Economic Evaluation, 279–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1062-6_17.

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Cobb, M., D. L. Lopez, M. Glikson, and S. D. Golding. "Simulating the Conductive and Hydrothermal Maturation of Coal and Coal Seam Gas in the Bowen Basin, Australia." In Coalbed Methane: Scientific, Environmental and Economic Evaluation, 435–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1062-6_26.

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Glikson, M., C. J. Boreham, and D. S. Thiede. "Coal Composition and Mode of Maturation, a Determining Factor in Quantifying Hydrocarbon Species Generated." In Coalbed Methane: Scientific, Environmental and Economic Evaluation, 155–85. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1062-6_11.

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Gurba, Lila W., and Colin R. Ward. "The Influence of Depositional and Maturation Factors on the Three-Dimensional Distribution of Coal Rank Indicators and Hydrocarbon Source Potential in the Gunnedah Basin, New South Wales." In Coalbed Methane: Scientific, Environmental and Economic Evaluation, 493–515. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1062-6_29.

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Benkhedda, Z., P. Landais, J. M. Dereppe, J. Kister, and M. Monthioux. "SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF AROMATIC FRACTIONS FROM MATURATION SERIES OF COAL." In 1991 International Conference on Coal Science Proceedings, 56–59. Elsevier, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7506-0387-4.50017-6.

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Berner, Robert A. "Processes of the Long-Term Carbon Cycle: Degassing of Carbon Dioxide and Methane." In The Phanerozoic Carbon Cycle. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195173338.003.0006.

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Degassing of CO2 and CH4 to the atmosphere and oceans is the process whereby carbon is restored to the surficial system after being buried in rocks. Carbon dioxide is released by a variety of processes. This includes volcanic emissions from the mantle and metamorphic and diagenetic decarbonation of limestones and organic matter. Volcanic degassing can occur over subduction zones, at mid-ocean rises, on the continents, and in the interior of oceanic plates. Degassing can be sudden and violent, as during volcanic eruptions, or slow and semi-continuous in the form of fumaroles, springs, gas vents, and continually degassing volcanic vents. An outstanding example of the latter is Mt. Etna, which contributes about 10% to total global degassing (Caldeira and Rampino, 1992). Metamorphic degassing is concentrated in zones of seafloor subduction (Barnes et al., 1978), crustal convergence (Kerrick and Caldeira, 1998), and crustal extension (Kerrick et al., 1995). Most methane degassing on a geologic time scale occurs from organic matter diagenesis slowly from coal, oil, and kerogen maturation and suddenly from methane hydrate breakdown. A smaller amount of CH4 emanates from mid-ocean hydrothermal vents. Estimates of present-day global volcanic degassing rates are under constant revision (e.g., see Gerlach, 1991; Brantley and Koepenick, 1995; Sano and Williams, 1996; Marty and Tolstikhin, 1998; Kerrick, 2001). A compilation of recent estimated rates of most degassing processes is shown in table 4.1. A constraint on estimates is that none can exceed total global degassing. The latter can be determined from the steady-state assumption that CO2 release by global degassing must be balanced by global uptake by Ca and Mg silicate weathering (Berner, 1990; Berner and Caldeira, 1997). (This assumes essential balance of the organic C subcycle.) Global Ca and Mg silicate weathering, based on river fluxes of these elements to the sea, has been estimated to be about 6 ± 3 × 1018 mol/my (Berner, 1990). Gaillardet et al. (1999) estimate a minimum value for Ca and Mg silicate weathering of 3.6 × 1018 mol/my.
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7

Roberts, Bruce L., William Markland, and Robert C. Ladner. "[4] Affinity maturation of proteins displayed on surface of M13 bacteriophage as major coat protein fusions." In Combinatorial Chemistry, 68–82. Elsevier, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(96)67006-2.

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8

Calado, Ricardo. "Marine Ornamental Decapods—Collection, Culture, and Conservation." In Fisheries and Aquaculture, 314–40. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865627.003.0013.

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Marine ornamental decapods are among the most popular invertebrates traded in the global marine aquarium industry. With the exception of the Dendrobranchiata, nearly all other major groups of decapods have at least one species traded as ornamental, the majority being caridean and stenopodidean shrimp, as well as hermit and brachyuran crabs. Found and collected in the wild from tropical coral reefs and coastal lagoons, the aquaculture of marine ornamental decapods is yet to achieve a scale that alleviates the fishing pressure affecting natural populations. Most cultivation efforts have targeted cleaner and boxing shrimp within the genera Lysmata and Stenopus, respectively. While these species are some of the most highly traded, research on their captive culture has been mainly driven by their market value rather than conservation purposes. This is likely the reason why the aquaculture of other species that are also heavily collected, such as hermit and brachyuran crabs, is yet to properly be addressed. This chapter provides an overview of the most emblematic marine ornamental decapod species currently traded for marine aquaria, including their distinctive features, as well as their collection, packing, and shipping techniques. The state of the art of marine ornamental decapod aquaculture is critically revised, with an emphasis on broodstock husbandry and maturation, larviculture, and grow-out to commercial size. Commonly employed systems for stocking breeding pairs, raising larvae, or growing juveniles are detailed, underscoring recirculated systems operating with synthetic seawater due to their potential use in coastal or inland facilities. The main bottlenecks impairing the successful breeding of these organisms are critically addressed, namely the lack of maturation diets customized to secure the nutritional needs of target species, which consequently impairs the production of high-quality larvae for cultivation. The main constraints for larviculture are also highlighted, with special emphasis on the lack of suitable live prey and the ability of several decapod species to delay metamorphosis under suboptimal larval diets. Issues on grow-out, such as poor growth performances and cannibalism, are discussed from a commercial perspective, as well as mitigation actions (e.g., use of live prey and complex shelters). There is a strong need for science-based conservation policies, where accurate data reporting and traceability along the supply chain must be implemented to promote a sustainable use of these resources. Though pricey and popular, marine ornamental decapods are no longer poorly studied when compared to a few years ago. Nonetheless, some key issues still need the attention of researchers, commercial breeders and hobbyists to ensure that these remarkable organisms can continue to be admired in the wild and in aquarium displays.
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Conference papers on the topic "Coal maturation"

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Levine, R. F., and P. K. Shoff. "STIMULATED MEGAKARYOCYTES ARE FOUND IN CHILDHOOD ITP BUT NOT IN ADULT ITP." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644584.

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ITP is thought to be caused primarily by peripheral platelet destruction, but recent work has suggested that platelet production may also be impaired. Although the clinical course in children usually differs from that in adults, no distinctions have been established with regard to marrow characteristics. To evaluate megakaryocyte (mega) responses in this disease we examined mega size, ploidy, maturation and morphology in 8 children and in 8 adults with ITP and in 8 "normal" marrows (4 children, 4 adults). Marrows were prepared by a buffy coat wedge smear or by a cover slip squash method. Control values differed according to the type of marrow smear used. From 100-300 Feulgen-stained megas were examined in each specimen, as previously described. Wright-stained material was also examined. With the squash method megas from normal children and adults had similar characteristics. The megas of each child with acute ITP showed marked increases in size (volumes were 4X normal), ploidy (as high as 1024 N; medians were 64N, or 2 doublings higher than normals), and maturation stage (86% mature forms vs 43%). In contrast, none of the marrows of adults with acute or chronic ITP (1 with mild, 4 moderate, and 3 with severe thrombocytopenias) showed any stimulation of megas. Overall, their megas were normal in size, ploidy and maturation. Occasional dissociation of mega ploidy and maturation was seen, but not enough to alter the profiles of any one parameter. There were no obvious or suggestive signs of "damage" to the megas of children or adults with ITP. In conclusion, the megas of childhood ITP showed a pattern of marked stimulation of size, ploidy and maturation, as seen in animals injected with antiplatelet serum. The failure of adult marrows to response in these parameters to thrombocytopenia may be pathogenetically related to the chronicity of adult ITP.
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Kotarba, M., M. Słowakiewicz, K. Jurek, M. Waliczek, and D. Więcław. "Changes of Biomarkers, Isotopes and Macerals of Polish Coals and Shales: Maturation Simulated by Hydrous Pyrolysis." In 30th International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry (IMOG 2021). European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202134072.

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Klisch, Stephen M., Gregory C. Thomas, Anna Asanbaeva, Pasquale Vena, and Robert L. Sah. "Nonlinear Constituent Based Viscoelastic Modeling of GAG Depletion Experiments Suggests Strong GAG-Collagen Interactions in Immature Articular Cartilage Tissue." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-205014.

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The porous solid matrix (SM) of articular cartilage (AC) contains glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and collagens (COLs). GAGs provide a fixed negative charge that produces swelling and compressive resistance and the COL network produces tensile and shear resistance. The long-term goal of this study is to improve structure-function relations for characterizing AC growth and remodeling. A recent study using GAG depletion experiments suggested that GAG-COL interactions regulate tissue mechanical properties in a manner dependent on maturational stage [1]. The objective of this study was to characterize GAG-COL interactions on viscoelastic (VE) properties for immature AC tissue. The first aim was to modify a constituent based nonlinear VE model [2] to study AC tissue biomechanics. The second aim was to quantify the VE response for control and GAG depleted immature AC tested in uniaxial tension (UT).
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Leasure, Jeremi, Roza Mahmoodian, Sorin Siegler, Franco Capaldi, and Nancy Pleshko. "Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Assessment of Changes in Composition of Proteoglycans and Collagen in Developing Human Fetal Tarsal Bones." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-67862.

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The proteoglycan and collagen composition of cartilage is known to change during fetal and postnatal development. The current report represents the first attempt to semi-quantitatively determine the changes in the composition of developing human fetal cartilage. Human fetal talus bones were obtained from late 2nd and 3rd trimester specimen. Fetal bones are comprised of an intramembranous tissue commonly referred to as cartilage anlagen. During maturation the anlagen develops an ossific nucleus. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IRS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging Spectroscopy (FT-IRIS) were used to assess the changes in composition relating to tissues main constituents, collagen (COL) and proteoglycan (PG). FT-IRS was used to obtain average values of composition across the entire anterior-posterior length of each bone. Relative percent composition values of COL and PG were calculated by multivariate least-squares analysis of model compound spectral features associated with COL (Amide I spectral absorbance) and PG (C-O-C sugar absorbance). It was shown that PG/Amide I values decreases from 4.9 +/−3.4 to 2.9 +/−3.2 over development. These values were translated to a relative percent compositional drop of PG from 49.9% +/−16.2% to 36.4% +/−8.1%. FT-IRIS was used to observe the spatial changes in composition from the subchondral region to the articulating surfaces. Collagen was observed to be distributed away from the articulating surfaces with increase in development. Proteoglycans were observed to have uniform concentrations with a marked decrease in PG across developmental stages. A noticeable benchmark in development is the ossific nucleus which was absent in the 2nd trimester. The findings of the current study demonstrate that cartilage anlage contains approximately triple the amount of proteoglycan in the 2nd trimester as compared to that previously reported in hyaline articular cartilage. The proteoglycan decreases over development, resulting in double the proteoglycan in the 3rd trimester as compared to previously reported adult values. No site-specific, macroscopic (FT-IRS), differences in PG content were found while microscopic assessment (FT-IRIS) observed heterogeneity with marked changes in PG content.
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Shah, Parthiv N., Gordon Pfeiffer, Rory Davis, Thomas Hartley, and Zoltán Spakovszky. "Full-Scale Turbofan Demonstration of a Deployable Engine Air-Brake for Drag Management Applications." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-56708.

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This paper presents the design and full-scale ground-test demonstration of an engine air-brake (EAB) nozzle that uses a deployable swirl vane mechanism to switch the operation of a turbofan’s exhaust stream from thrust generation to drag generation during the approach and/or descent phase of flight. The EAB generates a swirling outflow from the turbofan exhaust nozzle, allowing an aircraft to generate equivalent drag in the form of thrust reduction at a fixed fan rotor speed. The drag generated by the swirling exhaust flow is sustained by the strong radial pressure gradient created by the EAB swirl vanes. Such drag-on-demand is an enabler to operational benefits such as slower, steeper, and/or aeroacoustically cleaner flight on approach, addressing the aviation community’s need for active and passive control of aeroacoustic noise sources and access to confined airports. Using NASA’s Technology Readiness Level (TRL) definitions, the EAB technology has been matured to a level of 6, i.e., a fully functional prototype. The TRL-maturation effort involved design, fabrication, assembly, and ground-testing of the EAB’s deployable mechanism on a full-scale, mixed-exhaust, medium-bypass-ratio business jet engine (Williams International FJ44-4A) operating at the upper end of typical approach throttle settings. The final prototype design satisfied a set of critical technology demonstration requirements that included (1) aerodynamic equivalent drag production equal to 15% of nominal gross thrust in a high-powered approach throttle setting (called dirty approach), (2) excess nozzle flow capacity and fuel burn reduction in the fully deployed configuration, (3) acceptable engine operability during dynamic deployment and stowing, (4) deployment time of 3–5 seconds, (5) stowing time under 0.5 second, and (6) packaging of the mechanism within a notional engine cowl. For a typical twin-jet aircraft application, a constant-speed, steep approach analysis suggests that the EAB drag could be used without additional external airframe drag to increase the conventional glideslope from 3 to 4.3 degrees, with about 3 dB noise reduction at a fixed observer location.
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