Journal articles: 'Coal miners' strike'

1

Nerbas, Don. "“Lawless Coal Miners” and the Lingan Strike of 1882–1883." Labour / Le Travail 92 (November 10, 2023): 81–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.52975/llt.2023v92.005.

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The Lingan strike of 1882–83 was the last in a series of strikes over a two-decade period on Cape Breton Island’s Sydney coalfield. With the use of untapped local sources, this article reconstructs the history of this understudied strike within a broader history of social relations on the coalfield. The migration of labourers from the island’s backland farms – predominantly from Highland enclave settlements – to the coal mines played a decisive role in shaping the era’s new coal mining villages and the character of social conflict. By the early 1880s, structural change associated with National Policy industrialism was eroding the old authority of the coal operators, and miners embraced the Provincial Workmen’s Association (pwa) to advance their claims in long-standing and highly localized contestations. Ultimately the coal communities themselves imposed the emergent trade unionism. The Lingan strike marked a transition to a new political order on the coalfield, structured by the place of the coal mines within the wider Cape Breton countryside and built upon a powerful localism and moral economy that recast the public sphere and the miners’ place in it.

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Arnold, Jörg. "‘That rather sinful city of London’: the coal miner, the city and the country in the British cultural imagination, c. 1969–2014." Urban History 47, no. 2 (June 7, 2019): 292–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926819000555.

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AbstractThe article proceeds from the observation that in the contemporary British cultural imagination, the figure of the coal miner tends to be presented as the embodiment of anti-urban and organicist qualities that in continental Europe are more commonly associated with the peasantry. Drawing on the theoretical insights of Raymond Williams, the article traces the genealogy of this ‘structure of feeling’ back to the time of the miners’ strike of 1984/85 and further back in the 1970s. It argues that the ‘ruralized’ miner was one imaginary in a complex power struggle over the ‘real’ identity of miners that was waged between the industry and the state, the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) and the National Coal Board (NCB), and, crucially, inside the NUM itself. ‘Ruralization’ was most vigorously promoted by union militants who sought to displace an alternative vision, championed jointly by the Coal Board and union moderates, which had situated miners firmly at the heart of industrial modernity. It was only in the wake of the defeat of the miners in the 1984/85 strike, and during the subsequent cultural reworking of this strike, that this structure finally gained dominance.

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Winterton, Jonathan. "The 1984–85 miners' strike and technological change." British Journal for the History of Science 26, no. 1 (March 1993): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400030107.

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The proximate cause of the 1984–85 miners' strike, the longest mass strike in British history, was a round of colliery closures announced by the National Coal Board (NCB, now British Coal) in March 1984 as part of the restructuring of the British coal mining industry. The impact of pit closures upon communities is so immediate and devastating that the effect obscured the fundamental causes. The restructuring process had accelerated since 1979 because of the economic and energy policies adopted by Conservative governments, but had its origins in the Labour government's response to the 1973 oil shock and the tripartite settlement of the 1974 strike by the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM). The 1974 Plan for Coal established an investment programme to expand coal production by three means: developing new mines; extending the life of existing collieries; and implementing new technologies. These supply-side measures were already underway when the first Thatcher government, elected in 1979, established new limits on publicsector spending and sought to liberalize markets.

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Glont, Anca. "Reframing the Lupeni Strike of 1929: State Intervention and Organized Labor in Romania’s Jiu Valley." PLURAL. History, Culture, Society 11, no. 1 (September 30, 2023): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37710/plural.v11i1_2.

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The article examines the Lupeni strike action of 1929. While Communist-era historiography exalted the strike as a political action led by party members, the strike was atypical for local labor organization. Placing the strike in the wider context of 1920-1931, the article traces the interaction between local organized labor, the coal companies of the Jiu Valley, and state agents, both locally and in Bucharest. In the post-1918 period, the unions pressed for miners to receive reasonable compensation; given the state’s demand for coal and the companies’ need for labor, this initially fostered compromise. The Romanian state was willing to tolerate local labor unions led by Social Democrats, while using repression — including the army — to suppress strikes and ensure an uninterrupted coal supply. Shifts in the market and coal production, however, reduced the need for miners — resulting in the fragmentation of local unions. In 1929 the combination of a relatively liberal regime, coal companies seeking rationalization of their work force, and a radicalized fringe group resulted in the strike. While rejecting pre-1989 depictions of the strike, the text argues that labor history helps to reveal the limits of Romanian interwar democracy in ways that political and legal approaches may not.

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5

Munger, Frank. "Legal Resources of Striking Miners: Notes for a Study of Class Conflict and Law." Social Science History 15, no. 1 (1991): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014555320002099x.

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Union miners stand together,Heed no operator’s tale.Keep your hands upon the dollar,And your eyes upon the scale.—verse from “Miner’s Lifeguard” [Silverman 1975: 389]In 1895, Fayette County, West Virginia, a leading coal county in the southern West Virginia coal fields, experienced widespread strikes by miners. The strikes were remarkable because, in an American industry known for violent labor relations and intensive union organizing since the appearance of the Molly Maguires in Pennsylvania before 1880, this was the first major strike in southern West Virginia. We might attempt to understand the role of law and public authority in these strikes in terms of legal repression by means of the labor injunction, labor conspiracy laws, and strikebreaking by the police and military. But none of these occurred in Fayette in 1895, though the later history of labor conflict in West Virginia is replete with all of them. In another way, however, the legal events accompanying these strikes are far more remarkable and challenge us to examine more subtle connections between class conflict and law.

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Rössel, Jörg. "Industrial Structure, Union Strategy, and Strike Activity in American Bituminous Coal Mining, 1881-1894." Social Science History 26, no. 1 (2002): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014555320001227x.

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The goal of this article is to describe and explain the specific strike pattern of American bituminous coal miners in the last part of the nineteenth century (between 1881 and 1894).The central thesis is that the evolution of strike patterns in bituminous coal mining differed substantially from the development of strike patterns in other industries during this period. According to scholars like Gerald Friedman (1988) and Kim Voss (1993), the evolution of the American labor movement until 1886 was strongly determined by the Knights of Labor’s strategy of inclusive unionism, which sought to increase worker power through solidarity and broad-based strikes. As this strategy proved unsuccessful—especially in 1886—American labor unions later conducted a different type of walkout: planned, small strikes of strategically located, skilled workers, which were more successful.

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7

Bowd, Gavin. "Franco-British communist solidarity in the miners' strikes of 1926, 1948 and 1984-85." Twentieth Century Communism 23, no. 23 (November 10, 2022): 96–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3898/175864322836165544.

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The British and French communist movements have rarely been an object of comparison, partly because of the huge difference in fortunes enjoyed by the two parties. However, one important similarity between these neighbours was the size and importance of the countries' coal industries, as well as the militancy of their mining communities, where communism took root as a serious political and cultural force. This article examines acts of solidarity by British and French Communists during the most important miners' strikes of their parties' existence: the General Strike and Lockout of 1926, the French miners' action of 1948, and the British miners' last great struggle of 1984-1985. Through the study of archival documents, the press and other sources, we explore how these disputes constitute important moments in the history of British and French communism, as well as of their countries' respective labour movements. The dispute of 1984-1985 marks a culminating point that confirms the strengths and weaknesses of British and French communism's relationship with the miners.

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Rutledge, Ian, and Phil Wright. "Coal worldwide: the international context of the British miners' strike." Cambridge Journal of Economics 9, no. 4 (December 1985): 303–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035584.

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9

Taylor, Andrew J. "The Politics of Coal: Some Aspects of the Miners' Strike." Politics 5, no. 1 (April 1985): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9256.1985.tb00099.x.

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Mates, Lewis. "'We want real live wires, not gas pipes': Communism in the inter-war Durham coalfield." Twentieth Century Communism 23, no. 23 (November 10, 2022): 51–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3898/175864322836165607.

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Durham was the second largest and best unionised interwar British coalfield. With some leading pre-war Durham miner militants sympathetic to communist inspired movements after 1920, there seemed to be considerable potential for the CPGB's growth. The 'communist moment' seemed to arrive in 1926. The Durham miners' leaders' inactivity during the general strike and after, contrasted with communists' apparent dynamism, made for excellent propaganda. Hundreds duly flocked to the CPGB throughout the coalfield in those heady months of late 1926. Yet the factors that aided communism's growth while the dispute raged had the opposite impact after the miners' defeat. A successful counter-attack by local Labour and miners' leaders, coal owner victimisation and the defeatism and demoralisation it engendered, as well as the general depressed state of the industry that brought short time and unemployment, saw Durham communism retreat rapidly in 1927. The district CPGB's own shortcomings also played a part. Both before 1926 and after 1934, communist influence was most readily exerted through Labour Party miner activists who had never been CPGB members. Their political careers suggest why communism did not gain a stronger independent foothold in the Durham coalfield.

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11

Phillips, Jim. "Contested Memories: the Scottish Parliament and the 1984–5 Miners' Strike." Scottish Affairs 24, no. 2 (May 2015): 187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/scot.2015.0066.

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The miners' strike of 1984–5 is a site of contested memories. A debate in the Scottish Parliament on the 30th anniversary in March 2014 highlighted three particular points of contention: the economics of coal and the social costs of closures; the strategies of the National Union of Mineworkers and the UK Conservative government; and the question of restorative justice for victimised strikers. This paper examines these controversies, measuring the perspectives of MSPs against the weight of historical evidence. It explores the moral economy of the Scottish coalfields, where closures in the 1960s and 1970s were agreed by the workforce because meaningful employment alternatives existed. Closures in the 1980s violated this moral economy. The paper demonstrates that the financial costs of producing coal were exaggerated in 1984, while the predicted negative social consequences of not producing coal were accurate. It argues that criticisms of NUM strategy in 1984–5 are outweighed by evidence that the Conservative government was attacking the moral economy, seeking to eliminate union voice from decisions about closures. It comments on the victimisation of strikers in 1984–5, arguing that contemporary calls for restorative justice are resisted by the Scottish government partly because the SNP – reflecting the broader mood in the Scottish Parliament – ignores the political salience of social class.

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12

Green, James, and Elizabeth Jameson. "Marking Labor History on the National Landscape: The Restored Ludlow Memorial and its Significance." International Labor and Working-Class History 76, no. 1 (2009): 6–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547909990032.

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In 1915 officers of the United Mine Workers of America purchased forty acres of land north of the Ludlow, Colorado train depot on land where a tent colony had sheltered coal miners and their families during the 1913–1914 southern Colorado coal strike. Three years later, the union dedicated a memorial of Vermont granite on the site in memory of those who died there April 20, 1914, in the Ludlow Massacre.

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13

Couto, Richard A., Jonathan Winterton, and Ruth Winterton. "Coal, Crisis and Conflict: The 1984-5 Miners' Strike in Yorkshire." Contemporary Sociology 19, no. 4 (July 1990): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2072800.

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14

Crowley, Stephen. "Barriers to Collective Action: Steelworkers and Mutual Dependence in the Former Soviet Union." World Politics 46, no. 4 (July 1994): 589–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2950719.

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The author examines the question of why labor in the former Soviet Union has remained so quiet during this tumultous period. He conducts a most similar case study of coal miners, who have struck and organized militant trade unions, and of steelworkers in the same communities, who have not. To explain the lack of strike activity, the concept of mutual dependence is developed, whereby the enterprise is dependent on workers in a labor-short economy and workers in turn have been dependent on the enterprise for the provision of goods and services in short supply. The provision of a high level of such goods and services through the workplace was found to prevent independent worker activity in steel mills and certain coal mines. Implications are drawn for theories of collective action and the study of the former Soviet Union and its economic and political transformation.

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15

Rees, G. "Regional Restructuring, Class Change, and Political Action: Preliminary Comments on the 1984–1985 Miners' Strike in South Wales." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 3, no. 4 (December 1985): 389–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d030389.

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This paper sets out an analysis of the determination of the character of the 1984–1985 miners' strike. This character is to be understood in terms of the continuities between the strike and preceding developments in terms of (1) the reorganisation of the British coal industry, (2) wider patterns of change in the economic and social structure of the coalfields, and (3) active and self-conscious political organisation, especially within the National Union of Mineworkers and left political parties. By means of a detailed analysis of the South Wales coalfield, the highly differentiated regional character of these developments is demonstrated.

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16

Rawsthorne, Phil. "Implementing the Ridley Report: The Role of Thatcher's Policy Unit during the Miners’ Strike of 1984–1985." International Labor and Working-Class History 94 (2018): 156–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547918000108.

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AbstractThe Conservative Party has long faced concerns that in regard to the great British miners’ strike of 1984–1985, senior Tories had, in fact, planned the confrontation as early as 1977, when still on the opposition benches. Historian John Savile pointed to the existence of the Ridley Report—a Conservative think-tank paper produced in 1977, which appeared to include a detailed blueprint on how to provoke, and secondly win, a battle against Britain's powerful miners’ union. After Margaret Thatcher's second election victory, and her first landslide, in 1983, the Prime Minister populated the Downing Street Policy Unit with private-sector allies who looked to implement aspects of the report. Some of these allies had clear economic incentives in running down British coal. Nevertheless, the Policy Unit members were instrumental in determining government policy concerning all aspects of the strike, including preparation, policing, the law courts, financial concerns and the portrayal of the strike in the media. The campaign by Thatcher's Policy Unit resulted in a shattering blow for Britain's trade union movement from which it has yet to recover—just as the Ridley Report had predicted.

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17

Gottlieb, Peter. "Black miners and the 1925–28 bituminous coal strike: The colored committee of non-union miners, montour mine No. 1, Pittsburgh Coal Company." Labor History 28, no. 2 (March 1987): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00236568700890131.

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18

Harris, Laura. "Outtakes of ’68." South Atlantic Quarterly 119, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 461–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00382876-8601338.

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If ’68 marks the emergence of seemingly new kinds of radical practices pursued by new revolutionary subjects, this essay asks how we might understand a strike undertaken by Appalachian coal miners in the early 1970s and its documentation in the film Harlan County, USA. Is this strike best understood apart from ’68, as a disconnected, outmoded activity pursued by retrograde subjects who, after ’68, can only be represented by and for nostalgic or reactionary political projects? In the strike’s abandonment of political and auterist representation, in the commitment not to any one endpoint but to the ongoing, performative reorganization of social life that the strike and its documentation come to entail, and finally, in the tenuous but still open connections between this strike and other radical practices in and beyond Appalachia, in and beyond ’68, this essay discerns another model for insurgency and for a history without subjects.

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19

Stephenson, Carol, and Jean Spence. "Pies and essays: women writing through the British 1984–1985 coal miners' strike." Gender, Place & Culture 20, no. 2 (March 2013): 218–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0966369x.2012.674926.

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20

Murray, Robert, James Baldwin, Keith Ridgway, and Belinda Winder. "Socio-economic Decline and Adaptation: South Yorkshire's Former Coalfields." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 20, no. 4 (November 2005): 344–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690940500286552.

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Two decades after the year-long miners' strike of 1984/5, this paper presents a contemporary account of the social and economic situation faced by ex-miners in South Yorkshire, uncovering those factors that continue to inhibit new employment and adaptation following the contraction of the coal industry. Forty-one in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with men who had worked in the region's coal mining industry for varying periods of time. The interviews were designed to examine many of the problems that have emerged following deindustrialisation and assess appraisals of retraining provision and prospects for employment. Findings increase understanding of issues endemic to many former pit villages including continuing high levels of localised unemployment and disproportionately high numbers of incapacity benefit claimants. A greater understanding of the reluctance of individuals to adapt, retrain and seek new, alternative employment will lead to more successful methods of dealing with the problems associated with continuing economic inactivity in the region's former coalfield communities and has many important consequences for existing regeneration programmes and employment initiatives.

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21

Stillerman, Joel. "Space, Strategies, And Alliances In Mobilization: The 1960 Metalworkers' And Coal Miners' Strikes In Chile." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/maiq.8.1.w02357484173h50n.

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Geography is a central factor influencing political opportunities, alliances between movement organizations and elites, and contentious repertoires. Scholarship incidentally refers to the relationship between geography and social protest, though recent work gives space greater theoretical importance. I bridge key concepts in social movement theory with work on space and protest through an analysis of a 1960 metalworkers' strike in Santiago, Chile and comparison with a contemporaneous provincial coal miners' strike. This article presents evidence that (1) characteristics of the built environment and everyday spatial routines in specific locales influence activists' tactical repertoires; (2) local political opportunities and alliance patterns significantly affect movement strategy and protest outcomes: and (3) social movement organizations operate within a nested opportunity structure in which local, regional, national, and international actors and opportunities interact in the context of con-tentious episodes. The findings have implications for studies of tactical repertoires and policing, comparisons of local movements, and nested opportunities in centralized and federal states.

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22

Turnbull, Peter. "Dock Strikes and the Demise of the Dockers' ‘Occupational Culture’." Sociological Review 40, no. 2 (May 1992): 294–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1992.tb00890.x.

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Throughout the post-war period dockers have vied with coal miners as Britain's most strike-prone occupational group. The dockers' ‘occupational culture’ was believed by many to be a principal factor behind this militancy, but this alone cannot account for the pattern or level of conflict on the waterfront. Furthermore, following decasualisation in 1967 and the progressive unitisation of cargo handling operations in the 1970s and 1980s the occupational culture of the dockers was progressively undermined. By the late 1980s the National Dock Labour Scheme had become the central pillar of what remained of the dockers' occupational culture, and as the 1989 national dock strike illustrated, without the support of the Scheme the dockers were unable to mount any effective resistance to the attack on their terms and conditions of employment initiated by the employers and fully supported by the state. It is only by integrating the sociological study of working class imagery and consciousness with an industrial relations analysis of the institutions, processes and structural conditions of workplace negotiations over the wage-effort bargain that it is possible to explain the nature and causes of dock strikes per se, the intensity of conflict on the waterfront, and the consummate failure of the dockers in the 1989 strike.

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23

Winterton, Jonathan. "The End of a Way of Life: Coal Communities Since the 1984-85 Miners' Strike." Work, Employment & Society 7, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017093007001008.

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24

Winterton, Jonathan. "The End of a Way of Life: Coal Communities Since the 1984-85 Miners' Strike." Work, Employment and Society 7, no. 1 (March 1993): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095001709371007.

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25

Spence, Jean. "Twisted Seams: A Gendered Social Haunting." Journal of Working-Class Studies 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/jwcs.v4i2.6223.

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The starting point for this article is the bitterly fought UK Miners' Strike of 1984-1985 in which women played a significant role. The concept of 'social haunting', as developed by Avery Gordon and applied in the Manchester Metropolitan University Social Haunting project, is used to suggest that the strike activism involved a mobilisation and confrontation with the 'ghosts' of the mining past that involved complex and interwoven experiences of class and gender relations of power. The discussion focuses upon what is normally unspoken and unwritten about the impact of living with coal mining on the inter-generational subjectivities of women from mining families. I argue that the strike raised the ghosts of the injustices of mining history but that its defeat subverted the process that had begun of dealing particularly with the ghosts of gender inequality. The experience of the strike now constitutes a further dimension to the complexity of this haunting. Taking inspiration from Gordon's efforts to transcend disciplinary boundaries, I use a variety of sources and approaches, including sociological and historical research, memoir and the participatory learning achieved in a voluntary arts organisation in the ex-mining town of Seaham, to address this gendered haunting from my own, female perspective, and seek ways of raising, and transcending the ghosts through conscious art practice in a local setting

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Phillips, Andy, and Raya Dunayevskaya. "The Coal Miners' General Strike of 1949-50 and the Birth of Marxist-Humanism in the U.S." Labour / Le Travail 16 (1985): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25142573.

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27

Phillips, Jim. "Containing, Isolating, and Defeating the Miners: The UK Cabinet Ministerial Group on Coal and the Three Phases of the 1984-85 Strike." Historical Studies in Industrial Relations, no. 35 (January 2014): 117–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/hsir.2014.35.5.

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Platonova, Nonna M., and Vladimir V. Sinichenko. "Social and Economic Development of the Suchan Coal Mine in the 1920s in the Documents from the State Archive of Khabarovsk Krai." Herald of an archivist, no. 3 (2021): 816–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2021-3-816-826.

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The study addresses the socio-economic development of the Suchan coal mine, the oldest coal-mining enterprise in the Russian Far East; it draws on archival sources in order to highlight the pages of history of the coal industry in the region. Taking into account the results of their predecessors’ work, the authors study the characteristic features of the coal industry development in the Far East under the conditions of the New Economic Policy of the Soviet state. There was a lack of diversified assistance from the Center, while the attention of the party elite to the resources of extractive industries increased: these were traditionally redirected for the needs of the Western regions or exported. The novelty consists in a comprehensive study of the development of the Suchan mine in the 1920s in the context of political and socio-economic situation in the country and the region. The study shows the role of central and local authorities at the stage of reconstruction of the coal industry, the participation of trade union organizations in the formation of labor collectives in the Suchan. It considers the mechanism of regulation of ‘collective agreement relations, the participants of which were the miner trade union and the Suchan mines. Analysis of the socio-economic development of the coal mining enterprise in the era of transformation contributes to formation of ideas about the material and living condition of the miners. The causes of unstable social situation in the Suchan mines are revealed in the context of social policy of the Soviet state. There were problems with wages and unsettled system of coal mining prices, which repeatedly became a cause for conflict between the coal hewers and the administration, attempting to avoid strikes. The social image of the Suchan workers has been reconstructed: they were mostly from rural areas and kept a close connection with the village. The unsolved housing problem had an impact on the miners’ way of life. It is concluded that with completion of the restoration of the industrial sector of the Soviet Far East economy, the model of state patronage over the region had been established; alongside with military and strategic tasks, it focused on the coal industry. However, the complex of social and household problems of the Suchan miners remained unsolved.

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Kim, Hyun Woo. "Work environments and workers’ grievances: Accounting for variation in wildcat strikes in the US coal mining industry, 1970–1977." Economic and Industrial Democracy 40, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 1039–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143831x16681484.

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This article examines the role of work environments and workers’ grievances as factors generating wildcat strikes in the US coal mining industry from 1970 to 1977, a period of intense worker–management conflict. Drawing on historical and empirical evidence, it argues that the classical wage-bargaining model of authorized strike activity fails to account for variation in the incidence of wildcat strikes in general, and those in the coal mines in particular. The analysis employs a unique data set on wildcat strikes in the coal industry during the period. This article brings the analysis of the causes of wildcat strikes into closer dialogue with social and labor movement theory.

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Koulinka, Natalia. "A Portrait of the Worker against the Backdrop of the Soviet Union’s Collapse." East Central Europe 46, no. 1 (April 4, 2019): 52–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763308-04601004.

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The coal miners’ strikes of 1989 and 1991 in the ussr have received significant attention from scholars in the country and abroad that peaked in the 1990s. Drawing on the existing scholarship, I argue that our understanding of the strikes remains incomplete unless we consider these events in their proper discursive contexts, which were different for the two waves of strikes. I explore the All-Union daily, Izvestiia, and weekly, Literaturnaia Gazeta, as well as a Belorussian daily, Sovetskaia Belorussiia, in order to restore the discursive contexts and apply them as a tool to explain the miners’ contradictory demands. From this contextualization, the wave of 1989 strikes emerges as a proto-class struggle played out within the peculiar sociopolitical conditions of Soviet society; while the strikes of 1991 appear as a result of the classical merging of the workers’ movement with that of intellectuals and politicians, who at that time aligned themselves with neoliberal ideals.

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Valiulin, S. V., A. A. Onischuk, A. M. Baklanov, A. A. Bazhina, D. Yu Paleev, V. V. Zamashchikov, A. A. Korzhavin, and S. N. Dubtsov. "Effect of coal mine organic aerosol on the methane/air lower explosive limit." International Journal of Coal Science & Technology 7, no. 4 (March 28, 2020): 778–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40789-020-00313-4.

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AbstractOrganic aerosol is formed in coal mines due to heat release and evaporation of organics from coal during the longwall operation. This frictional heating occurs when a metallic cutting bit strikes a rock. Thus formed organic aerosol can contribute significantly to the explosivity of methane/air atmosphere in coal mines. In this paper, the flammable limits for the methane–air mixtures with organic aerosol are determined. For this purpose, organic aerosol is synthesizes from the coal-tar pitch in a laboratory evaporation–nucleation flow chamber. Aerosol particles synthesized under laboratory conditions are aggregates consisting of small primary particles with the fractal-like dimension Df = 2.0 ± 0.1, which is close to Df = 2.1 ± 0.1 of coal mine aerosol. It is shown that the flammability of organic aerosol/methane mixture in air is in good agreement with the Le Chatelier additive principle. The lower ignition limit for the pure organic aerosol in air is 44 g/m3.

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Nedzelskiy, A. I., I. V. Shnayder, and E. S. Lapin. "Forecasting Collapse and Monitoring of the Main Roof Current State in Working Faces of Coal Mines with Shallow Seams." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 4 (April 2021): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-4-13-18.

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Main roof state monitoring and assessment of the roof hanging influence on the coal seam in working face of the coal mines with medium thickness seams with dip angle varying from 0 to 35° using a long-pillar development system along strike and uprising with roof control by complete collapse and abandonment of inter-main pillars a technically difficult task and currently unsolvable by tools. The main roof, composed of fine-grained gray sandstones, coarse-grained siltstones or interbedding of siltstones with sandstones, with average strengths of layers of about 30–40 MPa, is predicted to be moderately collapsing, and more than 50 MPa as difficult to collapse over a large area of coal seam spread. Hanging of the main roof with subsequent uncontrolled collapse can lead to the displacement of methane accumulating in the waste space into the face and provoke an explosion, fire or other emergency. It should be noted that the urgency of the problem is due to the fact that when large masses of the roof collapse during the lava retreat, an instantaneous release of large volumes of air from the collapsed space, accompanied by the release of methane and coal dust, occurs, which has repeatedly led to accidents. The article discusses the prediction of collapse and main roof current state monitoring in the working faces of coal mines with a shallow bedding by seismic method. Using «Mikon-GEO» as a seismic prediction system in coal mines and pits allows to make risks manageable and accounted.

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Pham, Duc Thang, and Victor G. Vitcalov. "DETERMINATION OF THE RATIONAL LENGTH OF THE BLOCK ALONG THE STRIKE FOR EXPANSION TO PROVIDE SAFETY AND EFFICIENCY IN THE WORKING OF THE MEDIUM THICK IN-CLINED COAL SEAMS WITH THE ROOM AND PILLAR SYSTEM IN THE QUANG NINH COAL BASIN." Mining science and technology, no. 2 (August 12, 2018): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2500-0632-2018-2-3-7.

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An analysis of the constraints that apply the technology and the complexities of the mining and geological conditions of the Quang Ninh coal basin. The possi-bility and expediency of using the foreign experience of working out of the me-dium thick inclined coal seams in the mines of Vietnam. The scheme of prepara-tion and working out of the excavation area is given in view of the technological features in difficult mining and geological conditions, using the room and pillar system and determination of the rational length of the block along the strike.

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34

Han, Hongkai, Jialin Xu, Xiaozhen Wang, Jianlin Xie, and Yantuan Xing. "Surface Subsidence Prediction Method for Coal Mines with Ultrathick and Hard Stratum." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (April 7, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3714381.

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Overburden conditions consisting of ultrathick and hard stratum (UTHS) are widespread in China and other countries, but existing surface subsidence prediction methods ignore the strong impact of UTHS on surface subsidence. They are thus not applicable for surface subsidence prediction for coal mining with the presence of UTHS. We conducted actual measurements of surface and UTHS subsidence in the Tingnan Coal Mine. The results showed that under the UTHS mining condition, the required gob dimension is much larger than the empirical value when the surface reaches sufficient mining and that the actual measured maximum value of surface subsidence is much smaller than the empirical value. The UTHS subsidence is approximately equal to the surface subsidence. The movement of UTHS has a strong impact on surface subsidence and has a controlling function for it. It was proposed that surface subsidence could be approximately predicted by calculating the UTHS subsidence. The UTHS movement characteristics were studied using Winkler’s theory of beams on an elastic foundation, the subsidence prediction equation of the main sections in the strike and dip directions was obtained under different mining dimensions, and the subsidence prediction equation of any arbitrary cross section parallel to the two main sections was established. Then, the surface subsidence prediction method for coal mining with the presence of UTHS was developed, and the influences of UTHS thickness, strength, and layer position on the surface subsidence were discussed. The Tingnan Coal Mine was taken as an example, and the subsidence curves of the strike and dip main sections were calculated using different mining dimensions. Subsequently, the surface subsidence after the mining of working faces 204, 205, 206, and 207, respectively, was predicted, and the prediction method was verified by comparing the results with the measured surface subsidence results of working faces 204, 205, and 206.

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35

Boal, William M. "The Effect of Unionization on Productivity: Evidence from a Long Panel of Coal Mines." ILR Review 70, no. 5 (December 5, 2016): 1254–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793916682222.

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The author measures the effect of unionization on productivity based on a panel of West Virginia coal mines from 1897 to 1928. Output and inputs are measured in physical terms, and most of the mines in the panel changed union status at least once, though not simultaneously, so the panel is close to ideal for measuring the effect of unionization on productivity. Fixed-effects estimates show that the union had little effect on productivity before 1914, but thereafter it had a negative effect of 5 to 10%. This negative effect was not reversed when mines were later deunionized. The author evaluates a variety of possible explanations for these results. Some evidence points to declining investment at union mines relative to nonunion mines, but the evidence is circumstantial and the direction of causality is unclear. The most plausible explanation is a sharp deterioration in labor relations at union mines after the violent Paint Creek-Cabin Creek strike of 1912–1913.

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36

Skea, Jim. "Coal, crisis and conflict: The 1984–1985 miner's strike in Yorkshire." Energy Policy 17, no. 6 (December 1989): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(89)90149-3.

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37

Pham Duc, Thang, Anh Phan Tuan, Viktor Vitcalov, and Phuc Le Quang. "Justification of Spatially-Planned Solutions and Determination of the Dimension Block in the Working of the Medium Thick Inclined Coal Seams with the Room and Pillar System." E3S Web of Conferences 41 (2018): 01024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184101024.

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Technological parameters for working out of the medium thick inclined coal seams with a diagonal arrangement of a line of a working face. An analysis of the constraints that apply the technology and the complexities of the mining and geological conditions of the Quang Ninh coal basin. The possibility and expediency of using the foreign experience of working out of the medium thick inclined coal seams in the mines of Vietnam and justification of spatially-planned solutions for working. The scheme of preparation and working out of the excavation area is given in view of the technological features in difficult mining and geological conditions, using the room and pillar system and determination of the rational length of the block along the strike.

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38

Franaszek, Piotr. "Ochrona” infrastruktury gospodarczej KWK „Katowice” przez Służbę Bezpieczeństwa w latach 80. XX w. (ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem sprawy obiektowej o kryptonimie „Carbon”)." Prace Historyczne 147, no. 3 (2020): 637–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844069ph.20.034.12488.

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“Protection” of Silesian hard coal mines by the state Security Service in the 1980s (on the example of hard coal mine “Katowice”) During the entire period of the Polish People’s Republic the Polish state security forces conducted surveillance operations of factories and other workplaces. All spheres of activity – political, social and economic – were controlled. These actions intensified in the 1980s, a unique period in the recent history of Poland, after the workers’ strikes in August 1980 and the creation of the Independent Self-Governing Trade Union (NSZZ) “Solidarność”. In response to the upheaval, the martial law was introduced, casting a grim shadow on the social and economic reality of the entire decade. Because of the importance of coal mining for the country’s economic system, the activities of state security forces were meticulously carried out in the mines, including the hard coal mine “Katowice”. All actions were controlled and recorded, not only those of workers who sympathized with powers hostile to the regime, but any event disturbing the rhythm of work – entirely coincidental events were tracked alongside possible cases of sabotage. Regardless of the real intentions behind these activities, this scrutiny of the state apparatus created a kind of chronicle of events that took place in the hard coal mine “Katowice” in the period under discussion.

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Vergelska, N. V., I. M. Skopychenko, and Yu V. Kroshko. "GEOLOGICAL AND STRUCTURAL MODELS OF FORMATION AND ACCUMULATION OF GAS IN MAN-MADE RESERVOIRS OF COAL ROCK MASSIVES." Mining Geology & Geoecology, no. 2(5) (December 27, 2022): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.59911/mgg.2786-7994.2022.2(5).276072.

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The formation of technogenic reservoirs of coal-rock massifs is determined by the depth of development, lithological features of the host rocks and the gas content of the coal-rock massif. The formation and redistribution of gas-saturated zones and migration routes in coal-rock massifs continues even now, which is associated with modern fluid migration. Gas, filling the mine workings of closed mines, creates a threat to communications, structures as a result of explosions and has a negative impact on human health. It has been established that the regular distribution of gaseous hydrocarbons is determined by discontinuities and confirms not only the diffusion gas saturation of the massif, but also the tempo, that is, the gas saturation of the massif through discontinuities during tectonic (tectonic-magmatic) activations. At the same time, it should be noted that geological discontinuities were not the “transport arteries” of gaseous hydrocarbons not throughout the entire space. For most of its strike, coal and rocks in the zones of discontinuities are folded, and there is almost no gas transmission. The worked-out space of active mines is a new technogenic reservoir suitable for the accumulation of gaseous hydrocarbons, the thickness of which exceeds the thickness of the coal seam. The active processes of gas migration in the exhaust space are indicated by the study of the residual gas component, in the mixture of which helium, hydrogen and quantitative changes in hydrocarbon gases (C2 - C6) were found.

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40

Couto, Richard A., and Samuel Cohn. "When Strikes Make Sense-And Why: Lessons from Third Republic French Coal Miners." Social Forces 75, no. 1 (September 1996): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2580800.

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41

Friedman, Gerald, and Samuel Cohn. "When Strikes Make Sense--And Why: Lessons from Third Republic French Coal Miners." Contemporary Sociology 25, no. 3 (May 1996): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2077462.

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42

Asmoro, Yoki Dwi, Musri Ma'waleda, and Sri Widodo. "Clinker Volume on Seam H’s Distribution and Estimation Based on Coal Mine’s Drill Data." Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science 2, no. 2 (November 17, 2022): 1921–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.55324/ijoms.v2i2.280.

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Clinker is a rock change due to the process of burning and heating coal below the surface. The emergence of well-identified clinkers can prevent loss of coal reserve volume (Loss Reserve) and clinker can be used for haul road surfacing. The purpose of this study is to analyze the distribution pattern of clinker and estimate the volume of clinker through 3D clinker modeling in the H seam of Sambarata Area, Berau Regency, East Kalimantan Province. Research methodology is divided into literature studies, data collection, data processing, data analysis and conclusions. The data used in this study are drill data which include coordinates, elevation, type of lithology, thickness and depth of clinker, and depth of drill points. Data processing and analysis of this study was carried out through clinker correlation using Minescape software version 8.1. Clinker correlation is performed to determine the continuity of the clinker layer from one drill point to another. Based on the results of the analysis on the correlation cross section, it was concluded that the distribution of clinker follows the morphological shape of hills starting from the ground surface at an elevation of +80 to +87 masl to an elevation of +15 to +25 masl horizontally extending towards the North-South according to the direction of the coal seam strike.

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43

Feldman, Glenn. "Labour repression in the American South: corporation, state, and race in Alabama's coal fields, 1917–1921." Historical Journal 37, no. 2 (June 1994): 343–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00016502.

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ABSTRACTThis article is a case study of labour strife in the Alabama coal fields from 1917 to 1921. It speaks to the broader issue of labour repression in the American South by examining the patterns of repression in one industry and in one state. Several revisionist works have been written recently refuting the alleged distinctiveness of the South on the labour issue. This article supplies evidence for a surprising degree of labour militancy; the type of militancy that has been used to buttress revisionist interpretations of the similarity of southern labour to that of other American regions. In this study, however, labour militancy is understood more as a function of the desperation of southern workers confronted with distinctive issues and degrees of racial acrimony, communal antipathy toward labour, and the advantageous position of southern coal operators vis-a-vis their northern counterparts. In the face of overwhelming odds of governmental, business, press, religious, communal, and legal opposition, Alabama coal miners mounted a militant, prolonged, and biracial protest against what have been described as the worst conditions in the United States at that time.

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44

Wojtecki, Łukasz, Adam Mirek, and Grażyna Dzik. "Edges of overlying seams as a factor responsible for strong mining tremors occurrence during underground hard coal extraction in the light of seismic moment tensor inversion method." E3S Web of Conferences 133 (2019): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913301005.

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Physical processes occurring in the focus of tremor can be identified by solving a focal mechanism via the seismic moment tensor inversion method. In this article the estimation of focal mechanisms of strong mining tremors (according to Polish law tremors of energy higher or equal 1·105 J), which occurred during longwall mining of coal seam no. 507 in one of the hard coal mines in the Polish part of Upper Silesian Coal Basin was performed. Totally 7 strong mining tremors with the local magnitude from 1.84 to 2.52 were analysed. The most probable geomechanical processes in the foci of these tremors have been reconstructed. An attempt to determine the correlation between the edges of overlying seams no. 502, 504 or 506 and strong mining tremors occurrence has been made. The strike of determined nodal planes is in accordance with the azimuth of mentioned edges. The difference between them (absolute value) varies from 0.3° to 34.1° (on average approximately 19°).

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45

Jamieson, Eric D. "Corporate Concentration in the Western Canadian Coal Industry." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 13, no. 4 (August 1995): 341–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879501300406.

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The Western Canadian coal industry went into crisis in 1992 as a result of the attritional effects of several years of low international prices for metallurgical and thermal coal products in a buyers' market. The adverse marketing conditions for producers were exacerbated by growing financial burdens imposed by increasing capital charges and high operating costs as well as operating problems stemming from a general lack of investment for development and equipment renewal. The crisis led to massive write-downs by several companies and bankruptcy of the largest producer in British Columbia. Co-incidentally with the financial crisis one of the less affected companies became involved in a prolonged strike so that the overall production loss for 1992 amounted to 8.5 Mt or 33% or normal BC coal output. As a result of these events the industry underwent comprehensive restructuring from which four diversified Canadian coal and mining companies emerged with substantially reduced collective capital liabilities as the new backbone of the industry. In the two years since the crisis, recovery of lost markets and redevelopment of the affected BC mines have restored production to 85% of pre-1992 levels on a much-improved financial basis, and expansion plans for 1995 call for a full return to pre-crisis production levels. However, the longer term outlook is grim for two operations and doubtful for a third as existing 15-year contracts expire in 1998 and are unlikely to be renewed under equivalent terms. Closure of the mines involved is a distinct possibility with permanent loss of 6–8 Mtpy of Western Canadian export capability.

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46

Ge, Zhaolong, Shaojie Zuo, Yingwei Wang, Youchang Lyu, and Xinyan Feng. "Analysis of Application Parameters of Hydraulic Slotting Technology in Jointed Coal Reservoirs." Applied Sciences 9, no. 24 (December 16, 2019): 5536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9245536.

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Hydraulic slotting technology is typically used in coal mines to enhance permeability and prevent gas outbursts. Because a coal seam contains many cleats and joints, this study investigated the influence of conventional application parameters on the hydraulic slotting effect by numerical simulation and experimental testing. The cleats in the coal generated stress concentration and initiated with the water jet impact, which promoted the formation of a complex fracture network. The optimized arrangement included angles with an inclination of 20–45° between the borehole and the coal seam strike. The water jet pressure and rotation speed determined the shape of the slot. A high water jet pressure and low rotation speed promoted the formation of cracks at the end of the slot and strengthened the permeability-enhancing effect. Coal fragments could more easily peel off from the sides of the seam and block the borehole. The high water pressure and low rotation speed application parameters were optimized without blocking the borehole. Results obtained by field application revealed that the gas extraction flow after optimization was 1.3 times that of conventional hydraulic slotting. An appropriate angle between the cleats and borehole can more effectively increase the permeability of the coal seam and results in higher gas drainage flow. The results of this study can be useful as guidelines for field applications of hydraulic slotting technology.

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Selyukov, Alexei. "Technological Adaptation of Internal Dumping to the Operating Mode of Open Pit when Developing Inclined and Steeply Dipping Coal Seams Strata." E3S Web of Conferences 315 (2021): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131501015.

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With surface mining of inclined and steeply dipping coal deposits, the so-called deeping longitudinal mining methods with a gradual deepening of mining from the surface to the final depth are widely spread, while orienting the mining front along the strike line of the seams (strata). When using such mining methods, the volumes of internal dumping are limited or completely absent; there is a peak-like increase in overburden volumes and transportation distance, the land resources disturbing proceeds at a progressive pace. In this regard, it is obvious that an important production task is to find technological solutions and methods to develop coal deposits that reduce the environmental hazard and increase resource conservation in mining by placing overburden in the mined-out space while reducing the area for external dumps and disturbing the earth's surface. If this is not foreseen at the present time, then all coal surface mines in the coming decades will be limited by their own external dumps of overburden, and their further development will be problematic.

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48

Przybyłka, Arek, and Аndriy Manko. "Present condition and prospects for Polish coal mining." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 50 (December 28, 2016): 309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2016.50.8720.

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Coal is the basis of energy production in Poland. Its production, however, has been steadily decreasing. Falling prices on world markets, which make their extraction in Poland, continues to pay off. You can not forget, however, that the country's energy security is based on this raw material all the time. Actions should be taken to limit the cost of extraction. It is necessary to start to use advanced technologies in coal combustion process and be aware of its other applications. With this in mind it is necessary not only to lead efforts to liquidate mines, but also to take corrective actions. Nowadays, coal mining is experiencing a setback. However, the resources that are in Poland do not allow you to abandon this energy source. In the coming years we can expect an increase in demand for coal. Polish power industry in the coming decades will be based, as at present, on carbon. In line with the Polish Energy Policy until 2050 Poland should strive for energy independence and therefore the indigenous resources of coal and lignite will stabilize country's energy security. Consumption of coal will remain at current levels, due to improvements in the efficiency of new generation units. Therefore, the aim of the suggested actions should be providing both the security of energy and the rational use of available resources of coal. Key words: coal, energy, Polish mining.

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49

Rojot, Jacques. "Cohn, Samuel, When Strikes Make Sense and Why: Lessons from Third Republic French Coal Miners." Relations industrielles 50, no. 2 (1995): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/051024ar.

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50

Rubin, Beth A., and Samuel Cohn. "When Strikes Make Sense-and Why: Lessons from the Third Republic of French Coal Miners." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 48, no. 2 (January 1995): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2524492.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Coal miners' strike'

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