Relevant bibliographies by topics / Coal mining subsidence areas

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Coal mining subsidence areas'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 7 June 2025
Last updated: 26 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Coal mining subsidence areas"

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Jin, Jiaqi, Chicheng Yan, Yixuan Tang, and Yilong Yin. "Mine Geological Environment Monitoring and Risk Assessment in Arid and Semiarid Areas." Complexity 2021 (June 3, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3896130.

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Along with the accelerated shift of coal mining to the ecologically fragile west, the contradiction between coal resource development and ecological protection in the western arid and semiarid coal mining areas is rapidly intensifying. Based on the above background, this thesis takes the coal mining area in the arid and semiarid regions as an example; applies the theories of ecology, coal mining subsidence, geodesy, and ecological restoration; uses remote sensing in synthetic aperture radar (SAR), geographic information system (GIS), and mathematical modelling to reveal the ecological evolution law of the mining area; measures the ecological damage of the mining area; and then proposes a reasonable ecological restoration strategy. The surface deformation monitoring study in the study area shows that on the whole, some areas in the study area have different degrees of surface subsidence disasters, and the maximum surface subsidence value exceeds 800 mm. From the distribution of surface subsidence in the study area, surface subsidence disasters mainly occur in the eastern and central mountainous areas rich in coal resources, as well as in the mining areas west of the Yellow River, and the subsidence basins are distributed in a series of irregular concentric ovals. In terms of the scale of surface subsidence in the study area, a total of 230.03 km2 of land in the study area showed surface subsidence hazards during the monitoring period, accounting for 13.78% of the total area of the study area, of which the area of severe subsidence was 44.98 km2 (2.69%). The area of more serious subsidence area is 101.33 km2 (6.07%), and the area affected by subsidence is 83.72 km2 (5.01%).
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Sun, Yingfeng, Shuaipeng Zhu, Zhiqian Peng, et al. "Influence of Coal Mining on Historical Buildings: Case Study in Shanxi." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2 (2023): 1543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021543.

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Numerous historical buildings exist in Shanxi Province, a major coal producing area in China, so there exist many overlapping areas between ancient wooden buildings and coal mining. Coal mining in overlapping areas will lead to surface subsidence, which will have an impact on historical buildings. Based on the distribution of historical buildings and the distribution and mining of coal resources in Shanxi Province, this paper concludes that the overlapping areas of coal mining and ancient wooden buildings in Shanxi Province are mainly concentrated in Changzhi City, and the Lu’an mining area in Changzhi City is selected as the research object. In addition, using the gray correlation analysis method, the surface subsidence coefficient, which characterizes the intensity of mining subsidence, is used as the reference sequence. Seven factors selected from the geological conditions and mining conditions of the Lu’an mining area are used as the comparison sequence to calculate the gray correlation between each influencing factor and the surface subsidence coefficient, and to obtain that geological factors such as the nature of the overlying rock layer, bedrock thickness and dip angle of the coal seam, and mining factors such as mining height, average mining depth and working face size largely determine the surface subsidence coefficient. The surface subsidence in the overlap area could largely be influenced by geological factors such as the nature of the overlying rock layer, bedrock thickness and coal seam inclination, and mining factors such as mining height, average mining depth and working face size. Finally, we investigate the possible effects of surface subsidence on ancient wooden buildings in the overlapping area with the surface subsidence and formation mechanism and propose technical measures to reduce the effects of surface subsidence due to coal mining on historical buildings in the overlapping area.
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Quan, Li’ao, Shuanggen Jin, Jianxin Zhang, Junyun Chen, and Junjun He. "Subsidence Characteristics in North Anhui Coal Mining Areas Using Space–Air–Ground Collaborative Observations." Sensors 24, no. 12 (2024): 3869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24123869.

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To fully comprehend the patterns of land and ecological damage caused by coal mining subsidence, and to scientifically carry out ecological mine restoration and management, it is urgent to accurately grasp the information of coal mining, particularly in complex coaling areas, such as North Anhui, China. In this paper, a space–air–ground collaborative monitoring system was constructed for coal mining areas based on multi-source remote sensing data and subsidence characteristics of coaling areas were investigated in North Anhui. It was found that from 2019 to 2022, 16 new coal mining subsidence areas were found in northern Anhui, with the total area increasing by 8.1%. In terms of land use, water areas were increased by 101.9 km2 from 2012 to 2022, cultivated land was decreased by 99.3 km2, and residence land was decreased by 11.8 km2. The depth of land subsidence in the subsidence areas is divided into 307.9 km2 of light subsidence areas with a subsidence depth of less than 500 mm; 161.8 km2 of medium subsidence areas with a subsidence depth between 500 mm and 1500 mm; and 281.2 km2 of heavy subsidence areas with a subsidence depth greater than 1500 mm. The total area of the subsidence governance area is 191.2 km2, accounting for 26.5% of the total subsidence area. From the perspective of prefecture-level cities, the governance rate reaches 51.3% in Huaibei, 10.1% in Huainan, and 13.6% in Fuyang. The total reclamation area is 68.8 km2, accounting for 34.5% of the subsidence governance area. At present, 276.1 km2 within the subsidence area has reached stable subsidence conditions, mainly distributed in the Huaibei mining area, which accounts for about 60% of the total stable subsidence area.
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Yang, Long, Xiangchun Wang, Yangyang Chu, Fei Qin, and Siyu Wang. "Research on urban and rural high-quality development based on ecological restoration of coal mining subsidence area." E3S Web of Conferences 261 (2021): 04009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126104009.

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Ecological restoration of coal mining subsidence area is of great significance to improve the ecological and living environment, enrich the supply of ecological products, promote the green transformation of resource-based cities and the high-quality development of urban and rural areas. This paper combs the significance of ecological restoration in coal mining subsidence area to promote the high-quality development of urban and rural areas, systematically expounds the realization path of ecological restoration to promote urban-rural spatial integration, cultural integration, economic integration and social integration development by taking Pan’an Lake coal mining subsidence area as a case. Finally, the high-quality development evaluation index system of coal mining subsidence area based on ecological restoration is put forward, and the prospect of ecological restoration and high-quality development in coal mining subsidence area are discussed.
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Deng, Wei Nan, and Hua Xing Zhang. "Present Situation of Research on Coal Mining Subsidence under Highway in China." Advanced Materials Research 664 (February 2013): 954–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.664.954.

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Research on coal mining subsidence under highway can be divided into two fields: research on the problems caused by coal mining under highway and research on the problems caused by highway construction above mined-out area of coal mine.The issues about safety，design and engineering are the key points restricting the safety and the construction of highway in coal mining areas. The paper completely summarized and analysed the present situation of research on coal mining subsidence under highway and the special characteristics comparing with the general building and the railway. In order to ensure the safety of existing highways and highways in planning in coal mining areas, according to the deficiency of current research, this paper put forward the future research directions of coal mining subsidence under highway.
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Liang, Ming, Gen Yang, Xiaojun Zhu, et al. "AHP-EWM Based Model Selection System for Subsidence Area Research." Sustainability 15, no. 9 (2023): 7135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15097135.

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Coal mining can create a variety of environmental, ecological, and land-use problems. Subsidence areas resulting from coal mining are a common and particularly difficult problem to manage. Despite much discussion in the academic literature as well as among local and international stakeholders, there is neither a uniform standard nor a universally accepted approach for selecting an appropriate governance model for a subsidence area. In particular, the lack of quantitative evaluation methods and excessive subjectivity represent key obstacles to the effective selection of governance models for subsidence areas. This paper proposes a selection framework for a coal mining subsidence governance model that integrates the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and entropy weight method (EWM). The model comprehensively considers the settlement characteristics of the subsidence area, its geographic location, the water index, as well as the vegetation index. These variables are used as indicators to develop an evaluation framework upon which different subsidence zones can be quantitatively analyzed. The selection framework is demonstrated using examples from three subsidence areas in the Huainan and Huaibei mining areas in China, for which relevant data were collected and processed with the help of field surveys, remote sensing images, and subsidence prediction software. Applying the novel selection framework, the most suitable governance model for each subsidence area was obtained and determined to be consistent with the recommendations of an academic panel composed of multiple experts. The novel selection framework has high efficacy and potential to overcome the problem of subjectivity in the selection of governance models for coal mining subsidence areas. It is also envisaged that future incorporation of the selection framework into a user-friendly software package will significantly improve the efficiency with which suitable governance models for coal mining subsidence areas are selected.
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Xu, Ruiping, Junying Li, Xinju Li, Jinning Zhang, and Wen Song. "Effect of Coal Mining Subsidence on Soil Enzyme Activity in Mining Areas with High Underground Water Levels." Water 16, no. 12 (2024): 1704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16121704.

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In order to investigate the changes in soil enzyme activity and their influencing factors in coal mining subsidence areas with high underground water levels, in this study, we collected soil samples at different depths (SL: 0–20 cm; ML: 20–40 cm; DL: 40–60 cm) in a deep coal seam subsidence area (T1), a shallow coal seam subsidence area (T2), and control non-subsidence areas (W1 and W2) in eastern China. Soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities were determined, and the mechanism of the latter’s response to coal mining subsidence was investigated based on correlation analysis, redundancy analysis, and structural equation modeling. The results show the following: (1) In the coal mining subsidence areas, the soil pH value (pH), soil available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), and soil organic matter (SOM) contents were lower than those in the non-subsidence areas, while the soil water content (SWC) and bulk density (BD) were higher than those in the non-subsidence areas and increased with depth. (2) The activities of soil urease (URE), sucrase (SUC), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and catalase (CAT) gradually decreased with depth and were all lower than those in the non-subsidence areas; the largest decreases with respect to the latter were 24.33%, 18.73%, 38.89%, and 5.88%, respectively. (3) The soil nutrient environment had a highly significant and direct positive effect on enzyme activity, with AN, AP, and SOM contents having the greatest impact. (4) Soil BD had a highly significant and direct negative effect and an indirect negative effect (by affecting nutrients) on enzyme activity. The results of this study on the effects of soil physicochemical properties on enzyme activity provide a basis for the ecological restoration of mines.
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Chai, Hua Bin. "Study on the Deformation and Stability of Building Foundations in Mining Subsidence Areas." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 1967–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.1967.

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To enhance the effective of the land in mining subsidence areas, realize the development of new rural construction and urbanization. According to the geological and mining conditions, the scale, shape and regularity of the potential crack areas in the coal goafs, separated overburden strata, and the influencing factors which affect the deformation foundation of architecture and stability are studied. Probability integral method is used to establish the further deformations formula of the building foundations in mining subsidence areas. The monitoring data from the ground observation stations are used to invert the further deformation predicting parameters, the surface further deformations of each coal goafs, and the whole surface’s further deformations are calculated by the superposition method. The foundation further deformations, geological structures, etc, are comprehensively taken into consideration. The stability of the building foundations in mining subsidence area are analyzed and evaluated. Research results are very valuable to process, design, and plan the foundations of the buildings in coal mining subsidence areas.
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Zheng, Junliang, Wanqiang Yao, Xiaohu Lin, Bolin Ma, and Lingxiao Bai. "An Accurate Digital Subsidence Model for Deformation Detection of Coal Mining Areas Using a UAV-Based LiDAR." Remote Sensing 14, no. 2 (2022): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14020421.

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Coal mine surface subsidence detection determines the damage degree of coal mining, which is of great importance for the mitigation of hazards and property loss. Therefore, it is very important to detect deformation during coal mining. Currently, there are many methods used to detect deformations in coal mining areas. However, with most of them, the accuracy is difficult to guarantee in mountainous areas, especially for shallow seam mining, which has the characteristics of active, rapid, and high-intensity surface subsidence. In response to these problems, we made a digital subsidence model (DSuM) for deformation detection in coal mining areas based on airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR). First, the entire point cloud of the study area was obtained by coarse to fine registration. Second, noise points were removed by multi-scale morphological filtering, and the progressive triangulation filtering classification (PTFC) algorithm was used to obtain the ground point cloud. Third, the DEM was generated from the clean ground point cloud, and an accurate DSuM was obtained through multiple periods of DEM difference calculations. Then, data mining was conducted based on the DSuM to obtain parameters such as the maximum surface subsidence value, a subsidence contour map, the subsidence area, and the subsidence boundary angle. Finally, the accuracy of the DSuM was analyzed through a comparison with ground checkpoints (GCPs). The results show that the proposed method can achieve centimeter-level accuracy, which makes the data a good reference for mining safety considerations and subsequent restoration of the ecological environment.
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Karabyn, V. V. "FACTORS OF SUBSIDENCE AND FLOODING OF THE COAL MINING AREAS OF THE CHERVONOGRAD INDUSTRIAL MINING REGION." Мінеральні ресурси України, no. 3 (September 28, 2018): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31996/mru.2018.3.32-36.

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The essence of subsidence and flooding of the territories was exa­mined. Using the route observation method, the phenomenon of subsidence and flooding within the Chervonohrad industrial mining region of the Lviv-Volyn coal basin was evaluated. The obtained results were compared with the data of geodetic monitoring and aerial photographs decoding. The intensity of subsidence and flooding of the surface was compared with the natural and technogenic factors. The classification of factors of subsidence and flooding of the coal mining area within the Chervonohrad industrial mining region of the Lviv-Volyn coal basin was carried out. Geological, climatic, and landscape factors were distinguished and grouped together as natural factors, while mining and residential factors were combined into a technogenic group. The selection of each factor is justified by the results of field and experimental explorations within the area of research. Relationships between factors of subsidence and flooding were established.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Coal mining subsidence areas"

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Misich, Ian J. "Subsidence prediction and mine design for underground coal mining in the Collie Basin." Thesis, Curtin University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/88.

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The subsidence characteristics of the Collie Basin sediments have been investigated to provide site specific design criteria for the Wongawilli method of coal extraction. As historical coal extraction (bord and pillar) methods did not generally give rise to large scale subsidence, there were very few details on mining subsidence in the Collie Basin available to base any design methodology on. Consequently, the investigation was conducted on a Green fields basis. Firstly, the mechanisms involved in the development of mining subsidence needed to be investigated and identified. It was then necessary to determine the effects that mining subsidence would have on mine and ground mass (specifically aquitards) structures and surface features. Once these two areas of work were completed, design criteria were formulated to manage the effects of mining subsidence by controlling the critical mechanisms of subsidence development.The results from this study have greatly enhanced the level of understanding of the subsidence mechanisms involved, and allowed for the development of predictive models which can be used for the design of coal extraction by the panel/pillar mining method in the Collie Basin. Mine planning engineers can now use this design information to derive the most cost effective methods for the extraction of coal within the Collie Basin.
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Haciosmanoglu, Esenay Meryem. "Development Of A Subsidence Model For Cayirhan Coal Mine." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605481/index.pdf.

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In this study, subsidence analyses were carried out for panels B14, B12, B10, B02, C12, C10, C08 of &Ccedil<br>ayirhan Lignite Mine using in-situ subsidence measurements. Using the measurements from stations, installed both parallel and perpendicular to panel-advance direction, subsidence profiles were plotted as a function of time and distance from panel center. Horizontal displacement and strain curves were also plotted and compared with subsidence profiles. There are various methods used for subsidence prediction. In this study however, a subsidence model was developed based on empirical model obtained from nonlinear regression analysis. During the analyses SPSS (V.10.0) software was used and the unknown parameters associated with subsidence function were determined for the stations above B14 panel. Since it was too complicated to take all the affecting factors into consideration, only the parameters which could be estimated by statistical evaluation were taken into account during analyses. One significant contribution of this study to subsidence subject was the comparison of the subsidence values measured during this investigation with the values predicted by some other empirical methods. In this study, the structural damages to the pylons installed on ground surface above retreating longwall panels were also investigated by the use of previous studies. Slope as well as horizontal strain changes caused by ground movements due to underground mining were determined. Last but not least, it should be stated another significant contribution of this study to engineering was the collection of a significant database obtained from field measurements.
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Misich, Ian J. "Subsidence prediction and mine design for underground coal mining in the Collie Basin." Curtin University of Technology, School of Civil Engineering, 1997. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=12359.

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The subsidence characteristics of the Collie Basin sediments have been investigated to provide site specific design criteria for the Wongawilli method of coal extraction. As historical coal extraction (bord and pillar) methods did not generally give rise to large scale subsidence, there were very few details on mining subsidence in the Collie Basin available to base any design methodology on. Consequently, the investigation was conducted on a Green fields basis. Firstly, the mechanisms involved in the development of mining subsidence needed to be investigated and identified. It was then necessary to determine the effects that mining subsidence would have on mine and ground mass (specifically aquitards) structures and surface features. Once these two areas of work were completed, design criteria were formulated to manage the effects of mining subsidence by controlling the critical mechanisms of subsidence development.The results from this study have greatly enhanced the level of understanding of the subsidence mechanisms involved, and allowed for the development of predictive models which can be used for the design of coal extraction by the panel/pillar mining method in the Collie Basin. Mine planning engineers can now use this design information to derive the most cost effective methods for the extraction of coal within the Collie Basin.
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Platt, Marcor Gibbons. "Visualizing and Modeling Mining-Induced Surface Subsidence." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2009. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2223.

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Ground subsidence due to underground coal mining is a complex, narrowly-understood phenomenon. Due to the complicated physical processes involved and the lack of a complete knowledge of the characteristics of overlying strata, the reliability of current prediction techniques varies widely. Furthermore, the accuracy of any given prediction technique is largely dependent upon the accuracy of field measurements and surveys which provide input data for the technique. A valuable resource available for predicting and modeling subsidence is aerial survey technology. This technology produces yearly datasets with a high density of survey points. The following study introduces a method wherein these survey points are converted into elevation plots and subsidence plots using GIS. This study also presents a method, titled the Type-Xi Integration method (TXI method), which improves upon a previous subsidence prediction technique. This method differs from the previous technique in that it incorporates accurate surface topography and considers irregular mine geometry, as well as seam thickness and overburden variations in its predictions. The TXI method also involves comparing predicted subsidence directly to measured subsidence from subsidence plots. In summary, this study illustrates a method of combining data from aerial survey points and mine geometry with subsidence models in order to improve the accuracy of the models.
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Kolli, Shiva Prasad B. "Analyses of coal extraction and spoil handling techniques in mountainous areas." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1971.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 64 p. : ill. (some col.), maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-64).
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Roth, Richard A. "Longwall mining, subsidence, and protection of water resources in Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50086.

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In the coalfields of Southwest Virginia, Iongwall technology accounts for an increasing proportion of underground coal mine production. lt is a highly productive, capital intensive method that provides a degree of mine safety greater than conventional methods. However, subsidence caused by Iongwall mining has been blamed for, among other things, damaging wells, springs, and streams above the mines. Surface landowners whose water supplies are affected by Iongwall mines may negotiate with mining companies for compensation, or they can seek redress in the courts. At the same time, the U.S. Surface Mine Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) provides a framework for regulation of the environmental effects of coal mining, including hydrologic effects. The Department of Mines, Minerals, and Energy, Division of Mined Land Reclamation (DMLR) is responsible for implementation of Virginia’s primacy program under SMCRA. This research has assessed the potential of Iongwall mining to damage the groundwater and surface water resources In Southwest Virginia; and examined whether existing laws and regulations, as implemented, provide an adequate and appropriate level of protection to both water property rights and the environment. Methods included review of published and ongoing literature on effects of underground coal mining on hydrologic systems and methods of mitigation; review of mining permits and complaint investigations on file at DMLR; review of court case decisions involving mining effects on groundwater and surface water; review of regulatory documents from other states active in Iongwall mining and the Federal Office of Surface Mining (OSM); and interviews with coal company personnel, DMLR and OSM officials, researchers, and regulatory officials in other states. Review of both DMLR complaint investigations and published reports of numerous hydrologic investigations indicate that longwall mining is likely to alter the hydrologic regime in the vicinity of the mine. The knowledge base for regulation of hydrologic impacts has been inadequate but is being improved in Virginia. Both DMLR and some coal companies recognize the need for more and better data, and are taking steps to develop the requisite data and models. Regulatory personnel in Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Kentucky have expressed recognition of similar data deficiencies in their states. At least one state, Ohio, has dealt with the problem of water rights by enacting legislation that assigns liability for replacing damaged water supplies to the mining companies. West Virginia, through its regulatory program, also requires water replacement. Recommendations are offered that have as their main objective the reduction of uncertainty about the effects of longwall mining and about compensation of surface owners for damage to water supplies.<br>Master of Urban and Regional Planning<br>incomplete_metadata
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Save, Neelambari R. "Ground penetrating radar technique to locate coal mining related features: case studies in Texas." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3204.

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The goal of this research project is to identify the efficacy of the ground penetrating radar (GPR) technique in locating underground coal mine related subsidence features at Malakoff and Bastrop, Texas. The work at Malakoff has been done in collaboration with the Railroad Commission of Texas (RRC). RRC has been carrying out reclamation of abandoned underground coal mines at Malakoff since the early 1990’s. The history of the specific mining operations (at Malakoff and Bastrop) that took place in the early 1900’s has been difficult to ascertain; therefore, the use of a geophysical techniques like ground penetrating radar to identify hidden voids and potential subsidence features is vital for future reclamation process. Some of the underground mine workings at the field site have collapsed over time affecting the topography by creating sinkholes. GPR data, employing 25 MHz, 50 MHz and 100 MHz frequency antennae, have been collected in common offset patterns and azimuthal pattern. GPR data indicate the mine tunnels possibly connecting existing sinkholes by radargram hyperbolae that correspond with mine openings observed visually or during reclamation. This study also denotes the importance of understanding the variable physical properties of the stratigraphy, which could lead to false alarms by misinterpretation of the radar signals. Natural and man-made above-ground structures cause obstructions in data collection, and hence an optimal design is required for each survey. RRC successfully ground-truthed the data during its reclamation process. In turn, the acquired geophysical data helped to guide the reclamation. At Bastrop, GPR data along with historical documentation led to the conclusion that coal mining did exist in this region but is not a major concern to the immediate stability and safety of the field site. It can be concluded from both the studies that the GPR technique identifies anomalous shafts/tunnels possibly connecting potential failure.
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Keilich, Walter. "Numerical modelling of mining subsidence, upsidence and valley closure using UDEC." School of Civil, Mining & Environmental Engineering - Faculty of Engineering, 2009. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/862.

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Ground subsidence due to mining has been the subject of intensive research for several decades, and it remains to be an important topic confronting the mining industry today. In the Southern Coalfield of New South Wales, Australia, there is particular concern about subsidence impacts on incised river valleys – valley closure, upsidence, and the resulting localised loss of surface water under low flow conditions. Most of the reported cases have occurred when the river valley is directly undermined. More importantly, there are a number of cases where closure and upsidence have been reported above unmined coal. These latter events are especially significant as they influence decisions regarding stand-off distances and hence mine layouts and reserve recovery.The deformation of a valley indicates the onset of locally compressive stress conditions concentrated at the base of the valley. Compressive conditions are anticipated when the surface deforms in a sagging mode, for example directly above the longwall extraction; but they are not expected when the surface deforms in a hogging mode at the edge of the extraction as that area is typically in tension. To date, explanations for valley closure under the hogging mode have considered undefined compressive stress redistributions in the horizontal plane, or lateral block movements and displacement along discontinuities generated in the sagging mode. This research is investigating the possibilities of the block movement model and its role in generating compressive stresses at the base of valleys, in the tensile portion of the subsidence profile. The numerical modelling in this research project has demonstrated that the block movement proposal is feasible provided that the curvatures developed are sufficient to allow lateral block movement. Valley closure and the onset of valley base yield are able to be quantified with the possibility of using analytical solutions. To achieve this, a methodology of subsidence prediction using the Distinct Element code UDEC has been developed as an alternative for subsidence modelling and prediction for isolated longwall panels. The numerical models have been validated by comparison with empirical results, observed caving behaviour and analytical solutions, all of which are in good agreement. The techniques developed in the subsidence prediction UDEC models have then been used to develop the conceptual block movement model. The outcomes of this research have vast implications. Firstly, it is shown that valley closure and upsidence is primarily a function of ground curvature. Since the magnitude of curvature is directly related to the magnitude of vertical subsidence there is an opportunity to consider changes in the mine layout as a strategy to reduce valley closure. Secondly, with further research there is the possibility that mining companies can assess potential damage to river valleys based on how close longwall panels approach the river valley in question. This has the added advantage of optimising the required stand off distances to river valley and increasing coal recovery.
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Bode-Jimenez, Gabriel. "ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS TO SUBSURFACE BODIES OF WATER DUE TO UNDERGROUND COAL MINING." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/mng_etds/35.

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Underground coal mining operations induce ground movements, which may impact overlying hydrogeologic systems. Potential impacts mainly include changes in the hydraulic conductivity of overlying strata, decreasing of the hydraulic head and changes in water flow. The present research quantifies potential hydrogeologic impacts caused by underground mining through modeling of pre- and post-mining hydrogeologic systems. Three-dimensional conceptual hydrogeologic models were constructed with the Processing Modflow for Windows software package (PMWiN). The models are based on an actual case study, but were simplified in terms of geometry and material properties. Water flow was simulated under changing hydrogeologic properties. A number of scenarios were investigated including models with horizontal or inclined topography, featuring an aquifer overlying two longwall panels. The hydrogeologic properties of the models were estimated based on empirical relationships between the post-mining hydraulic conductivity and strain in the overburden. The strain regime in the overburden was estimated using the Surface Deformation Prediction System (SDPS) package, which allows calculation of surface deformations due to underground coal mining. The research focuses on changes in hydraulic heads; results indicate that hydraulic heads may decrease over undermined areas and may rebound as mining ceases. Water infiltration may occur from higher located overburden formations to lower formations due to mining induced changes in hydrogeologic properties.
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Md, Azmi Ahmad Zharif. "CFD ANALYSIS OF AIRFLOW PATTERNS IN HIGH MINING AREAS OF ROOM-AND-PILLAR COAL MINING." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1574.

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This thesis studies airflow patterns in the face area of a typical room-and-pillar mining area, using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling. This research is designed to develop a scientific understanding of airflow distribution in room-and-pillar mining areas that is fundamental to developing engineering controls. The overall goal of the study is to develop improved engineering controls to minimize dust exposure of mine workers in the face area. Dust exposure can be a health hazard in underground coal mining industry based on historical data of coal workers' pneumoconiosis among underground mine workers. Current regulatory dust exposure standards of 1.5 mg/m3, averaged over an 8-hour period, have been recently revised with approval of new MSHA standards in April of 2014. Mining companies are currently seeking new technologies in order to comply with the new dust standards. Since mining geometries are complex and do not lend themselves to closed-form analytical solutions, CFD numerical modeling approach was used to develop an understanding of airflow distribution in the face areas. Since previous studies had focused on some cuts in mining heights of less than 2.4 m (8-ft), this study was performed for high mining areas of 4.2 m (14-ft). Such mining heights are very common in longwall mine development areas, particularly in the State of Illinois. The primary goal was to identify major differences in airflow between the two mining heights and how they affect development of engineering controls for minimizing dust exposure. Simulations were done using ANSYS software such as DesignModeler for modeling and meshing and FLUENT for calculations. Recirculation (RC) and low air velocity (LAV) zones were located for straight deep cut, straight deepest cut, cross-cut right, cross-cut right mine through, left turn cross-cut, and left turn cross-cut mine through for low mining height (LMH) and high mining height (HMH) with varying air quantity at the end of the line curtain (ELC). Air at the ELC was adjusted to achieve a ratio of 0.85, 1.00 and 1.15 over the wet scrubber fan (WSF) discharge capacity. Results show that the air velocity in HMH case is much lower than for the LMH. In addition, the location of RC and LAV zones differ based on mining height and air quantity at the ELC. Furthermore, lower air quantity at the ELC causes the air exhausted by the WSF to recirculate back to the face area in order to satisfy the WSF requirement. Recommendations to deal with these differences are formulated.
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Books on the topic "Coal mining subsidence areas"

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Britain, Great. Coal Mining Subsidence Act 1991: [Elizabeth II] 1991. Chapter45. Sweet & Maxwell, 1991.

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Britain, Great. Coal Mining Subsidence Act 1991: Elizabeth II. 1991. Chapter 45. H.M.S.O., 1991.

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Northern Engineering and Testing, Inc. Report of investigation, Red Lodge/Bearcreek subsidence potential study. Northern Engineering and Testing, 1987.

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A, Bauer R., ed. Planned coal mine subsidence in Illinois: A public information booklet. Illinois State Geological Survey, 1995.

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Barnes, William. Report on areas of the Merigomish Coal Mining Company. s.n.], 1992.

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Zeng, Yifan, Zhenzhong Pang, Qiang Wu, Hui Qing Lian, and Xin Du. Roof Water Disaster in Coal Mining in Ecologically Fragile Mining Areas. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33140-4.

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Magers, Jeff A. Surface subsidence over a room-and-pillar mine in the western United States. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1993.

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Brooks, Tom. Hydrology of coal-lease areas near Durango, Colorado. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985.

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Great Britain. Department of Energy. and Great Britain. Subsidence Compensation Review Committee., eds. The repair and compensation system for coal mining subsidence damage: The Government response to the Report of the Subsidence Compensation Review Committee (Waddilove). H.M.S.O., 1987.

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B, Mehnert B., and Illinois Mine Subsidence Research Program., eds. Subsidence investigations over a high-extraction retreat mine in Williamson County, Illinois: Final report. Illinois State Geological Survey, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Coal mining subsidence areas"

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Chang, Qiang, Hao Yan, Daiyao Zhao, and Ning Zhang. "Intelligent Analysis Research on Reservoir Dam Structure Settlement Prediction in Coal Mining Subsidence Area." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-6238-5_5.

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AbstractWhen constructing a dam in a mined-out area, it is necessary to handle the mined-out area effectively. Analyzing the distribution of mined-out areas is essential to ensure the safety of dam structures. In response to this issue, a machine learning-based method for analyzing the settlement of reservoir dam structures in coal mining subsidence areas is proposed. The method includes the following steps: first, analyze the geological conditions of the mined-out area and calculate the conditions for each depth of the mined-out area. Secondly, analyze the deformation mechanism of the mined-out area and calculate the impact of the mined-out area at representative depths. Next, use machine learning methods to regressively fit the deformation displacement and obtain the deformation function. Finally, validate the predicted depth based on on-site monitoring data and drilling information. The study concludes that deeper mined-out areas lead to larger total displacement, and as the depth increases, the displacement caused by self-weight stress gradually increases. Additionally, the displacement response of the dam load decreases with the increase in depth. The predicted depths align well with the actual depths. The proposed method is reasonable and feasible, providing a basis for reinforcement schemes in mined-out areas.
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Sun, Guang. "Key technology and applications of coal mining subsidence area treatment in high groundwater level mining area." In Advances in Geology and Resources Exploration. CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003308584-102.

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Li, Xueliang, and Jianlong Yan. "Analysis on comprehensive treatment and utilization of coal mining subsidence area from the perspective of territorial space planning." In Advances in Geology and Resources Exploration. CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003308584-127.

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Galvin, J. M. "Overburden Subsidence." In Ground Engineering - Principles and Practices for Underground Coal Mining. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25005-2_10.

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Chang, Yong, Yaoping Bei, Binqing Yuan, Zhousheng Cao, Dongmei Cao, and Shuangquan Zhu. "Analysis of governance modes of coal mining subsidence in China." In Advances in Energy, Environment and Chemical Engineering Volume 1. CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003330165-21.

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Lim, Tai Wei, Naoko Shimazaki, Yoshihisa Godo, and Yiru Lim. "Historical Development and Gentrification of Hokkaido’s Former Coal Mining Areas: Case Studies of Bibai, Kushiro, Mikasa, and Yubari." In Coal Mining Communities and Gentrification in Japan. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7220-9_4.

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Bogusz, Michał, and Maciej Mendecki. "Seismic and Geodetic Observations of Subsidence Trough Development Over a Longwall Face in a Coal Bed Under Extraction." In Geophysics in Mining and Environmental Protection. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19097-1_7.

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Kim, Thi Thu Huong, Hong Ha Tran, Tuan Anh Phan, and Tomasz Lipecki. "Mining-Induced Land Subsidence Detected by Persistent Scatterer InSAR: Case Study in Pniówek Coal Mine, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland." In Advances in Geospatial Technology in Mining and Earth Sciences. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20463-0_2.

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Umrao, Ravi Kumar, and S. Resmi. "Geochemical Evaluation of Soil Contamination from Rat-Hole Coal Mining Areas in Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya, India." In Mining Impact on Soil and Water Resources. CRC Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003442554-6.

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Shekhar, Nisheeth, Supriya Pal, Arpan Jaiswal, and Pratip Hazara. "Numerical Modelling for Prediction of Ground Subsidence Over Room and Pillar Mining in an Underground Coal Seam." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6998-0_15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Coal mining subsidence areas"

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Rehor, Michal, Pavel Schmidt, Radka Duzekova, and Frantisek Helebrant. "SELECTION OF CASE STUDY AREAS OF THE MOST BASIN FOR SOLVING RECLAMATION ISSUES OF EUROPEAN PROJECT REECOL." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/3.1/s13.36.

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Brown Coal Research Institute j. v. c. (VUHU) from July 2023, together with scientific teams from several European countries, participates as part of the EU research program in the solution of the REECOL project, which deals with the reclamation of areas affected by mining in European coal basins. One of the important tasks of the first phase of the project solution is to find suitable case study areas in each country of the project solution. The selection of these areas in the Most Basin (CZ) is the subject of this paper. The selection of case study areas was based on the results of long-term research in the Most Basin. Areas with the occurrence of all main soil types, a long reclamation history and the application of various reclamation methods, including successional areas, were selected. The main part of the paper contains the characteristics and localization of the proposed case areas. The first of them is the Radovesice spoil heap with four experimental areas, two of which are left to natural succession and two are reclaimed using marls. The second area is the Strimice spoil heap with two experimental areas, one is left to natural succession and the other is reclaimed using bentonite. The paper describes the current situation of the areas, their reclamation history and long-term pedological development.
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Rehor, Michal, Pavel Schmidt, Radka Duzekov, and Petr Vrablik. "DEGRADED SOILS OF THE MOST BASIN AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF THEIR LOCATION, CLASSIFICATION AND RECLAMATION." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/3.1/s13.25.

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Brown Coal Research Institute j. v. c. (VUHU) from July 2023, together with scientific teams from several European countries, participates as part of the EU research program in the solution of the REECOL project, which deals with the reclamation of areas affected by mining in European coal basins. This paper includes the results achieved in the preparation of the first sub-research report of the project, which deals with degraded soils. On the basis of archival data and own research, the concept of "soil degradation" was defined for the purposes of the REECOL project solution in the conditions of the Most basin, a set of laboratory analyses of soils suitable for determining the degree of degradation was determined, which will be modified in the course of the next solution in terms of efficiency and financial sustainability. The methodology of research is composed of terrain mapping, sampling and sample analysis realised by accredited test laboratories. The main part of the paper contains a brief description and localization of the areas of degraded soils of the Most Basin. The individual chapters briefly describe the areas affected by various types of degradation and the proposal for their reclamation, one locality is always described in more detail as a case study area. Part of the contribution is a map of areas affected by individual types of soil degradation.
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Li, Yunwei, Tianhe Xu, Kegen Yu, Meng Wang, Fengjian Liu, and Chao Sun. "GNSS+IR Imaging for Underground Coal Mining Inducde Ground Subsidence Deformation." In IGARSS 2024 - 2024 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss53475.2024.10642572.

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Li, Jiaqi, and Ming Ma. "DSDN-Net: An Effective Network for Semantic Segmentation in Open-Pit Coal Mining Areas for Land Cover Recognition." In ICASSP 2025 - 2025 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp49660.2025.10889765.

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Shu, Chuanzeng, Zhiguo Meng, and Ying Yang. "Investigation of mining subsidence over three major coal mines using time-series SAR interferometry." In Second International Conference on Remote Sensing, Mapping, and Geographic Information Systems (RSMG 2024), edited by Bin Zou and Yaoping Cui. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3048755.

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Sethi, V. K., P. Ganesan, D. Robinson-Wilson, S. K. Sherman, and E. Puentes. "Corrosion Profile of a 32" X 29" AFBC Pilot Plant." In CORROSION 1985. NACE International, 1985. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1985-85339.

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Abstract The University of Kentucky's Institute for Mining and Minerals Research is operating a 32" X 29" atmospheric fluidized bed combustor (AFBC). The combustor, amongst other research programs, is being used to evaluate the corrosion performance of various engineering alloys. As a part of this program, the combustor is routinely profiled for oxygen distribution within the bed and the freeboard zones. These measurements are made using solid electrolyte oxygen sensors adopted from the automobile industry. Since recent investigations have shown that low oxygen partial pressure areas are potentially high corrosivity areas, the KEC/IMMR combustor contains test pieces of a sulfidation sensitive alloy. Incoloy 800, at various locations. Small sections are periodically taken from these test pieces and examined for corrosion performance. In this paper the results of the oxygen distribution mapping and the behavior of Incoloy 800 test pieces are described and correlated. It is shown that very low partial pressures of oxygen exist near the coal feed point, where Incoloy 800 suffers catastrophic corrosion. At other locations, the extent of corrosion appears to be related to the local partial pressure of oxygen.
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Vušović, Nenad, and Milica Vlahović. "GIS-based stochastic method for predicting mine subsidence." In Proceedings - 55th International October Conference on Mining and Metallurgy, Kladovo, 15-17 October 2024. Mining and Metallurgy Institute, Bor, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5937/ioc24199v.

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Subsidence and damage to structures above mining areas are unavoidable consequences of underground coal mining. This paper introduces a new mathematical model based on the stochastic Pataric-Stojanovic method for predicting subsidence. An original software package, MITSOUKO, was developed to perform these calculations, integrating spatial analysis within a Geographic Information System (GIS). The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated through a case study at the "Rembas" underground coal mine in Resavica, Serbia.
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Binbin, Hao, and Qi Junde. "Planning of Land Reclamation and Ecological Restoration in the Coal Mining Subsidence Areas of Wangwa Coal Mine." In 2009 International Conference on Environmental Science and Information Application Technology, ESIAT. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/esiat.2009.309.

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Meng, Qing-jun, Lin Ji, Qi-yan Feng, Qing Liu, and Yangyang Zhong. "Effect of mining subsidence on soil permeability and vertical nutrient loss at loess hilly coal areas." In International Conference on Earth Science and Environmental Protection (ICESEP2013). WIT Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/icesep131291.

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Chen, Lei, and Shuying Chen. "Application of New Energy Photovoltaic Construction in Coal Mining Subsidence Area-Taking the Treatment of Coal Mining Subsidence Area in Zaozhuang as an Example." In Proceedings of the 2019 3rd International Conference on Economic Development and Education Management (ICEDEM 2019). Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icedem-19.2019.111.

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Reports on the topic "Coal mining subsidence areas"

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Kiefner. L51515 Monitoring and Intervention on Pipelines in Mining Subsidence Areas. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010411.

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Longwall mining can constitute a threat to the integrity of a pipeline by way of surface subsidence and soil strains. The subsidence and soil strain phenomena associated with longwall mining have been studied in detail both in the United Kingdom and the United States. Empirically-based methods are available to predict both subsidence and surface soil strains. These methods can be used to estimate the possible effects of subsidence on buried pipelines. The objectives of this study were to review the effects of longwall mining subsidence on pipelines and to develop concepts for preserving the integrity of pipelines affected by such subsidence. Presented in this report is a discussion of the subsidence phenomena and terminology, calculations for hypothetical settlement cases, the appropriate monitoring and intervention responses with respect to any possible effects on a pipeline, and examples of actual pipeline monitoring experience. A suitable strain monitoring technique is described in this report.
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Klesta, Matthew. Resilience and Recovery: Insights from the July 2022 Eastern Kentucky Flood. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-cd-20230927.

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Because of its topography, location, and coal mining legacy, eastern Kentucky has a long history of flooding. This report focuses on housing in the 13 counties declared federal disaster areas after the July 2022 flood.
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Guevara-Castañeda, Diego Alejandro, Leonardo Villar-Gómez, Olga Lucía Acosta-Navarro, et al. Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia, February 2025. Banco de la República, 2025. https://doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep-eng.01-2025.

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In 2024, the macroeconomic adjustment process continued, characterized by a sustained reduction in inflation that began in 2023 and a decline in the current account deficit of the balance of payments. This adjustment took place in the context of a contractionary monetary policy, with a gradual reduction in the monetary policy interest rate. GDP grew by 1.7%, driven by investment and consumption, while employment increased by 2.2%. Foreign reserves remained at adequate levels, and Banco de la República recorded a profit of COP 10,041 billion, benefiting from the returns on foreign reserves. Macroeconomic environment The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank estimate that the global economy grew by 3.2% in 2024, a rate similar to that observed in 2023 (3.3%). This occurred in a context of moderating inflation and declining monetary policy interest rates in most countries. Global inflation moderated over the course of 2024. However, inflation rebounded toward the end of the year in some advanced economies, mainly due to rising energy costs. In Latin America, inflation trends were mixed. While some economies experienced sustained price stability, in most cases, inflation remained above the targets set by their respective central banks. Monetary policy interest rates in most Latin American economies continued to decline, reflecting a moderation in inflation and inflation expectations. However, some countries in the region recently raised interest rates in response to renewed inflationary pressures. Oil production increased in 2024, leading to a 3% decrease in oil prices, with Brent crude averaging around USD 80 per barrel. However, geopolitical tensions prevented a more pronounced decline. The U.S. dollar appreciated against most currencies, driven by expectations that the Federal Reserve (Fed) would implement more gradual policy rate cuts. In 2025, global economic growth is projected to be similar to that of 2024, supported by declining inflation, wage recovery, sustained employment growth, and a less restrictive monetary policy stance. However, geopolitical tensions and U.S. trade policies introduce uncertainty. More gradual reductions in the Fed’s interest rate are expected, with the possibility of pauses if inflationary pressures resurface. In Latin America, central banks are expected to continue cutting interest rates, although monetary policy may remain contractionary where inflation has not yet reached target levels. Domestic economic activity Colombia’s GDP grew by 1.7% in 2024, reflecting a moderate recovery compared to the previous year. This occurred in an environment of lower interest rates, improved domestic demand, and an increase in remittances and exports. Private consumption and fixed capital investment—particularly in infrastructure projects such as the Bogotá metro—contributed to economic growth. However, investment in housing declined. Agricultural and services sectors led economic growth, while mining and manufacturing contracted. The loan portfolio experienced low nominal growth, though some segments showed signs of recovery toward the end of the year. For 2025, economic activity is expected to continue recovering, approaching its productive capacity and aligning with the convergence of inflation toward its target. Employment Employment grew by 2.2% in 2024, resulting in the creation of 508,000 jobs. This expansion was driven by rural areas, where employment increased by 3.2%, surpassing the 1.4% growth in urban areas. The commerce, accommodation, manufacturing, public administration, health, and education sectors were the primary contributors to job creation. Wage employment grew by 2.7%, exceeding pre-pandemic levels, while non-wage employment increased by 1.8%, leading to a decline in informality to 55.6%. The national unemployment rate fell by 0.6 percentage points, reaching 9.7%, with a more pronounced reduction in rural areas. For 2025, the unemployment rate is expected to remain stable, supported by a positive economic outlook. Inflation and Monetary Policy Headline inflation in Colombia fell significantly from 9.3% in 2023 to 5.2% in 2024, primarily due to a restrictive monetary policy that moderated domestic demand and contributed to a reduction in the current account deficit. Core inflation (excluding food and regulated products) declined from 8.4% to 5.2%, reflecting the effectiveness of contractionary monetary policy. Inflation of goods dropped sharply, from 7.1% to 0.6%, due in part to the resolution of logistical disruptions and the appreciation of the peso. In contrast, services inflation declined more moderately, from 9% to 7%, influenced by indexation to past inflation and the increase in the minimum wage. Prices of food decreased from 5.0% to 3.3%, driven by lower pressures on processed food prices, benefiting from reduced costs of imported raw materials and a favorable exchange rate. Prices of regulated items dropped to 7.3%, following smaller adjustments in gasoline prices (after the required increases in 2023) and lower electricity and public service tariff increases, except for gas prices, which continued to rise. Inflation is expected to continue converging toward the 3% target in 2025, with headline inflation projected to close the year at around 4.1%, continuing its downward path into 2026. However, new risks have emerged, including a recent rise in producer costs, a significant increase in the minimum wage, and a rebound in inflation expectations. Balance of payments Colombia’s current account deficit narrowed to 1.7% of GDP between January and September 2024, down from 2.5% in the same period in 2023. This improvement was driven by higher remittance inflows, an improved services trade balance, and lower factor income outflows. Remittances reached a record USD 11,848 million, with the United States and Spain as the main sources of these inflows. A decline in the profits of foreign direct investment (FDI) companies, particularly in the oil and coal sectors, also contributed to reducing external imbalances. The trade deficit widened due to a greater imbalance in the trade of goods within a context of lower commodity prices. However, this was partially offset by strong agricultural and industrial exports. Additionally, the good performance of service exports, supported by higher international tourist arrivals, helped contain a larger trade imbalance. The financial account recorded net capital inflows equivalent to 1.1% of GDP, lower than the 2.5% recorded in 2023, primarily due to a decline in foreign direct investment in mining, transportation, and oil. This was partially offset by growth in financial and business services investment. The current account deficit is estimated to have closed 2024 at 1.8% of GDP, with a projected widening to 2.5% in 2025, in line with higher expected economic growth and stronger domestic demand. Public finances According to preliminary figures from the 2025 Financial Plan (PF-25) presented by the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit (MHCP), Colombia’s General Government deficit reached 4.8% of GDP in 2024, marking a 2.1 percentage-point increase compared to 2023. This deterioration was mainly driven by a worsening in the balances of the Central National Government (GNC) (2.6 pp) and the Social Security subsector (0.4 pp), partially offset by a 0.8 pp improvement in Regional and Local Government balances. The reduction in the deficit position of the Fuel Price Stabilization Fund (FEPC for its acronym in Spanish) was notable, following gasoline price adjustments, which closed the gap between the reference price and local market prices. However, fiscal pressures persist due to ongoing subsidies for ACPM (diesel fuel). The total and primary deficits of the Central Government stood at 6.8% and 2.4% of GDP, respectively, driven by a decline in tax revenue—particularly from income and external taxes—alongside increased government spending. The net debt of the Central Government increased to 60% of GDP, exceeding previous forecasts. For 2025, a total and primary deficit of 5.1% and 0.2% of GDP is projected, with tax revenue expected to grow by 22.6%. Compliance with the fiscal rule and the stabilization of public finances will be critical in 2025, given the potential impact of fiscal slippage on the country’s risk premiums. Failure to meet fiscal targets could raise interest rates for both the Government and the broader economy. Maintaining credibility in fiscal policy will be key to preventing macroeconomic adjustments from exerting additional pressure on interest rates. International Reserves As of December 31, 2024, Colombia’s net international reserves stood at USD 62,481 million, reflecting an increase of USD 2,873 million during the year. This growth was primarily driven by returns on reserves, which reached 3.65%, benefiting from higher global interest rates, and Banco de la República's reserve accumulation program, which added USD 1,479.4 million to reserves. According to the IMF’s reserve adequacy methodology, Colombia maintains a reserve ratio of 1.29. This falls within the adequate range (1.0 – 1.5), indicating that Colombia’s reserves are sufficient to withstand extreme external shocks and balance of payments risks. Profits obtained by Banco de la República The Bank's profits reached a record COP 10,041 billion in 2024, resulting from revenues of COP 13,948 billion and expenses of COP 3,907 billion. Profits increased by COP 815 billion compared to 2023, primarily due to lower expenses, although partially offset by a decline in revenues. For 2025, profits are projected at COP 10,512 billion, supported by the high expected profitability of foreign reserves. However, this projection is subject to uncertainty related to reserve performance and monetary base growth.
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Assessment of water quality in non-coal mining areas of Missouri. US Geological Survey, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri874286.

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Geohydrology and potential effects of coal mining in 12 coal-lease areas, Powder River structural basin, northeastern Wyoming. US Geological Survey, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri874102.

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Hydrology of the LC Holding coal-lease tract and adjacent areas, southwestern Utah, and potential effects of coal mining. US Geological Survey, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri914111.

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Geologic setting and water quality of selected basins in the active coal-mining areas of Ohio, 1987-88. US Geological Survey, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri904109.

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Geohydrology and potential hydrologic effects of surface coal mining of the San Augustine coal area and adjacent areas, Catron and Cibola counties, New Mexico. US Geological Survey, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri924004.

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Geologic setting and water quality of selected basins in the active coal-mining areas of Ohio, June 1985 through December 1986. US Geological Survey, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri884084.

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Geochemical processes in ground water resulting from surface mining of coal at the Big Sky and West Decker Mine areas, southeastern Montana. US Geological Survey, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri954097.

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