Academic literature on the topic 'Coal trains'
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Journal articles on the topic "Coal trains"
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Biliaiev, Mykola, Vitalii Kozachyna, Viktoriia Biliaieva, Mutiu Olatoye Oladipo, and Kateryna Chernyatyeva. "Modeling of the atmosphere pollution from coal trains." MATEC Web of Conferences 294 (2019): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929402007.
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Coal trains have an intensive impact on environment pollution. It is very important to predict adequately this impact during coal transportation. In Ukraine to predict atmosphere pollution from coal trains the regulatory model «OND-86» is used. This model does not take into account some important factors and coal train movement. We present numerical models to solve two problems:1) prediction of atmosphere pollution in the case of moving coal train; 2) prediction of atmosphere pollution in the case of additional special boards installation on the coal wagon. To solve these problems equation of coal duct convective-diffusive dispersion (Lagrange model of admixture dispersion) and equation of potential flow were used. Governing equations were numerically integrated using implicit difference schemes. For coding difference equations we used FORTRAN language. We present results of numerical experiments and laboratory experiments which illustrate the efficiency of the special additional boards installation on the coal wagon. These boards have «internal wing» and «external wing». The obtained results illustrate that installation of additional boards allows to minimize the atmosphere pollution near transport corridor.
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Wijaya, H., A. Y. Ridwan, and E. B. Setyawan. "Designing simulation model for minimizing coal train unloading time: A case study of Kereta Api Logistik Company." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1212, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1212/1/012049.
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Abstract The increase in coal production every year has influence the transport volume of coal trains of Kereta Api Logistik Company is getting higher. This increase causes the current number of train unloading equipment to be unable to keep up with this increase and has an impact on the poor performance of train unloading, which is indicated by the unachieved of train’s waiting time target. The coal train unloading system is a very complex system and many uncertainties occur, so the appropriate method to use is discrete event simulation. The simulation model is designed using the Simulation Arena software. The results of the simulation method are 4 alternative scenarios will be selected by the Bonferonni test. Scenario 4 has the highest reduction in train unloading operating time, which is 30.7%. The results of this study recommend the addition of a tool with a combination of 1 unit of Gantry Crane integrated with coal traveling hopper and 5 units of Dump Truck and for management, this recommendation can reduce high overtime costs every month and increase coal transport capacity so that coal transport profits will increase.
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McCulloch, Jock. "Trains, Coal, and Industrial Labour." Africa 74, no. 2 (May 2004): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2004.74.2.277.
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Smolyaninov, Alexander Vasilyevich, and Konstantin Mikhaylovich Kolyasov. "Analysis of parameters and design solutions of bodies for innovative cars." Transport of the Urals, no. 4 (2020): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/1815-9400-2020-4-34-39.
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Development strategy of railway transport envisages operation of heavy-load trains on the following directions: Kuzbass — Far East (7100 tons), Kuzbass — South, Kuzbass — Centre, Kuzbass — North-West (9000 tons). But the existing rolling stock used for coal transportation doesn’t allow making up trains with the set weight on standard length of receivingand- departure tracks in direction of Far East. That is why the designers and manufacturers of open-box cars got a task to realize a design weight-bearing capacity in the unit of the rolling stock. The task has been solved by the increase of internal dimensions of open-box car body in existing limits by changing bodies design.
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Winters, Jeffrey. "Coal Cell." Mechanical Engineering 125, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2003-dec-5.
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This article focuses on coal mining that is incredibly disruptive, and coal is heavy and bulky, involving rumbling freight trains to transport it. The idea that fuel cells are every bit as clean as coal is dirty is just as widespread. Fuel cells, after all, take hydrogen and oxygen, and combine those elements to make electricity and water. The program, called the Clean Coal Technology Program, was, in part, an effort to promote commercial-scale integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) coal power plants in the United States. Molten carbonate fuel cell stacks routinely weigh in at 250 kW. For the Wabash River demonstration, eight stacks will be combined for 2 MW. It will be the largest carbonate fuel cell power plant operating on coal in the world. FuelCell Energy has been planning for this sort of project for more than 20 years.
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Fu-min, Ren, Yue Feng, Gao Ming, and Yu Min. "Combustion characteristics of coal and refuse from passenger trains." Waste Management 30, no. 7 (July 2010): 1196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.12.023.
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Fu, Jianjun, and Junhua Chen. "A Green Transportation Planning Approach for Coal Heavy-Haul Railway System by Simultaneously Optimizing Energy Consumption and Capacity Utilization." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 8, 2021): 4173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084173.
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Coal heavy-haul railway has been aiming at maximizing capacity utilization, but ignoring energy consumption for a long time. With the focus on green production, heavy-haul railways need transportation organization plans that can balance energy consumption and capacity utilization. Based on this, this paper proposes a data mining + optimization framework that uses train trajectory data to estimate train energy consumption and then uses a mixed integer programming model to simultaneously optimize plans from energy and capacity aspects. We use Gaussian distribution to describe features of energy consumption under different situations, and build a multi-dimensional cube to store these features to connect with the optimization model. In addition, a branch-and-bound algorithm is design to solve the optimization model. From the sensitivity analyses we can conclude that (1) shortening the departure interval from 13 min to 9 min will generate more energy consumption, about 3.6%; (2) combining short-form trains (50 units) with long-form trains (100 units) while increasing the carrying capacity will generate more energy consumption, about 5~14%; and (3) by controlling weights of the optimization model, capacity–energy-balanced plans can be obtained. The results can contribute to improving the sustainability of railways.
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DALY, MARY E. "Trains, coal and turf: transport in Emergency Ireland - By Peter Rigney." Economic History Review 65, no. 1 (January 6, 2012): 390–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2011.00622_12.x.
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Pomykala, Agata, and Adam Szelag. "Reduction of Power Consumption and CO2 Emissions as a Result of Putting into Service High-Speed Trains: Polish Case." Energies 15, no. 12 (June 7, 2022): 4206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15124206.
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This article presents the results of analyses of energy efficiency and environmental outcomes of putting into operation high-speed trains—first of that kind in Poland—in 2014 on upgraded 3 kV DC lines. Comparative analyses of these trains in Poland have not been carried out so far and provide a new approach to assessing the feasibility of their adoption and, in a broader context, the advisability of replacing conventional with high-speed rail transport. The analysis supports the advantages of high-speed railway (HSR) and the need to develop a network of high-speed connections using energy-efficient trains in Poland. Putting these trains into service reduced CO2 emissions, which is significant in Poland as a country relying heavily on power generated in coal power plants and complies with the assumptions of the sustainable development policies and EU Green Deal. The outcomes of our analysis can be used for transportation planning to mitigate climate change and the presented approach provides a method of quantification of environmental impacts of HS trains.
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Hu, Jingjing, Yi Luo, Zaitian Ke, Penghui Liu, and Jiayun Xu. "Experimental study on ground vibration attenuation induced by heavy freight wagons on a railway viaduct." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 37, no. 4 (May 22, 2018): 881–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461348418765949.
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Studies on ground vibration induced by railway operation usually focused on wagons running on ground or abutments, while vibration from a railway viaduct is often assumed to be much lower. Based on field test in the vicinity of a heavy freight railway viaduct above Shenshan Village, China, the attenuation of ground vibration induced by heavy freight wagons for coal transportation is studied. And evaluation is conducted on an adjacent house to access vibration disturbance to residents near a viaduct. Propagation and attenuation of vibration induced from viaduct are studied by analyzing peak particle velocity and spectra of ground and house vibration in the vicinity of the viaduct. Vibration signals were collected for 34 trains with different train speed and wagon weight. In all monitored situations, vertical vibration is generally larger than horizontal vibration. The relationship between distance to pier and PPV is revealed by a power function modified from Sadovskii formula with high correlation factor. Analysis also indicates a much lower dominant frequency induced by low-speed trains with or without acceleration than normal speed trains. A dramatic amplitude reduction is shown within frequency between 25 Hz and 35 Hz when train speed is reduced. Empty wagons also show smaller amplitude in most frequency bands, with significant difference in 15–25 Hz. Analysis on the house also shows larger vibration in vertical than horizontal, and vibration amplitude in some frequency bands has exceeded relative criteria. Analysis result shows significant ground and house vibration effect form a viaduct, and piers should be considered as vibration sources for ground and houses in future studies.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Coal trains"
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Akaoka, Kevin J. "Impact of coal-carrying trains on particulate matter concentrations in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia, Canada." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/55018.
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The transport of coal by train through residential neighbourhoods in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada is a growing concern for many residents living near the railway. This study aimed to identify and quantify any potential particulate matter (PM) increase caused by the presence of rail traffic adjacent to John Oliver Park in Delta, BC. Field work was carried out during August and September 2014, using a GRIMM optical particle counter that measured PM concentration at various size ranges. A select number of passing trains were confirmed visually, while the majority of passages were identified with audio data recorded by a microphone. A horizontally operating mini-micropulse lidar system was also set up at the park on three individual days to make intensive backscatter measurements. Wind data were recorded by collocated instruments maintained by Metro Vancouver. Finally, the Corporation of Delta had a dustfall measurement campaign during the same time period. Trains carrying coal are associated with a 5.28, 4.11, and 2.55 µg/m³ average increase in concentration over a 15 minute period, compared to control conditions for PM₃, PM₁₀, and PM₂₀, respectively. These increases are all statistically significant at α=0.01. PM concentrations during train passages of all types were not found to be significantly different from PM concentrations during control conditions. The presence of coal dust particles at the site was confirmed by the dustfall measurements carried out by the Corporation of Delta. Lidar backscatter imagery provided individual snapshots of train passages. However, it is clear that not every train passage causes an increase in PM concentration, and the effect appears to be highly dependent on wind direction and local meteorology.Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate
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Robert, William E. (William Edward). "Unit coal train networks : development and application of a computer simulation model." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10393.
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Humphreys, Michael Peter. "A study of track stability for locomotive transportation in British coal mines." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254385.
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Chaves-Fonnegra, Andia. "Increase of Excavating Sponges on Caribbean Coral Reefs: Reproduction, Dispersal, and Coral Deterioration." NSUWorks, 2014. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/5.
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Coral reefs ecosystems are deteriorating and facing dramatic changes. These changes suggest a shift in dominance from corals to other benthic organisms. Particularly in the Caribbean Sea, with corals dying, sponges have become the leading habitat-forming benthic animals. However, little is known about what life-history traits allow organisms to proliferate in a marine system that is undergoing change. Thus, the objective of this dissertation was to try to understand the current increase of encrusting excavating sponges on deteriorating Caribbean coral reefs through the study of reproduction, recruitment and dispersal potential of the widely distributed and currently expanding species, Cliona delitrix. Different methodological approaches were used, such as histology, electron microscopy, quantification of sponges in the field, genetics, and mathematical modeling. Results are presented in four different chapters. It was found that Cliona delitrix has an extended reproductive cycle in Florida, USA, from April - May to around November - December depending on a >25°C sea-water temperature threshold. C. delitrix gametogenesis is asynchronous and it has multiple spawning events. C. delitrix is recruiting abundantly on Caribbean coral reefs, preferentially on recent coral mortality than on old coral mortality. The increase in C. delitrix and other excavating sponges can be explained by the repeated spawning and by the coincidence in time and space of larval production with the availability of new dead coral, which tend to overlap during the warmest months of the year. Eggs or larvae of C. delitrix appear to survive enough to be transported by currents over larger distances. It was found that dispersal ranges for Cliona delitrix may reach as far as ~315 km in the Florida reef track, and over ~971 km in the South Caribbean Sea, between Belize and Panama. Thus, reproduction, dispersal, and recruitment patterns of C. delitrix along with oceanographic currents, and eddies that form at different periods of time, are sustaining the spread of this sponge on coral reefs. According to mathematical models carried out, C. delitrix increase on reefs fluctuates depending of coral mortality events and available space on old dead coral (colonized by algae and other invertebrates). However, under temperature anomalies, these sponges will 2 tend to increase and take over the reef system only if heat stress and coral mortality is moderate. Under massive mortality events both corals and sponges will tend to decline, although sponges at a slower rate than corals. In general, coral excavating sponges have been favored by coral mortality, especially during past few decades. However as bioeroders, their success is also limited by the success of calcifying corals. In a reef management context and based on this dissertation’s findings, it is suggested that excavating sponges, and especially Cliona delitrix, should be more formally included in reef monitoring programs. Their increase can be used to track coral mortality events on reefs (past and future), and also can be used as another major bioindicator of health on coral reefs.
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Kovalenko, I. D., A. Doressoundiram, E. Lellouch, E. Vilenius, T. Müller, and J. Stansberry. "“TNOs are Cool”: A survey of the trans-Neptunian region." EDP SCIENCES S A, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626412.
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Context. Gravitationally bound multiple systems provide an opportunity to estimate the mean bulk density of the objects, whereas this characteristic is not available for single objects. Being a primitive population of the outer solar system, binary and multiple trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) provide unique information about bulk density and internal structure, improving our understanding of their formation and evolution. Aims. The goal of this work is to analyse parameters of multiple trans-Neptunian systems, observed with Herschel and Spitzer space telescopes. Particularly, statistical analysis is done for radiometric size and geometric albedo, obtained from photometric observations, and for estimated bulk density. Methods. We use Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the real size distribution of TNOs. For this purpose, we expand the dataset of diameters by adopting the Minor Planet Center database list with available values of the absolute magnitude therein, and the albedo distribution derived from Herschel radiometric measurements. We use the 2-sample Anderson-Darling non-parametric statistical method for testing whether two samples of diameters, for binary and single TNOs, come from the same distribution. Additionally, we use the Spearman's coefficient as a measure of rank correlations between parameters. Uncertainties of estimated parameters together with lack of data are taken into account. Conclusions about correlations between parameters are based on statistical hypothesis testing. Results. We have found that the difference in size distributions of multiple and single TNOs is biased by small objects. The test on correlations between parameters shows that the effective diameter of binary TNOs strongly correlates with heliocentric orbital inclination and with magnitude difference between components of binary system. The correlation between diameter and magnitude difference implies that small and large binaries are formed by different mechanisms. Furthermore, the statistical test indicates, although not significant with the sample size, that a moderately strong correlation exists between diameter and bulk density.
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Turnbull, Jane. "A trans-disciplinary analysis of international environmental policy: The coral reef crisis." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geography, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4384.
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Focusing on coral reef policy, this thesis challenges orthodox understanding of international environmental policy, studying environmental crises as political assemblies, and policy endeavours as power-filled networks. This requires first rendering the subject accessible for critical research by constructing a 'multiperspectival' base from which to view it, thus elucidating how a Foucauldian discourse of modernisation hides the politics of orthodox understandings of international environmental policy. The thesis then investigates the efforts of a suite of science/policy/conservation agencies to save coral reefs from a perceived global crisis. It analyses how coral reef policy arises as an instrument of international governance, articulating with the Fiji Islands, a South Pacific archipelago. This reveals how global truths are created and translated into policies and action plans, enrolling places and people into a global network largely outside the formal interstate treaty system. Understanding these networks and the various modes of power operating within them-from seduction to coercion and hegemony-necessitates understanding how actors in both developed and developing counties exhibit similar agency, co-opting discourses to suit their interests.
The final section argues that this political assembly around ecological crisis represents a deepening integration of humankind in which ecology has become a model for the practice of development under the control of ecological technocrats. The West continues to dominate the Third World, however. Both environmental policy discourse and the universals through which policy travels the globe-the moral imperative to look after the planet plus science-based universals positioning coral reefs as a problem of common concern to humanity-contribute to this relationship of domination. Indeed, hegemony is predicated upon the universal of international cooperation as much as those of science and neoliberalism. Technical practices and expert technologies accepted as commonsense help sustain an asymmetrical relationship; practices used in creating global reports of coral health, capacity-building projects, ecoregion planning technologies and the rhetorical style used in scientific papers all contribute.
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Lange, Ian. "Investigating the effects of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments on inputs to coal-fired power plants /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7421.
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Tusing, Donald S. "Modular track panels for improved safety in the mining transportation industry." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2003. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2853.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2003.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 158 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 141).
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Romero, Natasha Elizabeth. "Evaluation of traits associated with bucking bull performance and behavior." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-3097.
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Rankin, Tauna Leigh. "The Effects of Early Life History on Recruitment and Early Juvenile Survival of a Coral Reef Fish in the Florida Keys." Scholarly Repository, 2010. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/405.
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Processes that influence the early life stages of fishes can significantly impact population dynamics, yet they continue to be poorly understood. This dissertation examined relationships between the environment, early life history traits (ELHTs), behavior, and post-settlement survival for a coral reef fish, Stegastes partitus, in the upper Florida Keys, to elucidate how they influence juvenile demography. Otolith analysis of settlers and recruits coupled with environmental data revealed that S. partitus surviving the early juvenile period settled at larger sizes and grew slower post-settlement. Water temperature also influenced the ranges of these and other ELHTs as well as the intensity and direction of selective mortality processes acting on some of these traits (i.e., pelagic larval duration, mean larval growth). Otolith analysis was paired with behavioral observations of newly settled juvenile S. partitus in the field to reveal that the relationship between size-at-settlement, early juvenile growth and survival is behaviorally-mediated. Individuals that were larger at settlement were more active (i.e., spent less time sheltered, swam farther from shelters) and grew more slowly post-settlement. Likewise, slower juvenile growth was associated with greater activity, more conspecific aggression, and faster escape swimming speeds. A six-year time series of recruitment densities revealed substantial temporal (interannual, seasonal, lunar) and spatial (by microhabitat, conspecific density) variability in recruitment which influenced the composition of recruits. For instance, larvae settling during the darkest phases of the moon were larger at settlement, but selective mortality processes during brighter periods removed more of the smallest settlers, resulting in juveniles with similar sizes-at-settlement regardless of when they arrived to the reef. Because recruitment strength and composition varied temporally, genetic markers (6 microsatellite and 1 mitochondrial loci) were used to determine if the genetic composition of monthly cohorts of settling larvae and juveniles also varies interannually, monthly, or across life stages. A lack of genetic structure suggested that S. partitus has a large effective population size and variation in ELHTs is not likely the result of successful spawning of a disproportionately small group of adults. As a whole, these results reveal processes associated with larval supply and post-settlement life that collectively shape juvenile demography.
Books on the topic "Coal trains"
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Wolfe, Hugh. Appalachian Coal Hauler: The Interstate Railroad's mine runs and coal trains. Lynchburg, Va: TLC Pub., 2001.
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Brian, Solomon. Coal trains: The history of railroading and coal in the United States. Minneapolis: MBI Pub. Company, 2009.
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Trains, coal and turf: Transport in emergency Ireland. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2010.
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Andrew, Cook, ed. Coal, steam & comfort: 141 R 568 and the Swiss classic train. Sheffield: Platform 5 Publishing Ltd, 2011.
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Dunn, Russell. Berkshire region waterfall guide: Cool cascades of the Berkshire & Taconic Mountains. Hensonville, N.Y: Black Dome Press Corp., 2008.
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Dunn, Russell. Berkshire region waterfall guide: Cool cascades of the Berkshire & Taconic Mountains. Hensonville, N.Y: Black Dome Press Corp., 2008.
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Danilchik, Walter. Stratigraphy and coal resources of the Makarwal Area, Trans-Indus Mountains, Mianwali District, Pakistan. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.
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Danilchik, Walter. Stratigraphy and coal resources of the Makarwal Area, Trans-Indus Mountains, Mianwali District, Pakistan. Washington, DC: U.S. Geological Survey, 1987.
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Cool thinking: Healthy & fun ways to train your brain. Minneapolis, Minn: ABDO Pub., 2013.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Coal trains"
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Fernández Alvarez, Carlos. "The Trading and Price Discovery for Coal." In The Palgrave Handbook of International Energy Economics, 395–406. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86884-0_21.
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AbstractFernández offers a view of coal production, consumption and trade both at global and regional level. Given China’s dominance of coal markets, this chapter describes the geography of Chinese coal supply chain in some detail. Fernández briefly explains some concepts of geology and mining to facilitate a better understanding of the different coal qualities and grades, which play a more important role in coal trading and pricing than for other fossil fuels. This chapter offers a historical perspective of the evolution of the international coal market to describe the current market, very dynamic and liquid, with increasing variety of qualities. Fernández concludes with a brief note on the recent developments of the coking coal markets and derivatives in China, a proof of that dynamism.
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Jeannet, Jean-Pierre, and Hein Schreuder. "The Seven Traits of a Successful Company." In From Coal to Biotech, 287–303. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46299-7_15.
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Erskine, W., A. M. Nassib, and A. Telaye. "Breeding for morphological traits." In World crops: Cool season food legumes, 117–27. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2764-3_12.
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Hardwick, R. C. "Critical physiological traits in pulse crops." In World crops: Cool season food legumes, 885–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2764-3_70.
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Kessels, John. "A New Sector Mechanism for Clean Coal Technologies in a Carbon Constrained World." In Emissions Trading, 209–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20592-7_13.
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Schomburg, Dietmar, Margit Salzmann, and Dörte Stephan. "trans-2-Enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH)." In Enzyme Handbook, 527–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58051-2_111.
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Schomburg, Dietmar, Margit Salzmann, and Dörte Stephan. "trans-2-Enoyl-CoA reductase (NAD+)." In Enzyme Handbook, 553–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58051-2_117.
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Birkeland, Charles. "Biology Trumps Management: Feedbacks and Constraints of Life-History Traits." In Coral Reefs in the Anthropocene, 231–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7249-5_12.
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Reshetov, Alexander. "Cool Patches: A Geometric Approach to Ray/Bilinear Patch Intersections." In Ray Tracing Gems, 95–109. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-4427-2_8.
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Manderson, Travis, Jimmy Li, David Cortés Poza, Natasha Dudek, David Meger, and Gregory Dudek. "Towards Autonomous Robotic Coral Reef Health Assessment." In Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, 95–108. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27702-8_7.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Coal trains"
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Aronian, Abe, Michelle Jamieson, and Kim Wachs. "Automated Train Brake Effectiveness (ATBE) Test Process at Canadian Pacific." In 2012 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2012-74035.
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In 2011, Canadian Pacific (CP) implemented a new Automated Train Brake Effectiveness (ATBE) process for coal trains which replaces the visual Class 1 (No.1) Air Brake test required under Canada’s Department of Transport (Transport Canada – TC) regulations. The ATBE process relies on Wayside Detector technology to assess the operation of brakes on each railcar under dynamic conditions. CP began analyzing wayside detector information in 2008 as the basis for evaluating the braking performance of coal trains in Canadian Export service, specifically targeting existing Hot Box / Hot Wheel Detectors strategically situated alongside the track. Using the wayside detector output, the new ATBE process improves upon the visual No.1 Brake Test by evaluating brake effectiveness. The wayside detector information is automatically transmitted to a central Equipment Health Monitoring System after each train passing, where train brake effectiveness is evaluated and results published to mechanical maintenance facilities and train crews. The published results constitute the completed ATBE Test for the train. Given the substantial number of mechanical components requiring visual inspection each day by railway train inspectors, and taking into account the considerable investment CP has made into Wayside Detection technology, focus has moved towards Technology Driven Train Inspections (TDTI), preferring predictive, proactive maintenance practices and condition-based maintenance policies instead of the traditional reactive maintenance approach.
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Wachsmuth, John P., G. Walter Rosenberger, and Robert W. Blank. "A Train Operations and Energy Simulator Model of the Steered Frame Truck." In 2009 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2009-63008.
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A Train Operation and Energy Simulator (TOES™) model was created in order to investigate the potential benefits of replacing three-piece trucks with the “Steered Frame Truck” currently under development. Loaded coal trains were simulated with three-piece trucks and with Steered Frame Trucks. Both trains were modeled traveling on Norfolk Southern’s Pocahontas division from MP V435 to V399. The consist and direction of travel are based on actual trains in service. It was found that the model predicts several benefits for replacing three-piece trucks with Steered Frame Trucks. These resulted from the Steered Frame Truck having a greatly reduced rolling resistance while traveling around a curve. The benefits were found to include: a significant reduction in fuel consumption, a reduction in in-train forces, and a small increase in average velocity. One drawback was also predicted: that the reduced rolling resistance would necessitate the increased use of air brakes while traveling down-hill. Although Steered Frame Trucks should produce a considerable reduction in lateral forces, modeling such a reduction was beyond the scope of this work. Similarly, modeling other potential benefits not directly derived from the Steered Frame Truck’s reduced rolling resistance was not considered here.
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Smith, Roy E., Robert W. Blank, and Stephen S. Woody. "Findings From Wayside Measurements of Steered and Unsteered Freight Car Trucks in Coal Service." In ASME/IEEE 2007 Joint Rail Conference and Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc/ice2007-40070.
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Prototype versions of the RESCO Steered Frame Truck were operated through a section of revenue track at Louden, TN, which has been outfitted as a wayside measurement site. The site contains several different measurement stations, which record lateral forces, angles-of-attack, etc. The site routinely measures revenue trains passing along that section of track. A test car, fully loaded to 286,000 lbs and fitted with the steered trucks, was operated through the test site a substantial number of times. The results from this testing were compared with data from standard 3-piece trucks and also from premium M-976 trucks, both in revenue service trains, from the same test site. It was found that neither the premium trucks, nor the standard 3-piece trucks, showed any significant steering through the ∼5° curves at the test site. The premium trucks did show a tendency to be more ‘square’ in the curves, although there were still substantial numbers that showed significant ‘warping’ behaviour. By comparison, the steered trucks showed virtually perfect steering and alignment behaviour. This was impressive in itself but was more so when it was found, after the test was concluded, that an interference between the truck and a bracket on the car body had prevented full rotation of the steered truck throughout these tests.
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Brown, Roberta S. "Evolution of a Modern Energy Company." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33133.
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The mergers and acquisitions currently taking place in the energy industry are often thought to be new to our times but are actually part of an on-going process common in the energy industry since its inception. The paper traces the evolution of Conectiv, a current mid-Atlantic supplier of energy and energy delivery company, from its foundations over 100 years ago as Wilmington Coal Gas Company and Electric Light Company of Atlantic City through dozens of mergers, acquisitions and divestitures, with products as diverse as electricity, gas, ice, trolleys, trains, steam, cooling, appliances, telephone service, and even the Internet. The impact of technological advances, both within the power industry and in society, as well as major historical events such as the Great Depression or World War II, will be highlighted.
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Iden, Michael E. "U.S. Freight Rail Fuel Efficiency: 1920-2015 Review and Discussion of Future Trends." In 2019 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2019-1296.
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U.S. freight railroads produce about 40 percent of freight gross ton-miles while consuming only about 1/20th of the total U.S. diesel fuel1. Compared to heavy-duty trucks, freight railroads have significant energy (and emissions) advantages including the low coefficient of friction of steel wheel-on-rail (compared to rubber tires-on-pavement) and multiple-vehicle trains. However, improved heavy-duty truck technologies are being federally-funded and developed which may create some challenges to freight rail’s long-standing environmental (and economic) advantage in certain transportation markets and corridors. This paper reviews U.S. freight rail fuel efficiency (measured in gallons of fuel per thousand gross ton-miles) from 1920 to 2015, using published records from the former Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) archived and made available by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). All freight locomotive energy consumption (all types of coal, crude oil, electricity kilowatt-hours and diesel fuel) are converted into approximations of diesel gallons equivalent based on the nominal energy content of each locomotive energy type, in order to show the effect of transitioning from steam propulsion to diesel-electric prior to 1960 and the application of other new technologies after World War II. Gross ton-miles (rail transportation work performed) will similarly be tracked from historic ICC and AAR records. Annual U.S. freight rail fuel efficiency is calculated and plotted by dividing total calculated diesel gallons equivalent (DGe) consumed by gross (and by lading-only net) ton-miles produced. New technologies introduced since 1950 which have likely contributed to improvements in freight rail fuel efficiency (such as introduction of unit coal trains, distributed power, alternating current locomotives, etc) will also be discussed and assessed as to relative contribution to fuel efficiency improvements. The paper includes a discussion about U.S. freight rail fuel efficiency compared to heavy-duty truck fuel efficiency, with comments on projected improvements in heavy-duty truck technologies and fuel efficiency. A conclusion is that U.S. freight railroads and equipment suppliers need to be more aware of projected heavy-duty truck fuel efficiency improvements and their potential for erosion of some aspects of traditional railroad competitiveness. Numerous suggested action plans are discussed, with particular focus on reducing the aerodynamic drag (a delta velocity-squared factor in train resistance and power requirement) of double-stack container trains. Last, this paper discusses possible courses of action for U.S. freight railroads to achieve fuel efficiency improvements greater than the historic ∼1 percent improvement achieved over the past 50 years. If freight rail is to remain economically competitive vis a vis heavy duty trucking, railroads will have to identify, evaluate and implement new technologies and/or new operating practices which can help them achieve fuel efficiency improvements matching (or exceeding) those projected for heavy trucks over the next 7-to-12 years. A specific example for improving fuel efficiency of double-stack container trains is discussed. Failure to address the future of freight rail fuel efficiency is likely not an option for U.S. railroads.
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Brushwood, John, John Foote, Frank Morton, and Larry Wallace. "Status of the Multi-Annular Swirl Burner at the Power Systems Development Facility." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0545.
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The Power Systems Development Facility (PSDF) is an engineering scale demonstration of two advanced coal-fired power systems and several high-temperature, high-pressure gas filtration systems. The PSDF was designed at sufficient scale so that advanced power systems and components could be tested in an integrated fashion to provide data for commercial scale-up. The PSDF is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Electric Power Research Institute, Southern Company Services, Foster Wheeler, Kellogg Brown & Root, Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation (SWPC), Combustion Power Company and Peabody Holding Company. The PSDF is configured into two separate test trains: the Kellogg Brown & Root (KBR) transport reactor train and the Foster Wheeler Advanced Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustor (APFBC) train. The APFBC train also includes a topping combustor and gas turbine generator to produce electrical power. The APFBC train is designed for long term testing of the filtration systems and the assessment of control and integration issues associated with the APFBC system. The Siemens Westinghouse Multi-Annular Swirl Burner (MASB) has been developed as the topping combustor for the APFBC application. In this application, the combustion air is vitiated air, a depleted oxygen (10 to 16 vol %), high temperature (1200 to 1400°F) (650 to 760°C) gas stream, which is the exhaust gas from the fluidized bed combustion of solid fuel. The topping combustor fuel is a synthetic low-Btu fuel gas at high temperature (1200 to 1400°F) (650 to 760°C) generated by gasifying coal in the APFBC. The hot MASB combusted gas is expanded through a gas turbine for power generation. Commissioning of the MASB began in January, 1998. Over 400 hours of operation have been accumulated through November 1999. Several improvements have been designed and installed during commissioning. This paper explains the design basis of the MASB, describes design changes implemented at the PSDF and reviews the operational experience of the MASB at the PSDF.
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Wang, Jian, Weijie Tao, Federico Grasso Toro, Rangtai Baocai, Debiao Lu, and Jiang Liu. "GNSS-Based Train Trajectory Simulation System." In 2016 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2016-5801.
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Integrating Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) into railway application has a great potential because of its various advantages, such as lower cost, less trackside equipment, higher positioning accuracy, easier maintenance and so on. Railway system is a safety-critical system that requires high reliability, safety and real-time performance, so GNSS technology must be tested, verified and validated in railway system before putting into practical applications. However, due to the unavoidable restrictions and inconvenience of the railway field conditions, these tests cannot be accomplished on site. On this basis, this paper has developed a GNSS-based train trajectory simulation system which can provide GNSS data simulation of multi-train trajectory in multiple scenarios in order to support the tests and research of GNSS-based railway application, especially GNSS-based train localisation system and GNSS-based train control system. The GNSS-based train trajectory simulation system is based on the railway timetable (also called schedule), rolling stock information and digital track map. The paper firstly researches on the timetable that stores information of each train at each specified station, including arrival time, departure rime, track to be occupied, and connections to other trains. With the timetable simulation, the train’s trajectory can be generated using the information provided by the digital track map. The output trajectory data is mainly GGA sentence which is compliant with the National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA) 0183 standard. The paper also calculates the satellite visibility based on satellite ephemeris to simulate the number of visible satellites during the trajectory with changing time and space. All the information and data, such as timetable, speed/distance curve, distance/time curve, station track occupation state, can be visualized and updated in graphics and diagrams for better view. In addition, the train motion behavior of acceleration, cruising, coasting and braking can also be modelled in the system, as well as the driver’s behavior. The GNSS-based train trajectory simulation system has been realized using C# programming language in Microsoft Visual Studio 2010. And the field data of Shanxi coal railway transportation company railroad is used in the system. The simulation system is tested and the experimental results show that the developed simulation system can perform the expected functions, and provided data source for GNSS-based train localisation system. In addition, this simulation system has a good performance in compatibility and scalability.
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Donelson, John, Wayne M. Zavis, David G. Toth, S. K. Punwani, Monique Ferguson Stewart, and Mark C. Edwards. "Revenue Service Demonstration of On-Board Condition Monitoring System." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-55085.
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The Office of Research and Development of the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) is sponsoring a project to develop and demonstrate an on-board condition monitoring system for freight trains. The objective of the system is to improve railroad safety and efficiency through continuous monitoring of mechanical components in order to detect defects before they cause breakdowns and accidents. The project, which commenced in June 1999, is part of the Rolling Stock Program Element in FRA’s Five-Year Strategic Plan for Railroad Research, Development and Demonstrations [1]. Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) and Wilcoxon Research (WR) designed and developed a prototype system in 2000. The prototype system was tested during the period Nov. 2000–Nov. 2001 on a vehicle provided by the Research and Tests Department at Norfolk Southern Corporation. A Revenue Service Demonstration is scheduled to commence in October 2003. The monitoring system will be installed on five coal hopper cars and tested in revenue service. Southern Company Service is providing the test cars. The train will operate on a Norfolk Southern line between a coalmine near Berry, AL and an electric power plant, located 35 miles southeast of Birmingham. The demonstration is scheduled to run for six months. The demonstration will showcase some of the latest technologies in wireless communications and railroad bearings. A tri-mode cell telephone will be used for data telemetry between the on-board monitoring system and a web-accessible database. The Timken Company has developed two innovative systems that will be deployed in the demonstration — a permanent magnet generator mounted inside a Class F railroad bearing and bearing health monitoring system featuring temperature and vibration sensors, a tachometer, a micro-controller and an RF transmitter mounted inside a Class F bearing.
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Cheng, C. M. "Fuzzy speed control of a coal train." In UKACC International Conference on Control (CONTROL '98). IEE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19980284.
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Kloss-Grote, Benjamin, Michael Wechsung, Rainer Quinkertz, and Henning Almstedt. "Advanced Steam Turbine Technology for Unique Double Reheat Steam Power Plant Layout." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-90934.
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Abstract Environmental aspects have increased the pressure on the fossil power generation industry to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. One way to achieve this is by increasing the overall plant efficiency, which also fosters an economical plant operation. How can the efficiency of a next generation coal fired ultra super critical (USC) steam power plant (SPP) be increased significantly in the nearest future while maintaining its familiar reliability and availability at the same time? In China’s national USC SPP demonstration project, Pingshan Phase II, this challenge is met by a double reheat cross compound turboset with one elevated and one conventional turbine layout, together with increased steam parameters of up to 325 bar and steam temperatures of up to 630°C. The nominal electrical capacity of the plant will be 1350 megawatts (MW). With this set up, a ‘half-net’ efficiency of more than 52.2 percent is expected [‘half-net’ = gross efficiency with generator power reduced by boiler feed water pump power consumption]. The first, elevated turbine train consists of two high-pressure modules having different pressure stages and one generator and it is located close to the main headers of the boiler at a height of appr. 83 meters. This unique turbine arrangement allows the expensive high-temperature pipes to be shortened, leading to substantially reduced pipe pressure losses and costs. The second turbine train will be installed on a conventional turbine deck at a height of appr. 17 meters and consists of two intermediate pressure and three low pressure turbine modules as well as a second generator. In this paper, the advanced steam turbine technology for this power plant concept is presented and discussed in detail. To achieve the next level of efficiency with an SPP today, the application of the 700°C material class is not possible to due to the slow progress of the associated technology development. It is more expedient to exploit the limits of the 600°C material class to the highest possible extent in USC conditions i.e. to the pressures and temperatures mentioned above. Design concept studies have shown that 52.2% ‘half-net’ efficiency cannot be achieved with a single reheat layout, so a double reheat (DRH) layout has been chosen. In addition, 1350 MW cannot be achieved with one turbine train (tandem compound), but only with two turbine trains (cross compound). In order to achieve the highest reliability possible, proven turbine design topologies and features have been used. The major change to the Siemens barrel type VHP turbine was a material change from 10% Chromium steels to FB2 and CB2. The HP turbine received increased wall thicknesses as well as a similar material change compared to a standard USC design. In order to control the oxidation at these elevated temperatures, oxidation protection measures have been applied where required. The startup procedure has been tailored specifically to the needs of a double reheat cross compound configuration.
Reports on the topic "Coal trains"
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Dan Jaffe, Dan Jaffe. Do coal and diesel trains make for unhealthy air? Experiment, April 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/0444.
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Skone, Timothy J. Coal, Train Transport. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1509266.
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Skone, Timothy J. Coal Unit Train Assembly, 100 Railcars, Construction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1509265.
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Author, Not Given. Clean Coal III Project: Blast Furnace Granular Coal Injection Project Trail 1 Report - Blast Furnace Granular Coal Injection - Results with Low Volatile Coal. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1820.
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Edwards, Jack R. Large-Eddy/Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Simulation of Shock-Train Development in a Coil-Laser Diffuser. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada612441.
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Wagner, Anna, Jon Maakestad, Edward Yarmak, and Thomas Douglas. Artificial ground freezing using solar-powered thermosyphons. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42421.
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Thermosyphons are an artificial ground-freezing technique that has been used to stabilize permafrost since the 1960s. The largest engineered structure that uses thermosyphons to maintain frozen ground is the Trans Alaska Pipeline, and it has over 124,000 thermosyphons along its approximately 1300 km route. In passive mode, thermosyphons extract heat from the soil and transfer it to the environment when the air temperature is colder than the ground temperature. This passive technology can promote ground cooling during cold winter months. To address the growing need for maintaining frozen ground as air temperatures increase, we investigated a solar-powered refrigeration unit that could operate a thermosyphon (nonpassive) during temperatures above freezing. Our tests showed that energy generated from the solar array can operate the refrigeration unit and activate the hybrid thermosyphon to artificially cool the soil when air temperatures are above freezing. This technology can be used to expand the application of thermosyphon technology to freeze ground or maintain permafrost, particularly in locations with limited access to line power.
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Rokita, Dagmar, Rainer Sawatzki, and Raushan Szyzdykova. Energy Transition in Central Asia: a Short Review. Kazakh German University, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29258/dkucrswp/2022/20-52.eng.
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The five countries of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, have each adopted climate targets to achieve the climate goals agreed in Paris by 2050. In this paper, the starting positions of all five countries are presented and the respective obstacles on the path to climate neutrality are identified. The starting positions in the countries with large oil, gas or coal reserves (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan) differ from the countries where the basis of energy supply are large hydroelectric plants (Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan). One problem in all countries is the poorly developed power grid, which is partly outdated and not designed for high throughput rates. Existing power plants are mainly located in metropolitan regions and rural areas are partly undersupplied. If wind and solar power plants are built on a large scale in uninhabited areas, the lack of transmission lines is a major problem. Another problem is that energy prices are sometimes heavily subsidised, which can make it difficult for the population to accept necessary investments in the renewable energy sector. Especially in economically weak sections of the population, resistance to market-based energy prices is likely to be particularly strong. In the long term, information and increased education of large parts of the population can significantly improve the acceptance of the energy transition from carbon-based energy to solar, wind and small hydropower. The use of renewable energy is still in its infancy in all countries and must develop quickly if the ambitious climate goals are to be achieved. To this end, the training of local experts is particularly important. To this end, centres should be established at selected locations where local experts can be trained and further educated in various fields, from conception and planning to construction, maintenance and operation.
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Beal, Samuel, Matthew Bigl, and Charles Ramsey. Live-fire validation of command-detonation residues testing using a 60 mm IMX-104 munition. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45266.
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Command detonation (i.e., static firing) provides a method of testing munitions for their postdetonation residues early in the acquisition process. However, necessary modifications to the firing train and cartridge orientation raise uncertainty whether command detonation accurately represents residue deposition as it occurs during live-fire training. This study col-ected postdetonation residues from live-fired 60 mm IMX-104 mortar cartridges and then compared estimated energetic-compound deposition rates between live fire and prior command detonations of the same munition. Average live-fire deposition rates of IMX-104 compounds determined from 11 detonations were 3800 mg NTO (3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one), 34 mg DNAN (2,4-dinitroanisole), 12 mg RDX (1,3,5-Trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-Triazine), and 1.9 mg HMX (1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-Tetrazocane) per cartridge. Total live-fire residue deposition (mean ± standard deviation: 3800 ± 900 mg/cartridge) was not significantly different from command detonation using a representative fuze simulator (3800 ± 900 mg/cartridge, n = 7, p = 0.76) but was significantly different from command detonation using a simplified fuze simulator (2200 ± 500 mg/cartridge, n = 7, p < 0.01). While the dominant residue compound NTO was broadly similar between live fire and command detonation, the minor residue compounds RDX and DNAN were underestimated during command detonation by a factor of approximately three to seven.
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Mawassi, Munir, Adib Rowhani, Deborah A. Golino, Avichai Perl, and Edna Tanne. Rugose Wood Disease of Grapevine, Etiology and Virus Resistance in Transgenic Vines. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586477.bard.
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Rugose wood is a complex disease of grapevines, which occurs in all growing areas. The disease is spread in the field by vector transmission (mealybugs). At least five elongated-phloem- limited viruses are implicated in the various rugose wood disorders. The most fully characterized of these are Grapevine virus A (GV A) and GVB, members of a newly established genus, the vitivirus. GVC, a putative vitivirus, is much less well characterized than GV A or GVB. The information regarding the role of GVC in the etiology and epidemiology of rugose wood is fragmentary and no sequence data for GVC are available. The proposed research is aimed to study the etiology and epidemiology of rugose wood disease, and to construct genetically engineered virus-resistant grapevines. The objectives of our proposed research were to construct transgenic plants with coat protein gene sequences designed to induce post-transcriptional gene silencing (pTGS); to study the epidemiology and etiology of rugose wood disease by cloning and sequencing of GVC; and surveying of rugose wood- associated viruses in Californian and Israeli vineyards. In an attempt to experimentally define the role of the various genes of GV A, we utilized the infectious clone, inserted mutations in every ORF, and studied the effect on viral replication, gene expression, symptoms and viral movement. We explored the production of viral RNAs in a GV A-infected Nicotiana benthamiana herbaceous host, and characterized one nested set of three 5'-terminal sgRNAs of 5.1, 5.5 and 6.0 kb, and another, of three 3'-terminal sgRNAs of 2.2, 1.8 and 1.0 kb that could serve for expression of ORFs 2-3, respectively. Several GV A constructs have been assembled into pCAMBIA 230 I, a binary vector which is used for Angrobacterium mediated transformation: GV A CP gene; two copies of the GV A CP gene arranged in the same antisense orientation; two copies of the GV A CP gene in which the downstream copy is in an antigens orientation; GV A replicase gene; GV A replicase gene plus the 3' UTR sequence; and the full genome of GV A. Experiments for transformation of N. benthamiana and grapevine cell suspension with these constructs have been initiated. Transgenic N. benthamiana plants that contained the CP gene, the replicase gene and the entire genome of GV A were obtained. For grapevine transformation, we have developed efficient protocols for transformation and successfully grapevine plantlets that contained the CP gene and the replicase genes of GV A were obtained. These plants are still under examination for expression of the trans genes. The construction of transgenic plants with GV A sequences will provide, in the long run, a means to control one of the most prevalent viruses associated with grapevines. Our many attempts to produce a cDNA library from the genome of GVC failed. For surveying of rugose wood associated viruses in California vineyards, samples were collected from different grape growing areas and tested by RT-PCR for GV A, GVB and GVD. The results indicated that some of the samples were infected with multiple viruses, but overall, we found higher incidence of GVB and GV A infection in California vineyards and new introduction varieties, respectively. In this research we also conducted studies to increase our understanding of virus - induced rootstock decline and its importance in vineyard productivity. Our results provided supporting evidence that the rootstock response to virus infection depends on the rootstock genotype and the virus type. In general, rootstocks are differ widely in virus susceptibility. Our data indicated that a virus type or its combination with other viruses was responsible in virus-induced rootstock decline. As the results showed, the growth of the rootstocks were severely affected when the combination of more than one virus was present.
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Epel, Bernard L., Roger N. Beachy, A. Katz, G. Kotlinzky, M. Erlanger, A. Yahalom, M. Erlanger, and J. Szecsi. Isolation and Characterization of Plasmodesmata Components by Association with Tobacco Mosaic Virus Movement Proteins Fused with the Green Fluorescent Protein from Aequorea victoria. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573996.bard.
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The coordination and regulation of growth and development in multicellular organisms is dependent, in part, on the controlled short and long-distance transport of signaling molecule: In plants, symplastic communication is provided by trans-wall co-axial membranous tunnels termed plasmodesmata (Pd). Plant viruses spread cell-to-cell by altering Pd. This movement scenario necessitates a targeting mechanism that delivers the virus to a Pd and a transport mechanism to move the virion or viral nucleic acid through the Pd channel. The identity of host proteins with which MP interacts, the mechanism of the targeting of the MP to the Pd and biochemical information on how Pd are alter are questions which have been dealt with during this BARD project. The research objectives of the two labs were to continue their biochemical, cellular and molecular studies of Pd composition and function by employing infectious modified clones of TMV in which MP is fused with GFP. We examined Pd composition, and studied the intra- and intercellular targeting mechanism of MP during the infection cycle. Most of the goals we set for ourselves were met. The Israeli PI and collaborators (Oparka et al., 1999) demonstrated that Pd permeability is under developmental control, that Pd in sink tissues indiscriminately traffic proteins of sizes of up to 50 kDa and that during the sink to source transition there is a substantial decrease in Pd permeability. It was shown that companion cells in source phloem tissue export proteins which traffic in phloem and which unload in sink tissue and move cell to cell. The TAU group employing MP:GFP as a fluorescence probe for optimized the procedure for Pd isolation. At least two proteins kinases found to be associated with Pd isolated from source leaves of N. benthamiana, one being a calcium dependent protein kinase. A number of proteins were microsequenced and identified. Polyclonal antibodies were generated against proteins in a purified Pd fraction. A T-7 phage display library was created and used to "biopan" for Pd genes using these antibodies. Selected isolates are being sequenced. The TAU group also examined whether the subcellular targeting of MP:GFP was dependent on processes that occurred only in the presence of the virus or whether targeting was a property indigenous to MP. Mutant non-functional movement proteins were also employed to study partial reactions. Subcellular targeting and movement were shown to be properties indigenous to MP and that these processes do not require other viral elements. The data also suggest post-translational modification of MP is required before the MP can move cell to cell. The USA group monitored the development of the infection and local movement of TMV in N. benthamiana, using viral constructs expressing GFP either fused to the MP of TMV or expressing GFP as a free protein. The fusion protein and/or the free GFP were expressed from either the movement protein subgenomic promoter or from the subgenomic promoter of the coat protein. Observations supported the hypothesis that expression from the cp sgp is regulated differently than expression from the mp sgp (Szecsi et al., 1999). Using immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy, it was determined that paired wall-appressed bodies behind the leading edge of the fluorescent ring induced by TMV-(mp)-MP:GFP contain MP:GFP and the viral replicase. These data suggest that viral spread may be a consequence of the replication process. Observation point out that expression of proteins from the mp sgp is temporary regulated, and degradation of the proteins occurs rapidly or more slowly, depending on protein stability. It is suggested that the MP contains an external degradation signal that contributes to rapid degradation of the protein even if expressed from the constitutive cp sgp. Experiments conducted to determine whether the degradation of GFP and MP:GFP was regulated at the protein or RNA level, indicated that regulation was at the protein level. RNA accumulation in infected protoplast was not always in correlation with protein accumulation, indicating that other mechanisms together with RNA production determine the final intensity and stability of the fluorescent proteins.