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Journal articles on the topic 'Coal trains'
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1
Biliaiev, Mykola, Vitalii Kozachyna, Viktoriia Biliaieva, Mutiu Olatoye Oladipo, and Kateryna Chernyatyeva. "Modeling of the atmosphere pollution from coal trains." MATEC Web of Conferences 294 (2019): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929402007.
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Coal trains have an intensive impact on environment pollution. It is very important to predict adequately this impact during coal transportation. In Ukraine to predict atmosphere pollution from coal trains the regulatory model «OND-86» is used. This model does not take into account some important factors and coal train movement. We present numerical models to solve two problems:1) prediction of atmosphere pollution in the case of moving coal train; 2) prediction of atmosphere pollution in the case of additional special boards installation on the coal wagon. To solve these problems equation of coal duct convective-diffusive dispersion (Lagrange model of admixture dispersion) and equation of potential flow were used. Governing equations were numerically integrated using implicit difference schemes. For coding difference equations we used FORTRAN language. We present results of numerical experiments and laboratory experiments which illustrate the efficiency of the special additional boards installation on the coal wagon. These boards have «internal wing» and «external wing». The obtained results illustrate that installation of additional boards allows to minimize the atmosphere pollution near transport corridor.
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Wijaya, H., A. Y. Ridwan, and E. B. Setyawan. "Designing simulation model for minimizing coal train unloading time: A case study of Kereta Api Logistik Company." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1212, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1212/1/012049.
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Abstract The increase in coal production every year has influence the transport volume of coal trains of Kereta Api Logistik Company is getting higher. This increase causes the current number of train unloading equipment to be unable to keep up with this increase and has an impact on the poor performance of train unloading, which is indicated by the unachieved of train’s waiting time target. The coal train unloading system is a very complex system and many uncertainties occur, so the appropriate method to use is discrete event simulation. The simulation model is designed using the Simulation Arena software. The results of the simulation method are 4 alternative scenarios will be selected by the Bonferonni test. Scenario 4 has the highest reduction in train unloading operating time, which is 30.7%. The results of this study recommend the addition of a tool with a combination of 1 unit of Gantry Crane integrated with coal traveling hopper and 5 units of Dump Truck and for management, this recommendation can reduce high overtime costs every month and increase coal transport capacity so that coal transport profits will increase.
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McCulloch, Jock. "Trains, Coal, and Industrial Labour." Africa 74, no. 2 (May 2004): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2004.74.2.277.
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Smolyaninov, Alexander Vasilyevich, and Konstantin Mikhaylovich Kolyasov. "Analysis of parameters and design solutions of bodies for innovative cars." Transport of the Urals, no. 4 (2020): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/1815-9400-2020-4-34-39.
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Development strategy of railway transport envisages operation of heavy-load trains on the following directions: Kuzbass — Far East (7100 tons), Kuzbass — South, Kuzbass — Centre, Kuzbass — North-West (9000 tons). But the existing rolling stock used for coal transportation doesn’t allow making up trains with the set weight on standard length of receivingand- departure tracks in direction of Far East. That is why the designers and manufacturers of open-box cars got a task to realize a design weight-bearing capacity in the unit of the rolling stock. The task has been solved by the increase of internal dimensions of open-box car body in existing limits by changing bodies design.
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Winters, Jeffrey. "Coal Cell." Mechanical Engineering 125, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2003-dec-5.
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This article focuses on coal mining that is incredibly disruptive, and coal is heavy and bulky, involving rumbling freight trains to transport it. The idea that fuel cells are every bit as clean as coal is dirty is just as widespread. Fuel cells, after all, take hydrogen and oxygen, and combine those elements to make electricity and water. The program, called the Clean Coal Technology Program, was, in part, an effort to promote commercial-scale integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) coal power plants in the United States. Molten carbonate fuel cell stacks routinely weigh in at 250 kW. For the Wabash River demonstration, eight stacks will be combined for 2 MW. It will be the largest carbonate fuel cell power plant operating on coal in the world. FuelCell Energy has been planning for this sort of project for more than 20 years.
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Fu-min, Ren, Yue Feng, Gao Ming, and Yu Min. "Combustion characteristics of coal and refuse from passenger trains." Waste Management 30, no. 7 (July 2010): 1196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.12.023.
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Fu, Jianjun, and Junhua Chen. "A Green Transportation Planning Approach for Coal Heavy-Haul Railway System by Simultaneously Optimizing Energy Consumption and Capacity Utilization." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 8, 2021): 4173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084173.
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Coal heavy-haul railway has been aiming at maximizing capacity utilization, but ignoring energy consumption for a long time. With the focus on green production, heavy-haul railways need transportation organization plans that can balance energy consumption and capacity utilization. Based on this, this paper proposes a data mining + optimization framework that uses train trajectory data to estimate train energy consumption and then uses a mixed integer programming model to simultaneously optimize plans from energy and capacity aspects. We use Gaussian distribution to describe features of energy consumption under different situations, and build a multi-dimensional cube to store these features to connect with the optimization model. In addition, a branch-and-bound algorithm is design to solve the optimization model. From the sensitivity analyses we can conclude that (1) shortening the departure interval from 13 min to 9 min will generate more energy consumption, about 3.6%; (2) combining short-form trains (50 units) with long-form trains (100 units) while increasing the carrying capacity will generate more energy consumption, about 5~14%; and (3) by controlling weights of the optimization model, capacity–energy-balanced plans can be obtained. The results can contribute to improving the sustainability of railways.
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DALY, MARY E. "Trains, coal and turf: transport in Emergency Ireland - By Peter Rigney." Economic History Review 65, no. 1 (January 6, 2012): 390–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2011.00622_12.x.
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Pomykala, Agata, and Adam Szelag. "Reduction of Power Consumption and CO2 Emissions as a Result of Putting into Service High-Speed Trains: Polish Case." Energies 15, no. 12 (June 7, 2022): 4206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15124206.
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This article presents the results of analyses of energy efficiency and environmental outcomes of putting into operation high-speed trains—first of that kind in Poland—in 2014 on upgraded 3 kV DC lines. Comparative analyses of these trains in Poland have not been carried out so far and provide a new approach to assessing the feasibility of their adoption and, in a broader context, the advisability of replacing conventional with high-speed rail transport. The analysis supports the advantages of high-speed railway (HSR) and the need to develop a network of high-speed connections using energy-efficient trains in Poland. Putting these trains into service reduced CO2 emissions, which is significant in Poland as a country relying heavily on power generated in coal power plants and complies with the assumptions of the sustainable development policies and EU Green Deal. The outcomes of our analysis can be used for transportation planning to mitigate climate change and the presented approach provides a method of quantification of environmental impacts of HS trains.
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Hu, Jingjing, Yi Luo, Zaitian Ke, Penghui Liu, and Jiayun Xu. "Experimental study on ground vibration attenuation induced by heavy freight wagons on a railway viaduct." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 37, no. 4 (May 22, 2018): 881–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461348418765949.
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Studies on ground vibration induced by railway operation usually focused on wagons running on ground or abutments, while vibration from a railway viaduct is often assumed to be much lower. Based on field test in the vicinity of a heavy freight railway viaduct above Shenshan Village, China, the attenuation of ground vibration induced by heavy freight wagons for coal transportation is studied. And evaluation is conducted on an adjacent house to access vibration disturbance to residents near a viaduct. Propagation and attenuation of vibration induced from viaduct are studied by analyzing peak particle velocity and spectra of ground and house vibration in the vicinity of the viaduct. Vibration signals were collected for 34 trains with different train speed and wagon weight. In all monitored situations, vertical vibration is generally larger than horizontal vibration. The relationship between distance to pier and PPV is revealed by a power function modified from Sadovskii formula with high correlation factor. Analysis also indicates a much lower dominant frequency induced by low-speed trains with or without acceleration than normal speed trains. A dramatic amplitude reduction is shown within frequency between 25 Hz and 35 Hz when train speed is reduced. Empty wagons also show smaller amplitude in most frequency bands, with significant difference in 15–25 Hz. Analysis on the house also shows larger vibration in vertical than horizontal, and vibration amplitude in some frequency bands has exceeded relative criteria. Analysis result shows significant ground and house vibration effect form a viaduct, and piers should be considered as vibration sources for ground and houses in future studies.
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Almasi, Amin. "Latest technologies and novel approaches in coal seam gas centrifugal compressor trains in Australia." Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering 17, no. 3 (April 21, 2017): 162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14484846.2017.1311534.
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Akaoka, K., I. McKendry, J. Saxton, and P. W. Cottle. "Impact of coal-carrying trains on particulate matter concentrations in South Delta, British Columbia, Canada." Environmental Pollution 223 (April 2017): 376–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.034.
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Wang, Bo, Huachao Sun, Lanying Huang, Shengdong Liu, Biao Jin, Heng Zhang, Zhendong Zhang, Xin Ding, Wanyong Qiu, and Shengcheng Wang. "Wave Field Characteristics of Small Faults around the Loose Circle of Rock Surrounding a Coal Roadway." Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics 25, no. 2 (June 2020): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/jeeg19-073.
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The geological conditions of coal roadway excavation are complicated. Seismic advanced detection is strongly influenced by the loose circle of fractured rock surrounding the competent coal seam. However, the three-dimensional wave field characteristics of small fault advanced detection in the condition of the loose circle of coal roadway have not examined. In this paper, numerical modeling and field tests were conducted to address this knowledge gap. The results indicate that when a seismic source near the tunnel face is excited, the body waves and a Love channel wave propagate in the tunneling direction toward the small fault, then produces reflected body waves whose amplitude is relatively weak, and a reflected Love channel wave whose amplitude is relatively strong. When reflected body waves and the reflected Love channel wave enter the loose circle of surrounding rock, the former's signal is unrecognizable in seismic record; but the latter converts to a Love wave whose amplitude is strong in the loose circle of coal seam. The Love wave which has a large interval from other wave trains in the time domain is easily recognizable in seismic record, which makes it suitable for advanced detection of small fault. The signal-to-noise ratio of seismic record of X component is higher than those of Y component and Z component.
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Gedik, Ridvan, Hugh Medal, Chase Rainwater, Ed A. Pohl, and Scott J. Mason. "Vulnerability assessment and re-routing of freight trains under disruptions: A coal supply chain network application." Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 71 (November 2014): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2014.06.017.
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Jaffe, Daniel, Justin Putz, Greg Hof, Gordon Hof, Jonathan Hee, Dee Ann Lommers-Johnson, Francisco Gabela, et al. "Diesel particulate matter and coal dust from trains in the Columbia River Gorge, Washington State, USA." Atmospheric Pollution Research 6, no. 6 (November 2015): 946–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2015.04.004.
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Miroshnichenko, O. F., and A. E. Oginskaya. "Methodology for calculating financial result for the owner of the infrastructure from increasing carrying capacity of the direction during operation in cars with increased capacity." Vestnik of the Railway Research Institute 78, no. 1 (May 13, 2019): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21780/2223-9731-2019-78-1-33-40.
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In accordance with the draft Long-Term Development Program of the JSC “Russian Railways” until 2025, the main driver of growth in freight turnover in this perspective will be a further increase in the transportation of hard coal. It will occur both due to the growth of coal production in Kuzbass and due to the development of new coal deposits. For the period up to 2025, the increase in coal loading by 4 – 5 % per year is predicted on rail transport. Under these conditions, it becomes necessary to increase the capacity of the transport complex, especially the carrying and transport capacities of the Eastern Operation Area.The article presents the methodology for calculating economic effect of increasing the carrying capacity of the site during operation in cars with increased axle load. The scope of this methodology is specific areas (sections), taking into account their technical, operational and economic parameters.Variant calculations were made, the results of which showed that an increase in the carrying capacity of a section with an increase in the mass of a train formed from cars with increased axle loads does not always give a significant positive effect in terms of value for the infrastructure owner. Positive effect of the increase in carrying capacity in the form of additional profits from the additionally used traffic volume in the evaluated variant can be taken into account in the following cases:- operation of large-capacity cars on freight-intensive sections where there is a lack of carrying capacity in the billing period, i. e. the carrying capacity of the section is less than its required value;- exceeding the freight charge for the additional volume of freight carriage incurred transportation costs, i. e. if the tariff compensates for at least the dependent part of the cost of additional volume transportation.Positive economic effect of the increase in carrying capacity in the form of increased money flow is achieved if the profit from the additional traffic volume in the direction exceeds the additional costs associated with changing the technology for servicing the traction arms while promoting high-weight trains formed from cars with increased axle loads. In other words, if there is no increase in the value of the indicator of mileage (in section-km) per unit of transport work, and the unit cost of maintaining one section with a new technology for servicing traction arms.
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Zhao, Kaigong, Xiaolei Zhang, Hui Wang, Yongling Gai, and Haiyan Wang. "Allocation of Resources for Emergency Response to Coal-To-Oil Hazardous Chemical Accidents under Railway Transportation Mode." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 16777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416777.
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Railways of the National Energy Group using their own trains have become an important mode of transportation for coal-to-oil hazardous chemicals. Under the circumstances of the shortage of emergency resources and the coupling of multiple disasters, how to establish an effective and reasonable emergency resource allocation scheme for the railway transportation of dangerous chemicals from a disaster site is of great significance to the national task of ensuring safety for the transportation of energy. This paper focuses on the allocation of emergency rescue resources for railway transportation accidents involving coal-to-oil hazardous chemicals, considering the scenarios of the leakage of coal-to-oil, railway line damage, etc. According to the number of trapped people at the initial moment, the disaster situation and accident type, affected areas, etc., a multi-objective optimization model with the shortest response time of the emergency team and the lowest cost of transporting emergency materials along the railway transportation channel of coal-to-oil hazardous chemicals is constructed, based on the calculation method using the initial weight and the emergency weight assigned by the emergency rescue team. Furthermore, in order to avoid the problem of the weight of the local accident points being too small to participate in a rescue, a bee colony algorithm model based on pre-allocation was designed and compared with two traditional algorithms, allowing the realization of the search and selection of allocation methods. The analysis of the examples shows that the proposed method is efficient and fast, and the research results are practical and feasible, which can provide a scientific basis for the rapid decision of emergency rescue resource allocation in multi-disaster scenarios for large energy groups, and provide a reference for the allocation of public security emergency resources in the national emergency response.
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Bassey, Daniel, Ben Ngene, Isaac Akinwumi, Victor Akpan, and Gideon Bamigboye. "Ballast Contamination Mechanisms: A Criterial Review of Characterisation and Performance Indicators." Infrastructures 5, no. 11 (November 2, 2020): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures5110094.
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Across the world, ballasted railway tracks are utilised extensively due to their cost efficiency, ease of drainage, and capacity to withstand cyclic imposed loadings from heavy trains. In spite of these benefits, the ballast is often considered as a flexible medium; as such, its continuous deterioration is largely disregarded. Geotechnical challenges such as ballast contamination in the form of particle fragmentation, deposition of weathered materials, upward pumping of clay and fines from underlayers, and coal intrusion have led to differential settlements and reduced drainability of tracks, thereby exacerbating track maintenance costs. This study reviews existing works of literature to expound on the mechanisms for ballast contamination and to highlight the fundamental parameters that guide the characterisation and performance evaluation of railway ballasts. The study shows that ballast fragmentation accounts for about 76% of commonly recorded contaminations, while it is also observed as the most critical to track stability. As such, a variety of indices and specifications for ballast gradation have been established worldwide to guide practice in ballast characterisation and performance evaluation. However, the mechanisms of ballast fragmentation and deterioration require further research to guide the improvement of contemporary guidelines, and mitigate the risk of abrupt track failures, especially in developing countries.
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Chen, Guobin, and Shijin Li. "Prediction of Chemical Gas Emissions Based on Ecological Environment." Journal of Chemistry 2020 (March 4, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7472954.
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With the serious pollution of the ecological environment, there are a large number of harmful gases in the chemical gases emitted by the industry. Relevant intelligent chemical algorithms control the emission of chemical gases, which can effectively reduce emissions and predict emissions more accurately. This paper proposes a gray wolf optimization algorithm based on chaotic search strategy combined with extreme learning machine to predict chemical emission gases, taking a 330 MW pulverized coal-fired boiler as a test object and establishing chemical emissions of CNGWO-ELM. The prediction model, by using the relevant data collected by DCS as training samples and test samples, trains and tests the model. Simulation experiments show that the chemical emission prediction model of CNGWO-ELM has better accuracy and stronger generalization ability, with higher practical value.
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Brett, André. "‘“The whistle blows, and we are whisked into a tunnel”: Railways and the Environment in Illawarra, 1850s–1915’." Journal of Australian, Canadian, and Aotearoa New Zealand Studies 1, no. 1 (June 11, 2021): 111–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.52230/kmun8667.
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Historians are becoming alert to the large role of railways in environmental history. To date, many studies in Australasia focus on a specific industry, such as timber. It is now worth turning to the distinctive local or regional effects of railways beyond a single industry or commodity, so to better understand the links between technology, environment, and place. Illawarra presents a valuable case study. The environmental history of the first decades of rail transport exposes how Wollongong and its region industrialised and the ways in which this process affected everything from primary producers to the sounds of daily life. This article takes in the 1850s through to the start of World War I (WWI), a period when rail transport grew from being the adjunct of a few coal mines into an essential common carrier. It progresses through a series of themes that show the economic, social, and cultural attributes that shaped and were shaped by the railway environment. It begins with the railway as a carrier: the extent to which trains fulfilled their intended role to transport Illawarra’s natural resources to Sydney and other markets. It then moves on to the railway as a consumer, putting the local environment to work for its benefit and requiring materials made from resources of distant lands. Railways did more than carry or consume resources; they created their own environment and provided new perspectives on nature. Trains brought people closer to nature, carried them into new—and dangerous—environments in tunnels, and transformed the sonic landscape. Rail travel differed significantly to horseback or sea voyages in capacity and speed, and by WWI it was enmeshed in Illawarra’s environment.
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Talgamer, B. L. "Irkutsk school of mining engineers is celebrating 90<sup>th</sup> anniversary." Earth sciences and subsoil use 44, no. 4 (December 27, 2021): 358–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2686-9993-2021-44-4-358-368.
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It is in 1930 that the training of mining engineers began in Eastern Siberia on the basis of the Siberian Mining Institute (now Irkutsk National Research Technical University). In 1931 the Department of Mining Arts was organized, which later was named the Department of Mineral Deposits Development. Over the years, the Department has trained more than 7000 graduates – mining engineers, who made a huge contribution in the development of the mining industry in the Irkutsk region and neighboring territories including Mongolia. The Department has trained more than a hundred mining engineers and Masters of science for Mongolia; assisted the lecturers and professors of the Mongolian Polytechnic University (now Mongolian University of Science and Technology) in organizing the educational process for training specialists for the country's mining industry. At its different formation stages the Department of Mineral Deposits Development was headed by well-known scientists – mining engineers, who created three scientific schools for the development of coal, placer and gold deposits; the obtained scientific results were marked with two State awards of the Russian Federation, dozens of doctoral and candidate dissertations were defended and about 100 patents were received. Today, the Department super- vises the training of mining engineers in open-pit and underground mining of mineral deposits, carries out a large amount of research and design work on the orders from mining enterprises, trains academic staff, develops new technologies and technical solutions in order to improve mining operations. The Department is deeply involved in the cooperation with mining enterprises, research and design organizations, as well as with universities that train mining engineers.
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Downey, Peter, Jon Thomas, and Mark Stone. "From initial advice statement to export – a 10 year retrospective of Queensland's liquefied natural gas industry." APPEA Journal 59, no. 1 (2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18070.
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A decade on from the submission of project initial advice statements to Queensland Government agencies in 2008, this paper provides a retrospective on the development journey of three integrated coal seam gas (CSG) to liquefied natural gas (LNG) mega-projects currently delivering domestic and international markets. The process from development concept to operating asset is considered from several perspectives including: project rationale, description and delivery, as well as regulatory approvals. Project delivery is further considered in terms of the upstream, midstream and downstream components. The delivery of world first CSG to LNG is discussed in the context of project execution during significant volatility in the global oil, gas and LNG markets. All three projects have successfully completed commissioning and start-up. Although all six trains have been performance tested at name-plate production capacity, current LNG production is below this level. This paper examines their evolution from the initial concepts through to delivery, including current gas reserves and those required to sustain gas supply over expected project life. The paper also considers how these projects and any future expansion of the Queensland LNG industry will be impacted upon by an evolving global LNG market.
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Kennedy, Liam. "Trains, Coal and Turf: Transport in Emergency Ireland. By Peter Rigney. Pp xii, 244, illus. Dublin: Irish Academic Press. 2010. €60 hardback; €24.95 paperback." Irish Historical Studies 37, no. 148 (November 2011): 659–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400003527.
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Kaizuka, James. "Even Electric Trains Use Coal: Fixed and Relative Costs, Hidden Factors and Income Inequality in HSR Projects with Reference to Vietnam’s North–South Express Railway." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 8, 2021): 13563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413563.
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High-Speed Rail is often advertised as a sustainable alternative to air travel, and accordingly numerous initiatives for the construction of new HSR infrastructure are currently being pursued across Southeast Asia and the globe. However, beneath promises of “zero-emissions travel” frequently lie numerous hidden factors—how much steel is needed to build the railway? What energy sources are being used to generate the electricity which drives the train? Moreover, how many passengers are required for the train to be efficient relative to other forms of transport? This paper seeks to examine these questions to uncover what “hidden factors” may be present in HSR, using Vietnam’s proposed North–South Express Railway (NSER) as an example. This study calculates the CO2 emissions likely to be produced by the NSER from the construction steel and the power consumed in operation using publicly available data on the technical standards of the railway and existing data on emissions per energy source, combining this data with market size analyses of the central provinces of the proposed line based on official population and income statistics across a range of scenarios to estimate what level of ridership will be required to outperform an equivalent-length air journey. The research finds that under current projections, the HSR may emit more CO2 per end-to-end journey than a plane, that even in per-capita terms the emissions may be worse depending on the seat fill rate, and that the market size of Vietnam’s central provinces will present significant challenges in ensuring that the railway is efficient enough to outperform the plane in ridership terms. This demonstrates both the outstanding impacts of coal and other fossil fuel use in the energy mix and the potential link between environmental performance and regional inequality which constitute the hidden costs in HSR projects, and the exacerbated risks to the environment posed by inequality.
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Mohd Noor, Noor Akma Watie, Hasril Hasini, Muhamad Shazarizul Haziq Mohd Samsuri, and Meor Mohd Faisal Meor Zulkifli. "CFD Analysis on the Effects of Different Coal on Combustion Characteristics in Coal-fired Boiler." CFD Letters 12, no. 10 (November 1, 2020): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/cfdl.12.10.128138.
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Coal quality is essential for the optimum functioning of coal-fired power plants. One of the issues associated with coal quality deterioration is poor combustion behaviour which could result in ash deposition and environmental issues. This paper presents a CFD investigation of flow and combustion process in a full-scale furnace. Three different sub-bituminous coals with different properties were tested namely Coal A, B and C. The aim is to predict the combustion performance of these coals by observing its flow, temperature and species concentration inside the furnace. The exact boiler furnace geometry obtained from boiler operator was translated into CFD model with very little modification made for optimizing mesh. Grid dependency test carried out prior to the work shows the current mesh scheme is sufficient to accurately resolve the flow field. The results of the study show that combustion temperature for Coal B is the highest at approximately 1400°C. Coal C is predicted to give the highest velocity peak at certain regions of the furnace and interestingly enough, the same coal shows the shortest flame length and thus requiring additional flow to achieve the same penetration compared to other coals. Tracing of oxygen concentration inside the furnace show minimum oxygen left in the rear pass given by Coal A, indicating optimum combustion.
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Tan, C. K., S. J. Wilcox, J. Ward, and M. Lewitt. "An intelligent monitoring system for the detection of slag deposition on a pulverized coal fired burner." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 219, no. 5 (August 1, 2005): 383–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095765005x31135.
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The objective of this paper is to describe the further development of a monitoring system to detect the presence of so-called burner eyebrows, i.e. relatively large deposits of slag around the burner quarl in pulverized coal fired boilers. Experiments were undertaken with a range of coals and with various artificial eyebrows constructed from cast refractory inserts. The system uses a microphone to detect combustion noise and an infrared sensor which measures flame radiation, and the signals from these cheap, easily installed sensors were analyzed by a hybrid neural network. In tests with two coals, the system was able to distinguish the different eyebrows with a high degree of accuracy if representative data were used to train the network for each particular coal. In further tests with a range of six different coals, the system was able to distinguish between a clean burner and one fitted with a particular sized eyebrow. In this case, it proved to be possible to use only the features from three of the coals in the training process and the data from the remaining fuels for validation. The monitoring system, therefore, appears to be relatively independent of changes to the coal fired by the burner if trained with a representative range of coals. Finally, this paper presents a possible method to detect burner eyebrows via the evaluation of so-called ‘eyebrow indices’ using a self-organizing map which is trained solely using clean burner sensor patterns.
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Baranovskyi, Volodymyr, and Liubov Kuznetsova. "Petrographic assessment of coal gas content." E3S Web of Conferences 109 (2019): 00004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910900004.
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Traces of the gas generation process on natural coal burstings have been identified and documented using the petrographic method. Their characteristic features were described. The methodology of their quantitative calculation is proposed in order to assess the modern gas content of coals.
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Carpenter, Chris. "Study Describes Challenges, Opportunities of CO2 EOR in China." Journal of Petroleum Technology 74, no. 07 (July 1, 2022): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0722-0087-jpt.
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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 209468, “CCUS In China: Challenges and Opportunities,” by Hu Guo, China University of Petroleum; Xiuqin Lyu, Sinopac Northwest Oil Field Company; and En Meng, China University of Petroleum, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. One of the most attractive carbon capture, usage, and storage (CCUS) applications in China is that of carbon dioxide (CO2) enhanced oil recovery with captured CO2 (CCS EOR). CO2 EOR with captured CO2 presents an important path for China. The complete paper reviews the progress of CCUS technology in China. The current challenges of CCS EOR include high capture costs, small scale, low incremental oil recovery, and huge capital input. The costs can be significantly reduced when the scale is enlarged to the commercial level and transportation costs are further reduced by pipelines or trains. Importance of CCUS At the time of writing, 49 CCUS pilots or field tests had been conducted or were under construction in China. CCUS demonstration projects were small-scale, and no projects involving more than 1.0 million tons of CO2 per year (mtpa) were conducted. 1.3 million tons of CO2 were estimated to be injected in 2020 for EOR use. The authors reference a study that mentions nine CO2 EOR projects. Among these, the Jilin oilfield project was notable for its size of 2.0 million cumulative tons of CO2 injected. CO2-enhanced coalbed methane was also an attractive option for China, and several field tests were conducted by CNOOC and its partners. Another notable CCUS demonstration project involved the Shaanxi Jinjie power plant. This was the largest coal-fired power postcombustion (PC) CO2-capture project, with a capture capacity of 0.15 mtpa. The project began in November 2019. In January 2021, equipment installation was completed. By June of 2021, 168 trial operations had been passed. The captured CO2 will be used for EOR. This demonstration project will gain knowledge to reduce PC CO2 emissions, a great challenge for China because the majority of electricity is based on coal combustion. Gas processing and power plants rank first for the US in terms of CCUS project numbers. Power plants also rank first in the number of CCUS projects for China, but the number of natural-gas-processing projects was much less.
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Hyde, Richard S., Wolfgang D. Kalkreuth, and John Utting. "Petrology, palynology, and depositional environments of coals of the Upper Carboniferous Barachois Group (Westphalian A and C), southwestern Newfoundland." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 28, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 1905–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e91-172.
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Coal samples from the Barachois Group of western Newfoudland vary in rank from high-volatile C to high-volatile A. The coals are vitrinite rich (> 70%), except some from Coal Brook that contain substantial quantities of inertinite (up to 52%). Liptinite ranges up to 18% but is a relatively minor component. The most abundant constituents amongst the three maceral groups are vitrinite – vitrinite A, inertinite–semifusinite, and liptinite–sporinite. Compositional profiles in three of the seams show no clear correlation between maceral group content and stratigraphic position. The Barachois Group coals are relatively high in ash (mean = 12.8%) and sulphur (mean = 6.9%). Spore assemblages from coal samples of the Barachois Group indicate a Westphalian A age in the Barachois Brook and Coal Brook areas and a Westphalian C age along Blanche Brook.Barachaois coals are part of a mudstone-dominated facies association that developed in an assemblage of floodplain environments. Plots of tissue preservation – gelification indices (TPI/GI) and the assemblages of spores derived from vascular plants suggest that most peats were generated in wet, forested tracts that, from the high ash content, occupied low-lying interfluves. Less wooded fen environments are also indicated, particularly in the Blanche Brook seams, by TPI/GI plots and a spore assemblage suggesting incursion of flood waters and dominance of herbaceous vegetation. Inertinite-rich samples from Coal Brook show extreme variation in paleoenvironmental conditions, which include dry forested regions.
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Ma, Jialiang, Bangjun Liu, Ke Zhang, Zhenzhen Wang, Jinxiao Li, Maksim G. Blokhin, and Cunliang Zhao. "Geochemical characteristics of No. 6 coal from Nanyangpo Mine, Datong coalfield, north China: Emphasis on the influence of hydrothermal solutions." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 38, no. 5 (April 26, 2020): 1367–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598720922309.
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This paper discusses the volcanic influence on the mineralogical and elemental geochemistry of No. 6 coal from Nanyangpo Mine in the Datong coalfield, north China. Sixteen samples (14 coal and 2 partings) were analyzed by different geochemical methods. The results revealed that the No. 6 coal is a medium–high volatility, highly calorific, bituminous coal with a low-ash and medium-sulfur content. The minerals mainly consisted of kaolinite, calcite, dolomite, and pyrite. In addition, traces of apatite, sphalerite, and anatase were also found. Calcite, dolomite, and pyrite in the coal samples were mainly derived from epigenetic hydrothermal solutions, whereas kaolinite and apatite originated from volcanic ash. Harmful trace elements including Pb, Cu, Mo, Tl, and Hg in the No. 6 coal samples were higher than those of common global coals. These harmful elements mainly occurred in sulfide minerals, which were probably influenced by hydrothermal inputs.
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Robbins, Bruce. "The Sweatshop Sublime." Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 117, no. 1 (January 2002): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/003081202x63537.
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There is a passage in David Lodge's 1988 Novel nice work in which the heroine, a marxist-feminist critic who teaches English literature, looks out the window of an airplane and sees the division of labor.Factories, shops, offices, schools, beginning the working day. People crammed into rush-hour buses and trains, or sitting at the wheels of their cars in traffic jams, or washing up breakfast things in the kitchens of pebble-dashed semis. All inhabiting their own little worlds, oblivious of how they fitted into the total picture. The housewife, switching on her electric kettle to make another cup of tea, gave no thought to the immense complex of operations that made that simple action possible: the building and maintenance of the power station that produced the electricity, the mining of coal or pumping of oil to fuel the generators, the laying of miles of cable to carry the current to her house, the digging and smelting and milling of ore or bauxite into sheets of steel or aluminum, the cutting and pressing and welding of the metal into the kettle's shell, spout and handle, the assembling of these parts with scores of other components—coils, screws, nuts, bolts, washers, rivets, wires, springs, rubber insulation, plastic trimmings; then the packaging of the kettle, the advertising of the kettle, the marketing of the kettle, to wholesale and retail outlets, the transportation of the kettle to warehouses and shops, the calculation of its price, and the distribution of its added value between all the myriad people and agencies concerned in its production and circulation. The housewife gave no thought to all this as she switched on her kettle.
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KIM, Konstantin K., and Aleksandr Yu PANYCHEV. "Innovative electrical engineering developed for the transport industry by the Emperor Alexander I Petersburg State Transport University." BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH RESULTS 2021, no. 4 (December 2021): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/2223-9987-2021-4-87-103.
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Objective: To familiarize the general scientific community with the latest electrotechnical innovative developments for the transport industry, carried out by the scientists of the Emperor Alexander I Petersburg State Transport University in the period from 2000 to 2021. Methods: We used the methods of calculation of electromagnetic fields and circuits, mathematical analysis, mathematical physics and numerical methods in the development of the described devices and systems. Results: 101 We developed a pipeline high-speed magnetolevitation transport system with vehicle movement in a rarefied atmosphere, a series of pantograph pantographs for heavy-loaded and high-speed trains using solid lubricants and a contactless method of transmitting electrical energy, a plasma device for fine cleaning of circuit boards for microcircuits, a device for creating a comfortable climate in office premises, electrohydroimpulse installations designed for loosening frozen coal in gondola cars in winter, shock tests of wagons, escalators and travalators using linear electric motors, high-speed electric switches-breakers, heat generators based on an electromechanical converter with the functions of a heater and pump, a wagon generator with a forced excitation system, a pulse voltage generator, allowing to measure the pulse resistance of the grounding conductors of the contact network supports, a complex of installations for various purposes using ozone technologies, a system for laser monitoring of the integrity of tanks, a device for diagnosing the degree of corrosion of the fittings of contact supports, an electrohydroimpulse installation for impact welding, treatment plants, technology for recycling car tires, security systems of the main trackbed. Practical importance: The use of the described developments will increase energy efficiency, energy saving and safety of production processes in transport
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Humphreys, Geoff. "PESA production and development review 2009." APPEA Journal 50, no. 1 (2010): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09009.
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Australian hydrocarbon production reached record levels in 2009 due to strong growth in production of LNG from the North West Shelf Venture. Domestic gas production also reached record levels. Coal seam gas production continued to grow, with the continuing development of existing fields and the development of the Kenya and Talinga projects in Queensland. Two new conventional gas projects also came into production: Blacktip in the Timor Sea and Longtom in the Gippsland Basin. However oil production was below that in the previous year, reflecting natural field decline and the absence of large scale projects reaching production. The project sanction highlight of the year was the final investment decision on the $43 billion Gorgon LNG project. This project will comprise three LNG trains with total capacity of 15 million tonnes per annum plus a domestic gas plant. The first gas from this project is planned for 2014. Eight other potential LNG projects are in various stages of front end engineering and design, most targeting final investment decisions in 2010 or 2011. The pipeline of committed and potential LNG projects has a combined value estimated to be well over $100 billion. These projects have the potential to significantly increase Australian LNG production over the next five to ten years. In the near term the start-up of the Van Gogh, Pyrenees and Turrum oil projects are expected to provide some respite from the decline in Australian oil production. Cost estimates for new projects are again escalating and skills shortages in all parts of the project delivery chain threaten the ability to deliver all of the projects under consideration.
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Koukouzas, Nikolaos, Pavlos Krassakis, Petros Koutsovitis, and Christos Karkalis. "An integrated approach to the coal deposits in the Mesohellenic Trough, Greece." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 54, no. 1 (July 13, 2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.19352.
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A considerable amount of coal deposits occur within the Mesohellenic Trough in Greece. It is considered as the largest and most important basin of the last orogenic stage of the Hellenides, which is interpreted as a back-arc basin that evolved during the period of Late Oligocene to Miocene. In this study, a simplified geological map has been constructed emphasizing on the coal formation occurrences of the Mesohellenic Trough. This work has been accomplished, through Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and has been organized via geodatabase as GIS data files (feature classes). For the creation of the geological map suitable homogenization and discrete representation has been implemented different geological sheets, original source and traditional maps. Next step was the geostatistical analysis using polygonal methods linked to the corresponding tabular information. Regarding the stratigraphical age, and petrographic data related to geographic distribution of the coal occurrences, these are divided into three categories: Oligocene, Middle Miocene and Upper Miocene coals, exhibiting various physicochemical and topological properties. Upper Miocene coal exhibits the greatest area and perimeter values, while the lowest values correspond to those of the Middle Miocene. Terrain models such as aspect (angle-direction) and hillshade (shaded relief) showed the spatial relation between coal occurrences and morphotectonic as long as geometrical characteristics of the study area. Coals are mainly classified as huminites including mainly huminite group minerals (90%). Their S contents can probably derive from parent plant material or a combination of parent plant material with seawater sulfates. Moisture contents are strongly connected with the sustainability of the coal use in the energy production, while their carbonation grade is strongly associated with their age and expressed by their reflectivity values. All these data have been inserted in an integrated database and can be useful for pre-mining or post mining activities (e.g. planning, analysis, management, restoration). Results of this study are available for the effective evaluation of the existing coal occurrences, which can be used with renewable energy sources providing sustainable solutions, in combination with the upcoming innovative CCS and CCU technologies. Results also showed that coals from the Mesohellenic Trough present excellent quality traits. However, their value as combustible coal is very low due to the absence of economically recoverable reserves. The largest coal lenticular bodies have been extracted in the past and the remaining occurrences do not exceed several thousand tones. Based upon existing literature and from geospatial estimations, coal deposits in the Mesohellenic Trough Basin cannot be considered as economically valuable for exploitation.
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Helmers, Eckard, Johannes Dietz, and Martin Weiss. "Sensitivity Analysis in the Life-Cycle Assessment of Electric vs. Combustion Engine Cars under Approximate Real-World Conditions." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (February 9, 2020): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031241.
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This study compares the environmental impacts of petrol, diesel, natural gas, and electric vehicles using a process-based attributional life cycle assessment (LCA) and the ReCiPe characterization method that captures 18 impact categories and the single score endpoints. Unlike common practice, we derive the cradle-to-grave inventories from an originally combustion engine VW Caddy that was disassembled and electrified in our laboratory, and its energy consumption was measured on the road. Ecoivent 2.2 and 3.0 emission inventories were contrasted exhibiting basically insignificant impact deviations. Ecoinvent 3.0 emission inventory for the diesel car was additionally updated with recent real-world close emission values and revealed strong increases over four midpoint impact categories, when matched with the standard Ecoinvent 3.0 emission inventory. Producing batteries with photovoltaic electricity instead of Chinese coal-based electricity decreases climate impacts of battery production by 69%. Break-even mileages for the electric VW Caddy to pass the combustion engine models under various conditions in terms of climate change impact ranged from 17,000 to 310,000 km. Break-even mileages, when contrasting the VW Caddy and a mini car (SMART), which was as well electrified, did not show systematic differences. Also, CO2-eq emissions in terms of passenger kilometers travelled (54–158 g CO2-eq/PKT) are fairly similar based on 1 person travelling in the mini car and 1.57 persons in the mid-sized car (VW Caddy). Additionally, under optimized conditions (battery production and use phase utilizing renewable electricity), the two electric cars can compete well in terms of CO2-eq emissions per passenger kilometer with other traffic modes (diesel bus, coach, trains) over lifetime. Only electric buses were found to have lower life cycle carbon emissions (27–52 g CO2-eq/PKT) than the two electric passenger cars.
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Sebire, Tamara. "PESA 2010 production and development review." APPEA Journal 51, no. 1 (2011): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj10011.
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2010 was another busy year for Australian hydrocarbon production and development. Natural gas production was the standout performer with both domestic gas and LNG production increasing by about 5% compared to 2009. Domestic gas output was strong with significant growth in production from the Gippsland Basin, coal seam methane in the Surat-Bowen Basin, and the start-up of the Blacktip gas project in WA. Domestic gas output is set to reach record levels again next year and has strong growth prospects in the future with final investment decisions being taken on coal seam gas projects in Queensland and the Macedon project in WA. Australian LNG production increased 4.5% in 2010 accounting for 34% of Australian hydrocarbon production. LNG production will grow further in 2011 with first gas expected from Pluto LNG project during the year. Oil production was steady in 2010; however, it is set to increase in 2011 with a full year of production from the Van Gogh and Pyrenees projects. Production levels only tell part of the Australian hydrocarbon story. In addition to the proposed domestic gas and oil projects, the combined value of committed and potential LNG projects in Australia has surpassed $100 billion. A highlight of 2010 was the final investment decision on the A$15 bn Queensland Curtis LNG Project (QCLNG). The first phase of QCLNG will consist of two LNG trains with a combined capacity of 8.5 million tonnes per annum, with first LNG exports expected in 2014. QCLNG is the first of many proposed coal seam gas to LNG (CSG-LNG) developments in Queensland. Other CSG-LNG projects reached significant milestones this year. Of particular note is the federal environmental approval of Gladstone LNG and state environmental approval of Australia Pacific LNG. In WA, the Browse LNG project complied with all Browse Basin retention lease conditions and remains on track for a targeted final investment decision in 2012. Other major LNG projects including Ichthys and Wheatstone also continue to make positive progress towards a final investment decision in the next 24 months. Sunrise, Prelude and Bonaparte LNG set a technology milestone in the industry with all three selecting floating LNG (FLNG) as their preferred development concept. 2010 has also seen the emergence of further new technologies in the form of small scale LNG projects for resources previously considered un-commercial. This has opened the door for South Australia and New South Wales to enter the LNG export market in the future. The Australian hydrocarbon industry continues to grow and its global importance, particularly in LNG, reflected by the increasing number of foreign companies entering Australia. In 2010, Shell and PetroChina increased their involvement in the Australian industry purchasing Arrow Energy for A$3.5 bn. CNOOC has increased its involvement in a number of areas, including purchasing a 5–10% stake in QCLNG and investment in CSM exploration through Exoma Energy. GDF Suez and Total have reinvigorated their interests in offshore WA and Petrobras made their first entry into Australia acquiring an interest in exploration acreage offshore WA. 2010 was an active year for Australian hydrocarbon production and development–continued success depends on the successful execution of committed and proposed projects. Escalation of development costs and a looming skills shortage remain the largest risks to the Australian hydrocarbon industry as multiple projects attempt to move forward simultaneously.
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Golež, Mateja. "Revitalised geotourism mining heritage potentials in the Posavje Folds." Acta Geoturistica 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agta-2018-0009.
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Abstract The territory of the Posavje Folds offers many geotourism potentials reflecting in particular in rich mining heritage. For a long time, local communities have considered them mainly in the context of local problems, but nowadays we may see individual examples of successful revitalization of cave chambers and mining structures. All that has given rise to fantastic stories about the mining wealth of the underground world and the mining heritage interpreted with modern approaches and new findings. In addition to managers and heritage owners, the revitalization process also includes scientists, artists, architects and educators who, each in their own way, contribute to a holistic perspective of the values of the past in light of contemporary understanding of this type of heritage. As a result, the territory has witnessed the revitalization of the medieval lead and silver mine Padež pri Laškem, the former Laško coal mine machine room, which was transformed into the Strojnica Gallery, and the polymineral mine Sitarjevec within the last five years. All mentioned examples are cases of abandoned mining activities with long-lasting mining tradition, which left an imprint in the area in terms of the diverse social structure of the population and in terms of town development, which also allows us to evaluate from a distance the contribution to the construction of the railway between Vienna and Trieste, which put these towns on the European map of centres of industrial significance in the mid-19th century. Trains that still connect the Austrian capital with the Adriatic coast may in future, in light of sustainable green tourism, attract curious guests to stop and linger a while, which is the ultimate goal of the attempts of local communities to revitalise mining heritage. Meanwhile, the goals set can only be realised with the help of new and attractive tourist products that reflect own creativity related with tradition ranging from design ideas, music events, art installations, popular science evenings; in short, with contents that are suited to visitors of all ages.
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Sarate, Omprakash S., and M. Basava Chary. "Petrographic evaluation of the coal seams from Gundala area, Godavari Valley Coalfield, Andhra Pradesh, India." Journal of Palaeosciences 59, no. (1-3) (December 31, 2010): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2010.191.
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Gundala area represents the north-western extremity of Lingala-Koyagudem Coal Belt, Godavari Valley Coalfield. Andhra Pradesh. The sub-surface explorations from the virgin tracts of Gundala area revealed the existence often coal seams. Representative coal samples collected from seams III A, III (Top), III (Bottom), L-1, IV A, V(Top) and V(Bottom), pertaining to Bore Hole No. SGK-124 and III (Top), III (Bottom), L-1, IV A and V seams of Bore Hole No. SGK-128 have been critically analyzed for their maceral constitution and vitrinite reflectance measurements to understand the quality, rank, depositional environment, besides the economic and coal bed methane potentialities.
Based on the ternary mineral matter free (m. m. f.) maceral plotting, it has been inferred that, various coal seams intersected in Gundala area, in general contain mixed type of coal, barring V Top (Bore hole No. SGK-124) and III Top (Bore hole No. SGK-128) seams, which contain vitric type of coal. However, liptinite rich coal has been recorded from III Bottom seam of Bore Hole No. SGK-124. The vitrinite reflectance (Ro max %) has been recorded between 0.47 and 0.60%, which suggests that the coal has attained high volatile bituminous C stage of rank. Existence of low (8 to 21 %) frequency of mineral matter indicates the better quality of coal, which may find its commercial utility. The maceral constitution suggests that the coal deposits of this basin have evolved with prolonged spell of cold climatic condition, besides a few dry oxidizing spells. The slowly sinking basin has received continuous input of vegetal resource. The facies model based on maceral and mineral matter contents of these coals have shown the development of alternate oxic and anoxic moor at the depositional site.
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Zhang, Cheng, and Shouchen Liu. "Forecast and Analysis of Coal Traffic in Daqin Railway Based on the SARIMA-Markov Model." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (December 22, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1276305.
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With the continuous advancement of China’s supply-side structural reform, the country’s energy consumption structure has undergone considerable changes, including an overall reduction in fossil energy use and a rapid increase in clean energy application. In the context of China’s coal overcapacity, port and rail capacities are difficult to change in the short term. This study forecasts the monthly coal traffic of Daqin Railway on the basis of the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving-average Markov model and then uses the monthly coal transport data of this railway from September 2009 to November 2019 as samples for model training and verification. Coal traffic from December 2019 to September 2020 is accurately predicted. This study also analyzes the effects of China’s industrial structure adjustment, clean energy utilization, and low-carbon usage on the coal transport volume of Daqin Railway. In addition, the characteristics of seasonal fluctuation and the development trend of Daqin Railway’s coal traffic are explored. This study provides a reference for adjusting the train operation chart of Daqin Railway’s coal transport and developing a special coal train operation plan. It can determine the time of coal transport peak warning, improve the efficiency of coal transport management, and eventually realize a reasonable allocation of resources for Daqin Railway.
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Ramos, Antonio C. B., and Thomas L. Davis. "3-D AVO analysis and modeling applied to fracture detection in coalbed methane reservoirs." GEOPHYSICS 62, no. 6 (November 1997): 1683–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444268.
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Over the years, amplitude variation with‐offset (AVO) analysis has been used successfully to predict reservoir properties and fluid contents, in some cases allowing the spatial location of gas‐water and gas‐oil contacts. In this paper, we show that a 3-D AVO technique also can be used to characterize fractured reservoirs, allowing spatial location of crack density variations. The Cedar Hill Field in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico, produces methane from the fractured coalbeds of the Fruitland Formation. The presence of fracturing is critical to methane production because of the absence of matrix permeability in the coals. To help characterize this coalbed reservoir, a 3-D, multicomponent seismic survey was acquired in this field. In this study, prestack P‐wave amplitude data from the multicomponent data set are used to delineate zones of large Poisson's ratio contrasts (or high crack densities) in the coalbed methane reservoir, while source‐receiver azimuth sorting is used to detect preferential directions of azimuthal anisotropy caused by the fracturing system of coal. Two modeling techniques (using ray tracing and reflectivity methods) predict the effects of fractured coal‐seam zones on angle‐dependent P‐wave reflectivity. Synthetic common‐midpoint (CMP) gathers are generated for a horizontally layered earth model that uses elastic parameters derived from sonic and density log measurements. Fracture density variations in coalbeds are simulated by anisotropic modeling. The large acoustic impedance contrasts associated with the sandstone‐coal interfaces dominate the P‐wave reflectivity response. They far outweigh the effects of contrasts in anisotropic parameters for the computed models. Seismic AVO analysis of nine macrobins obtained from the 3-D volume confirms model predictions. Areas with large AVO intercepts indicate low‐velocity coals, possibly related to zones of stress relief. Areas with large AVO gradients identify coal zones of large Poisson's ratio contrasts and therefore high fracture densities in the coalbed methane reservoir. The 3-D AVO product and Poisson's variation maps combine these responses, producing a picture of the reservoir that includes its degree of fracturing and its possible stress condition. Source‐receiver azimuth sorting is used to detect preferential directions of azimuthal anisotropy caused by the fracturing system of coal.
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Lease, Joseph. "Mystery Train." Colorado Review 40, no. 1 (2013): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/col.2013.0026.
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Lv, Wen Yu, and Zhi Hui Zhang. "Application of Thick Coal Seam Mining Method Prediction Model Based on Artificial Neural Network." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.242.
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Because of thick coal seam mining method selection is not only affected by coal seam geological conditions, but also limited by workers, and not fully utilization of experts` experience, the effect of tradition coal mining method selection methods are not ideal. The thick coal seam mining method prediction model based on artificial neural network (TCSMMPM-ANN) was established through the analysis of thick coal seam mining by using Levenberg – Marquardt (L-M) improved algorithm to train network, the simulation results of network test show that this model can provide a new research idea for thick coal seam mining method optimal selection and face economic and technical index prediction, it will have a broad prospect in thick coal mining.
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Li, Baoqing, Xinguo Zhuang, Xavier Querol, Natalia Moreno, Linjian Yang, Yunfei Shangguan, and Jing Li. "Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Late Permian Coals within the Tongzi Coalfield in Guizhou Province, Southwest China." Minerals 10, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10010044.
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The lowermost Late Permian coal seam (C4 Coal) in the Tongzi Coalfield offers an opportunity to investigate the influence of terrigenous detrital materials from the Qianbei Upland on the mineralogical and geochemical patterns of the C4 Coal. The minerals are mainly dominated by pyrite and, to a lesser extent, tobelite, kaolinite, and calcite, along with traces of Al-oxyhydroxide minerals. The various degrees of marine influence may have resulted in the variation in the amount of Fe-sulfides (e.g., pyrite) and elements having Fe-sulfides affinity. Furthermore, the abundant Fe ions involved in the formation of Fe-sulfides were most likely derived from the claystone on the Qianbei Upland. The tobelite identified in the C4 Coal probably originated from the interaction between pre-existing kaolinite and NH4+ from NH3 released from the thermally affected organic matter at least shortly after the highly volatile bituminous stage under NH4+-rich and K+-poor conditions. The terrigenous detrital materials were derived from two possible sediment-region sources—the Qianbei Upland and Kangdian Upland—which is different from Late Permian coals in Western Guizhou Province. The claystone on the Qianbei Upland may have served as parent rock, as indicated by the presence of the Al-oxyhydroxide minerals as well as low SiO2/Al2O3 ratio (0.66 on average) and low quartz content. Meanwhile, the detrital materials from the Kangdian Upland most likely originated from the erosion of the felsic rocks at the uppermost part of the Kangdian Upland, as evidenced by the high Al2O3/TiO2 ratio (36.0 on average) and the strongly negative Eu anomaly (0.61 on average).
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Johnson, Raymond L., Sharon Cheong, and Andrew Farley. "Characterising the application of horizontal wells and indirect hydraulic fracturing for improved coal seam gas drainage." APPEA Journal 61, no. 1 (2021): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj20122.
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Historically, horizontal wells in coal seam gas (CSG) producing areas of Australia have been limited in their ability to stimulate horizontal wellbores with hydraulic fractures, despite most basins being in favourable stress states capable of generating multiple transverse hydraulic fractures. In some cases, overlapping mining tenements limit the ability to effectively deploy steel casing completions to effectively manage multi-stage fracture stimulations along the lateral. In other cases, potential wellbore instabilities preclude the placement of laterals with adequate length to stage numerous fractures required to make a well economic. Strike Energy’s Jaws 1 well indicated well instability when drilling horizontally in the Patchawarra Vu Coal Seam in Petroleum Exploration Licence 96 of the Weena Trough in the Cooper Basin. To overcome this instability, Strike Energy introduced the application of an innovative process of deploying multiple, indirect hydraulic fractures in Jaws 1ST from a horizontal wellbore underlying the coal. Microseismic and surface deformation tiltmeter data acquired during the treatment confirmed the successful placement of fractures in the Patchawarra Vu Coal Seam. Further, chemical tracing and production testing provide further insight into the placement and effectiveness of the overall stimulation. Through analyses of data from the Jaws 1ST, we provide insight and recommendations regarding horizontal well placement to improve indirect hydraulic fracture effectiveness. These recommendations would be applicable for other Australian CSG basins where direct horizontal well drilling and fracture stimulation has been limited (e.g. overlapping mining tenements) or where horizontal well instabilities limit drilling within the seam (i.e. Cooper Basin, depleted coals).
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Zhang, Han, Jiaxin Shi, Cuibai Chen, Meng Yang, Jianping Lu, and Baogang Zhang. "Heterotrophic Bioleaching of Vanadium from Low-Grade Stone Coal by Aerobic Microbial Consortium." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20 (October 17, 2022): 13375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013375.
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Bioleaching is a viable method that assists in increasing the vanadium output in an economical and environmentally friendly manner. Most bioleaching is conducted by pure cultures under autotrophic conditions, which frequently require strong acidity and produce acid wastewater. However, little is known about heterotrophic bioleaching of vanadium by mixed culture. This study investigated the bioleaching of vanadium from low-grade stone coal by heterotrophic microbial consortium. According to the results, vanadium was efficiently extracted by the employed culture, with the vanadium recovery percentage in the biosystem being 7.24 times greater than that in the control group without inoculum. The average vanadium leaching concentration reached 680.7 μg/L in the first three cycles. The kinetic equation indicated that the main leaching process of vanadium was modulated by a diffusion process. Scanning electron microscopy revealed traces of bacterial erosion with fluffy structures on the surface of the treated stone coal. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the reduction of the vanadium content in the stone coal after leaching. Analysis of high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the metal-oxidizing bacteria, Acidovorax and Delftia, and the heterotrophic-metal-resistant Pseudomonas, were significantly enriched in the bioleaching system. Our findings advance the understanding of bioleaching by aerobic heterotrophic microbial consortium and offer a promising technique for vanadium extraction from low-grade stone coals.
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Qadri, Hamza Azam, Ali Wahid, Numair Ahmed Siddiqui, Syed Haroon Ali, Ahmed Abd El Aal, Amirul Qhalis Bin Abu Rashid, and Mohd Najib Bin Temizi. "Prospect Analysis of Paleocene Coalbed Methane: A Case Study of Hangu Formation, Trans-Indus Ranges, Pakistan." Geofluids 2022 (November 12, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8313048.
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The methane trapped in the coal seams has emerged as an unconventional clean energy resource worldwide in this century. The proximate composition, ultimate content, cleat structure, porosity type, and pore structures are the debatable components for its trapping mechanism. Further, the brittle and ductile properties of minerals influence in the extraction of the methane from the coal seams. In this research, Coalbed methane prospect is demonstrated by analysing the Hangu Formation’s coal seam of Trans-Indus Ranges, Pakistan. This case study is helpful to find the occurrence, trapping ability, and methane extraction capacity in its cleat structures and pores. A number of samples were tested from the different coal mines in terms of these debatable components. The results indicate that the rank of studied coal is bituminous to subbituminous in which the carbon ratio, volatile matter, and sulfur contents are increasing with depth towards the south. The transitional connected face and butt cleats are partially filled with minerals and the intergranular, dissolved, and tissue pore types are also identified in it. It can be helpful for the occurrence, migration, and trapping of methane. Furthermore, the higher surface areas and cumulative pore volumes enhance the capacity of gas adsorption with depth in the study area. Moreover, the increasing brittle minerals in the coal composition towards the south can be helpful for the fracking of coal seams for economical gas extraction. It is suggested that this workflow can be implemented in any region with same coal rank and cleat types.
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Cheng, Gen Yin, Li Ming Qi, and You Cheng. "The Research of Gas Flow Model in the Condition of Active Manometry." Applied Mechanics and Materials 271-272 (December 2012): 679–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.271-272.679.
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Gas flow is a complicated process in the condition of active manometry, we can build a gas flow model on the base of coal seam gas flow theory and math calculation. Through this gas flow model, we can get the traits of gas flow in coal seam around borehole.
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Tang, X., and N. Ripepi. "Temperature-dependent Langmuir model in the coal and methane sorption process: Statistical relationship." Transactions 340, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.19150/trans.7328.
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Dzięgiel, Maciej. "The geotouristic attractiveness of the underground trails in Zabrze, Dąbrowa Górnicza and Tarnowskie Góry towns (Silesian Upland)." Geotourism/Geoturystyka, no. 1-2(60-61) (October 26, 2021): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/geotour.2020.1-2(60-61).23.
Full textAbstract:
In Zabrze, Dąbrowa Górnicza and Tarnowskie Góry towns, seven underground tourist trails are located in historical mines. Four of them were developed in the central part of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, two of which, at the “Królowa Luiza” (“Queen Louise”) Adit (comprising the former coal mine “Królowa Luiza” and the drainage Main Key Hereditary Adit remnant), and two others at the “Guido” Mine in Zabrze town. The next one was developed in the eastern part of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, in a part of the “Sztygarka” Training Coal Mine in Dąbrowa Górnicza. Two other trails are located in Tarnowskie Góry town, in the border zone between the Upper Silesian Coal Basin and the Silesian-Kraków Monocline. These are the relics of the historical lead, zinc and silver ore mine, and the “Czarny Pstrąg” (“Black Trout”) drainage adit. The bituminous coal deposits are hosted in the Upper Carboniferous clastic formations, which fills the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. The metal ores are hosted in Middle Triassic dolomites, which belong to the southern margin of the Silesian-Kraków Monocline. The geotourism attractiveness of all these historical mines was demonstrated by selected annual statistical data of tourist attendance. In general, the interest in these facilities has been growing since decades, same as the popularity of industrial heritage in the Upper Silesia. These three towns have become very widely known in Poland and in the world.
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Li, Jing, Xinguo Zhuang, Xavier Querol, Natalia Moreno, Guanghua Yang, Lei Pan, Baoqing Li, Yunfei Shangguan, Zhejun Pan, and Bo Liu. "Enrichment of Nb-Ta-Zr-W-Li in the Late Carboniferous Coals from the Weibei Coalfield, Shaanxi, North China." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 15, 2020): 4818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184818.
Full textAbstract:
Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of coals provide crucial information on their potential clean, efficient, and integrated utilization. In this paper, the mineralogical and geochemical behaviors of the No. 5 coals of the Taiyuan Formation in the Weibei Coalfield, North China, were investigated, and their geological controlling factors were subsequently discussed. The minerals in the Weibei coals mainly consist of kaolinite (8.3%), calcite (5.0%), and pyrite (3.1%), with minor proportions of tobelite (2.9%), dolomite (1.7%), quartz (1.8%), and traces of siderite (0.4%) and gypsum (0.6%). Several critical elements, including Nb (19.8 mg/kg), Ta (3.6 mg/kg), Zr (71.0 mg/kg) and Li (32.3 mg/kg), occur at concentrations higher than those averages for world hard coals, making the Weibei coals potential sources of these critical elements. Several factors, terrigenous material, seawater invasion, and hydrothermal fluids are responsible for these mineralogical and geochemical characteristics. The L-type rare earth elements and yttrium (REE-Y) enrichment in the roofs and partings, Al2O3-TiO2 and Zr/TiO2-Nb/Y plots, and negative Eu and weak negative Ce anomalies in the Weibei coals indicate a felsic-intermediate dominated sediment provenance primarily derived from the Qilian-Qinling Oldland on the South. Marine bioclastic limestone, negative Ce and positive Y anomalies in coals imply the influence of seawater on the Weibei coals. Last but not least, the cleat-infilling and/or fracture-infilling calcite, pyrite, barite, and tobelite as well as the positive Eu and Gd anomalies, H-type, and M-type REE-Y enrichment patterns suggest the influence of hydrothermal fluids, which lead to re-distribution of some critical elements from roof and parting to the underlying coal seam.