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Huizen, Lenny Margaretta, Titis Handayani, Saifur Rohman Cholil, and Yanti Faradilah. "Optimizing costs for vaccine control using the reorder point approach." Register: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Sistem Informasi 7, no. 1 (March 17, 2021): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26594/register.v7i1.2099.
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Vaccines are biological products that have an important role in human immunity. In Indonesia, some vaccines are categorized as compulsory vaccines and additional vaccines. The demand for additional vaccines is less predictable because they are not mandatory for use. This of course makes the amount of demand for vaccines less predictable. Also, the price of additional vaccines is not cheap when compared to the price of mandatory vaccines. So that the management of vaccines in the pharmacy warehouse is needed so that the amount of supply and demand is balanced so that the costs incurred will be more optimal. The information system regarding vaccine reordering is carried out using a reorder point so that the pharmacy warehouse can order according to the right need and at the right time. The data used are demand data, prices, storage costs, and message costs. The results of calculations using reorder points within four months with a total purchase for the Rotavirus vaccine was 62 for IDR 28,274,948 and 70 for the hospital of IDR 31,801,500 with a difference of IDR 3,528,552. The calculation result using the reorder point for the Hexaxim vaccine with a total purchase for 4 months was 61 with a nominal value of IDR 58,380,060 while the calculation in the hospital was 67 with a nominal value of IDR 63,971,000 so that a nominal difference of IDR 5,590,940 was obtained. Use of the return point can be used to alarm when and how many vaccines to order. This can be seen from the cost difference between the pharmacy warehouse and the calculation using the reorder point for the Hexaxim vaccine and the Rotavirus vaccine.
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Corominas, Albert, and Amaia Lusa. "Assigning orders to suppliers with linear piecewise concave costs." Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management 12, no. 3 (November 18, 2019): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/jiem.2820.
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Purpose: Once a set of suppliers has been determined, according to criteria of quality, price and reliability, among others, there remains the problem of assigning orders to the selected suppliers, in order to cover the needs at the lowest cost. We consider the case in which the needs of a component for a set of plants should be covered by suppliers with linear piecewise concave cost functions, a lower bound on the order size for the non-zero deliveries and a capacity constraint. The purpose is to design procedures for solving this problem.Design/methodology/approach: With the aim of providing practical tools to solve the problem of assigning orders to suppliers with linear piecewise concave costs, two mixed integer linear programs are proposed.Findings: The two MILP models are compared through an extensive computational experiment. This shows that both models, with a slight advantage for one of them, can be solved within a very short time, even when the dimensions of the instance largely exceed those that can occur in real cases.Originality/value: The paper proposes novel models that can be used to solve the problem to optimality in reasonable times and with standard optimization software.
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Brilhante, Dialina, Ana Macedo, and Ana Harfouche. "Blood, Esa’s and Costs." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.1303.1303.
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Abstract Background: The demand for allogeneic blood (packed red blood cells) has been progressively increasing. The introduction of safety measures substantially increased its cost and limited the available supply. Because both supply and demand for blood has not yet reached a plateau, namely in Portugal, the introduction and adoption of treatments that reduce transfusion, such as Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESA’S) for patients with chemotherapy induced anemia (CIA) is a welcome strategy to manage the hospital blood supply. Recently an advisory panel to the US Food and Drug Administration has recommended that the agency further limit the use of ESA’S, and in Europe, the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) emitted a statement that “cancer patients with a reasonably long life expectancy” should receive blood transfusions rather than take drugs for anemia. With these warnings we are probably going to see an increase in demand for blood. Estimating blood costs is a complex undertaking, surpassing simple versus demand economics, and is not simple or straightforward; the underlying issue is whether hospitals are billing appropriately for blood products and how extensively its value is calculated. The National Health Care System is making a huge effort to control the rising costs associated with the delivery of health services, namely developing a new allocation method for hospitals. Activity-based costing (ABC) is an approach to the management of resources that allows the ‘real’ resource costs and time of a service activity to be estimated. Traditional costing systems often group many costs together as overheads. The Accounting System for Activities in the Hospitals (SCAH) is outlined to evaluate detailed cost elements, understanding cost behaviour, which can facilitate future policy decisions, because policy makers have the opportunity to more fully understand the implications of incremental changes. We applied the SCAH to the Blood Bank of IPOFG Lisbon, in order to evaluate a far more accurate appraisal of the actual cost of the blood. The cost of correcting CIA is an open issue as both ESAS’S and Transfusion may offer symptomatic benefit. In Portugal the price of ESA’S, Erythropoietin alfa decreased almost 50% from 2000–2008, not including the final price, negotiated in each hospital. On the other hand, the price of one unit of packed RBCs continues to rise, and with different values, depending on the methodology used. Purpose: Evaluation of the costs of both alternatives to increase 1g of haemoglobin, in a hemato-oncological hospital, belonging to National Health Service and not for profit. Methods: We analysed the official prices of ESA’S between 2000–2008 published by the Ministry of Health. We used an activity – based approach to more fully account for the cost of blood, than present estimates, derived from the concept of activity-based costing (ABC). We applied this method to the process Chart flows of activities associated with blood collection facility and the others associated to the transfusion service. Results: Prices of Epoeitin - a (1000 UI/5μg) and Darbepoeitin according to National Catalogue Prices 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Epoietin-a €11,17 €7,20 €6,73 €6,52 €6,52 €6,12 €6,12 €6,12 €6,12 Darbepoeitin - - - €7,80 €7,00 €6,52 €6,52 €6,12 €6,12 Price of Packed RBC (2007), calculated using ABC methodology % Price (€) Personnel 25,32 90,26 Material to blood collection 6,47 23,07 Equipment 1,03 3,67 Common Costs 5,03 17,92 Reagents 3,69 13,15 Outsourcing 1,83 6,52 Structures 1,01 3,60 Laboratory analysis 15,85 56,50 Transfusion Session 39,77 141,75 Total 100% 356,44 Increment of 1g haemoglobin 1 unit of Packed RBC and transfusion session 30.000 UI EPO-a (fixed dose every week) 150 mg Darbepoeitin (fixed dose every week) €356.44 + €30* €183,6 × 2 = €367,2 * Haemovigilance network €183,6 × 4 = €734,4 The cost of 1 unit of packed RBC is equivalent a two fixed doses of EPO- a and Darbepoitin, respectively (30000 UI and 150 mg). Each hospital can negotiate catalogue adjusted prices for ESA’s, so if we presume that these values can be reduced by half, the price of 1 unit of packed RBC is equivalent to 4 fixed doses of treatment with ESA’s. Conclusions: Once the ability of ESA’s to reduce transfusions requirements has been documented in the literature, the costs of ESA’S and Transfusion might be another factor in determining which approach should be used.
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OLIVEIRA, MARLA CONCEIÇÃO, JOSÉ MAURÍCIO DE SOUZA CAMPOS, ANDRÉ SOARES DE OLIVEIRA, MARCELO DE ANDRADE FERREIRA, and AIRON APARECIDO SILVA DE MELO. "BENCHMARKS FOR MILK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN THE PERNAMBUCO AGRESTE REGION, NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL." Revista Caatinga 29, no. 3 (September 2016): 725–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252016v29n324rc.
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ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to identify and assess the technological, zootechnical and socioeconomic profiles and identify and quantify benchmarks for dairy cattle production systems, in a non - experimental approach, aiming to contribute to the sustainability and competitiveness of dairy farming in the Pernambuco Agreste region, northeastern Brazil. Thirty-six milk production systems of family and corporate farming were evaluated during twelve months, in order to identify and quantify the benchmarks. The systems were characterized regarding their size and technological, zootechnical and economic profiles. The correlation coefficients of the return rate on invested capital were assessed and regression equations were developed for each indicator, according to four scenarios of annual return rates (4, 6, 8 and 10%). The indicators evaluated were milk production per dairy cows, milk production per area, average price of milk, effective operational cost, total operating cost, total cost per price of milk and profitability. The dairy farming in the Pernambuco Agreste region pays the production costs, but tends to a not adequate remuneration of family labor and a need of external capital input for replacement of the assets. The productivity of production factors area and animals showed higher correlation with cost-effectiveness, denoting the need for increase the production through increases in land area and milk productivity per dairy cow. The identification and quantification of benchmarks may help to identify the weak points of dairy farming in the Agreste region, making it sustainable and competitive.
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Ryhänen, Matti. "Input substitution and technological development on Finnish dairy farms for 1965-1991: Empirical application on bookkeeping dairy farms." Agricultural and Food Science 3, no. 6 (December 1, 1994): 519–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72722.
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The study presents an attempt to gain a better understanding of the input substitution and technological development on Finnish dairy farms. The dual approach of the neoclassical production and cost theory is applied. A system of derived demand and cost functions is estimated using a representative dairy farm data and panel data of bookkeeping Finnish dairy farms. The flexible translog cost function is utilized to solve the empirical research problem. The cost function study is chosen, because it makes it possible to study production of farms operating in the area of decreasing average costs. According to the results, inputs are for the most part substitutes with each other. With the existing production technology, the substitution of inputs for other inputs is inelastic. The own price elasticities are also inelastic. Technical change is purchased feed-saving and other inputs-using. The average annual rate of technical change was 1.3 percent. The new production chains resulting from technical change have made it possible to increase the size of dairy farms. Increasing the size of dairy farms should be allowed so in order to make it possible to utilize the advantages related to the economies of size.
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Ettore D’Ortona, Nicolino, Gabriella Marcarelli, and Giuseppe Melisi. "Loss portfolio transfer treaties within Solvency II capital system: a reinsurer’s point of view." Insurance Markets and Companies 11, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ins.11(1).2020.01.
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Loss portfolio transfer (LPT) is a reinsurance treaty in which an insurer cedes the policies that have already incurred losses to a reinsurer. This operation can be carried out by an insurance company in order to reduce reserving risk and consequently reduce its capital requirement calculated, according to Solvency II. From the viewpoint of the reinsurance company, being a very complex operation, importance must be given to the methodology used to determine the price of the treaty.Following the collective risk approach, the paper examines the risk profiles and the reinsurance pricing of LPT treaties, taking into account the insurance capital requirements established by European law. For this purpose, it is essential to calculate the capital need for the risk deriving from the LPT transaction. In the case analyzed, this requirement is calculated under Solvency II legislation, considering the measure of variability determined via simulation. This quantification was also carried out for different levels of the cost of capital rate, providing a range of possible loadings to be applied to the premium. In the case of the Cost of Capital (CoC) approach, the results obtained provide a lower level of premium compared to the percentile-based method with a range between 2.69% and 1.88%. Besides, the CoC approach also provides the advantage of having an explicit parameter, the CoC rate whose specific level can be chosen by the reinsurance company based on the risk appetite.
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Hubareva, V. M. "SOME SPECIFICS OF COST DETERMINING OF EQUIPMENT AND MACHINES TAKING INTO ACCOUNT QUALITY DEGRADATION DUE TO WEAR." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 18 (December 26, 2018): 498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2018.57.
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One of the objects of merchandising research, which the cost determining has certain features and complexities, are equipment and machines of various purposes especially were in operation and having a certain percentage of wear. Determining of equipment and machines operability, percentage of wear is one of the main factors affecting the formation of the market price and its definition within all approaches to property valuation. According to forensic experts experience while performing this type of research specialists, who involve for determining of a technical condition raise questions: what kind of data should be indicated in the technical condition report in order that experts can use them while performing merchandising examination and the terminology used by specialists, categories of technical condition assessment should coincide with the terminology of appraisers in future. Merchandising experts on the basis of work experience and study of special literature offered the list of such data. It includes: inventory number, name (brand), purpose, completeness (configuration, mass), date of acquisition (release date), service life (operation rate), cost at acquisition date, book value, manufacturer, main technical characteristics, technical condition, functional test, repairs information, repair costs; conclusions about possibility of further exploitation. Merchandising expert uses established percentage of wear in the network of the cost approach that provides for following consecutive actions: determining of replacement cost or reproduction of valuation object and analysis of its technical condition for determining the percentage of wear and further calculations in the network of this approach. Suitability coefficient of valuation object is used by a commodity expert for determining the value of valuation object within framework of comparative approach while selecting comparison objects.
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Suk, Leonid, and Petro Suk. "Accounting for Capital Turnover." Accounting and Finance, no. 1(91) (2021): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33146/2307-9878-2021-1(91)-29-35.
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Economic globalization, digitalization of management processes, introduction of new forms of business organization, implementation of the concept of sustainable development are factors that affect the process of capital turnover and determine the need to improve its accounting support. The purpose of the article is to search for options for improving the accounting for capital turnover at the enterprise in modern conditions of a dynamic market environment. The economic essence of capital was disclosed and the capital turnover was identified as an object of accounting. The capital turnover in the enterprise is carried out constantly and is expressed through the turnover of funds that must be reflected in the accounting system. The analysis of the presentation (classification) of assets in the reporting was carried out, and it was found that all assets of an economic entity are in economic circulation, although the order and circulation period of various assets is not the same. Therefore, the division of assets into non-circulating and circulating assets is incorrect, since it contradicts the real essence of economic phenomena. It was proposed to change the approach to the presentation of assets in the reporting and rename the sections “Non-circulating assets” and “Circulating assets” in the Balance Sheet (Statement of financial position) of Ukrainian enterprises to “Non-current assets” and “Current assets”, respectively. It was proposed to place the balance sheet asset items in descending order of liquidity of assets. In particular, the first item will be “Money and their equivalents”, and then other items depending on the liquidity of assets. Accounting for business transactions must be kept according to the stages of capital turnover. In order to accounting for the sale of goods, works and services, it is advisable to use one synthetic account, on the debit of which it shows the sold products at their cost price, and on the credit – at the selling prices.
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Abdul Rahman, Nasarudin, Mushera Ambaras Khan, Ida Madieha Abdul Ghani Azmi, and Mohd Radhuan Arif Zakaria. "E-Hailing Services: Antitrust Implications of Uber and Grab`s Merger in Southeast Asia." IIUM Law Journal 28, (S1) (October 28, 2020): 373–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v28i(s1).590.
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Uber-Grab’s merger had attracted antitrust scrutiny by competition authorities in Southeast-Asia. The merger between the two had created a large giant company that provides various services through a platform such as ridesharing and food delivery services. According to the deal, Grab will take over Uber’s assets (ridesharing and food delivery service), and in return, Uber will take a 27.5 percent stake in Grab. Although Grab claimed that the merger would create a cost-efficient platform in Southeast Asia and put it in a better position to serve consumers, there was a genuine concern that the merger will reduce competition in the market and provide incentives to Grab to engage in anti-competitive behaviour such as increasing the price of its services. This article aims to analyse how different countries in Southeast Asia responded to the Uber-Grab’s merger and measures taken to address competitive concerns ex-ante and ex-post-merger. Unlike other competition jurisdictions in Southeast-Asia, the Malaysia Competition Act 2010 contains no merger control provision, which empowers the Malaysian competition authority to block any merger that has the effect of substantially lessening competition. The studies on how other countries evaluated the Uber-Grab merger could assist Malaysia’s competition authority to regulate the future behaviour of the big digital platform in the Malaysian market. This article was written based on research that relies on both primary and secondary sources. Primary sources include statutory provisions on competition, decision, proposed decision, interim measures, and others. while secondary sources include journal articles, news, internet resources, and others. The article also adopts a comparative approach in order to analyse the approaches and measures taken by the various merger control regimes in Southeast Asia in dealing with the Uber-Grab’s merger.
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Yu, Ning, Mao Jian Wang, Zhen Bo Lu, Fan Li, and Ming Liang Zhang. "Shellfish Aquaculture Management of Jiaozhou Bay, Yellow Sea Coast of China - An Ecological-Economic Modeling Approach." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 1647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.1647.
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In order to better manage shellfish aquaculture, a fifty-year variability in shellfish production in Jiaozhou Bay was quantitatively simulated with the Modeling Approach to Resource economics decision-maKing in EcoaquaculTure (MARKET) which is a scenario-testing tool linking economic and ecological analyses. Four scenarios were defined to assess the model sensitivity to per capita income growth rate, price growth rate and maximum cultivation area. Results indicate that the MARKET model follows the expected trends regarding the economic theory. And the shellfish supply is limited by the maximum cultivation area in the long run. However, a lower demand does not imply a corresponding decrease in net profit. Although price growth can make up for a partial loss caused by the reduction of available cultivation area, the compensatory measure cannot guarantee the increasing net profits of farmers in the long term. The information provides important implications for aquaculture management in the context of resource decline.
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Morris, Daniel. "Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia, Are US Doctors and Hospitals Prepared? Tools and Know How, Yes; But, What about Readiness?" Blood 126, no. 23 (December 3, 2015): 5595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.5595.5595.
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Abstract Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) is a hematologic emergency or urgency. It is a potential disaster that is also potentially curable. My research attempts to ascertain the readiness to care for patients who present with this (suspected) diagnosis and require urgent therapy. I polled a sample of approximately 140 (United States) hematologist-oncologists as to the availability of Tretinoin/all-trans retinoid acid (ATRA) on a stat basis at the hospitals at which they practice and 18 responded. In other words, is the medicine on the shelf and can be given when ordered. Available on the shelf and ready to give ATRA at all hospitals in which practiced: 2/18 Do not know: 3/18 Not available at all hospitals practiced: 13/18 Amazingly, one of the physicians stated that the family is given a prescription to get ATRA filled, and another responded that he had to "beg" to get the hospital to obtain it. I posted two questions on a social media site in the Emergency Medicine category; This social media web site states that the total physician membership is 343,000 (verified). The responses are as follows: Is ATRA on the shelf and available at the hospital they practice (17 responses to this question) 13/17 Do not know 2/17 On the shelf and available 2/17 Not on the shelf and would need to be ordered Is APL a possible question for board exam in Emergency Medicine? (16 responses to this question) 9/16 No 4/16 Not sure 3/16 Yes The price for ATRA according to www.uptodate.com is (Tretinoin Oral) 10 mg (100): $2988.16. Issues related to this topic include the cost, the supply (sold in quantities of 100), shelf life/expiration date, the agggregate cost to maintain it at every hospital based ER , and consideration that the patients are not all acutely ill and sometimes can wait a day before starting therapy. Even if this approach of not having ATRA in stock is not optimal, this approach is occurring. Whether or not Joint Commission or the more voluntary Commission on Cancer should require that ATRA be on the shelf at a hospital, or available within a certain amount of time may merit further discussion. Finding out how prepared we are to treat APL is not an easy undertaking and my effort seems to indicate that we probably do not have the wherewithal in many cases. Obtaining more data on the scope of the problem and perhaps devising a "Practice Guideline" by experts in the APL area dealing with the timeliness of availability of ATRA would seem to be in order. The lifesaving nature of the intervention would seem to justify the consideration of having hospitals maintaining a supply at all times. If the manufacturer would be willing to sell a supply of #30 (currently available in bottles of 100 per Facts and Comparison 2015 edition), this might be useful in implementing wider availability. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Filipenko, Anton, Olena Bazhenova, and Roman Stakanov. "ECONOMIC SANCTIONS: THEORY, POLICY, MECHANISMS." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 6, no. 2 (May 15, 2020): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2020-6-2-69-80.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the theory and practice of international economic sanctions. The application of international economic sanctions and debate about their effectiveness and scale of losses are now at the centre of international politics. Analysis of key factors, mechanisms and socio-economic consequences of economic sanctions in the world economy need a conceptual understanding. The subject of the research is international economic sanctions. According to known practice, economic sanctions policy is based largely on the discretionary approach of using, as required, a policy of rigid rules, which is clearly reflected in the mechanisms, means and instruments of its practical implementation. Economic sanctions are the integral part of international economic policy, implemented through the theory of public (rational) choice, structural theory (cost-issue model), decision-making theory, the theory of coordination and cooperative games, etc. The hierarchical nature of the mechanism for the application of sanctions is available in three main levels: global, regional and national. There are three types of economic sanctions: trade, investment or financial ones, and so-called targeted sanctions or “smart” sanctions (transportation and communications restrictions). The case of introduction of economic sanctions, especially by supranational bodies of international integration organisations, namely the EU, is of particular importance for economic policy coordination. The specific consequences of imposing economic sanctions take on various socio-economic dimensions, the main ones of them indeed being the economic growth rates. The economic sanctions demonstrate how the individual countries, regional and international organizations react on huge violations of human rights, sovereignty of countries, international law in general. Methodological basis of the research comprise the list of theoretical and empirical methods of research; in article, the analysis of recent research publications subject under the discussion has been provided, the results obtaining with statistical data have been compared, the practical recommendations, received on the base of survey results have been suggested. To examine how the Iranian economy responds to sanctions imposed by the US and other countries we have constructed vector autoregression model. To test the variables of the model for unit root we have used augmented Dickey-Fuller, Phillips-Perron and Kwiatkowski–Phillips–Schmidt–Shin criteria, which have shown that almost half of the indicators are first-order integrated, with the rate of inflation and investment, in relation to GDP, GDP growth rate, imports of goods and services and oil rent are stationary, that is zero-order integrated. The US sanctions have increased oil price fluctuations in the Middle East region. The results of the study have shown that economic sanctions nowadays are a comprehensive tool in global economic wars, which effectiveness largely depends on the ratio of the economic power of the sanction imposing country to the sanctioned one.
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Damay, Coralie, Nathalie Guichard, and Amélie Clauzel. "Children’s price knowledge." Young Consumers 15, no. 2 (June 10, 2014): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/yc-06-2013-00374.
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Purpose – This research aims to evaluate young consumers’ knowledge of everyday product prices. Despite a large body of research on the child as consumer, few studies examine price. Design/methodology/approach – The study employs a quantitative methodology and administered questionnaires that target a sample of 224 primary school French children. Findings – The various employed measures help shed light on the pricing aspect of children’s consumption processes. In particular, the results show that although price recall is relatively weak, children become familiar with the order of price magnitudes and classify products according to their price level. Research limitations/implications – A future research could integrate that the children should be affected by internal reference price in the various tasks. Future studies could introduce other variables in the tests, such as children’s commercial experience and their experience with the stores they know. Practical implications – Firms should adapt their pricing strategies to the expectations of children, not only adults or parents, both for the products that directly pertain to them and for those they might recommend. This research offers managers additional insights into how to communicate about prices, taking into account current customer heterogeneity. Originality/value – Realized measurements reflect children’s capacities to react to the prices of mass-consumed goods and clarify whether the child is able to identify or reduce his consideration set among some alternatives of choice according to his price knowledge level.
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Chen, Hanwen, Liquan Xing, and Haiyan Zhou. "Product market competition and audit fees: evidence from an emerging market." Asian Review of Accounting 28, no. 1 (November 21, 2019): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ara-08-2019-0146.
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Purpose Product market competition may have various impacts on audit fees. On the one hand, according to the agency theory, product market competition can mitigate agency problems between management and shareholders. For clients with higher product market competition, auditors will lower the level of engagement risk assessment and reduce the required level of audit evidence, and hence audit fees will be lower. On the other hand, according to the audit risk model, product market competition will increase client business risk and audit engagement risk. Moreover, for clients with competition advantage, client business risk and audit engagement risk will be lower, and hence a lower audit fee. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the authors collect financial accounting data and audit fee data from CSMAR database. Our sample selection starts with all available observations on the Chinese listed companies during 2006–2011. Since there is a big difference in accounting practices between financial companies and other industries, the authors delete observations on financial companies. The authors further remove observations with missing data, yielding 6,709 observations for the final analysis. To define the industry, the authors use the first two digits of standard industry classification code set by China Securities Regulatory Commission. In order to reduce the effect of extreme observations, the authors also truncate the data at 1 and 99 percent. The authors use the Herfindahl–Hirschman index (HHI) and the natural logarithm of the number of listed companies within the industry to measure product market competition intensity. HHI is calculated as the sum of the squared percentage of revenues of the client firm among the total revenues of all public companies, i.e. HHI = ∑ i = 1 N ( s i / S ) 2 . N is the number of listed companies in the industry, Si is the revenues for an individual firm and S is the total revenues of all public companies within the same industry. A higher HHI score indicates fewer companies dominate the industry and hence lower intensity of competition in the product market. The second measure of industry competition intensity is LNN, the natural logarithm of the total number of public companies in the same industry of a client firm. A larger value of LNN indicates a larger number of competitors in the industry, and a higher level of competition intensity. Following the literature (Kale and Loon, 2011), the authors use Lerner index (or price-cost margin (PCM)) to measure the listed company’s competitive advantage. It is actually a measure of a firm’s power to influence product prices in the industry. The authors adopt the Peress (2010) method to estimate Lerner index as net operating income, divided by sales, i.e. PCM=(Sales–COGS–Selling expenses–Administrative expenses)/Sales. A higher value of PCM indicates more product pricing power and a higher competitive advantage of a company. The authors also use Lerner index ranking (R_PCM) to measure the competitive advantage of a company in the industry. The authors sort PCM values in ascending order in each industry and divide into ten groups. Then, the authors assign a value from one to ten to each listed company within each group in each industry. A higher R_PCM value represents higher market power and higher competitive advantage of a company. Based on Simunic (1980) framework, the authors develop the following model to test the relationship between product market competition, competition advantage and audit fees: LNAFit=β0+β1 PMCit+β2 SIZEit+β3 INVit+β4 RECit+β5 GROWTHit+β6 PRELOSSit+β7 LEVit+β8 QUICKit+β9 OPINit+β10 IBIG4it+β11 DBIG10it+β12 SWITCHit+β13 LOCATEit+β14 STATEit+∑β YearDummies+εit. Findings Using a sample of 6,709 firm-year observations from the Chinese stock market for the period of 2007–2011, the authors find that the product market competition intensity has a negative impact on audit fees, which means that agency cost effect is dominant in audit pricing at industry level. In addition, a company’s competitive advantage in the industry has a significant and negative impact on audit fees, which means that business risk effect also plays a critical role in audit pricing of individual engagement. The findings indicate that, in determining audit fees, auditors in the emerging market of China consider both the competition intensity of their clients’ product market at the industry level and the competitive advantage of the specific clients within the industry. Originality/value The findings indicate that, in determining audit fees, auditors in the emerging market of China consider both the competition intensity of their clients’ product market at the industry level and the competitive advantage of the specific clients within the industry.
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Tao, Li, and Yan Gao. "Real-Time Pricing for Smart Grid with Multiple Companies and Multiple Users Using Two-Stage Optimization." Journal of Systems Science and Information 6, no. 5 (November 5, 2018): 435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21078/jssi-2018-435-12.
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AbstractIn this paper, we focus on the real-time interactions among multiple utility companies and multiple users and formulate real-time pricing (RTP) as a two-stage optimization problem. At the first stage, based on cost function, we propose a continuous supply function bidding mechanism to model the utility companies’ profit maximization problem, by which the analytic expression of electricity price is further derived. At the second stage, considering that individually optimal solution may not be socially optimal, we employ convex optimization with linear constraints to model the price anticipating users’ daily payoff maximum. Substitute the analytic expression of electricity price obtained at the first stage into the optimization problem at the second stage. Using customized proximal point algorithm (C-PPA), the optimization problem at the second stage is solved and electricity price is obtained accordingly. We also prove the existence and uniqueness of the Nash equilibrium in the mentioned two-stage optimization and the convergence of C-PPA. In addition, in order to make the algorithm more practical, a statistical approach is used to obtain the function of price only through online information exchange, instead of solving it directly. The proposed approach offers RTP, power production and load scheduling for multiple utility companies and multiple users in smart grid. Statistical approach helps to protect the company’s privacy and avoid the interference of random factors, and C-PPA has an advantage over Lagrangian algorithm because the former need not obtain the objection function of the dual optimization problem by solving an optimization problem with parameters. Simulation results show that the proposed framework can significantly reduce peak time loading and efficiently balance system energy distribution.
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Shu, Zhe, Shan Mei, and Wei Ping Wang. "The Game-Theoretic Approach to Pricing in China's Semi-Deregulated Electricity Market." Advanced Materials Research 805-806 (September 2013): 1116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.805-806.1116.
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In Chinas semi-deregulated electricity market, a game-theoretic model has been set between users and power suppliers in order to ensure the whole network voltage load curve stay smooth, as well as to make the suppliers profitable on the basis of the satisfaction of users in power utilization in daily lives. The foundation of the model is the definition of the price elasticity of demand and its characters in micro-economy. According to this model, a Bayesian Nash equilibrium has been put forward based on the demand price elasticity, which can not only smooth the whole network voltage load curve effectively through the reciprocal process between users and power suppliers, but also can optimize the profit of the power suppliers. The simulation results of the voltage load curves and price changes graphs show the effectiveness of modeling simulation.
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van Wijngaarden, Gert-Jan. "An archaeological approach to the concept of value." Archaeological Dialogues 6, no. 1 (July 1999): 2–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203800001306.
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Value is one of the concepts which are of importance in the way people structure their material surroundings. According to the philosophy of Georg Simmel, value finds its origins in the tension between the desire for objects and access to them. The dimensions of desirability and accessibility may be investigated archaeologically, in order to approach the concept of value. Such a perspective is taken in this article with reference to three different classes of imported Mycenaean pottery, which have been found in the Late Bronze Age levels of the site of Ugarit at the Mediterranean coast of Syria. It is concluded that various vessel types were appreciated differently at the city. The meanings imposed on these imported objects derived from the roles they played in the local cultural context.
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CHIRIMBU, Sebastian, and Alexandru BURDA. "STRATEGIC APPROACH TO SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN LOGISTICS." Annals of "Spiru Haret". Economic Series 16, no. 2 (July 7, 2016): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/1626.
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According to its mission, the fundamental purpose of logistics is to contribute to the achievement of customer services in terms of efficiency. Company's performance in the supply chain is given by the delivery service. It must be established from the way the company responds to every order received from the customer as a result of implementing a strategy consisting of a series of specific decisions. A higher level of service requires those decisions to permit the firm to meet an optimal service level and a complete customer satisfaction in terms of price, time value of the invoice, goods arrived safely at their destination. The level at which an order is satisfied is a measure of the performance of the supply chain of the company and of the strategy applied by the company for its management.
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Glushkova, Yu O., A. V. Pahomova, and A. R. Asoyan. "COMPARISON OF ECONOMIC EFFECTIVENESS BETWEEN TROLLEY AND BUS OPERATION PROCESS ACCORDING TO ECOLOGICAL FACTOR." Vestnik SibADI 15, no. 3 (July 11, 2018): 372–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2018-3-372-389.
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Introduction. The article presents the results of the comprehensive comparative study of economic efficiency of the rolling stock on urban transport, such as trolley with dynamic charging and diesel bus, in order to solve a new problem for a large city of identifying more profitable vehicle in terms of economic, environmental and time factors.Materials and methods. Such methods as index, comparison methods and methods of analytical calculations and dynamic series analysis are applied in the research.Results. As a result, the algorithm of the transport mode choosing and step by step instructions of the comparison, wherein the integrated approach to the assessment of performance, was established. In addition, the necessity of supposed recommendations’ application on implementation of comparison process of technical, operational and economic indicators, which take into account the revealed advantages and shortcomings of the existing types of the rolling stock was proved on the basis of the hybrid trolley and bus on diesel fuel.Discussion and conclusions. The statistical study of dynamics’ series of environmentally friendly urban modes of passenger transport by the following factors as the operational length of trolley and tram routes, volume of passenger traffic on public transport in the Russian Federation and also in Volga Federal District and its regions. The model of step-by-step process of calculation of transportations’ prime cost by alternative modes of transport is offered on the example of trolley with dynamic recharging and city bus.
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Mota, Bruno, Luis Gomes, Pedro Faria, Carlos Ramos, Zita Vale, and Regina Correia. "Production Line Optimization to Minimize Energy Cost and Participate in Demand Response Events." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 16, 2021): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020462.
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The scheduling of tasks in a production line is a complex problem that needs to take into account several constraints, such as product deadlines and machine limitations. With innovative focus, the main constraint that will be addressed in this paper, and that usually is not considered, is the energy consumption cost in the production line. For that, an approach based on genetic algorithms is proposed and implemented. The use of local energy generation, especially from renewable sources, and the possibility of having multiple energy providers allow the user to manage its consumption according to energy prices and energy availability. The proposed solution takes into account the energy availability of renewable sources and energy prices to optimize the scheduling of a production line using a genetic algorithm with multiple constraints. The proposed algorithm also enables a production line to participate in demand response events by shifting its production, by using the flexibility of production lines. A case study using real production data that represents a textile industry is presented, where the tasks for six days are scheduled. During the week, a demand response event is launched, and the proposed algorithm shifts the consumption by changing task orders and machine usage.
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Ahmed, Mohd, M. N. Qureshi, Javed Mallick, and Nabil Ben Kahla. "Selection of Sustainable Supplementary Concrete Materials Using OSM-AHP-TOPSIS Approach." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (May 29, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2850480.
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Due to resource scarcity, environmental impact, and socioeconomic constraints, sustainable criteria should be given prime importance in the construction industry. The sustainability in concrete can be attained using supplementary materials. The numbers of supplementary concrete materials (SCMs) are available ranging from industries by-products, agro-products, waste product, and newly engineered materials. The selection of the supplementary materials is challenging due to the wide range of environmental, technical, and economic constraints. The paper proposes a decision support framework considering technical, environmental, social, and economic sustainability criteria for ranking of concrete supplementary material. The decision framework includes the optimal scoring method- (OSM-) based shortlisting of supplementary materials, with technical and cost characteristics, and subsequent prioritizing material according to sustainable potentiality order using AHP-TOPSIS. The stability of the ranking of sustainable concrete supplementary materials has been verified using sensitivity analysis. The present study develops decision support framework by employing technical characteristics of the most technically sound material used as concrete material. The technical, environmental, and socioeconomic sustainable performance indicators have considered its selection to obtain much needed sustainability and to boost the eco-friendly environment. From the proposed MCDM framework, it is found that engineered siliceous materials and agriculture-based industrial waste products as SCMs will prove to be most sustainable in the construction industry.
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Fomina, O. V., O. O. Avhustоva, and I. K. Shushakova. "Assessing the Intangible Assets." Business Inform 4, no. 519 (2021): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-4-154-160.
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The article is concerned with the issues of assessing the intellectual property rights as part of intangible assets of enterprises. The article is aimed at substantiating the theoretical principles and improving methodological approaches to the assessment of intangible assets in the process of formation of the value of enterprise. The normative-legal regulation of valuation of intangible assets in order to determine the value of intangible assets of enterprises in monetary terms for the purposes of accounting and in the field of professional valuation activity is studied. The interrelationship of approaches of independent professional estimation and accounting valuation in order to apply it to the needs of accountance is specified. Described are the cost (based on determining the cost of expenses, necessary for the reproduction or substitution of the valuation object), profit (used to determine the valuation of intellectual property rights, based on the application of assessing procedures for transferring the expected profit to the value of the assessed object) and comparative (determines the market value of an intangible asset, when there is sufficient reliable information on prices in the market of such objects and the terms of contracts for the disposal of property rights to such objects) approaches to the valuation of intangible assets. The formulas for computing the value of intangible assets based on the cost approach are provided. The assessment of intangible assets is carried out according to the above specified formulas of the cost approach on the example of a patent for invention. It is determined that in the absence of an active market to determine the fair value of intangible assets, it is advisable to apply the cost approach, namely: the method of direct reproduction.
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Turriza, Román Canul, Edgar Mendoza, Gregorio Posada, and Rodolfo Silva. "AN ENGINEERING BASED ANALYSIS OF THE COAST OF CAMPECHE AS THE PATH TO SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT DECISIONS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.papers.101.
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Chronic coastal erosion problems have been reported in Campeche State; however, beaches and ecosystems have not yet been degraded to the point of being at high risk. A proposal for coastal segmentation is presented here, in order to rank the coastal sectors according to the urgency required for intervention; given that this approach applies a large – scale perspective; the analysis is suited to any other coastal zone. The proposed methodology hierarchically identifies littoral segments in three steps: 1) dividing the study area into littoral cells, 2) assessing coastal vulnerability and 3) identifying the immediacy of intervention needed for each coastal sector.
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Jürkenbeck, Kristin, Achim Spiller, and Stephan G. H. Meyerding. "Tomato attributes and consumer preferences – a consumer segmentation approach." British Food Journal 122, no. 1 (September 30, 2019): 328–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-09-2018-0628.
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Purpose Vegetables are an important component of a healthy diet. Given that tomatoes are the most purchased vegetable in Germany, the purpose of this paper is to focus on how consumers evaluate tomatoes during their food choice. Each consumer has different preferences and, in order to target them, it is necessary to identify consumer groups. The study segments tomato consumers into homogenous target groups. Design/methodology/approach A choice experiment was used to simulate the buying situation in a supermarket. The data were analysed using latent class analysis, as well as principal component factor analysis to measure food-related lifestyles. The sample consisted of 1,027 consumers and was representative of the characteristics of gender, age, educational level and income for the German population. Findings Consumers perceive air transportation and plastic wrapping as most climate damaging in tomato production. Six different tomato consumer groups were identified and named according to the attribute they found most important, i.e. “Balanced consumers”, “Price-conscious consumers”, “Taste enthusiasts”, “Colour-sensitive consumers”, “Price-conscious consumers with a taste preference” and “Colour- and price-sensitive consumers”. In three clusters, colour was the most important attribute. However, green and yellow tomatoes were rejected by all segments, indicating communication problems. Originality/value The results of this study provide breeders and marketers with valuable insights into the factors driving tomato choice. The information was based on a large sample and will help breeders to select the types of tomatoes that are in demand by consumers.
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Medineckienė, Milena, Zenonas Turskis, and Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas. "SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE BUILDING IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2010): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2010.14.
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The paper describes a construction impact on the environment, people and their health, taking into account its subsequence. The authors offer an optimal way of building construction in order to satisfy the environmental control standards and impact on the environment. There are a few criteria of ecological materials compared with conventional materials. The aim of this investigation is to develop approach of building project ranking. The paper deals with analysis of the construction alternatives of one‐flat dwelling houses. A few alternatives are given about how to choose an optimal project. The impact of construction on the environment is discussed. Analysis is performed taking into account building life‐cycle impact on the environment, its financial and social conditions. The investigation includes pollution of building material production, construction processes, taking into account building longevity, price, running cost and utilization input of energy. Multicriteria assessment of the alternatives is made, considering impact not only on humans, but also on the environment. According to the described environmental, financial and qualitative criteria and by the assistance of newly‐developed multicriteria method SAW‐G, it was calculated, that a blockhouse, made mostly of wood‐based materials with the result of 0.303 is by 6.6% a better alternative than a wood‐frame building with the result of 0.286, made from wood‐based and mineral‐based materials, and the worst result of 0.280 was in a building from traditional bricks (a wood‐based house is by 7.5% better than a brick house). AHP approach and SAW‐G method are useful tools to help support a decision in convention site selection. Santrauka Aprašomas statybos darbu padariniu poveikis aplinkai, žmonems ir ju sveikatai. Autoriai siūlo optimalu varianta iš pateiktu statybos projektu, atitinkančiu aplinkos apsaugos reikalavimus. Pateikti ekologišku statybiniu medžiagu kriterijai, palyginti su tradiciniu medžiagu kriterijais. Šio tyrimo tikslas yra sukurti statybos proceso klasifikavimo eile, atsižvelgiant i ekonominius ir aplinkos apsaugos aspektus. Nagrinejamos vienbučio gyvenamojo namo statybos alternatyvos. Pateiktos kelios alternatyvos, kaip parinkti optimalu projekto varianta. Aptartas gamybos darbu ir statybos poveikis aplinkai. Analize atliekama atsižvelgiant i statybos gyvavimo ciklo poveiki aplinkai, finansines bei socialines aplinkybes. Tyrimas apima tarša statybiniu medžiagu gamybos procese bei vykstant statybos procesui. Vertinama pastato ilgaamžiškumas, kaina, eksploatavimo išlaidos bei utilizacijos procesui suvartojama energija. Atliktas šiu alternatyvu daugiakriterinis ivertinimas, apibrežiant ju nauda ne tik žmonems, bet ir aplinkai. Remiantis straipsnyje aprašytais aplinkos apsaugos, finansiniais ir kokybiniais kriterijais, nauju daugiakriteriniu SAW‐G metodu buvo apskaičiuota, kad blokinis namas, pastatytas naudojant daugiausia medienos medžiagas (rezultatas 0,303), yra 6,6 % geresnis už nama (rezultatas 0,2860), pastatyta iš medinio karkaso ir naudojant mineralines bei medienos medžiagas, o blogiausias rezultatas ‐ tai namas iš tradicinio plytu mūro (rezultatas 0,280) (medinis namas yra 7,5 % geresnis už mūrini). AHP ir SAW‐G metodai yra tinkami tokiems uždaviniams spresti. Резюме Описано влияние последствий строительства на окружающую среду, человека и его здоровье. Из приведенных строительных проектов, соответствующих экологическим стандартам, авторами статьи выбран оптимальный вариант. Приведены критерии экологичных строительных материалов и сравнены с традиционными материалами. Целью настоящего исследования было разработать очередность классификации строительного процесса с учетом экономических и экологических аспектов. Проанализированы альтернативы строительства одноквартирного жилого дома с целью выбора оптимального проекта. Обсуждено влияние строительства на окружающую среду. Анализ проведен с учетом воздействия жизненного цикла здания на окружающую среду, а также финансовых и социальных аспектов. Исследовалось загрязнение от производства строительных материалов, от процесса строительства с учетом долголетия дома, цены, расходов на эксплуатацию, а также энергии, расходуемой при утилизации. Произведен многокритериальный анализ вышеупомянутых альтернатив, оценена польза, приносимая как человеку, так и окружающей среде. На основании критериев охраны окружающей среды, финансов и качества работ с помощью нового многокритериального метода SAW-G было установлено, что блочный дом, построенный из деревянных материалов с результатом 0,303, на 6.6% лучше, чем дом из деревянного каркаса с минеральными и деревянными материалами с результатом 0,286. Наихудшим вариантом оказался дом, построенный из традиционной кирпичной кладки с результатом 0,280 (деревянный дом лучше кирпичного на 7,5%). Для решения задач такого типа оказались приемлемыми методы AHP и SAW-G.
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Zăgan, Remus, Gabriel Raicu, Radu Hanzu-Pazara, and Stănică Enache. "Realities in Maritime Domain Regarding Cyber Security Concept." Advanced Engineering Forum 27 (April 2018): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.27.221.
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According to new IMO regulation on cyber security, Lloyd’s Register approach, American Bureau Ship regulation, the guidelines edited by BIMCO, CLIA, ICS, INTERCARGO and INTERTANKO and DNV-GL-RP-0496, it has become necessary that academia, Maritime Universities should adopt quick solutions in developing lectures notes in Maritime Cyber Security in order to prepare the academia teachers in cyber security on ships and also for training future students according to the new realities in the Maritime Transport industry and its new risks. At Constanta Maritime University (CMU) we have decided to become more involved in shaping new skills and capabilities for our students and industry partners. Therefore, maritime in September 2017 we will be launching the new CMU Research Center in Maritime Cyber Security at the Black Sea coast.
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Campos, Lídio Mauro Lima, Jherson Haryson Almeida Pereira, Danilo Souza Duarte, and Roberto Célio Limão Oliveira. "Evolving deep neural networks for Time Series Forecasting." Learning and Nonlinear Models 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21528/lnlm-vol18-no2-art4.
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The aim of this paper is to introduce a biologically inspired approach that can automatically generate Deep Neural networks with good prediction capacity, smaller error and large tolerance to noises. In order to do this, three biological paradigms were used: Genetic Algorithm (GA), Lindenmayer System and Neural Networks (DNNs). The final sections of the paper present some experiments aimed at investigating the possibilities of the method in the forecast the price of energy in the Brazilian market. The proposed model considers a multi-step ahead price prediction (12, 24, and 36 weeks ahead). The results for MLP and LSTM networks show a good ability to predict peaks and satisfactory accuracy according to error measures comparing with other methods.
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Phoong, Seuk Wai, and Ying Jia Yeoh. "An MSI-VAR Approach on investigating the broad money supply and consumer price index in Malaysia." 12th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 12, no. 1 (October 8, 2021): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2021.12(62).
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According to monetarism, the money supply is the leading cause of increasing price level in the short and long run. Previous works investigated the effect of money supply on inflation in several countries; however, inconsistent arguments from these studies resulted in the exploration of the correlations between money supply and inflation via a different approach in this work. This study investigates the broad money supply and consumer price index (CPI) using the Markov switching vector autoregressive model. The CPI, with 2010 as its base year, was used as a proxy for Malaysia's inflation. The broad money supply is defined as the sum of money and quasi-money. Other countries use different measurements; therefore, M3 was selected based on the monetary authority measurement of the money supply in this study. The transition probabilities and expected duration of the recession and upturn/normal states were examined using a two-regime switching VAR model. Furthermore, the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test, Johansen cointegration, and intercept adjusted MS-VAR model with the first-order Markov process was also used in this study to estimate the observables variables. The results confirmed significant transition probabilities in the state shifting and an asymmetric economic model representing broad money and inflation correlations in Malaysia. Keywords: Broad Money; Consumer Price Index, Malaysia, Regime Switching, MS-VAR
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Stanković, Slavka, Bojan Tanaskovski, Božidarka Zlatić, Milica Arsenović, and Lato Pezo. "Analysis of trace elements in surface sediments, mussels, seagrass and seawater along the southeastern Adriatic coast – a chemometric approach." Pure and Applied Chemistry 86, no. 7 (July 22, 2014): 1111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2014-0201.
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AbstractSurface sediments, mussels, seagrass, surface and bottom seawater samples were collected from the costal area of the southeastern Adriatic Sea and analyzed in order to determine the concentration and origin of the following elements: Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cu, Ni, Co, As, Cd, Cr and Hg. The complexity of the obtained data was reduced by principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA), methods well known and accepted for the identification of the quality of marine environments. Both PCA and CA analysis were used to discriminate groups of samples according to the similarity of their chemical composition. The results revealed good diversity between the various samples, expressed by their distinctive positions of points in factor space. PCA indicated that the first two PC components explained about 73, 48, 43, 48, and 50 % of the total variance of the data for sediments, mussels, seagrass, and surface and bottom water, respectively. The results showed good discrimination capabilities between the samples taken from different locations, and also different seasons, which was especially evident in the surface and bottom water samples. Simultaneously, PCA/CA analysis of the amounts of trace elements found in the marine organisms could explain the manner of their bioaccumulation.
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BÁEZ, JOSÉ CARLOS, CRISTINA RODRÍGUEZ-CABELLO, RAFAEL BAÑÓN, ALBERTO BRITO, JESÚS M. FALCÓN, TOÑO MAÑO, JORGE BARO, et al. "Updating the national checklist of marine fishes in Spanish waters: An approach to priority hotspots and lessons for conservation." Mediterranean Marine Science 20, no. 2 (April 12, 2019): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.18626.
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In response to a request from the Spanish Ministry of Farming, Fishing, Food, and Environment (Spanish: Agricultura, Pesca, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente) in 2015, a fish expert group was formed to provide a reference list of marine fish species according to five regions (marine demarcations) established by Spanish Law 41/2010 on the protection of the marine environment. The objective of this article was to update and analyse the data compiled in the marine fish species checklist in order to: 1) provide a complete list of marine fish species in the Spanish Exclusive Economic Zone; 2) compare this checklist between bio-geographical areas; and 3) identify possible priority hotspots for their conservation. We applied several indices, such as the total number of species in each area, species richness, and the Biodiversity Conservation Concern index. We discuss gaps in knowledge and the lessons learned for conservation purposes. A total of 1075 marine fishes were reported in Spanish waters. Most of these fish were well determined, whereas a few were treated as uncertain. The marine demarcation with the most species is the Canary Islands with 795 species, followed by the Spanish north coast demarcation with 506 species. However, the marine demarcations with the most species per area are the Spanish coast of the Gulf of Cádiz and the Strait of Gibraltar-Alboran Sea.
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Cacchiarelli, Luca, and Alessandro Sorrentino. "Pricing Strategies in the Italian Retail Sector: The Case of Pasta." Social Sciences 8, no. 4 (April 4, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8040113.
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In the last years, Italian food retailing has experienced some developments related to rising concentration levels, heterogeneous distribution along the country of the different outlet categories, and an increase of products sold as private brand labels. In the Italian agro-food industry, pasta represents a strategic product, since Italy has the peculiarity of being, at the same time, the main producer and consumer of pasta. A useful way to investigate food retailers’ behavior and strategies is to derive a measure of price rigidity, through a “frequency approach”, which permits computation of both regular prices and price promotions, and the frequency and the magnitude of price increases and decreases. We employ such methodology in order to evaluate retailers’ strategies in the Italian pasta market in terms of price rigidity and price promotions according to brand categories (Italian pasta brands versus private label brands) and regional areas for the period 2011–2013. The results show that retailers’ strategies for national pasta brands, in terms of price rigidity and price promotions, are completely different with respect to private label brands. Among the various national pasta brands, retailers adopt different strategies by, in various regional cases, employing the tool of price promotion rather than intervening with regular price changes.
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Andrejszki, Tamás, and Árpád Török. "New pricing theory of intelligent flexible transportation." Transport 33, no. 1 (July 13, 2015): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2015.1056828.
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In the paper, possible pricing structures of flexible transport systems have been investigated. After a brief introduction into demand responsive systems, the currently used pricing systems have been analysed. Having reviewed the conventional pricing methodologies – in line with the average cost and marginal cost based methods – the advantages and the disadvantages of particular systems are presented. What is more, that traditional pricing theory enabled to order costs of flexible transportation systems only approximately to passengers in proportion to their demanded transportation performance, thus traditional pricing framework is not able to fully meet the principle of fairness. For reaching the highest level of fairness loops a fictive unit of individual trips is introduced as the base of pricing. When applying individual loops is gives a unique approach to describe unit cost of the operators especially considering that empty runs are taken into account in a fair way. Beside fairness, it is also an essential objective to represent economies of scale and the preference of early bookings in the pricing methodology. Accordingly, the below presented ‘mixed price system’ had good results in the reduction of average fares related to new travellers and also in the improvement of attraction related to ‘early birds’. Therefore, the goal of this research was to define the direction and the aspects of the development process related to the pricing methods of flexible transportation.
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Kurniawati, Tyas, Bambang Irawan, and Adi Prasodjo. "Analisis Pengaruh Kualitas Pelayanan, Harga, dan Brand Image Terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen Restoran Pizza Hut Cabang Jember." e-Journal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Akuntansi 6, no. 2 (May 29, 2019): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ejeba.v6i2.11159.
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This study aims to knowing the influence of service quality, price, and brand image. This study is explanatory research. Population is all Pizza Hut customer Jember branch. The sampling method for this study was doing with nonprobability sampling with purposive sampling technique and it got 120 respondents. Data analysis method is multiple linear regression with confirmatory approach. The hypothesis of research is there was influenced service quality toward customer satisfaction, there was influenced price toward customer saisfaction., and there was influenced of brand image toward customer satisfaction on Pizza Hut Restaurant Jember Branch. The result of study showed up that service quality has influenced customer satisfaction. It indicates that given service by Pizza Hut Restaurant Jember branch according to the customer's hope, and the given service is enough satisfy. In order that, highly service quality will increase customer satisfaction. Price is not influenced customer satisfaction. It cause estimated price in receiving session and normally price is not same as decision from Pizza Hut Jember branch. Brand image is not influenced toward customer satisfaction. It cause brand image which Pizza Hut's got, it has not influenced to positive and negative direction. Keywords: Brand Image, Price, Customer Satisfaction, Service Quality.
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Gaïgi, M’hamed, Idris Kharroubi, and Thomas Lim. "Optimal Exploitation of a General Renewable Natural Resource under State and Delay Constraints." Mathematics 8, no. 11 (November 18, 2020): 2053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8112053.
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In this work, we study an optimization problem arising in the management of a natural resource over an infinite time horizon. The resource is assumed to evolve according to a logistic stochastic differential equation. The manager is allowed to harvest the resource and sell it at a stochastic market price modeled by a geometric Brownian process. We assume that there are delay constraints imposed on the decisions of the manager. More precisely, starting harvesting order and selling order are executed after a delay. By using the dynamic programming approach, we characterize the value function as the unique solution to an original partial differential equation. We complete our study with some numerical illustrations.
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Salvo, Francesca, Marina Ciuna, and Manuela De Ruggiero. "Property prices index numbers and derived indices." Property Management 32, no. 2 (April 14, 2014): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-03-2013-0021.
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Purpose – A useful instrument to understand and examine the inner workings of the property trade is devising index numbers of property prices based on historical sequences of market prices. The present work aims at the definition of index numbers of property prices, proposing an innovative methodology compared with what usually recurs in literature. The purpose of this paper is to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis proposed, based on the mechanisms of formation of stock indices, investigates the analogies between stock and property information, according to the peculiarities of the property trade, leading to a methodology approach, derived from Simple Price Index Method, able to consider possible anomalies in the collected sample of purchase prices, using weighting coefficients based on reliability coefficients of sale prices of properties. Findings – The novel approach proposed has led to the definition of a original methodology useful to appraise property price index numbers and other derived indicators, effective for interpreting and identifying real estate market dynamics in a given area of study, regarded as a standard estimating methodology applicable to any geographical context and kind of property. Practical implications – Methodology proposed in this work is useful to revalue real estate sales price and to consider presence of anomalous sales price in property samples. Originality/value – The calculation of index numbers of prices is usually based on Simple Price Index Methods. Literature shows large use of different methods, such as Repeat Sales Method, Hedonic Price Method, Repeat Value Model. The present work propose an innovative methodology able to detect the presence of possible anomalous market prices in the representative sample, using an appropriate vector of weights in order to take into account the level of reliability of market data.
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Rodríguez-Déniz, Héctor, and Augusto Voltes-Dorta. "A frontier-based hierarchical clustering for airport efficiency benchmarking." Benchmarking: An International Journal 21, no. 4 (July 1, 2014): 486–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-09-2012-0057.
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Purpose – When large samples are used to estimate airport efficiency, clustering is a necessary step before carrying out any benchmarking analysis. However, the existing literature has paid little attention to developing a robust methodology for airport classification, instead relying on ad hoc techniques. In order to address this issue, this paper aims to develop a new airport clustering procedure. Design/methodology/approach – A frontier-based hierarchical clustering procedure is developed. An application to cost-efficiency benchmarking is presented using the cost function parameters available in the literature. A cross-section of worldwide airports is clustered according to the relevant outputs and input prices, with cost elasticities and factor shares serving as optimal variable weights. Findings – The authors found 17 distinct airport clusters without any ad hoc input. Factors like the use of larger aircraft or the dominance of low-cost carriers are shown to improve cost performance in the airport industry. Practical implications – The proposed method allows for a more precise identification of the efficiency benchmarks, which are characterized by a set of cophenetic distances to their “peers”. Furthermore, the resulting classification can also be used to benchmark other indicators linked to airport costs, such as aeronautical charges or service quality. Originality/value – This paper contributed to airport clustering by providing the first discussion and application of optimal variable weighting. In regard to efficiency benchmarking, the paper aims to overcome the limitations of previous papers by defining a method that is not dependent on performance, but on technology, and that can be easily adapted to large airport datasets.
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Andruszkiewicz, Jerzy, Józef Lorenc, and Agnieszka Weychan. "Demand Price Elasticity of Residential Electricity Consumers with Zonal Tariff Settlement Based on Their Load Profiles." Energies 12, no. 22 (November 13, 2019): 4317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12224317.
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The concept of price elasticity of demand has been widely used for the assessment of the consumers’ behavior in the electricity market. As the residential consumers represent a significant percentage of the total load, price elasticity of their demand may be used to design desirable demand side response programs in order to manage peak load in a power system. The method presented in this study proposes an alternative approach towards price elasticity determination for zonal tariff users, based on comparisons of load profiles of consumers settled according to flat and time-of-use electricity tariffs. A detailed explanation of the proposed method is presented, followed by a case-study of price elasticity determination for residential electricity consumers in Poland. The forecasted values of price elasticity of demand for the Polish households using time-of-use (TOU) tariff vary between −1.7 and −2.3, depending on the consumers’ annual electricity consumption. Moreover, an efficiency study of residential zonal tariff is performed to assess the operation of currently applicable electricity tariffs. Presented analysis is based on load profiles published by Distribution System Operators and statistical data, but the method can be applied to the real-life measurements from the smart metering systems as well when such systems are accessible for residential consumers.
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Bulut, Umit. "Inflation Expectations in Turkey: Determinants and Roles in Missing Inflation Targets." Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jcbtp-2018-0024.
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Abstract This paper aims at specifying the determinants of 12-month ahead and 24-month ahead inflation expectations in Turkey by using monthly data from April 2006 to December 2016. Put differently, this paper tries to shed light on how inflation expectations respond to changes in past inflation rate, inflation target, output gap, USD/TL exchange rate, oil price, and EMBI in Turkey. To this end, the paper first conducts unit root tests in order to detect the order of integration of the variables. Then, the paper employs the autoregressive distributed lag approach to examine whether there is a cointegration relationship among variables and to estimate long-run parameters. According to the findings, 12-month ahead expected inflation rate is positively related to past inflation rate, inflation target, output gap, USD/TL exchange rate, and oil price and is negatively related to EMBI. Besides, 24-month ahead expected inflation rate is positively related to past inflation rate and USD/TL exchange rate and is negatively related to inflation target and EMBI. Upon its findings, the paper makes some inferences about the success of inflation targeting strategy in Turkey.
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Calabrese, Armando, and Federico De Francesco. "A pricing approach for service companies: service blueprint as a tool of demand-based pricing." Business Process Management Journal 20, no. 6 (October 28, 2014): 906–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bpmj-07-2013-0087.
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Purpose – Demand-based pricing fixes price according to customers’ perceptions of service value and to their resulting willingness to pay. This pricing approach enables service companies to align their prices to customers’ preferences and to their expenditure propensity. Accordingly, it can generate higher margins than other pricing approaches. Nevertheless, this approach is difficult to implement operationally. Consequently, in order to overcome these implementation difficulties, the purpose of this paper is to provide a demand-based pricing approach based on the user-friendly technique of service blueprint (SB). Design/methodology/approach – The methodology relies on the design science leads. Design science deals with creating artefacts or models for supporting human or organizational purposes; such artefacts have to be assessed against criteria of utility or value for users. Accordingly, an experimental action research is performed for both implementing and testing the proposed pricing approach. Findings – Starting from the main difficulties hindering implementation of demand-based pricing, SB is proved to enable companies to overcome such difficulties and to support its implementation. Moreover, by employing SB, an innovative approach for fixing service prices is provided. Practical implications – The proposed approach enables managers of service companies to overcome difficulties of demand-based pricing and to employ pricing strategies according to demand-based drivers. Originality/value – In line with a recent call for research on service pricing, this paper develops a new pricing approach, which is able to promote demand-based pricing.
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Tikhomirova, A., and Chuanmin Shuai. "Assessment of trust building mechanisms of e-commerce: a discourse analysis approach." Professional Discourse & Communication 1, no. 4 (December 25, 2019): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2687-0126-2019-1-4-23-32.
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Nowadays the Internet occupies the primary place in many people’s lives. It gives people many different opportunities including online shopping. The deep understanding of all the elements of trust building mechanisms is essential in order to guarantee future prosperous development of the e-commerce sphere as trust seems the key point of e-commerce success. The current study aims to assess trust building mechanisms of online shopping, namely customers’ comments, using the linguistic tool. By adopting the discourse analysis methodology this paper explores the language units used in the comments. First of all, the importance of feedbacks (customers’ comments) was assessed by means of self-compiled questionnaire and the results of the analyses indicate that feedbacks were proved to be significant for customers while forming the buying intention. Then qualitative data was collected from Amazon website. Customers’ comments were collected, systematized and grouped according to the specification of the comment. The following groups were singled out: attitude, duration of usage, quality, price, purpose of usage, function. Comments were divided into positive and negative as well and later on analyzed by means of discourse analysis. Two types of comments were pointed out, namely explanation and evidence (photo). Special features of online comments were pointed out.
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JANSSEN, PETER A. E. M. "On some consequences of the canonical transformation in the Hamiltonian theory of water waves." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 637 (September 18, 2009): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112009008131.
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We discuss some consequences of the canonical transformation in the Hamiltonian theory of water waves (Zakharov, J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys., vol. 9, 1968, pp. 190–194). Using Krasitskii's canonical transformation we derive general expressions for the second-order wavenumber and frequency spectrum and the skewness and the kurtosis of the sea surface. For deep-water waves, the second-order wavenumber spectrum and the skewness play an important role in understanding the so-called sea-state bias as seen by a radar altimeter. According to the present approach but in contrast with results obtained by Barrick & Weber (J. Phys. Oceanogr., vol. 7, 1977, pp. 11–21), in deep water second-order effects on the wavenumber spectrum are relatively small. However, in shallow water in which waves are more nonlinear, the second-order effects are relatively large and help to explain the formation of the observed second harmonics and infra-gravity waves in the coastal zone. The second-order effects on the directional-frequency spectrum are as a rule more important; in particular it is shown how the Stokes-frequency correction affects the shape of the frequency spectrum, and it is also discussed why in the context of the second-order theory the mean-square slope cannot be estimated from time series. The kurtosis of the wave field is a relevant parameter in the detection of extreme sea states. Here, it is argued that in contrast perhaps to one's intuition, the kurtosis decreases while the waves approach the coast. This is related to the generation of the wave-induced current and the associated change in mean sea level.
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Etemad, Seyedeh Soma, Soleiman Mohammadi Limaei, Leif Olsson, and Rasoul Yousefpour. "Forest management decision-making using goal programming and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process approaches (case study: Hyrcanian forests of Iran)." Journal of Forest Science 65, No. 9 (October 6, 2019): 368–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/46/2019-jfs.
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The aim of this study is to determine the optimum stock level in the forest. In this research, a goal programming method was used to estimate the optimal stock level of different tree species considering environmental, economic and social issues. We consider multiple objectives in the process of decision-making to maximize carbon sequestration, net present value and labour. We used regression analysis to make a forest growth model and allometric functions for the quantification of carbon budget. Expected mean price is estimated using wood price and variable harvesting costs to determine the net present value of forest harvesting. The fuzzy analytic hierarchy process is applied to determine the weights of goals using questionnaires filled in by experts in order to generate the optimal stock level. According to the results of integrated goal programming approach and fuzzy analytic hierarchy processes, optimal volume for each species was calculated. The findings indicate that environmental, economic and social outcomes can be achieved in a multi-objective forestry program for the future forest management plans.
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Martzopoulou, Anastasia, Dimitris Vafiadis, and Vassilios P. Fragos. "Energy Gain in Passive Solar Greenhouses Due to CO2 Enrichment." Energies 13, no. 5 (March 7, 2020): 1242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051242.
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The production cost of greenhouse cultivation depends mainly upon significant amounts of energy consumption in order to keep the optimum environmental condition for plant growth. Τhe expenditure on energy, either for heating or cooling, ranges between 30% to 60% of the total production costs, and any attempt to save energy will result in a positive effect on the potentiality of production accordingly, affecting the greenhouse product prices. Research has shown that CO2 enrichment in greenhouses significantly increases the yield of most indoor cultivation of plants of the C3 category. For these plants, when the CO2 concentration increases by three times above that of the atmosphere (380 ppm), the optimum plant growth temperature shifts higher by 5 °C to 10 °C reaching up to 30 °C to 32 °C. Therefore, huge amounts of solar energy can be captured inside the greenhouses, as the ventilation can be decreased. Alongside this, the use of a simple passive solar system consisting of plastic sleeves filled with water is considered to be an improved way to increase the energy inside greenhouses. In this work, three experimental trials were conducted to examine the benefit of the solar energy captured inside a greenhouse during CO2 enrichment at high temperatures. Finally, a modeling approach based on the heat loss equation was developed in order to establish the energy saving inside the greenhouses under the circumstances mentioned.
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Acuña, Alicia, Nathalie Muñoz, Rodrigo Gurdek, Irene Machado, and Veronica Severi. "Inter-estuarine and temporal patterns of the fish assemblage of subtropical subestuaries along the Río de la Plata coast (Uruguay)." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 65, no. 2 (June 2017): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592017131106502.
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ABSTRACT Fish assemblages in subestuaries have been poorly studied worldwide. In order to evaluate the inter-estuarine and temporal variability of the ichthyofauna of subestuaries along the Uruguayan coast of the Río de la Plata (RdlP), the Pando, Solís Chico and Solís Grande systems were sampled between 2011 and 2013. Fish biomass, abundance, species richness and diversity indices were analysed, defining fish assemblages characterised by a few species and great abundance. Estuarine resident and freshwater species represented 55.5% of the fish assemblage according to estuarine use guilds. Species occurrence was similar in the three subestuaries, but the relative abundances differed among them. The analysed community parameters showed a decreasing trend from west to east along the Uruguayan coast. Highest diversity and fish abundance were recorded in the Pando system located in the proximities of an important spawning area in the inner RdlP estuary. In the Solís Grande subestuary occurred the lowest species richness and fish abundance. The Solís Chico was characterised as a transitional subsystem. All three subestuaries showed an increase in species richness and abundance during high temperature periods, probably related to the life cycle of the species sharing habitats between the RdlP and the coastal subestuaries. This study constitutes the first step in assessing the fish assemblage patterns in coastal ecosystems of the RdlP and an approach about the ecological role of the subestuaries in the southwest Atlantic Ocean.
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BEVILACQUA, VITOANTONIO, FRANCESCO ANDRIANI, and GIUSEPPE MASTRONARDI. "3D HEAD POSE NORMALIZATION WITH FACE GEOMETRY ANALYSIS, GENETIC ALGORITHMS AND PCA." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 18, no. 08 (December 2009): 1425–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126609005769.
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In this paper, a software toolchain is presented for the fully automatic alignment of a 3D human face model. Beginning from a point cloud of a human head (previously segmented from its background), pose normalization is obtained using an innovative and purely geometrical approach. In order to solve the six degrees of freedom raised by this problem, we first exploit the human face's natural mirror symmetry; secondly, we analyze the frontal profile shape; and finally, we align the model's bounding box according to the position of the tip of the nose. The whole procedure is considered as a two-fold, multivariable optimization problem which is addressed by the use of multi-level, genetic algorithms and a greedy search stage, with the latter being compared against standard PCA. Experiments were conducted utilizing a GavabDB database and took into account proper preprocessing stages for noise filtering and head model reconstruction. Outcome results reveal strong validity in this approach, however, at the price of high computational complexity.
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Chong, Alan. "Ethical political economy: Lessons from the Malay world’s Hikayat Abdullah (1849)." Asian Journal of Comparative Politics 3, no. 3 (January 3, 2018): 219–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057891117749948.
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According to Munshi Abdullah, the author of the Hikayat Abdullah (Annals of Abdullah), ‘knowledge and skill are the ladder to riches, and riches lead to greatness. Of a truth, all things created by Allah in this world have their value which can be reckoned in terms of money; learning alone commands a price which no man can determine’ (Abdullah, 1970: 40). This empowerment of ethical behaviour through the disciplining of the mind in the practice of principles frames the Hikayat’s approach to the practice of mercantilism and good government in the service of commerce. This article interprets the dimensions of this 19th-century Asian vision and uncovers three themes related to the maritime Silk Road: impartial administration of law and order, beneficent autocracy and the proper prioritization of wealth and good manners.
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Singh, Rohit, Shwetank Avikal, Rashmi Rashmi, and Mangey Ram. "A Kano model, AHP and TOPSIS based approach for selecting the best mobile phone under a fuzzy environment." International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management 37, no. 6/7 (June 1, 2020): 837–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijqrm-01-2020-0022.
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PurposeIn today's era of a digital world, mobile phones have now become an essential part in everyday life. The selection of the best mobile phone among the available alternatives is a complex decision making it a problem for the customers. Mobile phone manufactures are facing a lot of problems for launching/introducing a mobile phone according to the requirement of customers and it depends on a number of criteria/attributes such as: technical specifications, price, brand etc.Design/methodology/approachIn the presented work, the above-discussed problem has been considered as a Multi-Criteria Decision Making MCDM problem and an approach based on Kano model with Fuzzy AHP and TOPSIS has been proposed to solve the problem. The Kano model has been used for identifying the different Kano categories of all the features through a customer survey. Fuzzy AHP has been applied to achieve the weights of each feature in order to introduce a best mobile phone for the customers. TOPSIS has been used for ranking of alternatives.Findingsmain features with different other sub-features have been selected for the study. Different features have been considered as categories and their Kano categories have been found out. The importance of these features has also been calculated by Fuzzy-AHP in terms of their evaluated weights. Different mobile phones have been ranked by TOPSIS according to their features calculated by Fuzzy-AHP. The proposed approach seems effective for identifying/classifying different attributes/features of mobile phones according to customer's requirements.Originality/valueHere, different features of a mobile phone have been considered for designing a suitable mobile phone. Thus, this work can help a designer to design and select a suitable feature for a customer-oriented mobile phone.
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Styanada, Galuh Enggita, Ida Sulistyawati, and Susi Hermin Rusminarti. "Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Open – Ended Terhadap Higher Order Thinking Skills." EduBase : Journal of Basic Education 2, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47453/edubase.v2i1.239.
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It was explained that this research uses a quasi-experimental approach, in this research there is a treatment. This research used an experimental design, the result of the homogeneity test obtained the fcount of 1.77 compared to the dk-numerator f table 32 &dk-deniminsator 32 and the sig level . 5 % of the table price wich is 1.80. Because fcount <table , can be concluded that the experimental class and control class are proven to be homogeneous. He explained that the experimental class and proved to be normally distributed. It is concluded that the experimental class is as fcount According to the research result, it is proven that there is an effect of Open-Ended on the HOTS ability of Building Room V material at SDN Keboananom,Sidoarjo. This is evidenced by the averege value of the experimental class is higher than the control class.
Abstrak
Dijelaskan bahwa penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan eksperimen semu, dalam penelitian ini terdapat perlakuan. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain eksperimental, hasil uji homogenitas diperoleh fhitung 1,77 dibandingkan dk-numerator f tabel 32 & dk-deniminsator 32 dan taraf sig. 5% dari harga meja yaitu 1.80. Karena fhitung <tabel, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol terbukti homogen. Ia menjelaskan bahwa kelas eksperimen dan terbukti berdistribusi normal. Disimpulkan bahwa kelas eksperimen adalah sebagai hitung. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian terbukti ada pengaruh Open-ended terhadap kemampuan HOTS materi Ruang Gedung V SDN Keboananom Sidoarjo. Hal tersebut dibuktikan dengan nilai rata-rata kelas eksperimen lebih tinggi daripada kelas kontrol.
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Gooroochurn, Nishaal, and Guntur Sugiyarto. "Competitiveness Indicators in the Travel and Tourism Industry." Tourism Economics 11, no. 1 (March 2005): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/0000000053297130.
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The competitiveness of tourist destinations is important, especially as countries strive for a bigger market share. However, competitiveness is a complex concept, encompassing various aspects that are difficult to measure. This paper discusses an innovative approach for measuring tourism competitiveness using eight main indicators – price, openness, technology, infrastructure, human tourism, social development, environment and human resources – for over 200 countries. Weights for each theme are derived using confirmatory factor analysis in order to compute an aggregate index, and it is found that the social and technology indicators have the highest weights while the human tourism and environment indicators have the lowest. Cluster analysis is used to group destinations according to their performance level. The USA, Sweden, Norway, Finland and Australia are found to be the most competitive destinations, while Burkina Faso, Chad, Benin, Ethiopia and Cambodia are the least competitive.
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de Barros Jerônimo, Taciana, and Denise Medeiros. "Measuring quality service." International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management 31, no. 6 (May 27, 2014): 652–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijqrm-06-2012-0095.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a model to guide organizations according to the relative importance of customer's satisfaction about six quality service dimensions: reliability, empathy, assurance, tangibility, responsiveness (Parasuraman et al., 1985) and price. Design/methodology/approach – The present study uses SERVPERF customer requirements and weights of ELECTRE TRI multicriteria method to provide guidance on an appropriated action plan. Subsequently, it was demonstrated how the proposed model applied to the Inn. Findings – SERVPERF is based on the subjective and cognitive perception of customer's service analyses. ELECTRE TRI decreases the deviation of subjectivity and develops manager's energy flow, focussed on enterprise resources. Research limitations/implications – Measuring quality is hard work and usually the customer perceptions are not well understood, because it changes many times. In addition SERVPERF and ELECTRE TRI weights do not order the quality importance. Practical implications – Together, SERVPERF and ELECTRE TRI allow managers to prioritize the service level desired by the customer. Originality/value – The importance of this analysis follows the competitiveness approach: productivity, quality and flexibility (Boljwin and Kumpe, 1990). The paper develops an approach to lead organizational quality performance based on the customer view. It provides a sustainable competitive advantage.