Dissertations / Theses: 'Coastal vulnerability'

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Mendoza, Ponce Ernesto Tonatiuh. "Coastal Vulnerability to Storms in the Catalan Coast." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6402.

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Este trabajo presenta un marco metodológico para la estimación de la vulnerabilidad costera al impacto de tormentas a dos escalas, regional y local. Se hace una evaluación de la vulnerabilidad costera física mediante la cuantificación de dos componentes: erosión e inundación. Posteriormente, ambos elementos son integrados en un Índice de Vulnerabilidad Costera. La metodología desarrollada cubre los siguientes pasos: (i) clasificación de tormentas, (ii) evaluación de la respuesta inducida en la playa -inundación y erosión- (iii) caracterización de las playas en la zona de estudio (iv) definición del índice de vulnerabilidad costera y (v) evaluación de la vulnerabilidad costera. Estos pasos han sido derivados y aplicados a la costa catalana (Mediterráneo Noroccidental español) y pueden ser adaptados a otras costas. Los resultados obtenidos pueden ser fácilmente utilizados por los gestores costeros para identificar zonas costeras sensibles a una clase de tormenta dada y sus procesos inducidos (inundación, erosión o la combinación de ambos) para decidir donde tomar acciones para mitigar estos impactos.
This work presents a methodological framework for the estimation of coastal vulnerability to storm impacts at two scales, regional and local. It estimates the physical coastal vulnerability through the quantification of two components: erosion and flooding. Afterwards the two elements are integrated into the so called Coastal Vulnerability Index. The methodological process covers the following steps: (i) storm classification, (ii) evaluation of the induced beach response -flood and erosion-, (iii) coastal zone characterization, (iv) definition of a coastal vulnerability index to storms and (v) assessment of the coastal vulnerability. These steps have been derived and applied to the Catalan coast (NW Spanish Mediterranean) and can be adapted to other coasts. The obtained results can be used by coastal managers in an easy manner to identify sensitive coastal stretches for a given storm class and the induced processes (flooding, erosion or combination of both) with the purpose to take actions and mitigate these impacts.

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Griffiths, Chevon. "Climate change and coastal vulnerability: application of vulnerability assessment methodologies in two coastal communities in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22970.

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Climate and environmental change is a phenomenon which is having a significant effect on human-ecological systems around the world. It is predicted to have a detrimental impact on certain groups and populations; among those most at risk are those who have the highest exposure and sensitivity to the climate and environmental changes and the lowest adaptive capacity. This includes coastal fishing communities and therefore necessitates action at a variety of scales in order to build the resilience of these individuals and groups to the predicted changes and their potential impacts. Vulnerability assessments (VAs) have been identified as an effective way to discover who is most vulnerable and to what threats or hazards. This is valuable as assistance can then be provided to the individuals, groups, regions or countries identified as most vulnerable. VAs can be conducted at a variety of scales and can be either quantitative or qualitative. This research project focused on vulnerability assessments conducted at the local level. These community-scale assessments are important as they are able to elicit finer-scale details, identify the greatest hazards and stressors, and conceptualize adaptation strategies that are locally-informed, context specific and targeted towards a specific community. The focus of this research project was to first assess the vulnerability of two coastal communities in South Africa, namely Doringbaai and St Helena Bay, using a suite of mixed methods which included focus group discussions, the review of secondary data, and key informant interviews. Secondly, this project aimed to assess the potential contribution of a 'rapid vulnerability assessment' (RVA) methodology, conducted in the same two coastal fishing communities, to gain information required to identify appropriate adaptation strategies in the context of climate and environmental change. The RVA is conducted as a workshop over a two-day period and may be followed by key informant interviews on the third day, if appropriate and required. This research sought to compare and contrast the information emanating from the RVA workshops with information obtained from the triangulation of mixed methods used in this study with respect to: key threats and stressors faced by the two small-scale fishing communities, identified environmental changes, impacts of these changes on fisher livelihoods, current coping strategies and potential adaptation strategies. Criteria for assessing the performance of the two different approaches were drawn from the literature and systematically documented. The outcome of the assessment showed that the RVA has value as a VA methodology and is able to identify locally relevant, potentially viable adaptation strategies. It is an effective approach for obtaining a good overview of the vulnerabilities of a community and is thus especially useful in under-resourced and data-poor regions. The conclusion was therefore that it is an exceptionally useful tool as a starting point for vulnerability assessments but can be enriched by combining it with other methods such as the review of secondary data, focus group discussions, surveys, questionnaires and key informant interviews. Furthermore, it is recommended that the RVA includes follow-up research and focuses on flexible adaptation strategies.

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Clouston, Beth. "Review of coastal vulnerability assessment for coastal zone management in metropolitan Adelaide /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envc647.pdf.

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Renaud, Alexander D. "Chesapeake Coastal Community Flood Vulnerability--Prediction and Verification." W&M ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617962.

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Fast moving hurricanes and stationary nor’easters have resulted in significant flood damage in Chesapeake tidewater communities. The Chesapeake Bay region is one of A m erica’s most vulnerable regions with respect to sea-level rise, which will only increase storm surge impacts over upcoming decades. While the general trends are well documented, there is limited information relevant to specific communities’ relative flood risk and response. The dearth o f data is especially troublesome given the lengthy period o f time generally needed for communities to plan and implement adaptive action. This study contributes to the regional understanding of flood and sea-level rise vulnerability by applying physical, social, and combined vulnerability indices to tidally influenced localities along the Chesapeake Bay. Unlike other combinations of physical and socioeconomic data, the physical vulnerability index for this study is calculated at a scale that can directly link into social vulnerability index information at local and regional levels. The research also considers the distribution of coastal natural capital (in the form o f marshes and forests) alongside these indices at comparable scales. By calculating the indices for conditions o f the early 2000s, this study also tested their predictive value against Hurricane Isabel, a landmark 2003 storm that flooded areas across the region. Systematic verification “hindcasts” o f past events are relatively rare for vulnerability index evaluation. By attempting to establish connections between real flooding data, socioeconomic activity, and vulnerability indices, this study questions whether theoretical vulnerability indices work as true proxies for real world conditions. The results question the true utility o f these indices by showing limited relationships between vulnerability and changes in community socio-economic activity. The research also emphasizes the need for more data collection and consideration in order to better comprehensively understand coastal flood impacts and their management implications.

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Lacambra-Segura, Carmen Liliana. "Ecosystem-inclusive coastal vulnerability assessment in tropical Latin America." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608842.

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Bosom, García Eva. "Coastal vulnerability to storms at different time scales: application to the Catalan coast." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/277381.

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Storm-induced impacts are known to cause important economic and environmental damages to coastal systems worldwide. Consequently, the relevance of including hazards and vulnerability assessments in coastal policies has been highlighted during the last years, so that coastal managers can make informed decision to apply mitigation and/or adaptation plans. The main purpose of this thesis is to develop a methodology to quantitatively assess coastal vulnerability to storms at different time scales, considering the two main storm-induced hazards separately (inundation and erosion). In this work, vulnerability is defined as the potential of a coastal system to be harmed by the impact of a storm. Thus, it has been quantified by comparing the magnitude of the hazards with the adaptation ability of the coast. The proposed methodology is based on a probabilistic approach where hazard time series are fitted to an extreme value distribution. Consequently, hazard magnitudes and vulnerability are related to a probability of occurrence instead of to a determined storm event. The coastal manager has to decide the probability of occurrence to be accepted in the analysis, which will determine the return period (Tr) to be considered. Vulnerability indicators that compare the magnitude of each hazard to the response capability of the beach are built for erosion and inundation independently. Final vulnerability is formulated in terms of these two intermediate variables by means of a linear function that ranges from a minimum value of 0 (optimum state) to a maximum of 1 (failure state), defining 5 qualitative categories. In this particular case, these thresholds have been defined for each hazard in terms of the protection function provided by the beach. In order to evaluate changes in vulnerability at different time scales, variations in the adaptation ability of the coast due to the effects of other medium and long-term processes have also been considered. Taking into account the characteristics of the study area, erosion due to longshore sediment transport (LST) gradients and erosion and inundation caused by relative sea-level rise (RSLR) have been selected as the main medium and long-term coastal processes, respectively, to be analysed. In this sense, shoreline evolution rates have been used as representative of accretion/erosion due to LST, whereas different combinations of sea-level and subsidence scenarios have been used to determine erosion and inundation due to RSLR. The developed methodology has been applied to most of the sedimentary coastline (219 km) of Catalonia (NW Mediterranean). The results obtained for a Tr=50-yr show similar percentages of high and very high vulnerable coastline for erosion and inundation. However, the increase in vulnerability due to the contribution of LST and RSLR is slightly higher in the case of erosion. Results also indicate that changes in vulnerability due to RSLR are generally lower than those obtained when only LST is accounted. RSLR contribution is detected at longer time scales and is significantly higher in the southern part of the Catalan coast. This is mainly due to the presence of dissipative beaches with very mild slope together with the potentially significant subsidence of the Ebre delta. On the opposite, LST contribution does not seem to target any specific beach type. To conclude, the proposed method permits to identify the most vulnerable spots of a coastal area considering the dynamic response of the system at different time scales. This information is relevant for coastal managers when it comes to efficiently allocate the available resources. Moreover, the versatility of this method allows, not only to update the results according to the available information on hazards magnitude and beach geomorphology, but also to easily apply it to other coastal zones.
Los temporales pueden causar daños importantes en la costa, tanto a nivel económico como ambiental. En consecuencia, durante los últimos años se ha destacado la importancia de incluir estimaciones de la magnitud de los procesos y de la vulnerabilidad en las políticas costeras, de forma que los gestores puedan tomar decisiones informadas para aplicar planes de mitigación y/o adaptación. El principal objetivo de esta tesis es desarrollar una metodología que permita evaluar, cuantitativamente, la vulnerabilidad de la costa al impacto de temporales para diferentes escalas de tiempo, considerando por separado los principales procesos implicados (inundación y erosión). En este trabajo, la vulnerabilidad se define como el potencial de un sistema costero a ser dañado, por lo que se ha cuantificado comparando la magnitud de los procesos con la capacidad de adaptación de la costa. La metodología propuesta se basa en una aproximación probabilística en la que las series temporales de intensidad de los procesos se ajustan a una distribución de valores extremos. En consecuencia, tanto la magnitud de los procesos como la vulnerabilidad se asocian a una probabilidad de ocurrencia en vez de a un evento determinado. El gestor debe decidir la probabilidad de ocurrencia a tener en cuenta en el análisis, la cual determinará el periodo de retorno (Tr). Una vez seleccionado el periodo de retorno, se crean indicadores de vulnerabilidad que comparan la magnitud del proceso con la capacidad de respuesta de la playa de forma independiente para erosión e inundación. La vulnerabilidad final se formula en términos de estas dos variables intermedias por medio de una función lineal que va desde un valor mínimo de 0 (estado óptimo) a un máximo de 1 (estado de fallida), definiendo 5 categorías cualitativas. En este caso, estos umbrales se han definido considerando la función de protección de la playa. Para evaluar las variaciones temporales de la vulnerabilidad, se han analizado los cambios en la capacidad de adaptación de la costa frente al impacto de temporales inducidos por los efectos de otros procesos costeros. Considerando las características de la zona de estudio, la erosión debida a los gradientes en el transporte longitudinal de sedimentos (LST) y la erosión y e inundación causadas por la subida relativa del nivel del mar (RSLR) han sido seleccionados como los principales procesos que actúan a medio y largo plazo respectivamente. La erosión/acreción debida al LST se ha determinado mediante tasas de evolución costera, mientras que para caracterizar la erosión e inundación debidas a la RSLR se ha utilizado una combinación de distintos escenarios de nivel del mar y subsidencia. La metodología se ha aplicado a la mayor parte de la costa sedimentaria (219 km) de Cataluña (Mediterráneo noroeste). Los resultados obtenidos para un Tr= 50 años muestran porcentajes similares de costa sujeta a alta o muy alta vulnerabilidad a los dos procesos. Sin embargo, el incremento de vulnerabilidad debido a la contribución del LST y la RSLR es ligeramente mayor en el caso de la erosión. En general, los cambios inducidos por la RSLR son menores que los obtenidos considerando solo el LST. La contribución de la RSLR se detecta a escalas de tiempo mayores y es mayor en la parte sur de la costa catalana. Esto se debe a la presencia de playas disipativas con pendientes muy suaves y a la potencialmente significativa subsidencia del delta del Ebro. La contribución del LST no parece afectar a ningún tipo concreto de playa. Finalmente, este método permite identificar los puntos más vulnerables de la costa considerando la respuesta dinámica del sistema a lo largo del tiempo. Esta información es relevante para los gestores en cuanto a la organización de los recursos disponibles. Además, su versatilidad permite tanto actualizar los resultados en función de la información disponible sobre los procesos y la geomorfología costera, como aplicarlo fácilmente a otras regiones.

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Moura, Marisa Ribeiro. "Coastal dynamics and vulnerability to the coastal erosion of the cities Caucaia and Aquiraz, CearÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8712.

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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
The coastal plains are one of the most fragile ecosystems known, however, have the highest rate of use, occupation, urbanization and population density in the world. This fact demonstrates the need to require specific studies in this area so that your planning is done sustainably. Thus, the present thesis held in the coastal municipalities of Caucaia and Aquiraz, CearÃ, located in the metropolitan region of Fortaleza, aimed to analyze the socio-environmental dynamics of the coastal zone, assessing the levels of vulnerability to erosion of the site. The methodology was performed by monitoring the 12 points marked, in which they were made, field work with the realization of profiles transverse, measurements of height, period and direction of waves and sediment samples collected in the beach zone, dunes and frontal dunes to back morphoscopy and analysis granulometric, and survey data such as winds, rainfall, currents, temperature and tidal fluctuations. According to the results given that the coastal area studied had almost entirely, urbanization and occupation by tourist activities, and this in some specific environments have lower intensity due to unattractive and/or speculation has yet to be inserted so active on the beach. The evolution of the urban city of Caucaia occurred more intensely compared to the occupation of Aquiraz, even the latter has a history older than the first city, a fact proven by the characteristics social and economic. In the oceanographic aspects there was tidal amplitudes monthly maximum 3.1 minimum 2,3 m. In Caucaia the wave height ranged from 0,60 m to 2,10 m Aquiraz a variation of 1,5 m and 0,50 m wave predominance of type sea. The morphoscopy identified in dune environments and beach sediments matte and shiny, which demonstrate the existence of interaction between environments underwater and wind transport. As the modal states, the coast of Caucaia characterized by beaches with a tendency to intermediate stages, resulting in certain periods of the year in the reflective beach stages in Iparana and dissipative stages in Pacheco and IcaraÃ. Already in Aquiraz modal stages were also characterized by beaches tend to intermediate stages, only in getting internships reflective stages in Iguape. It was confirmed the retreat of the shoreline around the coastline studied based on the program DSAS 4.2, with rates ranging from -4,10 m/year to 0,35 m/year in Caucaia and -1,4 m/year to -0,25 m/year in Aquiraz. In view of the foregoing it was found that the coast of Caucaia showed average to high vulnerability to erosion taking place as a major problem in the forms of use and occupancy of interaction between environments of the coastal zone, while in Aquiraz was low to high along its entire length, with the most problematic areas of real estate speculation should be preserved. These implications may clarify why the erosion processes are more intense in coastal Caucaia in relation to coastal Aquiraz, mainly because of the position of the coastline, that is, how the elements studied oceanographic reached the coast, in the case, in coastal Caucaia these are much more intenseIt is concluded that, in comparative diagnosis of the two cities through the methodologies, the erosion indicators, the categories and morphodynamics that, the vulnerability to coastal together with conditions receding coast line and reduced sediment supply, is related mainly with the evolution of the occupation, the use and the forms of dynamic coastal area.
As planÃcies litorÃneas sÃo um dos ecossistemas mais frÃgeis conhecidos, que, no entanto, apresentam o maior Ãndice de uso, ocupaÃÃo, urbanizaÃÃo e densidade demogrÃfica em todo o mundo. Tal fato demonstra a necessidade dessa Ãrea requerer estudos especÃficos para que seu ordenamento seja feito de forma sustentÃvel. Dessa forma, a presente tese, realizada no litoral dos municÃpios de Caucaia e Aquiraz, CearÃ, localizados na regiÃo metropolitana de Fortaleza, teve como objetivo analisar a dinÃmica socioambiental da zona costeira, avaliando os Ãndices de vulnerabilidade Ã erosÃo do local. A metodologia foi realizada por meio do monitoramento de 12 pontos demarcados, nos quais foram feitos, trabalhos de campo com a realizaÃÃo de perfis transversais, mediÃÃes da altura, perÃodo e direÃÃo das ondas e coletas de amostras de sedimentos na faixa praial e campos de dunas mÃveis e frontais para posterior anÃlise granulomÃtrica e morfoscopia e levantamentos de dados como ventos, pluviometria, correntes, temperatura e oscilaÃÃes das marÃs. Nos resultados obtidos conferiu-se que, a zona costeira estudada apresentou em quase sua totalidade, ocupaÃÃo por urbanizaÃÃo e atividades turÃsticas, tendo esta em alguns pontos especÃficos menor intensidade devido possuir ambientes sem atrativos e/ou a especulaÃÃo imobiliÃria ainda nÃo ter se inserido de forma na praia. A evoluÃÃo urbana do municÃpio de Caucaia se deu de forma mais intensa se comparada Ã ocupaÃÃo de Aquiraz, mesmo esta Ãltima tendo um histÃrico mais antigo que a do primeiro municÃpio, fato comprovado pelas caracterÃsticas sociais e econÃmicas locais. Nos aspectos oceanogrÃficos verificou-se amplitudes de marÃs mensais com mÃximas de 3,1 m e mÃnimas de 2,3 m. Em Caucaia a altura da onda variou de 0,60 m a 2,10 m e em Aquiraz apresentou variaÃÃo de 1,5 m e 0,50 m e predominÃncia de ondas do tipo sea. A morfoscopia identificou nos ambientes dunares e praiais sedimentos foscos e brilhosos, o que constata a existÃncia da interaÃÃo entre ambientes de transportes eÃlicos e subaquÃticos. Conforme os estados modais, o litoral de Caucaia caracterizou-se com praias de tendÃncia a estÃgios intermediÃrios, obtendo em certos perÃodos do ano estÃgios reflexivos na praia de Iparana e estÃgios dissipativos nas praias de Pacheco e IcaraÃ. JÃ em Aquiraz os estÃgios modais tambÃm caracterizaram-se por praias de tendÃncia a estÃgios intermediÃrios, obtendo estÃgios reflexivos apenas na praia do Iguape. Confirmou-se o recuo da linha de costa em todo o litoral analisado, com base no programa DSAS 4.2, com taxas entre -4,10 m/ano a 0,35 m/ano em Caucaia e de -1,4 a -0,25 em Aquiraz. Diante do que foi exposto constatou-se que o litoral de Caucaia apresentou vulnerabilidade mÃdia Ã alta Ã erosÃo tendo como problema maior no local as formas de uso e ocupaÃÃo dos ambientes de interaÃÃo entre a zona costeira, enquanto que em Aquiraz foi de baixa Ã alta em toda sua extensÃo, tendo como problemÃtica maior a especulaÃÃo imobiliÃria de Ãreas que deveriam ser preservadas. Tais implicaÃÃes podem esclarecer o porquÃ dos processos erosivos serem mais intensos no litoral de Caucaia em relaÃÃo ao litoral de Aquiraz, principalmente por causa da posiÃÃo da linha de costa, isto Ã, da forma como os elementos oceanogrÃficos chegam Ã costa estudada, no caso, no litoral de Caucaia estes sÃo bem mais intensos. Conclui-se que, no diagnÃstico comparativo dos dois municÃpios por meio das metodologias, dos indicadores erosivos e das categorizaÃÃes morfodinÃmicas que a vulnerabilidade costeira, em conjunto com as condiÃÃes de recuo da linha costa e a diminuiÃÃo do suprimento sedimentar, estÃ relacionada, sobretudo, com a evoluÃÃo da ocupaÃÃo, das formas de uso e da dinÃmica costeira da Ãrea.

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Ozyurt, Gulizar. "Vulnerability Of Coastal Areas To Sea Level Rise: A Case Study On Goksu Delta." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608146/index.pdf.

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Climate change and anticipated impacts of sea level rise such as increased coastal erosion, inundation, flooding due to storm surges and salt water intrusion to freshwater resources will affect all the countries but mostly small island countries of oceans and low-lying lands along coastlines. Turkey having 8333 km of coastline including physically, ecologically and socio-economically important low-lying deltas should also prepare for the impacts of sea level rise as well as other impacts of climate change while participating in mitigation efforts. Thus, a coastal vulnerability assessment of Turkey to sea level rise is needed both as a part of coastal zone management policies for sustainable development and as a guideline for resource allocation for preparation of adaptation options for upcoming problems due to sea level rise. In this study, a coastal vulnerability matrix and a corresponding coastal vulnerability index &ndash
CVI (SLR) of a region to sea level rise using indicators of impacts of sea level rise which use commonly available data are developed. The results of the matrix and the index enable decision makers to compare and rank different regions according to their vulnerabilities to sea level rise, to prioritize impacts of sea level rise on the region according to the vulnerability of the region to each impact and to determine the most vulnerable parameters for planning of adaptation measures to sea level rise. The developed coastal vulnerability assessment model is used to determine the vulnerability of Gö
ksu Delta (Specially Protected Area), Mersin that has unique geological, ecological and socio-economical properties which are protected and recognized by both national and international communities.

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Lickley, Megan Jeramaz. "The vulnerability of U.S. coastal energy infrastructure under climate change." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78496.

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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-77).
The 2005 hurricane season was particularly damaging to the United States, contributing to significant losses to energy infrastructure -much of it a result of flooding from storm surges during hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Previous research suggests that these events are not isolated, but rather foreshadow a risk that is to continue and likely increase with a changing climate (17). Since extensive energy infrastructure exists along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts, these facilities are exposed to an increasing risk of flooding. We study the combined impacts of anticipated sea level rise, hurricane activity, and subsidence on energy infrastructure in these regions with a first application to Galveston Bay. Using future climate conditions as projected by four different Global Circulation Models (GCMs), we model the change in hurricane activity from present day climate conditions in response to a climate projected in 2100 under the IPCC A l B emissions scenario using hurricane analysis developed by Emanuel (5). We apply the results from hurricane runs from each model to the SLOSH model (Sea, Lake and Overland Surges from Hurricanes) (19) to investigate the change in frequency and distribution of surge heights across climates. Further, we incorporate uncertainty surrounding the magnitude of sea level rise and subsidence, resulting in more detailed projections of risk levels for energy infrastructure over the next century. With a detailed understanding of energy facilities' changing risk exposure, we conclude with a dynamic programming cost-benefit analysis to optimize decision making over time as it pertains to adaptation.
by Megan Jeramaz Lickley.
S.M.in Technology and Policy

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Kelman, Ilan. "Physical flood vulnerability of residential properties in coastal, eastern England." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619656.

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Coleman, Daniel J. "The Role Of Suspended Sediment In Assessing Coastal Wetland Vulnerability." W&M ScholarWorks, 2020. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1593091737.

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Coastal wetlands sequester carbon, attenuate waves and storm surge, filter out nutrients and pollutants, and act as nursery habitat for important fisheries. The value of these ecosystems is underscored by their vulnerability to climate change, especially sea level rise. To persist under the threat of rising sea level, coastal wetlands must build elevation vertically. Delivery of sediment to the marsh during tidal flooding is a key component in the ecogeomorphic feedbacks that lead to elevation gain. Despite the importance of suspended sediment to assessing coastal wetland vulnerability, many questions remain unanswered. This dissertation addresses the impact of suspended sediment concentration on wetland geomorphology from fine-scale processes to global patterns and from thriving systems to those experiencing significant environmental change. In Chapter I, I explore alterations to sediment transport and geomorphology caused by an acute vegetation disturbance in a Georgia saltmarsh. My results showed that the loss of vegetation was reversed the trajectory of the site from a prograding marsh to an eroding marsh. In Chapter II, I investigate how suspended sediment travels across the marsh platform using high frequency, long-term measurements in the Plum Island Estuary, Massachusetts. In contrast to the current paradigm, I found that sediment supply in the marsh interior is largely decoupled from channel sediment supply. Chapter III focuses on the role of sediment transport in mangrove encroachment into salt marshes in Australia. My work suggests that mangroves do not inhibit the ability of salt marsh to accrete vertically and that the removal of mangroves to preserve salt marsh would be ineffective. In Chapter IV, I analyze the relationship between suspended sediment concentration, tidal range, and accretion in salt marshes from around the world. My work emphasizes the importance of mineral accretion and marsh elevation when making predictions about marsh response to sea level rise. These results help bridge the gap between numerical models which predict marshes are capable of surviving high rates of relative sea level rise and field studies which suggest drowning at much lower rates. As a whole, my dissertation demonstrates that physical processes and the ways in which biology mediate these processes are critical to the ability of coastal wetlands to persist. As the rate of sea level rise continues to accelerate, it is increasingly important to understand the controls on vertical elevation growth in coastal wetlands at the scale of several meters to thousands of kilometers and in pristine systems to degraded environments.

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Hayes, Matthew Brendan. "Assessing the vulnerability of Delaware's coastal bridges to hurricane forces." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 77 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1654493681&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Ozyurt, Gulizar. "Fuzzy Vulnerability Assessment Model Of Coastal Areas To Sea Level Rise." Phd thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612653/index.pdf.

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Climate change and anticipated impacts of sea level rise such as increased coastal erosion, inundation, flooding due to storm surges and salt water intrusion to freshwater resources will affect all the countries but mostly small island countries of oceans and low-lying lands along coastlines. Turkey having 8333 km of coastline including physically, ecologically and socio-economically important low-lying deltas should also prepare for the impacts of sea level rise as well as other impacts of climate change while participating in adaptation and mitigation efforts. Thus, a coastal vulnerability assessment of Turkey to sea level rise is needed both as a part of coastal zone management policies for sustainable development and as a guideline for resource allocation for preparation of adaptation options for upcoming problems due to sea level rise. In this study, a fuzzy coastal vulnerability assessment model (FCVI) of a region to sea level rise using physical and human activity indicators of impacts of sea level rise which use commonly available data are developed. The results enable decision makers to compare and rank different regions according to their vulnerabilities to sea level rise, to prioritize impacts of sea level rise on the region according to the vulnerability of the region to each impact and to determine the most vulnerable parameters for planning of adaptation measures to sea level rise. The sensitivity and uncertainty analysis performed for the results of the model (FCVI) is the first time application of a fuzzy uncertainty analysis model to coastal vulnerability assessments. These analysis ensure that the decision makers could be able to interpret the results of such vulnerability assessments based primarily on expert perceptions accurately enough. This in turn, would increase the confidence levels of adaptation measures and as well as accelerate implementation of adaptation of coastal areas to climate change. The developed coastal vulnerability assessment model is applied successfully to determine the vulnerability of Gö
ksu, Gö
cek and Amasra regions of Turkey that have different geological, ecological and socio-economical properties. The results of the site studies show that Gö
ksu has high vulnerability, Gö
cek has moderate vulnerability and Amasra shows low vulnerability to sea level rise. These results are in accordance with the general literature on impacts of sea level rise at different geomorphological coastal areas thus the applicability of fuzzy vulnerability assessment model (FCVI) to coastal areas is validated.

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Kantamaneni, Komali. "Assessing coastal vulnerability : development of a combined physical and economic index." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2017. http://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/739/.

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As a consequence of climate change, global coastal communities are increasingly at risk from sea level rise and increased storm intensities. Therefore, to inform coastal zone management coastal vulnerability assessments with respect to present and predicted climate change scenarios is important. Most of the literature concentrates on physical, and to a lesser extent socio-economic aspects but no comparable studies detailing coastal vulnerability from both physical and economic vulnerability were found. To fill this important research gap, the current study developed a combined coastal vulnerability (physical + economic) index by integrating both a Physical Coastal Vulnerability Index (PCVI) and an Economic Coastal Vulnerability Index (ECVI). All indices were applied to eleven case study sites across the country and based on assessments, the Combined Coastal Vulnerability Index (CCVI) was validated. Subsequently, coastal areas were ranked according to their PCVI, ECVI and CCVI values. PCVI results showed that Great Yarmouth and Happisburgh have high vulnerability, contrasted against an Aberystwyth frontage that was least vulnerable. ECVI assessments showed that both Great Yarmouth and Skegness have high economic vulnerability while Spurn Head had low economic vulnerability. In total, the economic costs related to case study site vulnerability was assessed at £22.36 billion. Combined coastal vulnerability results showed that Great Yarmouth is highly vulnerable with the highest aggregated score (25) followed by Aberystwyth (21). Llanelli (16) and Lynmouth (16) were least vulnerable with respect to site CCVI. This research makes a contribution to knowledge, not just for the UK but on a global level. Each location has a unique set of conditions and economic needs, and was found to be functions of physical and economic pressures, e.g. number of properties, coastal erosion and population. Finding the most effective and sustainable solution is important and one that includes knowledge of environmental impact and socio-economic consequences. The three indices (PCVI, ECVI and CCVI) are justified as tools for planners and policy makers for developing management strategies to improve coastal resilience under scenarios of sea-level rise and climate change.

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Browning, Trevor Nulton. "Assessing Vulnerability to Watershed Erosion and Coastal Deposition in the Tropics." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1586964925152273.

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Malherbe, Willem Stefanus. "The identification of key vulnerability components within Solomon Islands coastal communities." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/6827.

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The impacts of climate change are disproportionally felt across the planet, with small island developing states some of the countries most at risk. Furthermore, climate change may compound existing problems such as over harvested resources, leading to knock-on effects on national economies. Both direct and indirect stressors may impact communities differently based on their level of exposure to stressors, their intrinsic sensitivity to these stressors, and their ability to adapt to stressors. This study aims to answer the primary research question: Why are some communities more vulnerable than others? A vulnerability assessment is used to identify both vulnerable and non-vulnerable attributes of Solomon Islands’ communities. Surveys comprised a comprehensive questionnaire to draw inference on each vulnerability category; sensitivity, exposure and adaptive capacity, along with their various components and subcomponents. An analysis of household and community livelihood strategies was conducted to compliment vulnerability scores and provide a deeper understanding of livelihood practises. As is expected of small island states, exposure presents the biggest threat to coastal communities. Within this category, environmental changes and personal exposure from shoreline erosion and safety at sea provide evidence of high vulnerability. Within the sensitivity category, the cultural importance of fishing, as well as attachment to place and fishing, renders communities more vulnerable. Simultaneously, local ecological knowledge and economic dependence on resources other than fishing proved to be resilient attributes by decreasing vulnerability. Low vulnerability scores for the adaptive capacity category were achieved by communities where physical capital, such as community infrastructure, was evident. A lack of both institutional support and bridging of social capital were attributes which contributed to community vulnerability. This study has identified key attributes that have both positive and negative effects on the vulnerability of Solomon Islands communities. Having done this, I have also attempted to determine the drivers that render some attributes more vulnerable than others. It is acknowledged that the drivers of all key attributes of vulnerability is required to determine areas where adaptation plans will be most effective. Importantly, drivers of high vulnerability should not be considered as the primary focus of adaptation planning, but also the drivers of low vulnerability, such as community cohesion, which provide resilience within communities.

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Jiang, Fan. "Three Essays on the Behavioral Responses to Coastal Hazards and Vulnerability." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3759.

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This dissertation consists of three papers in environmental and natural resource economics. The first paper estimates the value of statistical lives (VSL) from hurricane evacuation behavior through an empirical analysis. I present empirical models that predict individuals' willingness to pay (WTP) for avoiding hurricane risks revealed through their evacuation behavior. Using survey data from Texas residents (who were affected by Hurricane Ike), I analyze the individuals’ hurricane evacuation decisions and their corresponding WTP for evacuation. I also estimate the individuals' WTP for avoiding hurricane risks under both voluntary and mandatory evacuation orders and calculate the associated VSL. The findings can be useful to emergency management agencies for evacuation planning. In the second paper, I study market responses to multiple hurricanes based on evidence from real estate sales data. Unlike earlier studies that examined the effect of hurricane exposures on property value, the present study considers how multiple hurricane hits affect the home value. I use repeat sales data from three counties in Florida from 2000 to 2010 and develop a hedonic price model. The findings identify the determinants that influence the property value and provide valuable insights for homebuyers and sellers. The study also provides useful insights regarding the benefits of hurricane mitigations to Florida residents and beyond. The third paper investigates the time preference and the dynamics of evacuation behavior based on evidence from Hurricane Ike and Hurricane Sandy. This paper contributes to the literature on households’ evacuation timing decisions by investigating the factors influencing people’s time preference for evacuation behavior. Unlike other studies, I examine the residents’ evacuation behavior across the Gulf coast as well as the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic coasts from a comparative perspective. I use one survey dataset from Texas residents who experienced Hurricane Ike and another survey dataset from the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic US states that were affected by Hurricane Sandy. The results provide insights for future hurricane evacuation planning and emergency management.

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McLaughlin, Suzanne. "Assessment and development of a coastal vulnerability index for Northern Ireland employing GIS techniques." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.232860.

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Rahman, Mohammad Aminur. "Impact of structural development projects on vulnerability of coastal communities to disaster." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/132705/1/Mohammad_Rahman_Thesis.pdf.

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This research helps understand the complex human-environment relationships in an ecologically sensitive deltaic plain in the southwest coast of Bangladesh. It explores how large-scale physical infrastructure leads to transformation of an entire social-ecological system through alteration of natural environments, which eventually causes vulnerability of the community to disaster. This research also sheds light on development planning processes and their implications from a political ecology perspective. The findings highlight that, nature-humans coexistence is essential for development to be sustainable. The study proposes Social-Ecological System to be considered as a unit in formulating development plans for limiting the unintended negative consequences of infrastructure development.

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Percival, Sarah. "Portsmouth coastal flood vulnerability and risk : assessment and mapping of impacts at microscale." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2016. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/portsmouth-coastal-flood-vulnerability-and-risk(f5763d1b-6938-45df-aa0c-7290d1c01b67).html.

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Within the UK, coastal community’s risk to flooding has increased. Enclosed in these flood affected communities, people and areas suffer at different levels according to their vulnerability. This thesis describes the development of a new Coastal Flood Vulnerability and Risk methodology in order to understand, assess and map UK Coastal Flood Vulnerability for day and night time, at the most detailed level within the constraints of data protection. It also explores efficient visualisation of these results using three wards from the island city of Portsmouth: Hilsea, Eastney and St. Thomas. This subsequently led to an analysis of Coastal Flood Risk, via the combination of the newly developed, detailed Coastal Flood Vulnerability and Hazard Indexes, within ArcGIS, using accessible Ordnance Survey, 2011 UK National Census, and Environment Agency geoinformatic data. The scale chosen for the analysis was Output Area (neighbourhood), representing the level where principal dimensions of vulnerability are founded. This resulted in a unique framework for measuring coastal flood vulnerability that operates at the level of detail necessary to truly deliver effective solutions and was able to distinguish the different risk levels to areas if a flood occurred at day or night. The detailed assessment provided by the Coastal Flood Vulnerability and Risk methodology developed here, pinpointed previously unidentified neighbourhoods to the northwest of Hilsea that have significant coastal flood risk levels, specifically at night. For Eastney, areas in the far western and eastern end of the ward were the most vulnerable and at-risk, whereas in St Thomas, coastal flood risk levels were primarily low. The extra level of detail provided by the newly developed method, allows better targeting of interventions to improve resilience, reduce vulnerability and enhance recovery as well as assisting decision makers to deliver effective risk-reduction policies.

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Unguendoli, Silvia <1987&gt. "Propagation of uncertainty across modeling chains to evaluate hydraulic vulnerability in coastal areas." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/8599/1/Unguendoli_Silvia_Tesi.pdf.

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The aim of the thesis is to investigate the propagation of the uncertainties from meteorological to coastal forecasts, in order to obtain a better understanding of the uncertainties associated to the numerical modeling systems. The first phases focused on the parameter settings of the morphological model XBeach, as source of uncertainties within the model itself. This was done by means of a sensitivity analysis of the model that allowed to characterize how the model responds to changes in input, with an emphasis on finding the input parameters to which outputs are the most sensitive. Moreover, an estimate of how the uncertainties propagate within the numerical modeling chain was made by means of the ensemble technique. Moving from a single-deterministic to probabilistic forecasts, it is possible to give some useful indication of the forecast reliability. Therefore, the meteorological Limited Area Ensemble Prediction System COSMO-LEPS was used to generate 16 different meteorological forecasts that were used to force the wave\oceanographic models SWAN and ROMS and finally the morphological model XBeach. The study focused on two different storm events both occurred in the autumn 2015-winter 2016 on the Emilia-Romagna coasts.The results showed that, in both cases, the uncertainties of the wind and pressure fields clearly propagated through to the oceanographic models up to influence the coastal forecasts. The accuracy of the forecasts of the oceanographic and morphological models is largely dependent on the quality in wind data. However, extension of the ensemble approach to the coastal areas showed encouraging results and suggested, as a future development, the possible optimization of the system by using a meteorological ensemble built in such a way as to optimize the spread in terms of the surface variables used to drive the marine-coastal model components.

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Pavel, Md Tanvir. "Three Essays on Managing Extreme Weather Events and Climatic Shocks in Developing and Developed Countries." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3797.

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Climate change and extreme weather events are affecting the environment, and people’s livelihood in both developing and developed countries. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, livestock, water resources, human health, terrestrial ecosystems, biodiversity, and coastal zones are among the major sectors impacted by these shocks. The challenge of adaptation is particularly acute in the developing countries, as poverty and resource constraints limit their capacity to act. Bangladesh fits in this category, and thus I use data from Bangladesh to analyze the adaptation process in the first and second chapter of my dissertation. In the first chapter, I investigate whether transient shocks (flood, cyclone) or permanent shocks (e.g., river erosion that leads to permanent loss of lands) have more influence on interregional migration. Findings of the study suggest that the households prefer to move to the nearest city when the environmental shock is temporary, whereas they tend to relocate over a greater distance when the environmental shock is more permanent in nature. In the second chapter, I investigate the feasibility of a set of adaptation measures to cope with hydro-climatic shocks (e.g. floods, drought, cyclones, tidal waves) and epidemic shocks (emergence or re-emergence of infectious diseases on livestock and poultry) in the agricultural sector in Bangladesh. Findings suggest that a decrease in agricultural income due to climatic and/or epidemic shocks is likely to induce households to adapt more. Developed countries are also vulnerable to extreme weather events and climatic shocks. In 2017, United States was hit by three consecutive hurricanes: Harvey, Irma, and Maria. Given the rising exposure and the increasing need to manage coastal vulnerability, the third essay focusses on understanding household preferences for financing adaptation activities in the U. S. and analyzes which mechanism, i.e., state or federal adaptation fund approach, is better suited to managing exposure to such types of natural disaster in the future.

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Mostofi, Camare Hooman. "Multicriteria Decision Evaluation of Adaptation Strategies for Vulnerable Coastal Communities." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20112.

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According to the IPCC (2007) fourth assessment report, small islands and coastal communities have a set of characteristics that makes them very vulnerable to climate change impacts, mainly sea-level rise and storm surges. Coastal hazards including inundation, salinisation of the water supply, and erosion threaten vital infrastructure that support coastal communities. Although Canada has the longest coastline in the world, little work has been done on impacts of climate change and adaptation to these impacts in the Canadian coastal zones. This research is part of an International Community-University Research Alliance (ICURA) C-Change, project to develop a multicriteria decision evaluation and support for the systems analysis of adaptation options for coastal communities toward adapting to environmental changes. This study estimates the vulnerability of coastal communities with respect to their environmental, economic, social, and cultural dimensions. It also applies a group version of the Analytical Hierarchy Process for identifying decisions that various stakeholders make on suggested adaptation strategies. This study develops a methodological framework that is applicable to various coastal and small island contexts. The application of the proposed framework is further discussed in a case study conducted on the communities of Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island (PEI), and Little Anse on Isle Madame, Nova Scotia. Specifically, the state of the Little Anse breakwater is analyzed and new adaptation options are presented and evaluated. This research has illustrated and applied a process of decision evaluation and support that explicitly engages multiple participants and critieria in complex problems situations involving environmental change in coastal communities.

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O'Brien, Patrick S. "A Framework for the Analysis of Coastal Infrastructure Vulnerability under Global Sea Level Rise." Thesis, Colorado State University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10639192.

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The assumption of hydrologic stationarity has formed the basis of coastal design to date. At the beginning of the 21^st century, the impact of climate variability and future climate change on coastal water levels has become apparent through long term tide gauge records, and anecdotal evidence of increased nuisance tidal flooding in coastal areas. Recorded impacts of global sea rise on coastal water levels have been documented over the past 100 to 150 years, and future water levels will continue to change at increasing, unknown rates, resulting in the need to consider the impacts of these changes on past coastal design assumptions. New coastal infrastructure plans, and designs should recognize the paradigm shift in assumptions from hydrologic stationarity to non-stationarity in coastal water levels. As we transition into the new paradigm, there is a significant knowledge gap which must address built coastal infrastructure vulnerability based on the realization that the underlying design assumptions may be invalid.

A framework for the evaluation of existing coastal infrastructure is proposed to effectively assess vulnerability. The framework, called the Climate Preparedness and Resilience Register (CPRR) provides the technical basis for assessing existing and future performance. The CPRR framework consists of four major elements: (1) datum adjustment, (2) coastal water levels, (3) scenario projections and (4) performance thresholds. The CPRR framework defines methodologies which: (1) adjust for non-stationarity in coastal water levels and correctly make projections under multiple scenarios; (2) account for past and future tidal to geodetic datum adjustments; and (3) evaluate past and future design performance by applying performance models to determine the performance thresholds. The framework results are reproducible and applicable to a wide range of coastal infrastructure types in diverse geographic areas.

The framework was applied in two case studies of coastal infrastructure on the east and west coasts of the United States. The east coast case study on the Stamford Hurricane Barrier (SHB) at Stamford CT, investigated the navigation gate closures of the SHB project. The framework was successfully applied using two performance models based on function and reliability to determine the future time frame at which relative sea level rise (RSLR) would cause Navigation Gate closures to occur once per week on average or 52 per year. The closure time analysis also showed the impact of closing the gate earlier to manage internal drainage to the Harbor area behind the Stamford Hurricane Barrier. These analyses were made for three future sea level change (SLC) scenarios.

The west coast case study evaluated four infrastructure elements at the San Francisco Waterfront, one building and three transportation elements. The CPRR framework applied two performance models based on elevation and reliability to assess the vulnerability to flooding under four SLC scenarios. An elevation-based performance model determined a time horizon for flood impacts for king tides, 10 and 100-year annual exceedance events. The reliability-based performance model provided a refinement of results obtained in the elevation-based model due to the addition of uncertainty to the four infrastructure elements.

The CPRR framework and associated methodologies were successfully applied to assess the vulnerability of two coastal infrastructure types and functions in geographically diverse areas on the east and west coasts of the United States.

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Kaiser, Gunilla [Verfasser]. "Risk and vulnerability analysis to coastal hazards : an approach to integrated assessment / Gunilla Kaiser." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2008. http://d-nb.info/1019744545/34.

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26

Gomez, Maria. "Modeling Coastal Vulnerability for Insight into Mangrove and Coral Reef Conservation Efforts in Cuba." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7562.

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Cuba’s expansive coral reefs and mangrove habitats provide a variety of ecosystem services to coastal communities including nursery grounds for fisheries, shoreline stability, and storm and flood protection. While Cuba’s coastal habitats are some of the most preserved in the Caribbean, they are under increasing threat of degradation from the impacts of climate change, increased tourism, and coastal development. With the goal of sustainable development, Cubans need to assess the storm and flood protection benefits these coastal habitats provide, and integrate this information into future expansion and management plans within the National Protected Areas System (SNAP). Using the open source software, Integrated Valuation on Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST), a national-scale coastal vulnerability model was developed to provide quantitative estimates of coastal exposure and the protective role of coastal habitats during storm events. This model integrates storm information with bathymetry and coastline geomorphology, coupled with coastal habitat data to estimate the influence of these habitats in reducing vulnerability to storms and flooding. By combining these results with human population data, the model identifies where coastal communities are most vulnerable to wave energy and storm surge, and where coral reefs and mangroves provide the most protection by reducing impacts to these communities. We classify these regions as areas of conservation priority. We observed that fifty percent of the areas identified as areas of conservation priority lack any form of environmental protection. We recommend including these key habitats within the National System of Protected Areas. This will permit decision makers to more effectively concentrate restoration and conservation efforts in areas where people and natural resources will experience greater benefit from valuable ecological services.

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Smith, Erica Rose. "High Place at The Water’S Edge: A Coastal Vulnerability Assessment of the Kiskiak Landscape." W&M ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1530192381.

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Coastal archaeological sites are threatened by a host of environmental change processes, including sea level rise, land subsidence, and shoreline erosion. The rates at which these processes have been occurring are increasing, exacerbated by climate change, and are expected to increase even more rapidly in the future. This will cause further loss of archaeological sites and with them, the loss of our knowledge of how coastal inhabitants lived and interacted with their landscape. My research assesses the vulnerability of prehistoric and Contact period Native American sites situated around Indian Field Creek in Virginia. This area saw multiple prehistoric occupations, culminating in the protohistoric village of Kiskiak, which was part of the Powhatan chiefdom at the time of European contact. Recent archaeological excavations and the careful study of shell middens found in this area have added to our knowledge of how the Kiskiak people dwelled within this landscape and interacted with their environment. However, field observations have revealed that these midden deposits are actively being eroded. My research takes into consideration a variety of environmental and cultural variables to determine which sites in this area are most at risk from the natural environment and which would be the greatest loss to our understanding of the past if they were washed away from the archaeological record. The results of this research presented here provide guidance for environmental and cultural managers to best preserve the archaeological record and our knowledge of the native people of this region.

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Brien, Lynn Ferrara. "Modeling eutrophication vulnerability in coastal Louisiana wetlands impacted by freshwater diversion: a remote sensing approach." Diss., Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18999.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Geography
Kevin P. Price
A major strategy in response to rapid degradation and loss of Louisiana’s coastal wetlands has been the construction of siphon diversion projects. The diversions are designed to reintroduce nutrient enriched freshwater from the Mississippi River into wetland ecosystems to combat saltwater intrusion and stimulate marsh growth. The lack of consensus regarding the effects of river diversions on nutrient enrichment of wetland ecosystems is coupled with major concerns about eutrophication. Locating, assessing, and monitoring eutrophic marsh vegetation represent major challenges to understanding the impacts of freshwater diversions. As a result, this study was undertaken to investigate the feasibility of modeling eutrophication vulnerability of a coastal Louisiana marsh receiving turbid Mississippi River water. The major objective was to integrate remotely sensed data with field measurements of vegetation biophysical characteristics and historical ecosystem survey data to delineate landscape patterns suggestive of vulnerability to eutrophication. The initial step in accomplishing this goal was to model the spatial distribution of freshwater impacts using satellite image-based turbidity frequency data associated with siphon diversion operation. Secondly, satellite and spectroradiometer band combinations and vegetation indices optimal for modeling marsh biophysical characteristics related to nutrient enrichment were identified. Finally, satellite image data were successfully integrated with measures of historical and concurrent marsh biophysical characteristics to model the spatial distribution of eutrophication vulnerability and to elucidate the impacts of freshwater diversions.

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Carpentier, Jesse A. "A Geospatial Assessment of Social Vulnerability to Sea-Level Rise in Coastal San Luis Obispo." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2017. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1765.

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This project is an assessment of social vulnerability to sea-level rise in the unincorporated coastal area of the County of San Luis Obispo (County) using geospatial and statistical analysis. The intention of this assessment is to inform local climate adaptation efforts now required by state legislation. A social vulnerability index was generated at the Census block group level using 32 variables positively correlated with social vulnerability. The social vulnerability score for each block group is the sum of scores generated for the following principle components: (1) race/ethnicity and disability status, (2) social isolation and age, (3) income, and (4) housing quality and dependence on social services. This study uses Geographic Information Systems software to map social vulnerability scores and building footprints attributed each block group in the coastal planning area. To provide a preliminary assessment of exposure to sea-level rise hazards, social vulnerability and buildings are overlaid with existing spatial datasets for inundation, bluff erosion, dune erosion, and wetland migration induced by sea-level rise in the year 2100. Implications for existing plans and further research include the incorporation of sea-level rise vulnerability into the general plan (safety, land use, and environmental justice elements in particular), local hazard mitigation plan, and local coastal programs.

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Davidson, Christopher Bryn. "Effects of European Gypsy Moth Defoliation in Mixed Pine-Hardwood Stands in the Atlantic Coastal Plain." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40345.

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As populations of the European gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) move into the southeast, laboratory studies indicate that the potential exists for defoliation and possible tree mortality in mixed pine-hardwood stands. This dissertation describes a field study that was initiated to determine the susceptibility and vulnerability of pure and mixed stands of loblolly pine, oaks and sweetgum in pine-oak and pine-sweetgum cover types in the Atlantic Coastal Plain physiographic province. Sixteen stands were defoliated between 1992 and 1996. Stand susceptibility was significantly related to stand composition; stands with a greater proportion of susceptible species experienced greater defoliation. Oaks and sweetgum were heavily defoliated. Pines did not suffer extensive defoliation, and results of the study indicate that the probability of widespread gypsy moth defoliation in pine plantations appears to be low. A multiple linear regression model for the prediction of mean stand defoliation is also presented. Trends in tree mortality were similar to those previously described in northeastern forests. Susceptible tree species were heavily impacted, however, oaks displayed greater vulnerability than sweetgum. Suppressed and intermediate trees in the understory, and trees that were in poor or fair condition, had a greater probability of dying subsequent to defoliation. However, under- and overstory basal area mortality rates were not significantly different in the pine-oak type, and stem mortality rates were not significantly different in either type. Loblolly pine mortality was observed, but it was difficult to isolate the source, and thereby determine whether gypsy moth defoliation was a primary causal factor. In general, the potential for extensive pine mortality in mixed pine-hardwood stands does not appear to exist. Logistic regression was found to be a useful tool in the prediction of individual tree mortality and two logistic regression equations were derived and validated for use in pine-oak and pine-sweetgum cover types.
Ph. D.

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Miranda, Francisco Marcela. "Assessing vulnerability to sea level rise in the state of São Paulo, Brazil." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-149065.

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The study aims to assess vulnerability to sea level rise of the municipal population from the coastal region of the state of São Paulo. This vulnerability assessment focus on degrees of vulnerability and what are the main factors that affect vulnerability to sea level rise in the municipalities. The study has included indicators of vulnerability to sea level rise which were represented through vulnerability mapping reflecting the degrees of adaptive capacity, sensitivity, exposure and total vulnerability of the municipalities. The results have shown that São Vicente, São Sebastião, Praia Grande, Santos and Guarujá were classified as highly vulnerable to sea level rise and Santos as the most vulnerable municipality. The assessment indicated that approximately 1 million inhabitants of the coastal zone of São Paulo could be affected by a rise of up to 1 meter in the sea level in one generation time, around 100 years. Social factors are among the main factors that affect vulnerability, which are especially related to urban infrastructure; however biophysical factors, particularly linked to erosion and inundation are significant factors to vulnerability to sea level rise in the municipalities likewise, economic factors, as the most vulnerable municipalities concentrate industries with high polluting potential. The identified main factors that affect coastal vulnerability should be integrated in policy considerations that should also focus on long term urban management strategies.

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Brewster, Fozlo Leo Stanley. "Application of littoral vulnerability assessment into the integrated coastal zone management process of Barbados, West Indies." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2005. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55962/.

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This research focuses on applying littoral vulnerability assessment (LVA) into the coastal management process of Barbados, W. I. using a multipurpose rapid assessment technique, making the most of limited data and process knowledge. The conceptual and theoretical components of coastal vulnerability assessment set the context on which the LVA process is built. Three environmental sensitivity indices (ESIs) have been developed to using to a selection of the variables to characterise the coastline. Seventy four coastal locations are described according to the following ESIs: - Wave Exposure Index, Coastal Sensitivity Index, and Beach Aesthetic Index. These respectively represent the coastline being 92% being sheltered 64% having a high to very high sensitivity to oil pollution and 51% being of good to very good aesthetic quality Factor and cluster analyses were used to develop Coastal Vulnerability and Degree of Risk Indices. Twenty three coastal segments were analysed of which 52% were considered to be high to very highly vulnerable to erosion and potential storm wave damage. The south coast's most vulnerable locations are Casuarina, Dover and St Lawrence while west coast locations are Fitts Village, Paynes Bay and Sandy Lane. The highest degrees of risk locations identified were Casuarina, St. Lawrence. Batts Rock. Dover and Carlisle Bay. The research has also interpreted case studies using GIS and available socio economic information to quantify property vulnerability based on potential economic loss value. These results show that 88% of the coast is fully urbanized, with 63% being used in tourism infrastructure and having the greatest land value. The thesis also includes the construction of LVA profile model, which is intended to: 1) contribute to the formulation of future coastal management policies in Barbados and 2) provide an easy to implement monitoring procedure for small islands embarking on coastal management initiatives. The research demonstrates the use of scientifically valid yet inexpensive methods of quantitative shoreline monitoring and assessment, which could be of practical value in the coastal management of Small Island Developing States.

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Lao, Fine Faitehina Tutu'u. "The vulnerability of tongatapu coastal zone to local impacts of climate and sea level rise related risks." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2244.

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Tongatapu coastal zone vulnerability assessment study was conducted to examine the degree of current and future risks of projected climate change and sea level rise on the coastal zone of the main island of the Kingdom of Tonga-Tongatapu. Inundation, and flooding hazards generated by tropical cyclone storm surges are the common threats to Tongatapu coastal towns and villages because of their low-lying settings. Flooding problems are exacerbated by the social trends of population growth and migration from the outer islands of the Kingdom, to Tongatapu the main island where the capital town of the Kingdom, Nuku'alofa is located. Other threats include beach erosion, saltwater intrusion, and seawater spraying of coastal vegetations and properties. A survey of the local people of Tongatapu, mapping of vulnerable areas with GIS, and using my local knowledge of the island coastal zone were the three methods were used to conduct this study. The main objective of this research was to assess the vulnerability of the coastal zone of Tongatapu to local impacts of inundation and flooding hazards associated with climate and sea-level rise related risks. The results of the survey indicated that more than 95% of the respondents agreed that the coastal zone of Tongatapu is vulnerable to inundation and flooding risks generated by tropical cyclones that visit Tongatapu coastal water every year, based on their recollection, knowledge, and experienced of the past storm events that hit Tongatapu. GIS work showed that those coastal towns and villages of Tongatapu that are located in areas less than 5 meter above sea level are vulnerable to the local impacts of inundation and flooding hazards. It is concluded that the yearly visited tropical cyclones to Tonga that are actually hit Tongatapu coastal zone had increasing the vulnerability of the coastal towns and villages of Tongatapu that are located in areas below 5 meters above sea level to inundation and flooding hazards associated with climate change and sea level rise related risks. Other possible cause might be the gradual uplifted of the south coast of Tongatapu due to ongoing earthquake activities in Tonga since the last 200 years. But in facts more research it has to be done to confirm this argument. The response to the local impacts of inundation and flooding hazards in the coastal zone of Tongatapu should be focused on adaptation, risk and hazard management.

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jaeger, Caroline. "Progressive and Conservative Efforts in Climate Change Flood Adaptation: A Study of Four Coastal States." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1310.

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The purpose of this thesis is to understand the reasons for the varying adaptation policies in place for coastal states that will experience flooding as result of climate change. Responses to excessive precipitation and worsened flooding differ widely between predominantly conservative and predominantly progressive states. The levels of flooding aren’t fully known, but they are predicted to be increasingly catastrophic as climate change worsens. Coastal populations will only grow more vulnerable to flooding without adaptive measures put in place. Increasing green infrastructure is one of the most effective methods. Adaptation measures vary widely by state and more progressive states have greater amounts of adaptive measures in place. Conservative states have a long history that results in their lack of climate policy and environmental governance.

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Maddison, Maximilian. "Coastal Communities and the Currents of Vulnerability: A novel approach to Australian sea level rise adaptation research." Thesis, Department of Government and International Relations, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21663.

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Sea levels are rising at an unprecedented rate. Using a novel approach in Australian sea level rise (SLR) adaptation research, this Honours thesis uses three case studies in New South Wales - Botany Bay, Lake Macquarie and Collaroy-Narrabeen - to consider the broad threat of rising sea levels to coastal communities. First, document analysis of current sea level rise adaptation plans shows that each local council perceives “adaptation as resilience”, prioritising the exposure of the built-environment over human vulnerability. However, using socio-spatial mapping highlights the inadequacy of current approaches, which by neglecting the currents of social vulnerability create incomplete perceptions of risk. Evidence of potential climate disadvantage – the simultaneous threat of ecological exposure and social vulnerability – in both Botany Bay and Lake Macquarie, is augmented by the identification of a vulnerable sub-population in Collaroy-Narrabeen. These findings underline the inadequacy of each councils’ risk-based adaptation policies. Last, the community-based research used in this dissertation demonstrates three clear benefits: (1) enabling community members to assign the factors that contribute to their own vulnerability; (2) highlighting social factors integral to individual and community vulnerability; and (3) including the voices of marginalised residents excluded from current decision-making processes. The research concludes by recommending that risk-management approaches adopt social vulnerability assessments to ensure existing disadvantage isn’t compounded by rising sea levels or adaptation planning.

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Favaretto, Chiara. "Development of a model for the assessment of Coastal Flooding Vulnerability: an application to the Venetian littoral." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424876.

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In the recent years, marine flooding and its impacts have become a question of growing interest in the scientific community as well as in managing authorities, since coastal areas are the most heavily populated and developed land zones in the world. Under climate change, sea levels are rising and even storm surge intensity is possibly increasing. Therefore, it is expected that the occurrence probability of extreme coastal flooding events will increase. This major hazard requires urgent adaptations in order to increase the resistance and resilience of an area to coastal floods. The motivation of this research arises from the practical need highlighted by local managers of the Veneto region that require (possibly GIS-integrated) rapid tools to simulate the whole complexity of the problem of mapping the risk of coastal flood by wave over-topping in an urban area at large scale. The aim of this thesis is to develop a methodology in order to define flood risk maps by analysing different scenarios at a different time and spatial scales, combining both marine forcing and flood propagation in the hinterland. After an articulated theoretical study and an accurate bibliographic research, a flood propagation numerical model was implemented. In order to use GPU acceleration, i) the domain Shallow Water Equations are simplified by linearising bottom friction and neglecting advection, and ii) an appropriate vectorization method is considered. The numerical model for coastal flooding propagation was tested against four well-known benchmarks (two analytical solutions of the SWEs and two experimental tests) and applied to a real case of coastal flooding occurred at Caorle (VE) in December 2008. The methodology was finally applied to the coast of the Veneto Region, thanks to an extensive geomorphological and hydraulic knowledge of the area (Ruol et al. 2016, 2018). Combining i) a bivariate statistical analysis of marine forcing (waves and sea levels), ii) a model of wave transformation from offshore to onshore and iii) a reliability analysis, Coastal Flooding hazard maps were produced for three stretches of the Veneto littoral: Valle Vecchia, Caorle and Cavallino-Treporti.
L’allagamento costiero è una tematica di grande attualità che ha suscitato negli ultimi anni una forte attenzione sia da parte della comunità scientifica che da parte degli amministratori e gestori del territorio. L’innalzamento del livello medio del mare dovuto ai cambiamenti climatici e la maggior frequenza di mareggiate estreme fanno prevedere una più alta probabilità di accadimento di eventi di ingressione marina lungo i litorali. La crescente urbanizzazione e la sempre più alta percentuale di persone che vivono nei litorali aumentano il valore esposto all'allagamento costiero, che va dunque studiato e approfondito per mitigare il rischio di perdite economiche, di danni al patrimonio artistico/culturale e all’ambiente e per scongiurare pericoli per l'incolumità delle persone presenti in questi territori. La motivazione di questa ricerca è scaturita dalla necessità, espressa dagli enti gestori e pianificatori della costa Veneta, di redigere mappe di rischio di allagamento che includessero tra le cause dell’alluvionamento non solamente l’esondazione di tipo fluviale, ma anche quella di origine costiera e di avere pertanto uno strumento rapido e scientificamente basato che consenta di rispondere in maniera unitaria e omogenea per tutto il litorale alla Direttiva Alluvioni (2007/60/CE). A tale scopo è stata predisposta una metodologia per definire mappe di rischio di allagamento attraverso un’analisi di diversi scenari a diverse scale temporali e spaziali. Il primo passo è stato implementare, dopo un articolato studio teorico e una accurata ricerca bibliografica, un modello numerico che risolve le equazioni del moto (ovvero le equazioni alle acque basse) in forma semplificata per simulare la propagazione dell’allagamento nell’entroterra. Le semplificazioni apportate alle equazioni (in particolare all'equazione della conservazione della quantità di moto) sono essenzialmente due: i) i termini avvettivi sono stati trascurati poiché risultano poco importanti nel tipo di fenomeno analizzato, ii) il termine di attrito, fondamentale per descrivere la propagazione, è stato linearizzato. Per garantire la positività della soluzione e la sua stabilità, evitando quindi la formazione di oscillazioni, sono state implementate alcune tecniche numeriche. Le equazioni semplificate sono adatte ad un calcolo in parallelo e pertanto il modello proposto ha come peculiarità l’utilizzo di algoritmi idonei all’uso di GPU, in grado quindi di analizzare grandi mappe in tempi di calcolo ridotti e di lavorare direttamente alla scala del pixel (utilizzando “Digital Elevation Model” DEM ad alta risoluzione) senza la necessità di creare mesh. Nel presente studio è stata utilizzata la GPU Nvidia Tesla K80 con 4992 core e 12 GByte di memoria, ottenendo tempi di calcolo, per domini molto estesi, pari al 3% di quelli necessari utilizzando una classica CPU. Il modello numerico di allagamento è stato esaminato attraverso il confronto con quattro benchmark molto noti in letteratura (due soluzioni analitiche delle equazioni alla acque basse e due prove sperimentali). Inoltre è stato applicato ad un caso reale di allagamento costiero avvenuto a Caorle (VE) nel Dicembre 2008, confrontando i risultati ottenuti con una mappa di aree allagate ricostruita grazie ad un video ripreso durante l’evento estremo. Il modello è risultato in buon accordo con le soluzioni analitiche, le misure di laboratorio e le informazioni disponibili. La metodologia è stata infine applicata alla costa della Regione Veneto, traendo vantaggio dall’ampia conoscenza geomorfologica e idraulica del territorio maturata nello svolgimento di una approfondita ricerca eseguita ed elaborata sui più recenti dati e misure disponibili per la zona costiera (Ruol et al. 2016, 2018). A partire dai dati di altezza d’onda e livello misurati alla Torre CNR “Acqua Alta” è stata condotta un’analisi statistica bivariata che ha permesso di valutare la probabilità di superamento associata a coppie di altezza d’onda e livello. L’obiettivo finale, ossia la redazione di mappe di allagamento, si avvale di una analisi di affidabilità di livello II (FORM). I risultati sono pertanto i valori di probabilità di superamento di un determinato livello idrico per ciascun pixel del DEM disponibile. Questo si traduce in un risultato di estremo interesse scientifico e pratico, ovvero la predisposizione di mappe di pericolosità all’allagamento costiero nell'arco temporale di 1 e 10 anni. Sono stati analizzati tre tratti che appartengono alla costa Veneta (in provincia di Venezia) e che hanno lunghezza compresa tra i 4 e i 15 km: il litorale di Valle Vecchia, il litorale di Caorle e il litorale di Cavallino. Le realizzazione di queste mappe e la conseguente individuazione delle zone più critiche vuole fornire un valido supporto per la programmazione e progettazione degli interventi che riguardano la protezione costiera dal rischio di ingressione marina lungo il litorale.

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Montgomery, Marilyn Christina. "Assessing the Environmental Justice Implications of Flood Hazards in Miami, Florida." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5276.

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While environmental justice (EJ) research in the U.S. has traditionally focused on inequities in the distribution of technological hazards, the disproportionate impacts of Hurricane Katrina on racial minorities and socioeconomically disadvantaged households have prompted researchers to investigate the EJ implications of natural hazards such as flooding. Recent EJ research has also emphasized the need to examine social inequities in access to environmental amenities. Unlike technological hazards such as air pollution and toxic waste sites, areas exposed to natural hazards such as hurricanes and floods have indivisible amenities associated with them. Coastal property owners are exposed to flood hazards, but also enjoy water views and unhampered access to oceans and the unique recreational opportunities that beaches offer. Conversely, dense urban development and associated impervious surfaces increase likelihood of floods in inland areas which may lack the amenities of proximity to open water. This dissertation contributes to the emerging literature on EJ and social vulnerability to natural hazards by analyzing racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic inequities in the distribution of flood risk exposure in the Miami Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), Florida--one of the most hurricane-prone areas in the world and one of the most ethnically diverse MSAs in the U.S. The case study evaluates the EJ implications of residential exposure to coastal flood risk, inland flood risk, and no flood risk, in conjunction with coastal water related amenities, using geographic information science (GIS)-based techniques and logistic regression modeling to estimate flood risk exposure. Geospatial data from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) are utilized to delineate coastal and inland 100-year flood hazard zones. Socio-demographic variables previously utilized in EJ research are obtained from tract level data published in the 2010 census and 2007-2011 American Community Survey five-year estimates. Principal components analysis is employed to condense several socio-demographic attributes into two neighborhood deprivation indices that represent economic insecurity and instability, respectively. Indivisible coastal water related amenities are represented by control variables of percent seasonal homes and proximity to public beach access sites. Results indicate that racial/ethnic minorities and those with greater social vulnerability based on the neighborhood deprivation indices are more likely to reside in inland flood zones and areas outside 100-year flood zones, while residents in coastal flood zones are disproportionately non-Hispanic White. Moreover, residents exposed to coastal flood risk tend to live in areas with ample coastal water related amenities, while racial/ethnic minorities and individuals with higher neighborhood deprivation who are exposed to inland flood risk or no flood risk reside in areas without coastal water related amenities. This dissertation elucidates the importance of EJ research on privilege and access to environmental amenities in conjunction with environmental hazards because areas exposed to natural hazards are likely to offer indivisible benefits. Estimating people and places exposed to hazards for EJ research becomes difficult when the boundaries of census areal units containing socio-demographic data do not match the boundaries of hazard exposure areas. This challenge is addressed with an application of dasymetric spatial interpolation using GIS-based techniques to disaggregate census tracts to inhabited parcels. Several spatial interpolation methods are assessed for relative accuracy in estimating population densities for the Miami MSA, and the output units from the most accurate method are employed in EJ regression analyses. The dasymetric mapping efforts utilized herein contribute to research on the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) and its effects on statistical analyses. Since the dasymetric mapping technique used for EJ analyses disaggregates census tracts to the inhabited parcel level, the results of the associated analyses for flood hazards exposure and access to coastal water related amenities should be more reliable than those based on tracts. The enhanced accuracy associated with inhabited parcels is a result of using a more precise geospatial depiction of residential populations, which leads to a more accurate portrayal of disproportionate exposure to flood hazards. Consequently, this dissertation contributes methodologically to GIS-based techniques of dasymetric spatial interpolation and empirically to EJ analysis of flood hazards with indivisible coastal water related amenities.

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Kelland, Emma Jean. "Vulnerabilities to Seismic Hazards in Coastal and River Environments: Lessons post the Canterbury Earthquake Sequence 2010-2012, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geography, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8487.

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Coastal and river environments are exposed to a number of natural hazards that have the potential to negatively affect both human and natural environments. The purpose of this research is to explain that significant vulnerabilities to seismic hazards exist within coastal and river environments and that coasts and rivers, past and present, have played as significant a role as seismic, engineering or socio-economic factors in determining the impacts and recovery patterns of a city following a seismic hazard event. An interdisciplinary approach was used to investigate the vulnerability of coastal and river areas in the city of Christchurch, New Zealand, following the Canterbury Earthquake Sequence, which began on the 4th of September 2010. This information was used to identify the characteristics of coasts and rivers that make them more susceptible to earthquake induced hazards including liquefaction, lateral spreading, flooding, landslides and rock falls. The findings of this research are applicable to similar coastal and river environments elsewhere in the world where seismic hazards are also of significant concern. An interdisciplinary approach was used to document and analyse the coastal and river related effects of the Canterbury earthquake sequence on Christchurch city in order to derive transferable lessons that can be used to design less vulnerable urban communities and help to predict seismic vulnerabilities in other New Zealand and international urban coastal and river environments for the future. Methods used to document past and present features and earthquake impacts on coasts and rivers in Christchurch included using maps derived from Geographical Information Systems (GIS), photographs, analysis of interviews from coastal, river and engineering experts, and analysis of secondary data on seismicity, liquefaction potential, geology, and planning statutes. The Canterbury earthquake sequence had a significant effect on Christchurch, particularly around rivers and the coast. This was due to the susceptibility of rivers to lateral spreading and the susceptibility of the eastern Christchurch and estuarine environments to liquefaction. The collapse of river banks and the extensive cracking, tilting and subsidence that accompanied liquefaction, lateral spreading and rock falls caused damage to homes, roads, bridges and lifelines. This consequently blocked transportation routes, interrupted electricity and water lines, and damaged structures built in their path. This study found that there are a number of physical features of coastal and river environments from the past and the present that have induced vulnerabilities to earthquake hazards. The types of sediments found beneath eastern Christchurch are unconsolidated fine sands, silts, peats and gravels. Together with the high water tables located beneath the city, these deposits made the area particularly susceptible to liquefaction and liquefaction-induced lateral spreading, when an earthquake of sufficient size shook the ground. It was both past and present coastal and river processes that deposited the types of sediments that are easily liquefied during an earthquake. Eastern Christchurch was once a coastal and marine environment 6000 years ago when the shoreline reached about 6 km inland of its present day location, which deposited fine sand and silts over this area. The region was also exposed to large braided rivers and smaller spring fed rivers, both of which have laid down further fine sediments over the following thousands of years. A significant finding of this study is the recognition that the Canterbury earthquake sequence has exacerbated existing coastal and river hazards and that assessments and monitoring of these changes will be an important component of Christchurch’s future resilience to natural hazards. In addition, patterns of recovery following the Canterbury earthquakes are highlighted to show that coasts and rivers are again vulnerable to earthquakes through their ability to recovery. This city’s capacity to incorporate resilience into the recovery efforts is also highlighted in this study. Coastal and river areas have underlying physical characteristics that make them increasingly vulnerable to the effects of earthquake hazards, which have not typically been perceived as a ‘coastal’ or ‘river’ hazard. These findings enhance scientific and management understanding of the effects that earthquakes can have on coastal and river environments, an area of research that has had modest consideration to date. This understanding is important from a coastal and river hazard management perspective as concerns for increased human development around coastlines and river margins, with a high seismic risk, continue to grow.

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Sahin, Oz. "Dynamic Assessment of Coastal Vulnerability and Adaptation to Sea Level Rise: An Integrated Spatial-Temporal Decision Making Approach." Thesis, Griffith University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/368117.

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As the globe continues to warm, coastal communities across the world will increasingly be faced with rising sea levels, as well as changes in storm surge frequency and magnitude. Significantly, most infrastructure, settlements and facilities are located near the coast. While coastal communities have benefitted from the many advantages of living and working in these areas, inevitably they also face the threat of natural disasters. With concern for the consequences of sea level rise (SLR) and associated storm surge (SS), the primary, and most urgent topics for decision makers are the assessment of vulnerability and the evaluation of adaptation measures. However, due to uncertainty in climate change predictions, many vulnerability and adaptation assessments and most town planning activities, which are based on an the assumption that the sea level will remain stable in the future, are in a state of flux. Added to the dilemma is the realisation that the impacts of SLR will, most likely, be spatially non-uniform across the world. It is therefore essential for decision-makers to consider the dynamic and spatial characteristics of these changes in assessing the impacts of SLR when making decisions about future infrastructure and community life.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Engineering
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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40

Laila, Fariya. "Assessment on Social Vulnerabilities to Climate Change – a Study on South-Western Coastal Region of Bangladesh." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-207482.

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According to the Global Climate Risk Index, Bangladesh with its densely populated coastal areas is considered as one of the most vulnerable countries affected by climate change in the world. In this context, the goal of this research is to assess the social vulnerability of the south-western coastal communities of the country,which is becoming more vulnerable, trying to understand the underlying social conditions of coastal people who are dependent on limited natural resources. To do so, vulnerability indicators of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity are analyzed using quantitative data collected from different sample areas and focus group discussions (FGD) were held with the local women in two study areas. The results show that a community in the area have close dependency on natural resources such as water, mangrove forest and also has a limited set of livelihood options. Also many households, above the traditional fishing and agriculture, have no secondary occupation or alternative livelihood options. Therefore, unpredictable seasonal patterns on the sea and land would threat livelihood and mainly their food security. Considering that the coastal areas have potential opportunities for nation’s sustainable development, assessing on social vulnerability to climate change will help to create regulation and awareness programs in order to minimize vulnerabilities.

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Charles, Sean Patrick. "Saltwater Intrusion and Vegetation Shifts Drive Changes in Carbon Storage in Coastal Wetlands." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3791.

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Coastal wetlands protect coastlines through efficient storage of organic carbon (OC) that decreases wetland vulnerability to sea level rise (SLR). Accelerated SLR is driving saltwater intrusion and altering vegetation communities and biogeochemical conditions in coastal wetlands with uncertain implications. We quantified changes in OC stocks and fluxes driven by 1) saltwater and phosphorous intrusion on freshwater and brackish marshes, 2) vegetation along an experimental saltmarsh to mangrove gradient, 3) saltwater intrusion and vegetation change across a marsh to mangrove ecotone, and 4) vegetation change and mangrove forest development along a marsh to mangrove ecotone. Increasing salinity in freshwater marshes decreased root biomass and soil elevation within one year. In brackish marshes, increased salinity decreased root productivity and biomass and increased root breakdown rate (k), while added salinity did not increase elevation loss. In our experimental marsh-mangrove ecotone, mangrove vegetation promoted higher organic carbon (OC) storage by increasing above and belowground biomass and reducing organic matter k. However, mangroves also increased belowground k, and decreased allochthonous marine subsidies, indicating the potential for OC storage trade-offs. In the Southeast Everglades, we identified strong interior-coastal gradients in soil stoichiometry and mangrove cover. Interior freshwater soil conditions increased k, while total soil OC stocks decreased toward the coast indicating that saltwater intrusion is driving large scale soil OC loss. In the southeast Everglades, mangrove expansion increased root biomass and root productivity, but did not mitigate the overall loss of OC stocks toward the coast. Similarly, in the southwest Everglades, saltwater intrusion drove a decrease in soil OC. However, mangrove encroachment drove a rapid recovery and increased OC stocks. Mangrove encroachment doubled aboveground biomass within the last ten years, increased it 30 times in the last 30 years, and doubled belowground biomass after 20 years. Our research shows that 1) moderate saltwater intrusion without mangrove encroachment will lead to a loss in OC stocks and potentially lead to wetland elevation loss and submergence, 2) in the absence of a change in saltwater intrusion, mangrove expansion can enhance OC storage 3) mangrove expansion can mitigate OC loss during saltwater intrusion, but this pattern depends on mangrove recruitment and ecosystem productivity.

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McMinn, Miranda. "Tourism, coastal livelihoods, vulnerability and governance in South India : tourism, actors and artisanal marine fishers in Varkala, Kerala." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2006. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/tourism-coastal-livelihoods-vulnerability-and-governance-in-south-india--tourism-actors-and-artisanal-marine-fishers-in-varkala-kerala(abd7d183-864b-4d7a-8321-218057749837).html.

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43

Islam, Md Monirul. "Vulnerability and adaptation of fishing communities to the impacts of climate variability and change : insights from coastal Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/5321/.

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Climate variability and change are predicted to impact on coastal and marine smallscale fisheries and dependent communities. They have been adapted to the normal range of climate variability and its impacts, but additional adaptation will be required to address the increased impacts of climate change. Migration is regarded as one strategy to adapt to these impacts but debates surround its successfulness. Fishing communities can adapt in many ways and migration is one example. However, limits and barriers can prevent adaptation being successful or reduce vulnerability. Studies on vulnerability, adaptation and limits and barriers to adaptation are therefore preconditions for the fishing communities to develop effective adaptation strategies to face climate variability and change. Despite considerable studies on the impact of climate change on aquatic ecosystems and fish stocks, the macro scale fishery-dependent economies and their people, and on vulnerability and adaptation in agricultural communities, there has been insufficient examination of the vulnerability and adaptation of small-scale fishing communities to climate variability and change. This thesis therefore assesses the vulnerability and adaptation to the impacts of climate variability and change, in three small-scale coastal fishing communities in Bangladesh. Using a mixed method approach, particular focus is given to the assessment of livelihood vulnerability, the investigation of the outcomes of climate induced migration, and the exploration of limits of and barriers to adaptation. Results highlight that the level of livelihood vulnerability not only differs between communities but also between different household groups within a community, depending on their level of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Exposure to floods and cyclones; sensitivity (such as dependence on small-scale marine fisheries for livelihoods); and lack of adaptive capacity in terms of physical, natural and financial capital and diverse livelihood strategies construe livelihood vulnerability in different ways depending on the context. Results show that the most exposed community is not necessarily the most sensitive or least able to adapt because livelihood vulnerability is a result of combined but unequal influences of biophysical and socio-economic characteristics of communities and households. Within a fishing community, where households are similarly exposed, higher sensitivity and lower adaptive capacity combine to create higher vulnerability. Migration may be a viable strategy to respond to climate variability and change. Results show that migration has generated several positive outcomes for households that resettled. The resettled households are now less exposed to floods, sea level rise and land erosion than those who stayed behind. They have also more livelihood assets and better access to them. They enjoy higher incomes, better health, better access to water supply, health and educational services, technology and markets than the households who remained in their original settlement. The thesis also establishes that fishing communities face multiple limits and barriers to adaptation of fishing activities to cyclones, however. Limits include physical characteristics of climate and sea, such as higher frequency and duration of cyclones, and hidden sandbars. Barriers include technologically poor boats, inaccurate weather forecasts, poor radio signals, lack of access to credit, low incomes, underestimation of cyclone occurrence, coercion of fishermen by the boat owners and captains, lack of education, skills and livelihood alternatives, unfavourable credit schemes, lack of enforcement of fishing regulations and maritime laws, and lack of access to fish markets. These local and wider scale factors interact in complex ways and constrain completion of fishing trips, coping with cyclones at sea, safe return of boats from sea, timely responses to cyclones and livelihood diversification. Overall, this thesis contributes empirical evidence to current debates in the literature on climate change by enhancing an understanding of the characteristics and determinants of livelihood vulnerability, migration as an adaptation strategy and limits and barriers to the adaptation of fishing communities to climate variability and change. The findings of this thesis form the basis for further detailed research into the vulnerability and adaptation of small-scale fishing communities to climate variability and change. Based on the above findings, this thesis also provides some suggestions for reducing vulnerability and for developing effective adaptation strategies.

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Bulathsinhalage, Buddika Manori Bulathsinhala. "Perception, Vulnerability, and Adaptation to Climate Change Impacts: A Case Study of Coastal Livelihoods in Chilaw, Sri Lanka." Thesis, Curtin University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/88573.

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The study investigates the process of adaptation in view of livelihood vulnerability of coastal communities encompassing their perceptions of climate change impacts, both in quantitative and qualitative terms. Despite direct exposure, climate change is often an abstract and distant concept for coastal communities. Being the first in-depth empirical study conducted in Sri Lanka, it introduces the tools of “livelihood vulnerability index” and “perception index” to assist all levels of stakeholders to combat climate change effects.

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Marshall, Andrew Robert. "Using The Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment Model to Forcast Probable Impacts, and Planning Implications, of a 500-year Tsunami in Cayucos, California." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1433.

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This report focuses on using the Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment Model (PTVA) to demonstrate the vulnerability of Cayucos to a 500-year tsunami, and using the results to inform specific planning recommendations. By modeling inundation with GIS and analyzing building attributes via the PTVA model, this study has gone beyond any previous vulnerability assessments of Cayucos. Findings include: delineation of the most vulnerable areas, estimates of numbers of lost civic buildings, commercial buildings and houses, as well as estimates of people displaced from tsunami damaged homes. The report goes on to discuss what mitigation measures are in place and what further specific steps could be taken to ensure the long term sustainability of the town and help reduce future tsunami losses. Cayucos is a small coastal town in San Luis Obispo County, California; popular with tourists and locals for its beach, pier, and downtown. Intense coastal development and low lying topography makes Cayucos among the most tsunami vulnerable communities in the county. Many civic and economically important buildings, as well as homes, are within the 500-year tsunami inundation area. In the absence of fully developed, and accessible assessment tools like FEMA’s HAZUS tsunami program; local planners have had only basic information to assess the community’s tsunami vulnerability. The Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment Model (PTVA) is a method that uses available tsunami runup estimations and field data collection to produce a detailed assessment of individual building survivability and overall community vulnerability.

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Mazzer, Alexandre Maimoni. "Proposta metodológica para análise de vulnerabilidade da orla maritma à erosão costeira : aplicação em praias arenosas da costa sudeste da Ilha Santa Catarina (Florianópolis, Santa Catarina-Brasil)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/13784.

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A vulnerabilidade da linha de costa à erosão costeira é relativa a fatores geológicos, geomorfológicos, oceanográficos, entre outros, os quais operam em diversas escalas de tempo. No presente trabalho foi construída uma proposta metodológica para analisar a vulnerabilidade de cinco praias localizadas na costa sudeste da Ilha de Santa Catarina (Florianópolis-SC). Tal proposta apóia-se em: i- medições da linha de costa em escalas interanual e interdecadal, trazendo para o contexto a hipótese de que a linha de costa responde de forma distinta aos agentes processuais como ondas, correntes e marés, conforme a escala temporal sob análise, e ii - na determinação de células costeiras e de deriva litorânea, no sentido de que estas representem unidades homogêneas e fundamentais para aplicações em gerenciamento costeiro. A posição da linha de costa foi analisada através de aerofotos dos anos de 1938, 1978, 1994, 1998 e 2002, em ambiente de Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG), enquanto que na determinação das células foram utilizados dois métodos: diagramas de refração/difração de ondas e morfo-textura praial. Os limites das células permitiram seccionar a linha de costa e obter unidades homogêneas para a aplicação de índices de vulnerabilidade, tendo sido adotado o conceito de unidade de orla marítima. Na análise de vulnerabilidade foram utilizadas oito variáveis, as quais foram comparadas quanto a sua correlação com as taxas de variações da linha de costa interanual e interdecadal. Tal comparação foi realizada por agregação linear e possibilitou a obtenção de 3 índices de vulnerabilidade costeira , índice interanual, interdecadal e geral. A análise de risco incluiu a variável de elevação do nível do mar e o risco de danos a edificações na faixa de orla marítima. Entre escalas, percebeu-se que, numa mesma praia, as respostas da linha de costa são diferentes, sendo que muitas variações em escala interanual são absorvidas pela dinâmica temporal maior expressa em taxas interdecadais. Foram identificadas 26 células costeiras, as quais exibem limites divergentes, convergentes e pulsantes, denotando as unidades de orla marítima. De forma geral, existe tendência à erosão costeira da ordem de 0,30m/ano, porém, para fins de análise de vulnerabilidade, devem ser consideradas a contribuição das variáveis em cada escala , bem,como suas relações numa mesma praia. Por outro lado, As variáveis que tiveram maior importância foram a inclinação da antepraia e a altura de ondas, sendo que as demais variaram, em importância, conforme a escala sob perspectiva. A utilização de diferentes índices de vulnerabilidade permitiu avaliar este trecho da linha contemplando diferentes processos como recuperação da praia pós eventos de alta energia, tendências de erosão costeira, elevação do nível do mar, além de considerar o risco de uso e ocupação da orla marítima.. Deste modo, a estrutura da metodologia pautada em unidades de orla marítima (relacionadas ao balanço sedimentar), e na consideração de diferentes escalas temporais propõe uma aproximação com ações diversificadas e efetivas de Planejamento e Gerenciamento Costeiro.
The coastal vulnerability to coastal erosion depends on several factors that varies at time scales. At this study the goal was develop a methodological proposal to analyze coastal vulnerability of five beaches placed at southeast shore of Santa Catarina Island (Florianópolis-SC-Brazil). It’s based on: i- shorelines position measurements in interdecadal and interannual scales, which highlighted the different responses from shorelines to coastal process; ii- Coastal and drift cells determination, which representing homogeneous unities to coastal management applications. The shoreline position was measured using aerial photography sets from the years: 1938 to 2002, using Geographical Information Systems (GIS), and the coastal and drif cells was studied with two methods: Diagram of wave refraction/diffraction obtained by MIKE 21 PMS modelling software, and a set of beach sampling profiles to analysis the morphological and sediments texture characteristics. The boundary between the coastal cells divide the shoreline in stretch representing homogeneous unities, to be used in vulnerability and risk analysis. Eight variables was correlated and compared with both interannual and interdecadal rates of shoreline change to compose the vulnerability analysis. The linear aggregation was used to compare the correlated data among variables and the shorelines rates resulting in three vulnerability indexes. The risk analisys includes an sea level rise prediction to year of 2090 and the damages of buildings placed at aseashore areas. There are different responses from shorelines from each time scales, occurring, in general, the shoreline changes relative interannual scale being absorbed by the changes happened in interdecadal scales. It was identified 26 coastal cells with different boundaries types between them like convergent , divergent and pulsatory denoting the aseashore unities. at general, there is a trend of coastal erosion about 0,30 m/year of magnitude, but, must be considered the variables contribution at time scales variation. The most important variables was the shoreface slope and height of wave breaking, and the others varying in importance according to time scale analyzed. The utilization of different vulnerability index turns possible the multi scale process analysis, considering the vulnerability to as beach recovery due storms, coastal erosion trends, sea level rise, and considering the human uses and occupation risks.

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Dall’Osso, Filippo <1977&gt. "Coastal flood vulnerability assessment with geomatic methods: Test sites of western Thailand, Sydney (Australia) and aeolian islands (south tyrrhenian sea, Italy)." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2484/1/DALLOSSO_FILIPPO_TESI.pdf.

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The work undertaken in this PhD thesis is aimed at the development and testing of an innovative methodology for the assessment of the vulnerability of coastal areas to marine catastrophic inundation (tsunami). Different approaches are used at different spatial scales and are applied to three different study areas: 1. The entire western coast of Thailand 2. Two selected coastal suburbs of Sydney – Australia 3. The Aeolian Islands, in the South Tyrrhenian Sea – Italy I have discussed each of these cases study in at least one scientific paper: one paper about the Thailand case study (Dall’Osso et al., in review-b), three papers about the Sydney applications (Dall’Osso et al., 2009a; Dall’Osso et al., 2009b; Dall’Osso and Dominey-Howes, in review) and one last paper about the work at the Aeolian Islands (Dall’Osso et al., in review-a). These publications represent the core of the present PhD thesis. The main topics dealt with are outlined and discussed in a general introduction while the overall conclusions are outlined in the last section.

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48

Dall’Osso, Filippo <1977&gt. "Coastal flood vulnerability assessment with geomatic methods: Test sites of western Thailand, Sydney (Australia) and aeolian islands (south tyrrhenian sea, Italy)." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2484/.

Full text

Abstract:

The work undertaken in this PhD thesis is aimed at the development and testing of an innovative methodology for the assessment of the vulnerability of coastal areas to marine catastrophic inundation (tsunami). Different approaches are used at different spatial scales and are applied to three different study areas: 1. The entire western coast of Thailand 2. Two selected coastal suburbs of Sydney – Australia 3. The Aeolian Islands, in the South Tyrrhenian Sea – Italy I have discussed each of these cases study in at least one scientific paper: one paper about the Thailand case study (Dall’Osso et al., in review-b), three papers about the Sydney applications (Dall’Osso et al., 2009a; Dall’Osso et al., 2009b; Dall’Osso and Dominey-Howes, in review) and one last paper about the work at the Aeolian Islands (Dall’Osso et al., in review-a). These publications represent the core of the present PhD thesis. The main topics dealt with are outlined and discussed in a general introduction while the overall conclusions are outlined in the last section.

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Scolaro, Thelma Luiza. "Avaliação da sensibilidade ambiental costeira e análise de risco socioambiental do litoral centronorte catarinense, com base na vulnerabilidade do ambiente às mudanças climáticas." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/76141.

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Abstract:

O objetivo deste trabalho é contribuir para a compreensão da sensibilidade ambiental e risco socioambiental do setor costeiro centro-norte do Estado de Santa Catarina (de Biguaçu a Itapoá). Para atingir o objetivo proposto foi aplicada uma metodologia, adaptada do método Smartline proposto para a costa Australiana, denominada ISAC – Índice de Sensibilidade Ambiental Costeira, que se apresenta neste estudo dividida da seguinte forma: (a) análise das variáveis regionais de vulnerabilidade costeira da região centro-norte Catarinense; (b) avaliação de critérios como geologia, geomorfologia, clima, dinâmica marinha, topografia e socioeconomia da área de estudo; (c) classificação hierárquica frente a fatores de resistência e/ou função ecológica e posterior ponderação de acordo com a sensibilidade de cada critério a eventos extremos e a elevação do nível médio dos oceanos; (d) elaboração de mapas temáticos contendo informações da sensibilidade ambiental presente nas praias do litoral centro e norte de Santa Catarina para cenários de ondulação provenientes de Leste e Sudeste. O ISAC demonstrou que 39% da zona costeira, apresenta sensibilidade Alta para o cenário de ondulação proveniente de Leste, seguido pelos valores de 18% que apresenta sensibilidade Baixa, 17% com sensibilidade Muito Alta e 16% com sensibilidade Muito Baixa. Para o cenário de ondas provenientes de Sudeste, 41% da área de estudo apresenta Alta sensibilidade em seus segmentos costeiros, com valores menores na sequência, onde 20%, 15% e 13% da costa demonstraram sensibilidade Baixa, Muito Baixa e Muito Alta respectivamente. Com relação ao risco socioambiental costeiro, no cenário com ondulações de Leste, 51% da linha de costa apresenta risco Médio, 30% risco Alto e 18% risco Baixo e referente ao cenário de Sudeste 53%, 27% e 20% do segmento costeiro apresentam risco Médio, Alto e Baixo respectivamente. O ISAC e a Análise de Risco Socioambiental mostraram-se eficientes para uma avaliação regional do litoral centro-norte de Santa Catarina. Entretanto, salienta-se que para a realização de uma análise local, de maior detalhe, se faz necessário a obtenção de um volume maior de informações, a cerca dos critérios ou parâmetros ambientais, através de campanhas de campo.
The aim of this study is to contribute to the understanding of environmental sensitivity and Social Environmental risk for the central-north coastal sector of the Santa Catarina State (from Biguaçu to Itapoá). To achieve the proposed objective the ISAC - Coastal Environmental Sensitivity Index methodology was applied, adapted from the Smartline method proposed for the Australian coast. In this study the ISAC methodology is divided as follows: (a) regional variables analysis of coastal vulnerability for the central-north region of Santa Catarina; (b) assessment of the criteria such as geology, geomorphology, climate, marine dynamic, topography and social-economy of the study area; (c) hierarchical classification against resistance factors and/or ecological function and subsequent pondering according to the sensitivity of each criterion to extreme events and mean sea level rise; (d) development of thematic maps containing the environmental sensitivity information of the study area for two different wave scenarios, waves from the East and Southeast directions. The ISAC showed that 39% of the coastal area has High sensitivity for the East waves, followed by the values of 18% which has Low sensitivity, 17% with Very High and 16% with Very Low sensitivity. For the Southeast waves scenario, 41% of the study area has High sensitivity in the coastal sections, with lower values in the sequence, where 20%, 15% and 13% of the coast showed the sensitivity as Low, Very Low and Very High respectively. Regarding the social environmental coastal risk, for the East wave scenario, 51% of the coastline presents Medium risk, 30% High risk and 18% Low risk. For the Southeast waves scenario, 53%, 27% and 20% of the coastal segment has Medium, High and Low risk respectively. The ISAC and the Social Environmental Risk analysis were effective for a regional assessment of the central northern coast of Santa Catarina. However, it is noted that to perform a detailed local analysis is necessary to obtain a greater volume of information about the criteria or environmental parameters through field campaigns.

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Schaumlöffel, Daniella [Verfasser], Matthias [Akademischer Betreuer] Wolff, and Marion [Akademischer Betreuer] Glaser. "Vulnerability and marine resource-dependence in coastal and marine social-ecological systems / Daniella Schaumlöffel. Gutachter: Matthias Wolff ; Marion Glaser. Betreuer: Matthias Wolff." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1072303809/34.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Coastal vulnerability'

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