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Journal articles on the topic "Coating durability":
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Fedyaev, Vladimir, Engel Galimov, Alexey Belyaev, and Liliya Sirotkina. "Durability of Polymer Powder Coatings." MATEC Web of Conferences 346 (2021): 02043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134602043.
The durability of polymer powder coatings is considered. The features of the impact on coatings during their operation of the environment, loads from the side of the substrate on the surface of its contact with the coatings, parameters that depend on the chemical composition and structure of the coating material are briefly analyzed. The thickness of the coating stands out as the main indicators of durability; a function that characterizes the continuity, strength, corrosion resistance, and its other properties; adhesive strength. It is proposed to use a generalized (integral) criterion for a comprehensive accounting of these indicators. An equation is written to assess the durability of the considered coatings, in a particular case, a formula is given for calculating their permissible operating time.
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Hirohata, Mikihito, Tomonori Nakahara, and Károly Jármai. "Life cycle cost analysis on anti-corrosion coatings for steel bridges in Japan." Multidiszciplináris tudományok 11, no. 5 (2021): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.35925/j.multi.2021.5.10.
A series of surveys on the cost and durability of anti-corrosion coatings for steel bridges used in Japan was performed. The life cycle cost of anti-corrosion coatings for steel bridges during their design service periods was examined under different corrosion environments. The combinations of heavy-duty paint coating system as initial coating and the same coating system as repair coating showed the lowest cost when the short interval applied for the repair work. The metal coatings might be reasonable under severe corrosion environments due to their high durability.
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Donadei, Valentina, Heli Koivuluoto, Essi Sarlin, and Petri Vuoristo. "Durability of Lubricated Icephobic Coatings under Various Environmental Stresses." Polymers 14, no. 2 (January 12, 2022): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14020303.
Icephobic coatings interest various industries facing icing problems. However, their durability represents a current limitation in real applications. Therefore, understanding the degradation of coatings under various environmental stresses is necessary for further coating development. Here, lubricated icephobic coatings were fabricated using a flame spray method with hybrid feedstock injection. Low-density polyethylene represented the main coating component. Two additives, namely fully hydrogenated cottonseed oil and paraffinic wax, were added to the coating structure to enhance coating icephobicity. Coating properties were characterised, including topography, surface roughness, thermal properties, wettability, and icephobicity. Moreover, their performance was investigated under various environmental stresses, such as repeated icing/deicing cycles, immersion in corrosive media, and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. According to the results, all coatings exhibited medium-low ice adhesion, with slightly more stable icephobic behaviour for cottonseed oil-based coatings over the icing/deicing cycles. Surface roughness slightly increased, and wetting performances decreased after the cyclic tests, but chemical changes were not revealed. Moreover, coatings demonstrated good chemical resistance in selected corrosive media, with better performance for paraffin-based coatings. However, a slight decrease in hydrophobicity was detected due to surface structural changes. Finally, paraffin-based coatings showed better resistance under UV irradiation based on carbonyl index and colour change measurements.
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Piispanen, Minna, Thomas Kronberg, Sami Areva, Joe Pimenoff, and Leena Hupa. "Easy-to-Clean Coatings on Glass and Glazed Surfaces." Advances in Science and Technology 66 (October 2010): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.66.150.
Glass and glazes are easy-to-clean surfaces often used in everyday environments where the surface needs to repel soils and deposits. In general, these surfaces have good chemical durability in everyday environments. However, the durability is rapidly degraded in solutions of high or low pH. This kind of surface corrosion has been found to diminish the cleanability. Surface topography has also a certain influence on the soil attachment and cleanability. Self-cleaning and easy-to-clean coatings have been employed to enhance the cleanability of surfaces. In this report surface properties of three coatings reported to enhance the cleanability of glass and glazed surfaces are summarized. The properties discussed are the surface appearance, roughness, wettability, soil attachment and soil removal. Also the chemical and mechanical durability of the coatings are discussed. The coatings studied were a commercial fluoropolymer film applied at room temperature, an experimental sol-gel derived TiO2 coating calcined at 500°C, and an experimental liquid flame sprayed TiO2-Ag coating applied on the substrates at 500-800°C. The advantages of the fluoropolymer coating are easy application and soil good soil repellence, but the coating has limited chemical and mechanical durability. The manufacture of the sol-gel TiO2 coating requires several processing steps. The coated surface showed excellent cleanability, and good chemical and mechanical durability. The liquid flame sprayed coating has potential to be applied online in the material manufacture. However, the processing parameters should be optimized in order to achieve desired improvements in the cleanability.
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Rosales, A., A. Maury-Ramírez, R. Mejía-De Gutiérrez, C. Guzmán, and K. Esquivel. "SiO2@TiO2 Coating: Synthesis, Physical Characterization and Photocatalytic Evaluation." Coatings 8, no. 4 (March 24, 2018): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8040120.
Use of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) have been widely investigated individually in coatings technology, but their combined properties promote compatibility for different innovative applications. For example, the photocatalytic properties of TiO2 coatings, when exposed to UV light, have interesting environmental applications, such as air purification, self-cleaning and antibacterial properties. However, as reported in different pilot projects, serious durability problems, associated with the adhesion between the substrate and TiO2, have been evidenced. Thus, the aim of this work is to synthesize SiO2 together with TiO2 to increase the durability of the photocatalytic coating without affecting its photocatalytic potential. Therefore, synthesis using sonochemistry, synthesis without sonochemistry, physical characterization, photocatalytic evaluation, and durability of the SiO2, SiO2@TiO2 and TiO2 coatings are presented. Results indicate that using SiO2 improved the durability of the TiO2 coating without affecting its photocatalytic properties. Thus, this novel SiO2@TiO2 coating shows potential for developing long-lasting, self-cleaning and air-purifying construction materials.
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Buhl, Sebastian, J. Peter, A. Stich, R. Brückner, and C. Bulitta. "Durability and stability of antimicrobial coated surfaces." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 298–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2020-3076.
AbstractAntimicrobial surface coating of i.e. medical devices could contribute to infection prevention and reduction of hospital acquired infections (HAI). Recent studies showed a significant reduction in the microbial contamination of antimicrobial coated surfaces in clinical setups. Nevertheless, there are only few publications available that deal with the durability and stability of these coatings under routine clinical conditions. In this work different antimicrobial coating compositions were tested on different surfaces for their durability and remaining antimicrobial activity. Our results show that the durability and stability of a subsequent applied antimicrobial coating is strongly dependent on the chemical formulation of the coating and also the underlying surface condition. Whereas we could still detect remaining antimicrobial coating and activity on some samples after repeated abrasion testing, some other samples lost their coating and activity after only a few abrasion cycles. Interestingly the integrated antimicrobial substance in the 3-D printed samples showed strong antimicrobial activity even after rough treatment of the surfaces (brushing, scratching).
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Lee, Kang N. "Key Durability Issues With Mullite-Based Environmental Barrier Coatings for Si-Based Ceramics." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 122, no. 4 (May 15, 2000): 632–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1287584.
Plasma-sprayed mullite 3Al2O3s˙2SiO2 and mullite/yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) dual layer coatings have been developed to protect silicon-based ceramics from environmental attack. Mullite-based coating systems show excellent durability in air. However, in combustion environments, corrosive species such as molten salt or water vapor penetrate through cracks in the coating and attack the Si-based ceramics along the interface. Thus the modification of the coating system for enhanced crack-resistance is necessary for long-term durability in combustion environments. Other key durability issues include interfacial contamination and coating/substrate bonding. Interfacial contamination leads to enhanced oxidation and interfacial pore formation, while a weak coating/substrate bonding leads to rapid attack of the interface by corrosive species, both of which can cause a premature failure of the coating. Interfacial contamination can be minimized by limiting impurities in coating and substrate materials. The interface may be modified to improve the coating/substrate bond. [S0742-4795(00)03203-8]
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Kucharska, Beata, Paweł Czarniak, Krzysztof Kulikowski, Agnieszka Krawczyńska, Krzysztof Rożniatowski, Jerzy Kubacki, Karol Szymanowski, Peter Panjan, and Jerzy Robert Sobiecki. "Comparison Study of PVD Coatings: TiN/AlTiN, TiN and TiAlSiN Used in Wood Machining." Materials 15, no. 20 (October 14, 2022): 7159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15207159.
In this paper, we analyze the possibilities of the protection of tools for wood machining with PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) hard coatings. The nanolayered TiN/AlTiN coating, nanocomposite TiAlSiN coatings, and single layer TiN coating were analyzed in order to use them for protection of tools for wood machining. Both nanostructured coatings were deposited in an industrial magnetron sputtering system on the cutting blades made of sintered carbide WC-Co, while TiN single layer coating was deposited by evaporation using thermionic arc. In the case of TiN/AlTiN nanolayer coatings the thickness of the individual TiN and AlTiN layer was in the 5–10 nm range, depending on the substrate vertical position. The microstructure and chemical composition of coatings were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) method. Additionally, in the case of the TiN/AlTiN coating, which was characterized by the best durability characteristics, the transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) methods were applied. The coatings adhesion to the substrate was analyzed by scratch test method combined with optical microscopy. Nano-hardness and durability tests were performed with uncoated and coated blades using chipboard. The best results durability characteristics were observed for TiN/AlTiN nanolayered coating. Performance tests of knives protected with TiN and TiAlSiN hard coatings did not show significantly better results compared to uncoated ones.
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Trajer, Marcin, Łukasz Pyclik, and Jerzy Robert Sobiecki. "The Nickel Aluminide Coatings Obtained on Small Holes Produced with the EDD Method." Strojniški vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 68, no. 10 (October 27, 2022): 623–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2022.169.
Recently, airplane travel has become more affordable and thus more common. This has required engineers and scientists to spend thousands of hours on the development of new material and production technologies. High-pressure turbine (HPT) components are the most heavily loaded parts from the thermal, mechanical, and corrosion points of view. Therefore, both the material from which blades and vanes are cast as well as protective coatings are being constantly developed. Better material translates into longer and safer engine operation. Coatings maintain material structures within aggressive environments. However, despite the wide scope of development, there are areas that have not been investigated, one of which is electro-discharge drilling (EDD) machined cooling holes surface and its influence on environmental coating durability. In this paper, the EDD process impact on coating durability is shown. Process residuals, such as redeposited material and recast layers, result in coating inclusions. Oxidation testing also shows the relationship between the cooling hole diameter and coating durability.
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Zheng, Yan, Qian Jin Mao, Ya Li Wang, Zi Ming Wang, and Su Ping Cui. "Study on the Influence of Painting Processes on the Protective Property of Concrete Coating." Key Engineering Materials 509 (April 2012): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.509.88.
With the development of construction project the durability of concrete is becoming more and more prominent, and surface coating is an effective measure to enhance the durability of concrete. Water-based silicone acrylic emulsion coating and water-based fluorocarbon resin coating were chose as prime and topcoat respectively. The impact of the coating’s thickness and viscosity on the durability of concrete and the relationship between the viscosity of the coating and its penetration depth were testified by chloride ion permeability-resistance property of concrete. The results show that thickness is proportional to the protective performance of the coating, and the penetration depth highly depends on viscosity. And the result of coating-4 viscosity method shows that samples with viscosity between 15 and 25 seconds have better chloride permeability resistance.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Coating durability":
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Regan, Christopher James. "The durability of water-borne acrylic coating systems." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337183.
The objectives of this research programme were to examine the influence of manufacturing and processing parameters on the environmental stability of aqueous acrylic based latices and to also extend the programme to an assessment of the behaviour of various stabiliser types suitable to such materials through either end-group modification or direct in-situ addition. During the research programme a number of physical and chemical techniques were assessed to routinely characterise and monitor the photochemical and thermal degradation of acrylic latices. These were based on emulsion polymerised formulations of methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate. In the first instance, acrylic latices based on different formulations were chosen as homopolymers and copolymers. Here the nature of impurities and oxidation products generated during various stages of their manufacture have to be characterised and inter-related to their influence on subsequent environmental degradation. This involved the use of reflectance FT-IR spectroscopy to show functional group changes together with colourimetric U.V. analysis to determine photochemical generation of hydroperoxides. The early chemical changes and their subsequent influence on the physical and chemical properties of the latices during the later stages of environmental degradation were found to exhibit a close inter-relationship. In this regard the formation and the manufacturing temperatures and periods were crucial. Thermal methods of analysis were also used to characterise differences in the properties of the latices before and during thermal and photochemical oxidation. The nature of the residual persulphate initiator and the compositions of the latices in terms of end group modification were important parameters. De-esterification and hydroperoxide formation were found to be important processes during latex degradation while the use of low levels of co-monomer addition. such as methacrylic acicL to the emulsion reaction gave latices with improved light stability. Subsequent aspects of the research programme involved a detailed investigation into the behaviour and performance of various stabiliser types and formulations. Thus, while coreactive hindered piperidine stabilisers was found to be effective, the incorporation of simple terminal dialkyl acrylamide/methacrylaroide groups were also found to be effective. The efficiency of dialkylamide groups operating through a sacrificial mechanism is discussed. The influence of these processing operations on subsequent stabiliser activity provides valuable information on the mode of action of these stabilisers in such complex media. Further work involved a study into the effect of fluorinated methacrylates used in emulsion polymerised formulations. Here, the presence of residual starting materials in the monomer was found to have a detrimental effect in terms of photostability. Subsequent analysis of acrylic resins, based on solution polymerised formulations of methyl methacrylate and fluorinated methacrylates, was undertaken. The influence of reactive stabiliser types on these resins was important and to improve stabiliser perfonnance, synergistic stabiliser formulations were studied. This project will provide important fundamental information on the behaviour of active chromophores produced during the manufacturing process and hopefully resuh in the development of monitoring methodologies to establish paint quality.
2
Kim, Hyungjun. "Investigation of critical issues in thermal barrier coating durability." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1124302514.
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xviii, 212 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 202-212). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Ahzi, Zhor. "Durability improvement of total hip joint prosthesis by diamond coating." Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA6197.
Chaque année, environ 500000 personnes en Europe. Dont un cinquième en France, sub issent une opération de pose ou de remplacement de Prothèse Totale de Hanche (PTH). Les prothèses de hanche réalisées jusqu'à présenl ne peuvent pas sClVir plus de 15 années. L'objectif principal de cette étude est donc l'augmentation de la longévité des prothèses (» 15 années) par la minimisation voi r, si possible, l'élimination de la formation de débris sur les surfaces de contact d'articulation. Dans notre cas. Le substrat est une tête sphérique en alliage de titane Ti6AI4 V fro ttant contre une cupule en polyéthylène à po ids moléculaire ultra élevé ( UHMWPE). Or, le titane et ses alliages présentent d'assez médiocres performances caractérisées en frottement. Pour remédier à cet effet. On propose un rcvetemcnt de Ti6Al4V par le diamant s)'mhetique en utilisant une nouvelle technique de dépôt chimique à haute température avec modulation du temps (Time modulated CVO - TMCVD). Cependant. Ce revetemcnt présente quelques difficultés dues à la génération des contraintes résiduelles élevées. La spectroscopie de Raman et la diffraction des rayons X (XRD) onl été utilisées pour mesurer ces contraintes résiduelles. Pour réduire les intensités des contraintes résidue lles ct améliorer J'ad hé sion, nous avons utilisé une couche intennédiai re de DLC (diamond like carbon) entre [e substrat Ti6A I4 V ct le diarnond. En fin, pour évaluer les cOJltraintes rés id uel le d'origine thermique. La méthode des éléments finis a été employée pour simuler le procédé de refroidissement des couches minces de diamant déposées sur ['alliage Ti6AI4 V à des températures s'étendant de 600°C à 900 oc Orthopaedic implants have improved the quality of life for millions of people over the last quarter of a cenlllly. The chnical objective is 10 rclieve pain and increase case ofmovement in the joint. In this work. We focus on hipjoint replacements. The biomaterial used is Titanium alloys (Ti6AI4 V). Coating Ti6AI4 V with diamond makes it one of the promising strategies 10 improve the alloy wear behavior, The main goal of this study is to obtain such coating with high qualily. Unstressed, conti nuous and well-adhered diamond film on Ti6Al4 V using a new process named time modulated CVD (Tr. . 1CVD). This technique is able to produce ultra-hard, smoolh. And good quality diamond films. Nonetheless, satisfactory adherence of diamond coating tilms to Ti6AI4V will be attainable by the use of an interlayer. In order 10 compensale the large interfacial thermal expansion mismatch between the cOining and substrate material. For thi s, we have used OLC (diamond like carbon) as an inlcrlayer material between diamond coatings and Ti6AI4 V substrate. The residual stresses in the diamond lilm were characterized for the cases with and withou! the OLC intcrlayer using scanning cleClron microscopy (SEM), Raman speclroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Lower values of the rcsidual stresses \Vere obtained for the case \Vith DLC interlayer. Finally, a numcri cal simulation \Vas conduclcd to estimate the thermal residual stresses that dcvelop in the diamond film and in the substratc. Ln this. We simulatcd the cooling process from the deposition temperalurc of diamond (600 10 900 oC) 10 room tcmpcralurc The obtaincd results show that the predicted rcsidunl Stresses are of the sarne order as those measurcd experimcntally
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Christiaen, Anne-Claire. "Evaluation of the durability of elastomeric easy-release coatings." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30760.
Novel coatings have been designed to solve problems associated with biofouling of marine structures, particularly ship hulls. The best candidates to date are multilayered coatings incorporating silicone rubber technology. These materials are efficient because they exhibit excellent release properties. However, they are very soft and tend to be more susceptible to various forms of mechanical damage.
Fundamental analysis of the durability of these coatings has been done using standard laboratory tests. Simulative studies are essential to screen candidates as well as to predict the true life of the systems. The goal of this project was to develop a testing protocol for the evaluation of the durability of elastomeric easy release coatings and to implement it on selected candidate coatings.
A brushing apparatus was designed and built to simulate the cleaning processes of ship hulls. Wear was measured with profilometry. The proposed methodology is valuable to study the processes of wear of the coatings, to screen various materials and to identify parameters, either functional or material, which would directly affect their durability.
Two groups of candidate coatings were tested: the EXS series and the NRL series. The EXS samples showed better wear resistance than the NRL samples and showed no dependence on the rotational speed of the brushes. The NRL samples showed that increasing the sliding speed resulted in a decrease in wear. An increase in the applied load resulted in increased wear for both sample series. The effect of coating thickness was also investigated and discrimination between the proposed coatings could not be established because the tips of the bristles were sharp and irregular. Scratches matching the path of the brush bristles were observed in the wear scars of both sample types under all load and speed conditions. The NRL samples also exhibited ridges perpendicular to the sliding direction similar to the abrasion pattern. Ph. D.
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Ramniceanu, Andrei. "Investigation of parameters governing the corrosion protection efficacy of fusion bonded epoxy coatings." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27848.
The primary cause of corrosion in transportation structures is due to chlorides which are applied to bridge decks as deicing salts. The direct cost of corrosion damage to the countryâ s infrastructure is approximately $8.3 billion per year. One of the most common corrosion abatement methods in the United States is the barrier protection implemented through the application of fusion bonded epoxy coatings.
The purpose of this study was to investigate various coating and exposure parameters to determine their effects on the corrosion of reinforcing steel. The parameters investigated were: chloride content at the bar depth, coated bar corroded area, corrosion product color under the coating, epoxy coating adhesion, coating color, coating damage (holidays and holes), coating thickness, TGA, DSC and EDS analysis and SEM coating cracking investigation. This was accomplished by testing new coated bar specimens as well as specimens extracted from 27 bridge decks located in Virginia.
This study demonstrated the following: The extracted ECR coating samples presented extensive cracking compared to the new ECR samples in which the coating cracking was limited to only one sample. The DSC results showed that both the extracted samples as well as new samples are not fully cured during the manufacturing process. The coating degree of curing data also showed that the bars are insufficiently and unevenly heated prior to the application of the powder coating. Additionally, the samples investigated presented significant permanent adhesion loss with little or no epoxy coating residue present on the bar surface, while the EDS analysis showed that once adhesion is lost, corrosion will proceed unimpeded under the coating even in the absence of chlorides.
The parameters that presented a direct correlation with the observed corrosion activity were the number of holidays and the number of damaged areas per unit length of bar. This indicates that the passivation of the bare steel exposed to the concrete pore solution at the breaches in the epoxy coating is not the same as a bare bar under similar exposure conditions allowing it instead to corrode at lower concrete chloride concentration levels than bare bars.
The results also show a distinct loss of quality control in the handling and possibly storage of new coated bars. The new ECR samples had significantly higher damage density than the samples extracted from concrete even though the coating is damaged during the placement of the concrete, while there was no change in the number of holidays and cure condition.
Finally, the data presented further evidence that while limited, the non-destructive corrosion assessment methods available for bare steel reinforced structures may also be used on ECR reinforced structures. In particular, the corrosion rate measurements correlated reasonably well with the chloride concentrations at bar level. This indicates that while the chlorides may not influence the corrosion activity under the coating, they do influence the corrosion activity at breaches in the coating. Ph. D.
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Jain, Rahul. "Investigations on Multiscale Fractal-textured Superhydrophobic and Solar Selective Coatings." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78725.
Functional coatings produced using scalable and cost-effective processes such as electrodeposition and etching lead to the creation of random roughness at multiple length scales on the surface. The first part of thesis work aims at developing a fundamental mathematical understanding of multiscale coatings by presenting a fractal model to describe wettability on such surfaces. These surfaces are described with a fractal asperity model based on the Weierstrass-Mandelbrot function. Using this description, a model is presented to evaluate the apparent contact angle in different wetting regimes. Experimental validation of the model predictions is presented on various hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces generated on several materials under different processing conditions.
Superhydrophobic surfaces have myriad industrial applications, yet their practical utilization has been severely limited by their poor mechanical durability and longevity. Toward addressing this gap, the second and third parts of this thesis work present low cost, facile processes to fabricate superhydrophobic copper and zinc-based coatings via electrodeposition. Additionally, systematic studies are presented on coatings fabricated under different processing conditions to demonstrate excellent durability, mechanical and underwater stability, and corrosion resistance. The presented processes can be scaled to larger, durable coatings with controllable wettability for diverse applications.
Apart from their use as superhydrophobic surfaces, the application of multiscale coatings in photo-thermal conversion systems as solar selective coatings is explored in the final part of this thesis. The effects of scale-independent fractal parameters of the coating surfaces and heat treatment are systematically explored with respect to their optical properties of absorptance, emittance, and figure of merit (FOM). Master of Science
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Solomon, Meron. "Enhancing the durability of fluorocarbon-free Durable Water Repellant (DWR) formulation." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-213517.
The focus of the project was to alter and optimize the water repellant textile coating formulations to reach enhanced durability. For this purpose, the project was approached with three methods. Firstly, bio-based components were implemented in the mother emulsion to act as surfactant and crosslinking agent and to provide hydrophobic properties. Secondly different binders were added to crosslink and increase the coating resistance towards washes. Lastly additives at nano-scale were added to increase surface roughness in order to obtain higher hydrophobicity and improved of crosslinking capacity due to the presence of more functional groups. The stability of all emulsions was controlled using different techniques such as optical microscopy to determine particle size, distribution and any observable instability (flocculation etc.), normal aging at room temperature and accelerated aging using higher temperature. All coatings were applied using a laboratory padder on standard PA and PES pieces of textiles and hydrophobic performance was evaluated through ISO 4920 spray test. By standard washing and repeating spray test, durability could be assessed. Further structure and property studies have been run using other tests such as: contact angle measurement, breathability of the coating and SEM observations. Based on the obtained results the incorporation of low HLB, bio-based surfactants in low amount (~0,25%) resulted in an increase in the hydrophobic performance of the tested textiles. However, a decrease in shelf life could be observed with these surfactants at room temperature. Sonication was successfully used to increase both stability and shelf life significantly. Some binders and nanoparticles proved to be successful in increasing the coating quality and thus the durability. Overall many of the developed formulations could enhance performance on PA compared to the already present commercial product. On PES textile, however, the developed strategies yielded hydrophobic effect close to the commercial product.
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Akhoondan, Mersedeh. "Corrosion Evaluation and Durability Estimation of Aluminized Steel Drainage Pipes." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4273.
Aluminized steel pipes are expected to have a long service life, e.g. 75 years. Spiral ribbed aluminized pipes (SRAP) have been widely specified and used by the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) for drainage of runoff water. Confidence in the long term durability of SRAP has been challenged by recent unexpected early corrosion failures in various Florida locations. SRAP premature corrosion incidents have occurred in two modalities. Mode A has taken place in near-neutral soil environments and has often been associated with either gross manufacturing defects (i.e. helical cuts) or corrosion concentration at or near the ribs. Mode B took place in pipes in contact with limestone backfill and corrosion damage was in the form of perforations, not preferentially located at the ribs, and not necessarily associated with other deficiencies. These failures motivated this research. The objectives of this work are to establish to what extent the Mode A corrosion incidents can be ascribed to manufacturing defects, that can be rectified by appropriate quality control, as opposed to an intrinsic vulnerability to corrosion of regularly produced SRAP due to ordinary forming strains and to determine the mechanism responsible for Mode B corrosion including the role that limestone backfill played in that deterioration. To achieve those objectives, laboratory experiments were conducted to replicate the conditions for Mode A and Mode B. Overall, the findings of this and previous work suggest that much of the corrosion damage observed in the Mode A incidents were promoted more by manufacturing deficiencies and less by any possible inherent susceptibility of corrosion at the ribs of SRAP that was produced following appropriate quality control. Experiments to explore the causes of Mode B corrosion showed that high pH values, sufficient to cause dissolution of the passive film on aluminum, can develop under exposure of limestone to flowing natural water. The findings substantiate, for the first time, an important vulnerability of aluminized steel in limestone soils and provide an explanation for the rapid onset deterioration observed at the field under Mode B. The findings also provide strong evidence in support of service guidelines to disallow the use of limestone bedding for aluminized steel pipe, including SRAP.
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Giunta, Rachel K. "Durability of Polyimide/Titanium Adhesive Bonds: An Interphase Investigation." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29449.
When bonded joints are subjected to harsh environmental conditions, the interphase, the three-dimensional region surrounding the adhesive/substrate interface, becomes critically important. Frequently, failure occurs in this region after adhesively bonded systems are subjected to elevated temperature oxidative aging. In a previous study, this was found to be the case with a polyimide adhesive bonded to chromic acid anodized (CAA) Ti-6Al-4V. The objective of the current research has been twofold: 1) to investigate the effect of thermal aging on the interphase region of polyimide/titanium adhesive joints, and 2) to evaluate the method used in the current study for durability characterization of other adhesive/substrate systems.
The method used in this research has been to characterize the effect of elevated temperature aging on the following systems: 1) Notched coating adhesion (NCA) specimens and 2) bulk samples of dispersed substrate particles in an adhesive matrix. The NCA test has the advantages of an accelerated aging geometry and a mode mix that leads to failure through the interphase, the region of interest. The bulk samples have the advantage of an increased interphase volume and allow for the application of bulk analysis techniques to the interphase, a region that is traditionally limited to surface analysis techniques.
The adhesive systems studied consisted of one of two polyimide adhesives, LaRC⠢ PETI-5 or Cytec Fiberite⠢ FM-5, bonded to CAA Ti-6Al-4V. The model filled system consisted of a PETI-5 matrix with amorphous titanium dioxide filler. Through the use of the NCA test, it was determined that bonded specimens made with FM-5 lose approximately 50% of their original fracture energy when aged in air at 177°C for 30 days. This aging temperature is well below the glass transition temperature of the adhesive, 250°C. At the same time, the failure location moves from the anodized oxide layer to the adhesive that is directly adjacent to the substrate surface, the interphase region. Through surface analysis of this region, it is determined that the adhesive penetrates the pores of the CAA surface to a depth of 70 to 100 nm, promoting adhesion at the interface. With aging, the adhesive in the interphase region appears to be weakening, although analysis of the bulk adhesive after aging shows little change. This indicates that adhesive degradation is enhanced in the interphase compared to the bulk.
Analysis of the model filled system gave similar information. Specimens containing titanium dioxide filler had glass transition temperatures that were approximately 20°C lower than the neat polyimide samples. In addition, the filled samples contained a significant portion of low molecular weight extractable material that was not present in the neat specimens.
The tan delta spectra from dynamic mechanical thermal analysis of the filled specimens exhibited a shoulder on the high-temperature side of the glass transition peak. This shoulder is attributed to the glass transition of the interphase, a distinct phase of the polyimide which is constrained by adsorption onto the filler particle surfaces. As a function of aging time at 177° or 204°C, the shoulder decreases substantially in magnitude, which may relate to loss of adhesive strength between the polyimide and the filler particles.
From this research, it has been illustrated that information relating to the durability of adhesively bonded systems is gained using an interfacially debonding adhesive test and a model system of substrate particles dispersed in an adhesive matrix Ph. D.
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Medek, Martin. "Zvyšování řezivosti HSS nástrojů pomocí PVD technologií." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228840.
Diploma work describes speed drill steels and its qualities before and after coating by methods PVD (Physical Vapour Deposition). The theoretic part is concerned with thermic processing of speed drill steels and their qualities with regard to individual alloying elements contained and its mechanical features. Second part of the theoretic part is concerned with particular methods of coating by the help of PVD technologies, kinds of coating with regard to additional elements and their qualities and surface treatments of coated material before and after its coating. The goal of the experimental part was the confrontation of cutting power features of cylindrical four-fluted face mills with straight shank, from speed drill steels non-coated and coated in two basic modes of milling – down-feed method and upfeed method. The results of measurements were interpreted by the help of four basic pictures (source values, power analysis, specific values). The result of all the experiment is that the application of PVD coatings enabled the increasing of cutting speed (with preservation of other cutting requirements) and led to decreasing of cutting force and cutting enforcements and extended durability of cutters.
Banks, Bruce. Durability issues for the protection of materials from atomic oxygen attack in low Earth orbit. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2002.
Buckley, Donald H. Adhesion and wear resistance of materials. [Cleveland, Ohio: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1986.
A, Miller Robert. Characterization and durability testing of plasma-sprayed zirconia-yttria and hafnia-yttria thermal barrier coatings. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1993.
A, Miller Robert. Characterization and durability testing of plasma-sprayed zirconia-yttria and hafnia-yttria thermal barrier coatings. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1993.
A, Miller Robert. Characterization and durability testing of plasma-sprayed zirconia-yttria and hafnia-yttria thermal barrier coatings. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1993.
Miller, Robert A. Characterization and durability testing of plasma-sprayed zirconia-yttria and hafnia-yttria thermal barrier coatings. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1993.
Miller, Robert A. Characterization and durability testing of plasma-sprayed zirconia-yttria and hafnia-yttria thermal barrier coatings. Part II. Effect of spray parameters on the performance of several hafnia-yttria and zirconia-yttria coatings. Cleveland, Ohio: Lewis Research Center, 1993.
Miller, Robert A. Characterization and durability testing of plasma-sprayed zirconia-yttria and hafnia-yttria thermal barrier coatings. Part 1-Effect of spray parameters on the performance of several lots of partially stabilized zirconia-yttria powder. Cleveland, Ohio: Lewis Research Center, 1993.
Bedov, A. I., A. I. Gabitov, I. G. Terekhov, and A. S. Salov. "Forecast Durability for Protective Penetrating Waterproof Coating." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 181–85. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6593-6_19.
Kratochvílová, Irena, Radek Škoda, Andrew Taylor, Jan Škarohlíd, Petr Ashcheulov, and František Fendrych. "Polycrystalline Diamond Coating Protects Zr Cladding Surface Against Corrosion in Water-Cooled Nuclear Reactors: Nuclear Fuel Durability Enhancement." In Advanced Coating Materials, 123–56. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119407652.ch5.
Nibennaoune, Z., D. George, S. Ahzi, Y. Remond, J. Gracio, and D. Ruch. "Diamond Coating of Hip Joint Replacement: Improvement of Durability." In Integrated Systems, Design and Technology 2010, 13–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17384-4_2.
Graziani, Lorenzo, Enrico Quagliarini, and Marco D’Orazio. "Photocatalytic TiO2 Nano-Coating for Biofouling Prevention of Clay Façades." In New Approaches to Building Pathology and Durability, 159–75. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0648-7_8.
BANKS, BRUCE A., CHRISTINA A. KARNIOTIS, DAVID DWORAK, and MARK SOUCEK. "ATOMIC OXYGEN DURABILITY EVALUATION OF A UV CURABLE CERAMER PROTECTIVE COATING." In PROTECTION OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES FROM THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT, 247–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4319-8_23.
Abdul-Aziz, A., R. T. Bhatt, J. E. Grady, and D. Zhu. "Environmental Barrier Coating (EBC) Durability Modeling: An Overview and Preliminary Analysis." In Ceramic Transactions Series, 313–23. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118491867.ch32.
Torigoe, Taiji, Hidetaka Oguma, Ikuo Okada, Guo Chun Xu, Kazuhisa Fujita, Akira Nakayama, Toshiro Maruyama, and Kazumasa Nishio. "Fundamental Coating Development Study to Improve the Isothermal Oxidation Resistance and Thermal Cycle Durability of Thermal Barrier Coatings." In High-Temperature Oxidation and Corrosion 2005, 247–54. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-409-x.247.
Sung, Li-Piin, Xiaohong Gu, Cyril Clerici, Haiqing Hu, Elena Loizou, and Derek L. Ho. "Effect of Pigment Dispersion on Optical Properties and Durability of a TiO2Pigmented Epoxy Coating." In ACS Symposium Series, 276–86. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2009-1004.ch023.
Manokhin, Andrey, Sergey Klymenko, Viacheslav Beresnev, Vadim Zakiev, and Sergey Klymenko. "To the Question of the Mechanism of the Effect of Coating on the Durability of Tools from PCBN." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 206–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40724-7_21.
Nichols, Mark E. "Long-Term Mechanical Durability of Coatings." In Protective Coatings, 451–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51627-1_20.
Xie, Y. T., X. B. Zheng, X. Y. Liu, and C. X. Ding. "In Vitro Durability of Titanium/Dicalcium Silicate Composite Coatings." In ITSC2007, edited by B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and G. Montavon. ASM International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2007p0389.
Abstract Titanium/dicalcium silicate composite coatings with different ratios (weight ratios as Ca2SiO4: Ti = 3:7, 5:5, 7:3) were prepared by plasma spraying. Effects of titanium addition on coating properties, such as bonding strength, Young’s modulus and dissolution in simulated physiological environment, were studied. Results showed that the bonding strength between coating and Ti-6Al-4V substrate increased with increase of titanium content in the composite coatings. It was explained by the narrowed dissimilarity of thermal expansion coefficients between the coatings and substrates. Degradation of mechanical properties after immersion in simulated body fluid was also studied. The dissolution of dicalcium silicate in the composite coatings resulted in the decrease of bend strength and Young’s modulus of the coatings in the simulated physiological environment. The higher titanium content in the composite coatings, the stabler are the composite coatings in the physiological environment.
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McGinness, Jim. "Prediction of Coating Durability by Chemical/Instrumental Means." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/980713.
Yalamanchi, R. S., G. K. M. Thutupalli, and K. S. Harshavardhan. "Novel IR Coating Designs With Improved Environmental Durability." In SPIE 1989 Technical Symposium on Aerospace Sensing, edited by Paul Klocek. SPIE, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.960799.
Donadei, Valentina, Heli Koivuluoto, Essi Sarlin, and Petri Vuoristo. "Durability of Lubricated Icephobic Coatings under Multiple Icing/Deicing Cycles." In ITSC2021, edited by F. Azarmi, X. Chen, J. Cizek, C. Cojocaru, B. Jodoin, H. Koivuluoto, Y. C. Lau, et al. ASM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2021p0473.
Abstract In subzero conditions, atmospheric ice naturally accretes on surfaces in outdoor environments. This accretion can compromise the operational performance of several industrial applications, such as wind turbines, power lines, aviation, and maritime transport. To effectively prevent icing problems, the development of durable icephobic coating solutions is strongly needed. Here, the durability of lubricated icephobic coatings was studied under repeated icing/deicing cycles. Lubricated coatings were produced in one-step by flame spraying with hybrid feedstock injection. The coating icephobicity was investigated by accreting ice from supercooled microdroplets using an icing wind tunnel. The ice adhesion strength was evaluated by a centrifugal ice adhesion tester. The icing performance was investigated over four icing/deicing cycles. Surface properties of coatings, such as morphology, topography, chemical composition and wettability, were analyzed before and after the cycles. The results showed an increase in ice adhesion over the cycles, while a stable icephobic behaviour was retained for one selected coating. Moreover, consecutive ice detachment caused a surface roughness increase. This promotes the formation of mechanical interlocking with ice, thus justifying the increased ice adhesion. Finally, the coating hydrophobicity mainly decreased as a consequence of the damaged surface topography. In summary, lubricated coatings retained a good icephobic level after the cycles, thus demonstrating their potential for icephobic applications.
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Evans, Anthony G. "Challenges and Opportunities for Prime Reliant Thermal Barrier Coating Systems." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2677.
Abstract Thermal protection systems based on thermal barrier coatings are widely used in turbine engines for propulsion and power generation. They commonly comprise oxide thermal barriers coatings (TBCs) deposited on an intermetallic bond coat (BC), and provide simultaneous thermal and oxidation protection. The benefit of these coatings resides in their ability to inhibit degradation of the underlying structural superalloy component by thermo-mechanical fatigue and oxidation. Existing commercial coatings are well-engineered with established durability and cost benefits. However, they lose adhesion and spall from the underlying metal with cyclic thermal exposure. Because coating failure occurs in a stochastic manner, with no assured cyclic life, the coatings cannot be used in a prime-reliant manner. Prime reliability is only achievable if a high level of basic understanding is gained about failure mechanisms, and material responses, that arise upon thermal cycling. Because of differing manufacturing approaches and operating scenarios, several specific mechanisms are involved. Present understanding of these phenomena has highlighted several nuances and challenges in developing thermal barrier coatings for use as prime-reliant components. This talk will review the current understanding of factors affecting coating durability and presents relationships between the durability, the governing material properties and the salient morphological features. The durability of thermal barrier coatings is governed by a sequence of crack nucleation, propagation and coalescence events that accumulate prior to final failure by large scale buckling and spalling.
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Lee, Kang N. "Key Durability Issues With Mullite-Based Environmental Barrier Coatings for Si-Based Ceramics." In ASME 1999 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/99-gt-443.
Plasma-sprayed mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2) and mullite/yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) dual layer coatings have been developed to protect silicon-based ceramics from environmental attack. Mullite-based coating systems show excellent durability in air. However, in combustion environments, corrosive species such as molten salt or water vapor penetrate through cracks in the coating and attack the Si-based ceramics along the interface. Thus the modification of the coating system for enhanced crack-resistance is necessary for long-term durability in combustion environments. Other key durability issues include interfacial contamination and coating/substrate bonding. Interfacial contamination leads to enhanced oxidation and interfacial pore formation, while a weak coating/substrate bonding leads to rapid attack of the interface by corrosive species, both of which can cause a premature failure of the coating. Interfacial contamination can be minimized by limiting impurities in coating and substrate materials. The interface may be modified to improve the coating/substrate bond.
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Mizuno, H., I. Aoki, S. Tawada, and J. Kitamura. "MoB/CoCr Spray Coating with Higher Durability in Molten Al and Al-Zn Alloys." In ITSC2006, edited by B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, R. S. Lima, and J. Voyer. ASM International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2006p1119.
Abstract MoB/CoCr, a novel thermal spray material, with high durability in molten Al and/or Al-Zn alloys has been developed to utilize for die casting parts of Al alloy, and for hot continuous dipping roll in Zn and Al-Zn plating lines. The durability of the MoB/CoCr coatings prepared by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying has been investigated using a molten metal immersion tester. The immersion tests revealed that the MoB/CoCr coating has much higher durability without dissolution in the Al alloys than conventional spray coatings, such as WC/12%Co and WC/10%Co/4%Cr, as well as various other surface modification methods. The MoB/CoCr coating also has showed higher durability in the molten Al-Zn alloy when the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the substrate is similar to that of the MoB/CoCr. The lifetime of the coating on stainless 316L substrate, widely used as the hot continuous dipping roll, was insufficient because of the generation of cracks due to a large difference in the CTE between the MoB/CoCr coating and substrate. Basic anneal examinations have revealed that optimization of coating structure by changing undercoat material and its thickness is effective to improve the lifetime.
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"FRCM Mechanical Properties Using Carbon Fabrics With Different Coating Treatments." In SP-305: Durability and Sustainability of Concrete Structures. American Concrete Institute, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51688568.
CHAUDHARI, AMIT, SAGAR DOSHI, MADISON WEISS, DAE HAN SUNG, and ERIK THOSTESON. "CARBON NANOCOMPOSITE COATED TEXTILE-BASED SENSOR: SENSING MECHANISM AND DURABILITY." In Thirty-sixth Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc36/35854.
Carbon nanotube (CNT) composite films are deposited onto stretchable knit fabrics using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) and dip-coating techniques, which are industrially scalable processes for producing future wearable sensors. The deposited CNTs create an electrically conductive nanocomposite film on the surface of the fibers. These nanocomposite coated fabrics exhibit piezoresistive properties; under mechanical deformation/stretching, a large change in the electrical resistance is observed. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) functionalized carbon nanotubes deposited using EPD create a uniform, extremely thin porous coating on the fiber. Initial results show ultrahigh sensitivity of the carbon nanotube coated fabric when tested on elbow/knee to detect range of motion. The sensitivity of these sensors is exceptionally high when compared to a typical carbon nanotube-based polymer nanocomposite. The nanocomposite coating does not affect fabric's breathability or flexibility, making the sensor comfortable to wear. Because of these unique properties, tremendous potential exists for their use in functional/smart garments. Changes in electrical resistance for these fabrics are influenced by a combination of electron tunneling between the carbon nanotubes and the microstructure of the fabric. To investigate and characterize the unique sensing mechanism, the nanotube coated knit fabric's electromechanical response is studied at different length scales, from individual yarns to fabric levels. For applications in wearable sensors, the durability of the nanotube coating on the fabric is critical for repeatable and reliable sensing response. Durability testing of the sensing fabric for washing loads was conducted to study the nanotube coating's robustness. CNT coating's adhesion quality is evaluated based on the weight loss in the specimen and loss in electrical conductivity in each wash cycle. This research addresses the potential of these sensors for functional/smart garments by examining the underlying mechanism of the sensor response and the durability of the carbon nanotube coating.
Reports on the topic "Coating durability":
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Weiss, Charles, William McGinley, Bradford Songer, Madeline Kuchinski, and Frank Kuchinski. Performance of active porcelain enamel coated fibers for fiber-reinforced concrete : the performance of active porcelain enamel coatings for fiber-reinforced concrete and fiber tests at the University of Louisville. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40683.
A patented active porcelain enamel coating improves both the bond between the concrete and steel reinforcement as well as its corrosion resistance. A Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program to develop a commercial method for production of porcelain-coated fibers was developed in 2015. Market potential of this technology with its steel/concrete bond improvements and corrosion protection suggests that it can compete with other fiber reinforcing systems, with improvements in performance, durability, and cost, especially as compared to smooth fibers incorporated into concrete slabs and beams. Preliminary testing in a Phase 1 SBIR investigation indicated that active ceramic coatings on small diameter wire significantly improved the bond between the wires and the concrete to the point that the wires achieved yield before pullout without affecting the strength of the wire. As part of an SBIR Phase 2 effort, the University of Louisville under contract for Ceramics, Composites and Coatings Inc., proposed an investigation to evaluate active enamel-coated steel fibers in typical concrete applications and in masonry grouts in both tension and compression. Evaluation of the effect of the incorporation of coated fibers into Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) was examined using flexural and compressive strength testing as well as through nanoindentation.
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Enos, David, and Kimberly Martinez. Durability of Corrosion Protection Coatings for Aluminum. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1505403.
Nguyen, T., B. Collins, L. Kaetzel, J. Martin, and M. McKnight. Relationship between appearance and protective durability and coatings:. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.88-4010.
Vackel, Andrew, and Andrew Miller. Demonstration of Metallic Coatings for High Durability Polymer BAAM Tooling. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1762989.
Jordan, Eric, and Maurice Gell. Low Thermal Conductivity, High Durability Thermal Barrier Coatings for IGCC Environments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1182555.
Bretz, S. E., and H. Akbari. Durability of high-albedo roof coatings and implications for cooling energy savings. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10180653.
