Journal articles: 'Coating of pellets'

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Varshosaz, Jaleh, Jaber Emami, Naser Tavakoli, Mohsen Minaiyan, Nakisa Rahmani, Farid Dorkoosh, and Parvin Mahzouni. "Colon specific delivery of budesonide based on triple coated pellets: in vitro/in vivo evaluation." Acta Pharmaceutica 62, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 341–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10007-012-0025-y.

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Three layered pellets of budesonide were prepared for colon delivery by the extrusion-spheronization method. The coatings consisted of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) (as barrier layer), Eudragit E (as rate controlling layer) and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose acetate succinate (HPMC AS) (as enteric layer). The rate controlling layer was further modified using various pore formers. Dissolution studies were carried out at pH 1.2, 7.4 and 6.8. Pellet core composition and type and level of pore former affected the drug release from pellets. Pellets containing 20 % (m/m) citric acid in the cores coated with HPMC at a coating level of 6 % (m/m), Eudragit E containing Avicel RC 581 (30 %) as pore former at a coating level of 30 % (m/m) and HPMC AS at a coating level of 15 % (m/m) had the best release profiles. These pellets showed promising results in alleviating the conditions of an experimental model of colitis induced by trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid in rats.

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Patil, Arun Trambak, Deepak Shamrao Khobragade, Sandip Annaji Chafle, Amol Prasadrao Ujjainkar, Sudhir Niranjanrao Umathe, and Champalal Laxminarayan Lakhotia. "Development and evaluation of a hot-melt coating technique for enteric coating." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 48, no. 1 (March 2012): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502012000100008.

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Conventional enteric coating requires the use of organic based polymers which are equally hazardous to the environment and operating personnel. Hot-melt coating avoids the use of solvents and is a safer and time-saving process. The present study was designed to assess the efficacy of hot-melt coating (HMC) as an enteric coating technique. Pellets prepared by extrusion spheronization were selected as the core formulation for a model of the gastric irritant drug diclofenac sodium (DFS) because of their innate advantages over single-unit formulations. Stearic acid (SA) and palmitic acid (PA) were evaluated as enteric hot-melt coating materials. HMC was carried out in a specially modified coating pan by applying SA and PA in molten state onto preheated pellets to achieve a coating level of 5-15 %w/w. Hot-melt coated pellets were evaluated for disintegration pH and in vitro dissolution in the pH range 1.2 to 6.8, along with basic micromeritics. SEM of coated pellets showed a uniform and smooth coating. These results indicated that HMC of both SA and PA exhibited very good enteric coating ability. The coated pellets showed negligible drug release in acidic pH. As the pellets were subsequently transferred to a higher pH level, a gradual increase in release of the drug from the pellets was observed with increasing pH of the dissolution media. The release was dependent upon coating extent, providing sustained enteric release as opposed to abrupt release with mixed release kinetics.

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Barmpalexis, Panagiotis, Ioannis Partheniadis, Konstantina-Sepfora Mitra, Miltiadis Toskas, Labrini Papadopoulou, and Ioannis Nikolakakis. "Application of Multiple Linear Regression and Artificial Neural Networks for the Prediction of the Packing and Capsule Filling Performance of Coated and Plain Pellets Differing in Density and Size." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 3 (March 8, 2020): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12030244.

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Plain or coated pellets of different densities 1.45, 2.53, and 3.61 g/cc in two size ranges, small (380–550 μm) and large (700–1200 μm) (stereoscope/image analysis), were prepared according to experimental design using extrusion/spheronization. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to predict packing indices and capsule filling performance from the “apparent” pellet density (helium pycnometry). The dynamic packing of the pellets in tapped volumetric glass cylinders was evaluated using Kawakita’s parameter a and the angle of internal flow θ. The capsule filling was evaluated as maximum fill weight (CFW) and fill weight variation (FWV) using a semi-automatic machine that simulated filling with vibrating plate systems. The pellet density influenced the packing parameters a and θ as the main effect and the CFW and FWV as statistical interactions with the coating. The pellet size and coating also displayed interacting effects on CFW, FWV, and θ. After coating, both small and large pellets behaved the same, demonstrating smooth filling and a low fill weight variation. Furthermore, none of the packing indices could predict the fill weight variation for the studied pellets, suggesting that the filling and packing of capsules with free-flowing pellets is influenced by details that were not accounted for in the tapping experiments. A prediction could be made by the application of MLR and ANNs. The former gave good predictions for the bulk/tap densities, θ, CFW, and FWV (R-squared of experimental vs. theoretical data >0.951). A comparison of the fitting models showed that a feed-forward backpropagation ANN model with six hidden units was superior to MLR in generalizing ability and prediction accuracy. The simplification of the ANN via magnitude-based pruning (MBP) and optimal brain damage (OBD), showed good data fitting, and therefore the derived ANN model can be simplified while maintaining predictability. These findings emphasize the importance of pellet density in the overall capsule filling process and the necessity to implement MLR/ANN into the development of pellet capsule filling operations.

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Patel, Hetal, and Mukesh Gohel. "A Review on Enteric Coated Pellets Composed of Core Pellets Prepared by Extrusion-Spheronization." Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation 13, no. 2 (August 29, 2019): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872211313666190212115139.

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Enteric coated dosage form bypasses the stomach and releases the drug into the small intestine. Advantages of enteric coated pellets in comparison with enteric coated tablets are a) Pellets provide rapid onset of action and faster drug release due to the smaller size than tablets and b) Pellets exhibit less residence time of acid-labile drugs in the stomach compared to tablets. Dosage form coat can be damaged by longer resistance time in the stomach. The present review summarizes the current state of enteric coated pellets where core pellets are prepared by extrusion-spheronization technique and the enteric coating is applied in a fluidized bed processor. Two approaches are involved in the preparation of core pellets. In the first approach, a mixture of drug and excipient(s)/co-processed excipient is passed through extruders to prepare core pellets. In the second approach, excipient core pellets are prepared by extrusion technique and the drug is layered onto it before the enteric coating. The excipients present in the core pellets decide immediate or extended release of drug in the intestine. The coprocessed excipient pellets provide less batch variability and provide a platform for layering of many drugs before enteric coating. Some patents included enteric coating pellets [CN105456223 (A), CN105596310 (A), CN105616371 (A), CN105663095 (A), CN101611766B, CN106511862 (A), CN106668018 (A), CN106727381 (A), CN106924222 (A), TW200624127 (A), US 2017/0165248A1, US 2017/0224720A1] are discussed.

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Patel, Sandipkumar A., Nrupa G. Patel, and Abhijeet B. Joshi. "MULTIPLE UNIT PELLET SYSTEM (MUPS) BASED FAST DISINTEGRATING DELAYED-RELEASE TABLETS FOR PANTOPRAZOLE DELIVERY." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2018v10i1.21443.

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Objective: The rationale for the study was to develop multiple unit pellet system (MUPS) of delayed release pantoprazole with desired physical properties and unaltered drug release profile from pellets even after compression into a fast disintegrating tablet.Methods: In the presented study, delayed release pellets of pantoprazole were developed by two methods, i.e. extrusion-spheronization and drug layering techniques, coated using enteric polymer and subsequently compressed in to tablet. In drug layering technique, pantoprazole was loaded on Celphere®102 (microcrystalline cellulose spheres) as well as on Suglet® (sugar spheres) in fluid bed processor. Acid resistant polymer Eudragit ND 30D was subsequently coated on each type of drug loaded pellets. Suitable tableting excipients were prepared such as soft pellets, Ceolus® (fibrous grade of microcrystalline cellulose) granules, Ludipress® (compressible lactose composition), Avicel® PH 200 and different combination of them. Various factors like property of pellets to be compressed, coating level, the composition of tableting excipient and ratio of drug-loaded pellets to tableting excipients were identified and optimized.Results: MUPS with delayed releasing pellets of pantoprazole proved to provide sufficient hardness, rapid disintegration property, and unaltered release profile after compression. Delayed release pantoprazole pellets prepared by drug layering on celphere® 102 followed by coating with Eudragit® NE 30D showed better compressibility to withstand the drug release properties. The combination of Ceolus® granules and Ludipress (in 1:1 ratio) was found to be suitable tableting excipient that helped compression of pellets without rupturing polymeric coat. Pellets to excipients ratio at 1:3 was found optimum.Conclusion: Compaction behaviour of pantoprazole delayed-release pellets without loss of original delayed release profile was achieved by formulating as MUPS based tablet of pantoprazole delayed release pellets using celephere® 102 was developed which was found suitable for desired release profile and physical properties.

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Motas, Justina G., Nima E. Gorji, Dumitru Nedelcu, Dermot Brabazon, and Fabrizio Quadrini. "XPS, SEM, DSC and Nanoindentation Characterization of Silver Nanoparticle-Coated Biopolymer Pellets." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 21, 2021): 7706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167706.

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The development of environmentally friendly materials has been the focus of many research groups in recent years due to increased harmful effects of plastics on the environment. Bio-based materials are considered a key solution from a sustainable manufacturing perspective. The nano-coating of biopolymer blends with silver nanoparticles is the subject of challenging research projects in line with the EU Directive on environment protection and sustainable manufacturing. Coating biopolymers with silver nanoparticles provides an antimicrobial and antiviral active surface. In this work, we develop silver nanoparticle-coated biopolymer Arboblend V2 Nature pellets. The main goal is to obtain a new material with antibacterial action obtained from the blending of a biopolymer pellets with silver nanoparticles through physical vapor deposition. The study is divided in three steps. The first step represents the silver nano-coating of the Arboblend V2 Nature and the characterization of the coated/raw pellets. The second step involves the injection molding of the silver nano-coated pellets and the characterization of the samples obtained. The last step regards the press molding of the coated pellets in order to obtain thin films, as well as their characterization. The PVD-sputtering technique is used to coat the pellets with silver nanoparticles. This process is especially optimized for coating raw materials with high water content and small-size pellets. The mechanical properties, surface chemical composition and the thermal properties of the both virgin and silver nanoparticle-coated biopolymer pellets are measured and analyzed for mechanical and thermal resistance of the nano-coating layer. Differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy and nanoindentation mechanical testing is performed. The calorimetry test detects no significant alteration of the biopolymer produced from the PVD process and confirms the optimized PVD process for nano-coating of the Arboblend V2 Nature pellets with a viable application in nano-silver–biopolymer composite products.

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Wan, Dongwei, Min Zhao, Jingjing Zhang, and Libiao Luan. "Development and In Vitro-In Vivo Evaluation of a Novel Sustained-Release Loxoprofen Pellet with Double Coating Layer." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 6 (June 5, 2019): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11060260.

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This study aimed to develop a novel sustained release pellet of loxoprofen sodium (LXP) by coating a dissolution-rate controlling sub-layer containing hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and citric acid, and a second diffusion-rate controlling layer containing aqueous dispersion of ethyl cellulose (ADEC) on the surface of a LXP conventional pellet, and to compare its performance in vivo with an immediate release tablet (Loxinon®). A three-level, three-factor Box-Behnken design and the response surface model (RSM) were used to investigate and optimize the effects of the citric acid content in the sub-layer, the sub-layer coating level, and the outer ADEC coating level on the in vitro release profiles of LXP sustained release pellets. The pharmacokinetic studies of the optimal sustained release pellets were performed in fasted beagle dogs using an immediate release tablet as a reference. The results illustrated that both the citric acid (CA) and ADEC as the dissolution- and diffusion-rate controlling materials significantly decreased the drug release rate. The optimal formulation showed a pH-independent drug release in media at pH above 4.5 and a slightly slow release in acid medium. The pharmacokinetic studies revealed that a more stable and prolonged plasma drug concentration profile of the optimal pellets was achieved, with a relative bioavaibility of 87.16% compared with the conventional tablets. This article provided a novel concept of two-step control of the release rate of LXP, which showed a sustained release both in vitro and in vivo.

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de Souza, Luciane Franquelin Gomes, Marcello Nitz, and Osvaldir Pereira Taranto. "Film Coating of Nifedipine Extended Release Pellets in a Fluid Bed Coater with a Wurster Insert." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/520758.

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The objective of this work was to study the coating process of nifedipine extended release pellets using Opadry and Opadry II, in a fluid bed coater with a Wurster insert. The coating process was studied using a complete experimental design of two factors at two levels for each polymer. The variables studied were the inlet air temperature and the coating suspension flow rate. The agglomerate fraction and coating efficiency were the analyzed response variables. The air temperature was the variable that most influenced the coating efficiency for both polymers. In addition, a study of the dissolution profiles of coated and uncoated pellets using 0.5% sodium lauryl sulfate in simulated gastric fluid without enzymes (pH 1.2) was conducted. The results showed a prolonged release profile for the coated and uncoated pellets that was very similar to the standards established by the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. The drug content and the release profiles were not significantly affected by storage at 40°C and 75% relative humidity. However, when exposed to direct sunlight and fluorescent light (light from fluorescent bulbs), the coated pellets lost only 5% of the drug content, while the uncoated ones lost more than 35%; furthermore, the dissolution profile of the uncoated pellets was faster.

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Freire, Fátima Duarte, Manuela Bernardo Câmara, Monique Gomes Dantas, Cícero Flávio Soares Aragão, Túlio Flávio Accioly de Lima e Moura, and Fernanda Nervo Rafﬁn. "Gastric-resistant isoniazid pellets reduced degradation of rifampicin in acidic medium." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 50, no. 4 (December 2014): 749–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502014000400010.

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Isoniazid and rifampicin are considered the first-line medication for preventing and treating tuberculosis. Rifampicin is degraded in the stomach acidic environment, especially when combined with isoniazid, factor contributing to treatment failure. In this study, gastric-resistant isoniazid pellets were obtained to physical contact of this drug with rifampicin and to bypass the stomach´s acidic environment. The pellets were fabricated using the extrusion-spheronization technique. The coating process was conducted in a fluid spray coater using Acrycoat L 100(r) solution as the coating agent. The pellets obtained were submitted to a dissolution test in HCl 0.1 N and phosphate buffer media. The results indicated that optimum gastric-resistance was only attained with the highest amount of coating material, with isoniazid almost fully released in phosphate buffer. The amount of rifampicin released from its mixture with non-coated isoniazid pellets in HCl 0.1 N was less than that released from its mixture with the enteric-coated pellets. Acrycoat L 100(r) was shown to be an effective enteric/gastric-resistant coating since the stability of rifampicin appeared to be enhanced when physical contact of this drug with isoniazid was prevented at low pH.

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Theismann, Eva-Maria, Julia K. Keppler, Martin Owen, Karin Schwarz, and Walkiria Schlindwein. "Modelling the Effect of Process Parameters on the Wet Extrusion and Spheronisation of High-Loaded Nicotinamide Pellets Using a Quality by Design Approach." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11040154.

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The aim of the present study was to develop an alternative process to spray granulation in order to prepare high loaded spherical nicotinamide (NAM) pellets by wet extrusion and spheronisation. Therefore, a quality by design approach was implemented to model the effect of the process parameters of the extrusion-spheronisation process on the roundness, roughness and useable yield of the obtained pellets. The obtained results were compared to spray granulated NAM particles regarding their characteristics and their release profile in vitro after the application of an ileocolon targeted shellac coating. The wet extrusion-spheronisation process was able to form highly loaded NAM pellets (80%) with a spherical shape and a high useable yield of about 90%. However, the water content range was rather narrow between 24.7% and 21.3%. The design of experiments (DoE), showed that the spheronisation conditions speed, time and load had a greater impact on the quality attributes of the pellets than the extrusion conditions screw design, screw speed and solid feed rate (hopper speed). The best results were obtained using a low load (15 g) combined with a high rotation speed (900 m/min) and a low time (3–3.5 min). In comparison to spray granulated NAM pellets, the extruded NAM pellets resulted in a higher roughness and a higher useable yield (63% vs. 92%). Finally, the coating and dissolution test showed that the extruded and spheronised pellets are also suitable for a protective coating with an ileocolonic release profile. Due to its lower specific surface area, the required shellac concentration could be reduced while maintaining the release profile.

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Basdag, Ali, and Ali Ihsan Arol. "Coating of iron oxide pellets for direct reduction." Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy 31, no. 3 (June 2002): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0692.2002.310310.x.

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Husár, Š., M. Sýkorová, K. Rumlová, K. Chomaničová, and B. Vladovičová. "Formulation and evaluation of new oxycodone extended release multiple unit pellet system." European Pharmaceutical Journal 66, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afpuc-2019-0019.

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Abstract The goal of the present study is to prepare a stable, multiple-unit, extended-release dosage form containing oxycodone pellets coated with aqueous ethylcellulose (EC) dispersion, Surelease E-7-19050. The application of 18% w/w of EC leads to the similar drug release with the hydrophobic, non-swelling, matrix reference product containing 20 mg of oxycodone. Increasing the compression force to 9 kN and including more than 50% w/w of oxycodone pellets into the formulation resulted in faster drug release, indicating the damaging to the EC film coating. The physical appearance of the final formulation, assay of oxycodone, moisture content, and dissolution data over the stability period showed that the multiple-unit pellet system (MUPS) is efficient for the production of highly stable product.

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Pathan, Rijawan Rajjak. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF BUDESONIDE PELLETS CONTAINING NATURAL GUMS FOR COLON TARGETING." Journal of Medical pharmaceutical and allied sciences 10, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): 2825–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jmpas.v10i3.1376.

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Pellets formulation with natural gums. The formulation of an enzyme as well as pH dependant pellets containing natural gums such as Mornings oleifera gum Lam. (MOG) and Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum Taub. (CTG) were used for enzyme dependant release and further coating is provided to shows colon-specific delivery. Extrusion and spheronization techniques were used for the preparation of pellets. Pellets of budesonide evaluated for various properties such as flow behavior, physical properties such as sphericity, roundness, aspect ratio, hardness, and friability also investigated in vitro and in vivo targeting in rabbit. Preparation of pellets was done by using extrusion and spheronization method with the use of optimized concentration of gums those were 7.5% and 10% for CTG and MOG respectively and proportion of solvent mixture of water and Isopropyl alcohol in the ratio of 80:20. Pellets of budesonide evaluated for various properties includes flow behavior, physical properties such as sphericity, roundness, aspect ratio, hardness, and friability and found that all properties as per official limit also in vitro release study found that release of uncoated pellets in a sustained manner in 0.1N HCl for 2h due to swelling of natural gum, therefore further step of the coating was done in fluidized bed coater to prevent the release of drug in the upper part of GIT and after coating found that In vitro release of drug at the colonic environment and it confirmed with in vivo investigation in rabbit with X-ray examination of targeting and found that pellets reach at colonic part without disintegration. The use of natural gums for preparation of pellets in optimized concentration and wetting agent produce a formulation with all required chemical and physical properties and it gives effective in vitro release and also shows In vivo targeting in rabbit and due to use of natural gum for preparation of pellets also reduce some problems of metabolism of synthetic excipients.

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Pearnchob, Nantharat, and Roland Bodmeier. "Coating of pellets with micronized ethylcellulose particles by a dry powder coating technique." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 268, no. 1-2 (December 2003): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.07.012.

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Dorozhkin, Sergey V., and T. Ajaal. "Strengthening of Dense Bioceramic Samples Using Bioresorbable Polymers – A Statistical Approach." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 4 (December 2009): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbte.4.27.

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Mechanical properties of bioceramics are poor and need to be improved for biomedical applications. In order to do this, bioceramics may be strengthened by bioresorbable polymers. In this study, the mechanical properties of poly(ε-caprolactone), PCL, coated dense bioceramic pellets made of silica-contained calcium phosphates were studied and analyzed using a statistical experimental design in conjunction with Taguchi methods for optimization. The aim of this experimental work was to maximize the pellet flexural strength and minimize the amount of deposited PCL. The most important factors affecting the strengthening of the ceramic pellets were evaluated. Four independent processing variables (a removal technique of an excess polymer solution, concentration of PCL in the solution, a heat treatment temperature and the number of dipping) with three levels of variability were tested using an L9 (34) orthogonal array. A statistical experimental design using the analysis of means and orthogonal array was applied to optimize the responses of these variables. The optimal conditions for achieving the maximal flexural strength of the coated pellets at the minimal amount of the deposited PCL were determined. A high quality dense bioceramic pellets with ~ 10.5 MPa flexural strength and ~ 80 μm thickness (~ 21 mg weight) of the deposited PCL coating were manufactured as a result.

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Figueira, Flávio, Ricardo F. Mendes, Eddy M. Domingues, Paula Barbosa, Filipe Figueiredo, Filipe A. A. Paz, and João Rocha. "Easy Processing of Metal–Organic Frameworks into Pellets and Membranes." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (January 22, 2020): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10030798.

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Herein, we present a simple and inexpensive method for the immobilization of Metal–Organic Framework (MOF) particles in the form of pellets and membranes. This processing procedure is possible using polymethacrylate polymer (PMMA) as a binding or coating agent, improving stability and significantly increasing the water repellency. HKUST and MMOF-74 (M = Mg2+, Zn2+, Co2+ or Ni2+) are stable with the processing and high loadings of MOF materials into the processed pellet or membranes. These methods can provide the know-how for the immobilization of MOFs for, for example, application in air purification and the removal of toxic compounds and are well-suited for deployment in air purification devices.

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Dong, Shu Juan, Bo Song, Bernard Hansz, Han Lin Liao, and Christian Coddet. "Effect of Dry-Ice Blasting on the Microstructure and Properties of Plasma-Sprayed CoNiCrAlY Coating." Materials Science Forum 750 (March 2013): 268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.750.268.

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Depending on the oxidation extent and the surface roughness after coating manufacturing, CoNiCrAlY coating displays different performance in thermal barrier coating systems. In this study, plasma-sprayed CoNiCrAlY coatings were treated by dry-ice blasting. Various treatment approaches of dry-ice blasting were assessed by means of comparing the coating quality in terms of cross-sectional structure, oxide concentration, surface morphology and roughness, and microhardness. The results showed that CoNiCrAlY coating including decreased oxides and smoother internal texture can be obtained in comparison with that deposited by conventional APS, no matter what type of treatment. The oxidation content differ after using different jet angle and installation location of dry-ice blasting. To some extent, dry-ice blasting has some cleaning effect on those splashed particles. However, no much change can be recognized in the top-surface morpholgy and surface roughness, because of the relatively small hardness of dry-ice pellets. There is a slight decrease in hardness probably resulting from the decrease in the oxide.

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Białowiec, Andrzej, Monika Micuda, and Jacek Koziel. "Waste to Carbon: Densification of Torrefied Refuse-Derived Fuel." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 21, 2018): 3233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113233.

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In this work, for the first time, the feasibility of obtaining carbonized refuse-derived fuel (CRDF) pelletization from municipal solid waste (MSW) was shown. Production of CRDF by torrefaction of MSW could be the future of recycling technology. The objective was to determine the applied pressure needed to produce CRDF pellets with compressive strength (CS) comparable to conventional biomass pellets. Also, the hypothesis that a binder (water glass (WG)) applied to CRDF as a coating can improve CS was tested. The pelletizing was based on the lab-scale production of CRDF pellets with pressure ranging from 8.5 MPa to 76.2 MPa. The resulting CS pellets increased from 0.06 MPa to 3.44 MPa with applied pelletizing pressure up to the threshold of 50.8 MPa, above which it did not significantly improve (p < 0.05). It was found that the addition of 10% WG to 50.8 MPa CRDF pellets or coating them with WG did not significantly improve the CS (p < 0.05). It was possible to produce durable pellets from CRDF. The CS was comparable to pine pellets. This research advances the concept of energy recovery from MSW, particularly by providing practical information on densification of CRDF originating from the torrefaction of the flammable fraction of MSW–refuse-derived fuel. Modification of CRDF through pelletization is proposed as preparation of lower volume fuel with projected lower costs of its storage and transportation and for a wider adoption of this technology.

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Beringhs, André O’Reilly, Aline Benedita dos Santos Fonseca, Angela Machado De Campos, and Diva Sonaglio. "Association of PLGA Microspheres to Carrier Pellets by Fluid Bed Coating: A Novel Approach towards Improving the Flowability of Microparticles." Journal of Pharmaceutics 2018 (July 2, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3874348.

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Micro- and nanoparticles have been vastly studied due to their biopharmaceutical advantages. However, these particles generally display very weak packing and poor mechanical properties. Hereby, a new methodology is proposed to associate poorly flowing particles to macrostructures targeting the improvement of flowability and redispersibility of the particles. Cecropia glaziovii-loaded PLGA microspheres (4.59 ± 0.04 μm) were associated with carrier pellets by film coating in a top-spray fluid bed equipment. Optimal conditions were determined employing a IV-Optimal factorial design and RGB image analysis as 1% (w/v) Kollicoat® Protect as coating polymer (2:1 weight ratio of coating suspension to carrier pellets), containing 5 mg/mL microspheres (loading of 28.07 ± 1.01 mg/g). The method led to an improvement of the overall flowability. No relevant molecular interactions between PLGA microspheres and polymers were found. Microspheres detached rapidly from the surface of the pellets, without agglomeration, when exposed to hydrodynamic forces. In vitro release profiles, prior to and after fluid bed coating, showed no relevant changes in drug release rate and extent. The methodology developed is suitable for further applications when an improvement on the flow properties and redispersibility of the product is desired. We showed an easy-to-implement methodology that can be executed without significant increase in costs.

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SMIKALLA. "Development of Modified Release Pellets via Dry Powder Coating." Scientia Pharmaceutica 78, no. 3 (2010): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3797/scipharm.cespt.8.lppt03.

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Hiorth, Marianne, Therese Versland, Juha Heikkilä, Ingunn Tho, and Sverre Arne Sande. "Immersion coating of pellets with calcium pectinate and chitosan." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 308, no. 1-2 (February 2006): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.10.012.

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Karolak, Maciej, Łukasz Pałkowski, Bartłomiej Kubiak, Jerzy Błaszczyński, Rafał Łunio, Wiesław Sawicki, Roman Słowiński, and Jerzy Krysiński. "Application of Dominance-Based Rough Set Approach for Optimization of Pellets Tableting Process." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 11 (October 26, 2020): 1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12111024.

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Multiple-unit pellet systems (MUPS) offer many advantages over conventional solid dosage forms both for the manufacturers and patients. Coated pellets can be efficiently compressed into MUPS in classic tableting process and enable controlled release of active pharmaceutical ingredient (APIs). For patients MUPS are divisible without affecting drug release and convenient to swallow. However, maintaining API release profile during the compression process can be a challenge. The aim of this work was to explore and discover relationships between data describing: composition, properties, process parameters (condition attributes) and quality (decision attribute, expressed as similarity factor f2) of MUPS containing pellets with verapamil hydrochloride as API, by applying a dominance-based rough ret approach (DRSA) mathematical data mining technique. DRSA generated decision rules representing cause–effect relationships between condition attributes and decision attribute. Similar API release profiles from pellets before and after tableting can be ensured by proper polymer coating (Eudragit® NE, absence of ethyl cellulose), compression force higher than 6 kN, microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel® 102) as excipient and tablet hardness ≥42.4 N. DRSA can be useful for analysis of complex technological data. Decision rules with high values of confirmation measures can help technologist in optimal formulation development.

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Che, Hanqiao, Haigang Wang, Jiamin Ye, and Wuqiang Yang. "Control of pellets coating in a Wurster fluidised bed by means of electrical capacitance tomography." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 42, no. 4 (October 3, 2019): 729–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331219875349.

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Wurster fluidised bed is commonly used for coating pellets in the pharmaceutical industry. Normally, the control in a Wurster fluidised bed for coating is based on point-based measurement, that is, pressure and optical probes. However, the point-based measurement methods only provide local flow information and cannot reveal the cross-sectional flow dynamics characteristics and it is difficult to control the whole process with limited data. In this paper, electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is applied to reconstruct the solids distribution in a lab-scale Wurster fluidised bed for coating pellets and the measurements are used in a control loop of the process. The flow regime is identified from the ECT images using a simple but efficient approach. The objective of control is to keep stable minimum fluidisation and avoid undesired flow regime in the region between the outside wall and the Wurster tube, such as intermittent, plug and defluidisation. To achieve this target, a PID controller is applied to keep a low volume fraction in the annular region by adjusting the fluidisation air rate, and bang-bang control is applied to a peristaltic pump used for spraying coating solutions based on the detected flow regime. It has been found that the proposed control scheme based on the ECT measurement is effective for keeping a stable flow regime, reducing the degree of pellets agglomeration and avoiding defluidisation.

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Karra, Narender, Narayana Raju P, and Sivakumar R. "FORMULATION AND IN VITRO IN VIVO EVALUATION OF BOSENTAN PELLETS FOR PROLONGED DRUG RELEASE." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 8 (August 7, 2018): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i8.27833.

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Objective: The objective of this study was to develop extended release (ER) pellets of Bosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist using fluid bed processor (coating).Method: The ER drug pellets of Bosentan were prepared using fluid bed coating. These drug-loaded pellets were further coated with ethyl cellulose of two viscosity grades and Eudragit as rate controlling polymers individual and in combination, hypromellose as pore former and binder, acetyl tributyl citrate as plasticizer, and magnesium stearate as anti-adhering agent.Results: The drug release was extended up to 24 h, and the drug release was mainly depends on the polymer type and polymer proportion. In vivo study of Bosentan, ER pellets were performed in healthy rabbits (New Zealand, White) of either sex weighing (3.0–3.3 kg) and were divided into two separate groups, each group consisting of 6 animals. Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), maximum time (Tmax), area under the curve (AUC0-t), elimination rate constant (Kel), and half-life (T1/2) were studied for optimized formulation. Formulation was releasing the drug for a prolonged period of time.Conclusion: By the above results, it was observed that the prepared pellets could release the drug for an extended period when compared with the conventional dosage form of Bosentan, optimized formulation was shown longer half-life and Cmax indicates its acceptability. Finally, ER pellets of Bosentan were prepared for the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension by fluid bed processor.

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Pandit, Ashlesha Pravin, and Rajendra Dattatray Shinde. "Development and in vitro evaluation of sustained release multiparticulate tablet of freely water soluble drug." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 46, no. 3 (September 2010): 463–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502010000300009.

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Blends of aqueous dispersion of a hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymer, namely Surelease®: hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Surelease®: HPMC E15) were used as coating materials to control the drug release from coated pellets of the highly water soluble drug metoprolol succinate. Varying the polymer blends, ranges of drug release patterns were obtained at pH 6.8. The present study dealt with diffusion of drug through plasticized Surelease®/ hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC E15) films prepared by coating of drug and polymers onto non-pareil seeds using the solution layering technique. The release of metoprolol succinate from coated pellets was decreased with increased coating load of polymer. The optimized formulation was obtained by 3² full factorial design. The release profile revealed that the optimized formulation follows zero order release kinetics. The stability data showed no interaction for storage at 25ºC and 60% relative humidity.

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Obidziński, Sławomir, Magdalena Joka, and Olga Fijoł. "Two-stage agglomeration of fine-grained herbal nettle waste." International Agrophysics 31, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 515–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intag-2016-0073.

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Abstract This paper compares the densification work necessary for the pressure agglomeration of fine-grained dusty nettle waste, with the densification work involved in two-stage agglomeration of the same material. In the first stage, the material was pre-densified through coating with a binder material in the form of a 5% potato starch solution, and then subjected to pressure agglomeration. A number of tests were conducted to determine the effect of the moisture content in the nettle waste (15, 18 and 21%), as well as the process temperature (50, 70, 90°C) on the values of densification work and the density of the obtained pellets. For pre-densified pellets from a mixture of nettle waste and a starch solution, the conducted tests determined the effect of pellet particle size (1, 2, and 3 mm) and the process temperature (50, 70, 90°C) on the same values. On the basis of the tests, we concluded that the introduction of a binder material and the use of two-stage agglomeration in nettle waste densification resulted in increased densification work (as compared to the densification of nettle waste alone) and increased pellet density.

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Lam, Matthew, and Ali Nokhodchi. "Factors affecting performance and manufacturability of naproxen Liqui-Pellet." DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 28, no. 2 (August 5, 2020): 567–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40199-020-00362-9.

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Abstract Aim Liqui-Pellet is potentially an emerging next-generation oral pill, which has shown promising results with unique advantages as well as displaying potential for commercial feasibility. Since Liqui-Pellet technology is still in its infancy, it is important to explore the parameters that can affect its performance, particularly the drug release rate. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate thoroughly the effect of Avicel PH101 (carrier) and Aerosil 300 (coating material) ratio (R-value) in Liqui-Pellet. Methods Key parameter for Liqui-Pellet formulation in this study was the ratio of carrier and coating material. Tests were carried out to assess the physicochemical properties of different formulations. This involved looking into particle size, robustness, flowability, solid-state and drug release profile. The morphology of Liqui-Pellet was investigated by SEM. Results It is found that R-value does not have a major effect on the success of Liqui-Pellet production. However, R-value does seem to have an effect on Liqui-Pellet size at a certain water content level and a slight effect on the drug release rate. A decrease in Avicel PH101 concentration and an increase in Aerosil 300 concentration in Liqui-Pellet formulations can reduce Liqui-Pellet size and slightly increase drug release rate by 9% after 2 h. The data shows Liqui-Pellet is resistant to friability, able to achieve exceptional flow property and have smooth surfaces, which is critical for applying coatings technology. Such properties are ideal in terms of commercial manufacturing. The XRPD and DSC both show the reduction in formulation crystallinity, which is expected in Liqui-Pellet formulation as a result of solubility of the drug in the co-solvent used in the preparation of Liqui-Pellets. Conclusion Overall it seems that R-value can affect Liqui-Pellet drug release rate and size but not on the production success rate. Graphical abstract

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Chen, Xiao Qi, Dan Zheng, Chao Liu, Xiao Lei Zhang, Hai Jun Zhou, Ying Cheng, and Yan Tao Li. "Preparation of pH-Sensitive Aqueous P(MAA-co-EA) Copolymers and Application in Omeprazole Capsules." Advanced Materials Research 1033-1034 (October 2014): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1033-1034.255.

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A series of different molecular weight aqueous enteric P(MAA-co-EA) copolymer coating material were prepared by varying the amount of chain transfer agent in the process of emulsion polymerization. Using fluidized bed technology, omeprazole enteric-coated capsules were obtained via omeprazole pellets containing the isolation layer were coated by P(MAA-co-EA) copolymers emulsion, following vitro enteric test was carried out . The results showed that when the dosage of the chain transfer agent was 0.789% of the total monomer mass, the obtained P(MAA-co-EA) copolymer was used as the coating material of omeprazole capsule, which the resistance to acid was good for 2h and the release rate of the pellet tablets was quick in artificial intestinal liquid, and the test data was consistent with National Standards, and the storage stability was excellent.

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Yang, Qingliang, Yingliang Ma, and Jesse Zhu. "Applying a novel electrostatic dry powder coating technology to pellets." European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 97 (November 2015): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.10.006.

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Mummidi, Varalakshmi, and Shaik Rezwana. "THE INFLUENCE OF HPC-L AND EUDRAGIT L30 D-55 ON DELAYED RELEASE OMEPRAZOLE MAGNESIUM MULTIPLE-UNIT PELLET SYSTEM." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 7 (July 7, 2018): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i7.25098.

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Objective: The objective of the study is to develop optimum, stable, delayed release pellets of omeprazole magnesium (20.6 mg dose). Omeprazole magnesium is a proton pump inhibitor that suppresses gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of the H+/K+ -ATPase at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell, which is orally administered drug, whereas omeprazole magnesium is degraded in stomach pH, so it is formulated as delayed release dosage form to absorb in intestinal pH.Methods: The formulation of delayed release pellets of omeprazole magnesium was developed by enteric film coating process varying the compositions of drug loading, barrier coating, and enteric coating using fluid bed processor. The prepared multiple pellets were filled into hard gelatin capsules as a single unit dosage forms.Results: The dissolution profile of formulation (F8) contains the efficient amount of hydroxypropyl cellulose-L and Eudragit L30 D55 leads to effective release of drug in 30 min. Fourier transform infrared and differential scanning colorimeter studies were conducted for the optimized formula to prove that the formula was not having incompatibility between the drug and excipients. The scanning electron microscopy studies were conducted to know the surface morphology of the pellets.Conclusion: It was concluded that optimized formulation (F8) shown good similarity with innovator. The results of the accelerated stability of final formulation revealed that storage conditions were excellent.

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Vats, Sandeep Kumar, Roop Narayan Gupta, Kalaiselvan Ramaraju, and Romi Singh. "DESIGN AND STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF A MULTIUNIT DELIVERY SYSTEM CONTAINING NISOLDIPINE-SOLUPLUS® SOLID DISPERSION FOR HYPERTENSION CHRONOTHERAPY." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 8, no. 10 (August 12, 2016): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2016v8i10.13442.

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Objective: To study the mechanism and factors affecting the design of an industrially scalable formulation in a combined drug delivery module containing solid dispersion (SD) multiunit pellets with novel polymer Soluplus® in a modified release system to address chronotherapeutic needs of hypertension therapy.Methods: Nisoldipine-Soluplus® SD pellet formulations were prepared using the central composite design of experiments (CCD) to study the effect of inert core level and drug to polymer ratio. The solid dispersions were formed on inert pellets surface by fluidized bed coating and characterized by dissolution efficiency and time for 90% drug release. The data was statistically analyzed to develop a response surface for optimum SD formulation in pellets. The SD pellets were characterized by FTIR, DSC and SEM. The optimum formulation of SD coated pellets was further coated with Eudragit S100-L100 polymer mix and characterized for dissolution in multimedia and two-step dissolution for lag time.Results: A response surface was developed for highest dissolution efficiency (%DE) and least time to release 90% drug (T90). The model was significant, and the role of core pellets was found to be more significant than the drug-polymer ratio. The study of the desirability function indicated that a polymer content of 75% and inert core level to yield 23% net weight gain, provided optimum dissolution enhanced SD pellets. The drug was found to exist in amorphous form. The final capsules containing Eudragit S100-L100 coated delayed release SD pellets showed a lag time of 2 h and a definite pH-gradient towards drug release.Conclusion: The findings from this study helped to understand the mechanism, design and factors affecting drug release from a delayed release SD system for a poorly soluble drug for potential hypertension chronotherapy.

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Stollenwerk, Manfred, Tobias Schäfer, Johannes Stadtmüller, Thorsten Döhring, Dominic Freudenmann, and Nicole Röcke. "Sputtered highly effective iridium catalysts: a new approach for green satellite propulsion." Journal of Materials Science 56, no. 16 (March 1, 2021): 9974–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-05897-z.

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AbstractThis work demonstrated the large potential of sputtered iridium metal for catalytic reactions shown by the example of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for space propulsion systems. For this purpose, iridium was coated onto Al2O3 pellets by a sputter process under varied process parameters. Depending on previously selected parameters, the obtained metal-loaded pellets offer closed- and/or open-shell structures. Catalytic productivity of these first-generation iridium-sputtered catalysts was estimated in laboratory experiments and compared to platinum-loaded pellets. Under optimized sputter-process conditions, the reactivity is significantly improved compared to the platinum-impregnated pellets. The better catalytic productivity can be explained by the increased active surface area of the iridium layers on the pellets. The surface morphology and the microstructure of the iridium coating can be actively controlled by the sputter pressure. The results are in accordance with the sputtering process pressure tendency described by the Thornton Structure–Zone Model. Graphical abstract

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Chopra, Ranjana, Fridrun Podczeck, J. Michael Newton, and Göran Alderborn. "The influence of pellet shape and film coating on the filling of pellets into hard shell capsules." European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 53, no. 3 (May 2002): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0939-6411(02)00015-2.

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34

Eremin, Evgeniy N., Sergey A. Guchenko, and Viktor M. Yurov. "Application of Multi-Element Targets for the Formation of High Entropy Coatings." Defect and Diffusion Forum 410 (August 17, 2021): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.410.501.

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The development of modern technologies in various industries cannot be imagined without the development and use of new materials, including new highly entropic alloys (HEA) and coatings based on them, as more advanced in terms of performance compared to traditional materials and coatings. Methods for producing various highly entropic alloys are described in many literature. Almost all such technologies at the moment cannot be applicable in the mass production of parts due to the high cost and lack of appropriate infrastructure and production technologies. However, obtaining coatings formed on the basis of highly entropic alloys for various parts of mechanisms and machines is currently a highly promising direction in improving the operational properties of work surfaces. The goal of this work is to create highly entropic coatings obtained by magnetron sputtering of special multicomponent targets. The paper shows the possibility of synthesis of coatings of the predicted composition and properties. A coating based on a matrix target made of 12Kh18N10T steel with pressed multicomponent Cr-Ni-Zr-Ti-Cu pellets was synthesized. The elemental composition of the coating and its properties were determined, the microhardness was measured, and the functional properties were established.

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Arora, Rimjhim, Kamal Singh Rathore, and Meenakshi Bharakatiya. "An Overview on Tablet Coating." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 7, no. 4 (August 14, 2019): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v7i4.547.

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Pharmaceutical solid dosage forms include tablets, pellets, pills, beads etc. Tablet is most commonly used pharmaceutical dosage form which has ease of administration. Tablets are coated for many reason such as masking odour, taste, colour of the drug, providing physical and chemical protection to drug, protecting drug from the gastric environment.Coating is a process by which a layer of coating material is applied to the surface of a dosage form. Coating may also contain active ingredient. There are various strategies for tablet coating which include sugar coating, film coating, and enteric coating. The amount of coating on the surface of a tablet is critical to the effectiveness of the oral dosage form. Recent trends in tablet coating focuses on overcoming disadvantage of solvent based coating. This review concerns with the coating process, equipments involved, coated tablets evaluation and specialized coating techniques. Key Words:

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She, Yajuan, Yiwen Guo, Zanxian Tan, and Kai Liao. "Na2SO4 + V2O5 Corrosion Behavior of BaNd2Ti3O10 for Thermal Barrier Coating Applications." Coatings 10, no. 9 (September 20, 2020): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10090901.

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BaNd2Ti3O10 has been considered as a promising thermal barrier coating (TBC) candidate material, which reveals many advantages over the widely used TBC material of yttria partially stabilized zirconia, such as lower thermal conductivity, better high-temperature capability, and higher resistance to environmental deposits corrosion. In this study, the hot corrosion behavior of BaNd2Ti3O10 in Na2SO4 + V2O5 molten salt at 900 °C and 1000 °C is investigated. Exposed to the salt for 4 h at 900 °C, BaNd2Ti3O10 pellets had an obvious reaction with the salt, forming corrosion products of NdVO4, TiO2, and BaSO4, and the reaction layer was ~30 μm, beneath which no salt trace could be found. Prolonging the corrosion time to 20 h, the type of the corrosion products had no change. At an elevated corrosion temperature of 1000 °C for 4 h, the corrosion products were still NdVO4, TiO2, and BaSO4, but NdVO4 revealed a significant growth, which fully covered the pellet surface. The mechanisms by which the corrosion reaction between BaNd2Ti3O10 and the molten salt occurred were discussed.

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Tsagdi, Artemis, Ioannis Drossos, Despoina Georgiou, Stylianos Exarhopoulos, Georgios Karasiotas, Joannis K. Kallitsis, and Eleni P. Kalogianni. "Injection Molded PP Foams Using Food Ingredients for Food Packaging Applications." Polymers 13, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020288.

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A new approach to the creation of polypropylene (PP) based foaming materials was developed using food grade foaming agents that were coated on the PP pellets. More specifically, sodium bicarbonate and organic acids were used to coat PP pellets using either polyethyleneoxide (PEO) or lipid esters as coating stabilizers. In order to overcome the problem of the thermal decomposition of sodium bicarbonate at temperatures lower than the PP melting temperature, which makes the direct foaming during melt mixing impossible, the proposed methodology was proved quite efficient. Thus, new PP masterbatches were prepared, where the foaming agents were incorporated as coating at PP pellets at contents up to 10%, and initially used in Lab scale injection machines in order to find the best combination of materials that resulted in the production of foamed articles. Subsequently selected material combinations were tested in an industrial scale injection molding machine, where an optimization of the injection parameters was attempted. The outcome of this was the production of PP articles with significantly increased void fraction, up to 14%, decreased thermal conductivity, up to 20%, and various pore sizes as was observed via microscopic examination using SEM and CLSM.

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38

Hong, Bihong, Jianlin He, Jipeng Sun, Qingqing Le, Kaikai Bai, Yanhua Mou, Yiping Zhang, Weizhu Chen, and Wenwen Huang. "Analgesia Effect of Enteric Sustained-Release Tetrodotoxin Pellets in the Rat." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12010032.

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Tetrodotoxin (TTX) was identified as a latent neurotoxin that has a significant analgesia effect. It was rapidly absorbed and excreted in rat after intramuscular (i.m.) injection. To maintain the effect, frequent injections were required. The enteric sustained-release TTX pellets with sucrose pellets as a drug carrier was prepared by fluidized bed spray irrigation, coated in sequence with Eudragit NE30D as a sustained-release layer, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as a barrier layer and Eudragit L30D-55 as an enteric coating. TTX in the pellets could be sustained released for 12 h in dissolution test. In vivo, TTX pellets reached Cmax at 5 h, and t1/2 was 14.52 ± 2.37 h after intragastrically (i.g.) administration in rat. In acetic acid induced writhing test in rat, the pellets at the dosages of 20, 40, 60 and 80 μg·kg−1 produced analgesic effect at about 1.5 h to 9 h and the strongest effect was at about 3 h to 6 h. Simultaneously, the LD50 of the enteric sustained-release TTX pellets was 840.13 μg·kg−1, and the ED50 was about 30 μg·kg−1. Thus, the therapeutic index was about 25. The enteric sustained-release TTX pellets with absolute analgesia effect and greatly enhanced safety was prepared.

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Vecchio, C., F. Fabiani, M. E. Sangalli, L. Zema, and A. Gazzaniga. "Rotary Tangential Spray Technique for Aqueous Film Coating of Indobufen Pellets." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 24, no. 3 (January 1998): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03639049809085619.

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Segale, Lorena, Paolo Mannina, Lorella Giovannelli, Susanne Muschert, and Franco Pattarino. "Formulation and Coating of Alginate and Alginate-Hydroxypropylcellulose Pellets Containing Ranolazine." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 105, no. 11 (November 2016): 3351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2016.08.001.

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Villar-López, M. "Formulation of triamcinolone acetonide pellets suitable for coating and colon targeting." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 179, no. 2 (March 15, 1999): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5173(98)00369-x.

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Sedighikamal, Hossein, Reza Zarghami, Parissa Khadiv-Parsi, and Navid Mostoufi. "Sustained release coating of ibuprofen pellets at Wurster fluidization: statistical approach." Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation 45, no. 4 (February 24, 2015): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40005-015-0177-0.

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Nitz, Marcello, and Osvaldir Pereira Taranto. "Film coating of theophylline pellets in a pulsed fluid bed coater." Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 47, no. 8 (August 2008): 1412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2007.10.007.

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McCague, C., W. Huttema, A. Fradin, and M. Bahrami. "Lab-scale sorption chiller comparison of FAM-Z02 coating and pellets." Applied Thermal Engineering 173 (June 2020): 115219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115219.

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Han, Min, Qin Yu, Xuerong Liu, Fuqiang Hu, and Hong Yuan. "Preparation and Characterization of a Novel Aqueous Dispersion for Enteric Coating of Pantoprazole Sodium Pellets." Acta Pharmaceutica 68, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 441–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acph-2018-0035.

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Abstract The purpose of this work was to investigate a novel aqueous dispersion (Eudragit® L100-55) f or e nteric c oating o f drugs. Three different casting solutions, Eudragit® L100-55 aqueous dispersion, Eudragit® L 100-55 o rganic s olution, and Eudragit® L30D-55 aqueous dispersion, were used to prepare free films by the casting method. Drug-loaded pellets, prepared by the extrusion-spheronization method, were coated with one of these three coating solutions using the fluidized-bed spray coating technology. Properties of the free films were thoroughly investigated. Films formed by Eudragit® L100-55 aqueous dispersions showed similar properties to those formed by Eudragit® L100-55 organic solution regarding thermodynamic properties, moisture permeability, solubility and acid tolerance ability. Furthermore, the performance of the novel film was better than that formed by Eudragit® L30D-55 aqueous dispersion. Among the three enteric coating solutions, Eudragit® L100- 55 aqueous dispersion will be a promising aqueous dispersion for enteric coating and can be used in the development of enteric-coated preparations.

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Kar, Nihar Ranjan, and Kanhu Charan Pati. "Effect of Cross Linking on Evaluation of Chitosan Coated Pellets of Glipizide." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 4-A (August 30, 2019): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i4-a.3416.

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The objective of the current work is to develop and evaluate the effect of cross linking on drug release of chitosan pellets of Glipizide. Hence the present work was aimed to formulate glipizide pellets with a view to achieve and to maintain the plasma concentration for considerable period by controlling the release so to decrease the occurrence of doses and also to recover the patient fulfillment. Here the pellets of glipizide are designed by Pan Coating technique with solution layering with and without cross linking by Gluteraldehyde effectively. Then the optimized formulations are aimed to study the effects of polymer and cross linking on different evaluation parameters including the drug release study. Finally the conclusion was to arrive at better formulation based on comparison amongst the studied ones.

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Fu, Dajiong, Tairong Kuang, Ying-Chieh Yen, Dachao Li, Avraham Benatar, Xiang Fang Peng, and Ly James Lee. "Polystyrene/multi-wall carbon nanotube composite and its foam assisted by ultrasound vibration." Journal of Cellular Plastics 53, no. 3 (May 22, 2016): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x16651253.

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Polystyrene/multi-wall carbon nanotube composite with an interconnected honeycomb-like structure was prepared by firstly coating the surface of the polystyrene pellets with multi-wall carbon nanotube, and sequentially welded through an ultrasound vibration technique. The mechanical and morphological properties of as-prepared composite were investigated in various measurements. It was found that an aggregative and honeycomb-like morphology of multi-wall carbon nanotube existed in the polystyrene/multi-wall carbon nanotube composite according to the polarized optical microscopic and scanning electron microscopic results; the ultrasound vibration could benefit to the performance of flexural strength. Furthermore, different composite foams were studied in this work, employing supercritical carbon dioxide as a blowing agent. Compared to other foams prepared by the conventional methods, the compressive strength of the foams derived from as-described novel method, was significantly improved. Also, being ascribed to this interconnected structure by coating carbon nanotube on polystyrene pellets, good electrical conductivity of 0.05–0.11 S/m was achieved in the novel composite foams.

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Chen, Lu, Guobao Yang, Xiaoyang Chu, Chunhong Gao, Yuli Wang, Wei Gong, Zhiping Li, Yang Yang, Meiyan Yang, and Chunsheng Gao. "Polymer Distribution and Mechanism Conversion in Multiple Media of Phase-Separated Controlled-Release Film-Coating." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 2 (February 14, 2019): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11020080.

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Phase-separated films of water-insoluble ethyl cellulose (EC) and water-soluble hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) can be utilized to tailor drug release from coated pellets. In the present study, the effects of HPC levels and the pH, type, ionic strength and osmolarity of the media on the release profiles of soluble metoprolol succinates from the EC/HPC-coated pellets were investigated, and the differences in drug-release kinetics in multiple media were further elucidated through the HPC leaching and swelling kinetics of the pellets, morphology (SEM) and water uptake of the free films and the interaction between the coating polymers and the media compositions. Interestingly, the drug release rate from the pellets in different media was not in agreement with the drug solubility which have a positive correlation with the drug dissolution rate based on Noyes–Whitney equation law. In particular, the drug release rate in acetate buffer at pH 4.5 was faster than that in other media despite the solubility of drug was relatively lower, regardless of the HPC levels. It may be attributed to the mutual effect between the EC and acetate buffer, which improved the permeability of the film. In contrast, the release of drug in HCl solution was dependent on the HPC levels. Increasing the levels of HPC increased the effects of hydrogen ions on the polymer of HPC, which resulted in a lower viscosity and strength of the gel, forming the larger size of pores in polymer films, thus increasing the drug diffused from the coating film. Further findings in phosphate buffer showed a reduction in the drug release compared to that in other media, which was only sensitive to the osmolarity rather than the HPC level and pH of the buffer. Additionally, a mathematical theory was used to better explain and understand the experimentally measured different drug release patterns. In summary, the study revealed that the effects of the media overcompensated that of the drug solubility to some extent for controlled-release of the coating polymers, and the drug release mechanism in multiple media depend on EC and HPC rather than on HPC alone, which may have a potential to facilitate the optimization of ideally film-coated formulations.

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Larsen, Crilles C., Jørn M. Sonnergaard, Poul Bertelsen, and Per Holm. "Validation of an image analysis method for estimating coating thickness on pellets." European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 18, no. 2 (February 2003): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0928-0987(02)00260-9.

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Sinchaipanid, Nuttanan, Varaporn Junyaprasert, and Ampol Mitrevej. "Application of hot-melt coating for controlled release of propranolol hydrochloride pellets." Powder Technology 141, no. 3 (March 2004): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2004.02.008.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Coating of pellets'

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