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1
Tucker, Alex C., and Jorge C. Escalante-Semerena. "Biologically Active Isoforms of CobB Sirtuin Deacetylase in Salmonella enterica and Erwinia amylovora." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 23 (October 1, 2010): 6200–6208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00874-10.
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ABSTRACT Sirtuins are NAD+-dependent protein deacylases that are conserved in all domains of life and are involved in diverse cellular processes, including control of gene expression and central metabolism. Eukaryotic sirtuins have N-terminal extensions that have been linked to protein multimerization and cellular localization. Here the first evidence of sirtuin isoforms in bacteria is reported. The enterobacterium Salmonella enterica synthesizes two isoforms of CobB sirtuin, a shorter 236-amino-acid isoform (here CobBS) and a longer 273-amino-acid isoform (here CobBL). The N-terminal 37-amino-acid extension of CobBL is amphipathic, containing 18 basic amino acids (12 of which are Arg) and 13 hydrophobic ones; both isoforms were active in vivo and in vitro. Northern blot and transcription start site analyses revealed that cobB is primarily expressed as two monocistronic cobB mRNAs from two transcription start sites, one of which was mapped within the neighboring ycfX gene and the other of which was located within cobB. Additionally, a low-abundance ycfX-cobB bicistronic mRNA was observed which could encode up to three proteins (YcfX, CobBL, and CobBS). CobBL isoforms are common within the family Enterobacteriaceae, but species of the genus Erwinia (including the plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora) encode only the CobBL isoform. The CobBL isoform from E. amylovora restored growth of as S. enterica cobB mutant strain on low acetate.
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Mundo-Ocampo, Manuel, Irma Tandingan De Ley, Axayácatl Rocha-Olivares, James Baldwin, Oleksandr Holovachov, and Paul De Ley. "Nematodes from the Gulf of California. Part 1. The genera Ceramonema Cobb, 1920, Pselionema Cobb in Cobb, 1933 and Pterygonema Gerlach, 1954 (Nematoda: Ceramonematidae)." Nematology 10, no. 3 (2008): 347–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854108783900311.
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AbstractThe morphology and morphometry of nematodes of six species of the family Ceramonematidae is described using light and scanning electron microscopy. In this paper, we describe two new species and redescribe two known species of Ceramonema and one new species each of Pselionema and Pterygonema. Ceramonema altogolfi sp. n. is characterised by the 0.8-1.3 mm long body, 187-247 body annules, weakly developed zygapophyses, presence of intracuticular vacuoles, sexual dimorphism in amphid shape, presence of vaginal sclerotisation, complex gubernaculum and relatively uniform anal and cloacal annules, whilst C. inguinispina sp. n. has a 0.8-1.1 mm long body, 135-191 body annules, weakly developed zygapophyses, presence of intracuticular vacuoles, sexual dimorphism in amphid shape, absence of vaginal sclerotisation, thorn-shaped precloacal projection, plate-like gubernaculum and double cloacal annule. Pselionema psednum sp. n. is distinguished by 1.4-1.7 mm long body, 251-292 body annules, weakly developed zygapophyses, absence of intracuticular vacuoles, sexual dimorphism in amphid shape and Pterygonema mexicanum sp. n. is characterised by having amphids lacking a central thorn-like projection and pharynx with a distinct posterior glandular bulb. Populations of Ceramonema rectum and Ceramonema cf. yunfengi are also described. The male cloacal region of the species examined appears to be a rich potential source of taxonomic characters that have as yet received insufficient attention for this family.
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Kyriakoudes, Louis M. "Lower-Order Urbanization and Territorial Monopoly in the Southern Furnishing Trade." Social Science History 26, no. 1 (2002): 179–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200012323.
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Sometime during World War I,Ned Cobb, an African American sharecropper better known to us by his pseudonym Nate Shaw, journeyed from the Tallapoosa County, Alabama, farm where he was sharecropping to Opelika, a small market town about 12 miles away, to buy cotton seed hulls for his mules,meal for his family, and shoes for his children. At Mr. Sadler’s general store, Cobb had a chilling encounter with one Henry Chase, a crippled white store clerk. Chase, resentful that Cobb had been served by one of the store's white female clerks, tried to provoke a fight with Cobb and then accused Cobb of threatening him with a pistol. Cobb wisely refused to be goaded, but he was arrested anyway when Chase brought his complaint to the sheriff. Cobb only escaped trouble with the law and more trouble with Chase and his gang because of the intercession of influential white merchants who knew Cobb from earlier business in town (Rosengarten 1974: 162–72).
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Şarlak, Ahmet Yılmaz, Halil Atmaca, Resul Musaoğlu, and Elşen Veli Veliev. "The Height Gain in Scoliotic Deformity Correction: Assessed by New Predictive Formula." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/167021.
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Height gain after scoliosis correction is of a special interest for the patient and family. Ylikoski was the first to suggest a formula predicting height loss in untreated scoliotic patients. Stokes has recently suggested a new formula by using Cobb angle to determine height loss in idiopathic curves. We hypothesized that new additional variables to Cobb angle such as apical vertebral translation (AVT), number of instrumented segments (N), and disc heights may increase the accuracy of predicted height gain. According to our findings simple expression for height gain by simplified version of the formula is:SPΔH=0.0059X1θ1 + 2.3(1−(θ2/θ1))N, whereθ1is preoperative Cobb angle,X1is preoperative AVT,θ2is postoperative Cobb angle, andNis the number of instrumented vertebra. The purpose of this study is to analyze a new mathematical formula to predict height gain after scoliotic deformity correction.
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Parks, Anastacia R., and Jorge C. Escalante-Semerena. "Modulation of the bacterial CobB sirtuin deacylase activity by N-terminal acetylation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 27 (June 22, 2020): 15895–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2005296117.
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In eukaryotic cells, the N-terminal amino moiety of many proteins is modified by N-acetyltransferases (NATs). This protein modification can alter the folding of the target protein; can affect binding interactions of the target protein with substrates, allosteric effectors, or other proteins; or can trigger protein degradation. In prokaryotes, only ribosomal proteins are known to be N-terminally acetylated, and the acetyltransferases responsible for this modification belong to the Rim family of proteins. Here, we report that, inSalmonella enterica, the sirtuin deacylase CobB long isoform (CobBL) is N-terminally acetylated by the YiaC protein of this bacterium. Results of in vitro acetylation assays showed that CobBLwas acetylated by YiaC; liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to confirm these results. Results of in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that CobBLdeacetylase activity was negatively affected when YiaC acetylated its N terminus. We report 1) modulation of a bacterial sirtuin deacylase activity by acetylation, 2) that the Gcn5-related YiaC protein is the acetyltransferase that modifies CobBL, and 3) that YiaC is an NAT. Based on our data, we propose the name of NatA (N-acyltransferase A) in lieu of YiaC to reflect the function of the enzyme.
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Ray, Sayantan, Arunansu Talukdar, Nikhil Sonthalia, Sumit Chakraborty, and Partha Pal. "Cobb′s collar occurring in two brothers in a family: A rare entity revisited." Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging 24, no. 1 (2014): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0971-3026.130714.
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Tsang, Allen W., Alexander R. Horswill, and Jorge C. Escalante-Semerena. "Studies of Regulation of Expression of the Propionate (prpBCDE) Operon Provide Insights into How Salmonella typhimurium LT2 Integrates Its 1,2-Propanediol and Propionate Catabolic Pathways." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 24 (December 15, 1998): 6511–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.24.6511-6518.1998.
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ABSTRACT Expression of the prpBCDE operon of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 required (i) the synthesis of propionyl-coenzyme A (CoA) by the PrpE protein or the acetyl-CoA-synthesizing systems of the cell and (ii) the synthesis of 2-methylcitrate from propionyl-CoA and oxaloacetate by the PrpC protein. We propose that either 2-methylcitrate or a derivative of it signals the presence of propionate in the environment. This as yet unidentified signal is thought to serve as a coregulator of the activity of PrpR, the member of the sigma-54 family of transcriptional activators needed for activation of prpBCDE transcription. The CobB protein was also required for expression of the prpBCDE operon, but its role is less well understood. Expression of the prpBCDEoperon in cobB mutants was restored to wild-type levels upon induction of the propanediol utilization (pdu) operon by 1,2-propanediol. This effect did not require catabolism of 1,2-propanediol, suggesting that a Pdu protein, not a catabolite of 1,2-propanediol, was responsible for the observed effect. We explain the existence of these redundant functions in terms of metabolic pathway integration. In an environment with 1,2-propanediol as the sole carbon and energy source, expression of the prpBCDE operon is ensured by the Pdu protein that has CobB-like activity. Since synthesis of this Pdu protein depends on the availability of 1,2-propanediol, the cell solves the problem faced in an environment devoid of 1,2-propanediol where propionate is the sole carbon and energy source by having cobB located outside of thepdu operon and its expression independent of 1,2-propanediol. At present, it is unclear how the CobB and Pdu proteins affect prpBCDE expression.
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Galperin, Michael Y., and Nick V. Grishin. "The synthetase domains of cobalamin biosynthesis amidotransferases cobB and cobQ belong to a new family of ATP-dependent amidoligases, related to dethiobiotin synthetase." Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 41, no. 2 (2000): 238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0134(20001101)41:2<238::aid-prot80>3.0.co;2-l.
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Onumah, E. E., B. Brümmer, and G. Hörstgen-Schwark. "Productivity of the hired and family labour and determinants of technical inefficiency in Ghana’s fish farms." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 56, No. 2 (February 25, 2010): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/38/2009-agricecon.
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This paper examines the productivity of hired and family labour and determinants of technical inefficiency of fish farms in Ghana. A modified Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production function which accounts for zero usage of family and hired labour is employed on cross-sectional data of 150 farmers collected in 2007. The results reveal that family labour, hired labour, feed, seed, land, other costs and extension visit have a reasserting influence on fish farm production. Findings also show that family and hired labour used for fish farming production in Ghana may be equally productive. The combined effects of operational and farm specific factors (age, experience, land, gender, pond type and education) influence technical inefficiency although individual effects of some variables may not be significant. Mean technical efficiency is estimated to be 79 percent. Given the present state of technology and input level, the possibility of enhancing production can be achieved by reducing technical inefficiency by 21 percent through adoption of practices of the best fish farm.
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ZHAO, ZENG QI, and THOMAS R. BUCKLEY. "Phylogenetic analysis of nematode nuclear 18S rDNA sequences indicates the genus Tripylina Brzeski, 1963 (Nematoda: Tripylidae de Man, 1876) should be placed in Enoplida." Zootaxa 2238, no. 1 (September 23, 2009): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2238.1.2.
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We have made an extensive study of New Zealand representatives of nematodes from the family Tripylidae de Man, 1876. Based on SSU DNA sequence data and phylogenetic analysis, the genera Tripylina Brzeski, 1964 and Trischistoma Cobb, 1913 are not closely related to Tripyla Bastian, 1865, the type genus of the family Tripylidae de Man 1876. The genus Tripylina is sister to Trischistoma and Trefusia de Man, 1893 and is more closely related to Enoplida than to Triplonchida. Our phylogenetic results indicate that Tripylina should be placed in Enoplida.
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Anthony, Alison, Reinhard Zeller, Cathy Evans, and Jennifer A. Dermott. "Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis detection and referral trends: impact treatment options." Spine Deformity 9, no. 1 (August 11, 2020): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43390-020-00182-6.
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Abstract Study design Retrospective cross-sectional study. Objective To analyze the patient demographic referred for scoliosis to the Hospital for Sick Children to determine the proportion of patients suitable for brace treatment, as per the Scoliosis Research Society guidelines. Summary of background data There is level 1 evidence that bracing in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) decreases the risk of curve progression and need for surgery, but optimal brace treatment requires early curve detection. Methods We performed a retrospective review of 618 consecutive patients who underwent initial assessment in our Spine Clinic between Jan. 1 and Dec. 31, 2014. We included children 10–18 years, with scoliosis greater than 10°, excluding those diagnosed with non-idiopathic curves. Primary outcomes were Cobb angle, menarchal status, and Risser score. We analyzed the effect of specific referral variables (family history, the person who first noticed the curve, and geographic location of residence) on presenting curve magnitude. Results During the study period, 335 children met the inclusion criteria, with an average age of 14.1 ± 1.8 years and a mean Cobb angle of 36.8 ± 14.5°. Brace treatment was indicated in 17% of patients; 18% had curves beyond optimal curve range for bracing (> 40°), and 55% were skeletally mature, therefore not brace candidates. The majority of curves (54%) were first detected by the patient or family member and averaged 7° more than curves first detected by a physician. A family history of scoliosis made no difference to curve magnitude, nor did geographic location of residence. Conclusion The majority of AIS patients present too late for effective management with bracing. Level of evidence III.
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Zullini, Aldo, Oleksandr Holovachov, Pieter Loof, and Tom Bongers. "Morphology and systematics of the genus Anonchus Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda: Leptolaimina) and reappraisal of the family Aphanolaimidae Chitwood, 1936 n. rank." Nematology 4, no. 6 (2002): 725–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854102760396557.
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AbstractThe genus Anonchus is revised. The genera Assia and Haconnus are considered to be synonymous with Anonchus on the basis of the morphological analysis. Additional descriptions of six species, viz. A. maculatus , A. mirabilis , A. millelacunatus , A. palaeotropicus , A. coomansi and A. pulcher are provided on the basis of type material or recently collected populations. The lectotype of A. monohystera is designated and described and the synonymy of this species with A. maculatus is confirmed. Two new species are described; A. winiszewskae sp. n. from Paraguay and A. venezolanus sp. n. from Venezuela. Several aspects of the morphology are described and the variability and diagnostic significance of the main morphological characters discussed. A study of intrageneric and suprageneric taxonomy of the genus Anonchus is presented. The subfamily Aphanolaiminae is reinstated for the genera Aphanolaimus, Aphanonchus and Paraphanolaimus and raised to family rank. The family Aphanolaimidae includes two subfamilies: Aphanolaiminae and Anonchinae. An emended diagnosis and a revised classification of Anonchus are proposed and a key to the species of the genus is provided.
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Particka, Chrislyn Ann, and James F. Hancock. "Breeding for Increased Tolerance to Black Root Rot in Strawberry." HortScience 43, no. 6 (October 2008): 1698–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.6.1698.
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Black root rot (BRR) is a widespread disease of strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) that causes the death of feeder roots and the degradation of structural roots resulting in an overall decrease in productivity. Black root rot is primarily caused by Rhizoctonia fragariae Husain and W.E. McKeen, Pythium Pringsh., and Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev and Schuurmans Stekhoven. A previous study identified varying levels of tolerance to BRR in strawberry cultivars with some having high levels of tolerance. In this study, progeny populations were created to determine the amount of genetic variability for BRR tolerance. Genotypes with high, intermediate, and low tolerance to BRR were crossed in a diallel mating scheme, progeny were planted in Vapam (metam sodium)-fumigated and nonfumigated soil, and were analyzed for yield parameters. The results showed significant differences for both treatment and family, but not for the interaction between treatment and family. Pathogen analysis indicated presence of fungal pathogens and nematodes in both fumigated and nonfumigated soil.
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Tawaf, R., M. Paturochman, L. Herlina, M. Sulistyati, and A. Fitriani. "The optimation of farmers families' revenue the integration of Pasundan cattle and paddy farming in West Java." Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture 42, no. 4 (December 19, 2017): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.42.4.270-278.
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This research aimed to analyze the revenue optimization of farmer family with ratio of the most ideal farm scale in the integration of Pasundan cattle and paddy farm, and to analyze the most leveraging production factor towards the family revenue. The respondents were 94 farmers who had integrated farming between cattle and paddy. This research used survey method in four regions purposively based on Pasundan cattle centre. Data were analyzed with linear programming and production function of Cobb Douglass. The results were: (1) max Z = -(4,584,841x1+1574260 (x2+x3)) + (6,000,000jx1+4000000 (j x2 +j x3 )); this function consist of constraints: labour, transfer products between cattle and paddy farm, transfer fertilizer, capital of paddy farming in planting season-I and season-II. (2) Yintegration = 15,721,319.75 – 72.541 land – 1.317 fertilizer + 4.667 seeds + 487765.94 farminglabour + 6339170.199 cattlevalue – 935.559 feed + 162618.999 cattlelabour. There were some conclusions: First, the integration of Pasundan cattle and paddy farming produced the optimum family revenue/year, with ratio of 6.02 animal unit and 0.5 ha of paddy farming; Second, the production factor of agricultural land, labour, seeds, feed and capital (cattle) were explained (R2=87.66%) toward the integration revenue; Third, the variable which has the contribution to leverage the revenue was the capital of cattle (81.52%).
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De Luca, Francesca, Pablo Castillo, Alberto Troccoli, Nicola Vovlas, Blanca B. Landa, and Juan E. Palomares-Rius. "Molecular variability and phylogeny of Schistonchus caprifici (Gasperrini, 1864) Cobb, 1927 (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) from Italy and Spain." Nematology 12, no. 4 (2010): 641–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138855410x12628646276087.
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Abstract Molecular characterisation of four Schistonchus caprifici populations (two from Spain and two from Italy), using the partial 18S, the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and the partial mitochondrial gene for cytochrome c oxidase I (mtCOI), is provided. Amplicons from partial mtCOI were analysed using 'Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism' (SSCP) analysis in order to rapidly screen for genetic (haplotypic) variability. SSCP analysis of mtCOI revealed a close relationship between the Spanish and Italian populations with low intra-population variability and only two haplotypes were detected. Mitochondrial COI and ribosomal genes were analysed using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian inference to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships within S. caprifici and other members of the family Aphelenchoididae. The phylogenetic analysis based on mtCOI showed no geographic variability among Italian, Spanish and Turkish populations. The results of phylogenetic analyses based on the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rDNA region and the partial 18S rDNA genes revealed a closer phylogenetic relationship between S. aureus, S. laevigatus, S. virens and S. centerae, whilst S. caprifici and S. guangzhouensis clustered separately. The phylogeny of the genus Schistonchus was well related to some morphological characters, such as position of excretory pore, presence/absence of labial disc and number and position of caudal papillae. The monophyly of the genus Schistonchus was rejected by the Shimodaira-Hasegawa test based on tree topologies.
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Potter, John W., and Adam Dale. "Wild and Cultivated Strawberries Can Tolerate or Resist Root-lesion Nematode." HortScience 29, no. 9 (September 1994): 1074–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.9.1074.
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Intraspecific crossing of `Guardian' and `Midway' cultivated strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) produced a family of genotypes, some of which suppressed root-lesion nematode [Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb)] population counts and produced large berries and high yield. Unlike `Midway', `Guardian' also suppressed P. penetrans. Among several beach strawberry [Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duch.] and woodland strawberry (Fragaria virginiana Duch.) genotypes, variation was found in resistance and tolerance to root-lesion nematodes. Three F. chiloensis genotypes showed tolerance, and at least two genotypes may be somewhat resistant. Three F. virginiana genotypes also were tolerant, and three were resistant. Also, one (`Little Cataraqui 4') combined root growth vigor with nematode resistance. We concluded that exploitable genetic diversity in vigor and reaction to root-lesion nematodes exists in wild Fragaria and in F. ×ananassa.
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Khairizal, Sisca Vaulina, and Hajry Arief Wahyudy. "ANALISIS FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PRODUKSI KELAPA DALAM (Cocos nucifera Linn) PADA LAHAN GAMBUT DAN LAHAN MINERAL DI KABUPATEN INDRAGIRI HILIR PROVINSI RIAU." DINAMIKA PERTANIAN 34, no. 3 (August 5, 2020): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/dp.2018.vol34(3).5410.
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ABSTRACT
In Indragiri Hilir Regency, coconut grows on peat land and mineral land. The difference in land conditions will affect the amount of production and income that farmers will receive. The objectives of this study are: (1) To determine the characteristics of Deep Coconut farmers on peat land and mineral land in Indragiri Hilir Regency. (2) Analyzing the production and income of Deep Coconut farmers on peat land and mineral land in Indragiri Hilir Regency. (3) Analyzing what factors influence the production of Deep Coconut on peat land and mineral land in Indragiri Hilir Regency. This study uses a survey method. The research location was determined in Kempas District for peat land and Concong District for mineral land. The sample is determined by purposive sampling, which is based on the age of coconut plants with a range of 10-15 years. Data were analyzed descriptively qualitatively and quantitatively, using the Cobb-Douglas production function. The results of the study show that (1) peat land and mineral land farmers have relatively the same characteristics farmers, the age of productive farmers, average education level graduating from elementary school, number of family dependents 3-4 people and having experience in farming for 20-29 years. (2) Coconut production on peat land is greater than mineral land, as well as income. (3) Factors that significantly affect coconut production on peat land are land and the number of productive plants, while for mineral land, they are processed.
Keywords: Coconut, Peat Land, Mineral land, Cobb-Douglas
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Graha, Athanasius Aditya Wisnu, and Yuliawati. "POTRET KEARIFAN LOKAL, PERUBAHAN IKLIM DAN PENGGARUHNYA TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS PADI SAWAH DI SALATIGA." Agric 27, no. 1 (March 8, 2016): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24246/agric.2015.v27.i1.p50-59.
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<p>The research about portrait of local wisdom, climate change and the factors that affect the productivity of paddy was held on December 20, 2013 until March 21, 2014 in Kauman Kidul village, Sidorejo sub-district, Salatiga. The purposes of this study were 1) describing the portrait of local wisdom of farmers in Salatiga, 2) examining the effect of the seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, labors from the family members and outside family members, farming experience, local wisdom, climate change toward paddy’s productivity,and 3) examining the differences of paddy’s productivity and farmer’s income in 2009 and 2012. Samples were taken purposively, consist of 30 paddy’s farmer. Primary data were collected by survey method through interviewing by using structured questionnairesand secondary data collection is done by quoting monograph data and other documents related to the study. Data analysis using Cobb - Douglass production function with linear regression models were transformed into natural logarithm. The result of this study show that 1) there is local wisdom before planting and harvesting 2) partially, the fertilizers, pesticides, labors from outside the family members, local wisdom affect the paddy’s productivity, nevertheless the seeds, labors from family members, farming experience and climate change do not affect paddy’s productivity. Also 3) no prominent differences was found from the paddy’s productivity before and after the climate change, however there is prominent differences between the income before and during the climate change.</p>
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RAMA, ROFINUS, NURLIZA NURLIZA, and EVA DOLOROSA. "ANALISIS RISIKO PRODUKSI USAHATANI PADI LAHAN BASAH DAN LAHAN KERING DI KABUPATEN MELAWI." Jurnal Social Economic of Agriculture 5, no. 1 (May 3, 2016): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/j.sea.v5i1.15062.
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This study aims to analyze the production risk of rice farm and compare production risk betwen wetland rice farm and field rice farm. The method used in this study is deskriptive and quantitative method. The location is determined by purposive. Data obtained through interviews with160 randomly simple rice farmers. The method used is just and pope production of multiple linear regression analysis with cobb douglas method and t test analysis.The results of this research were: the model showed that the factors such as land width, seeds, urea fertilizers, pesticides and quantity of family labours had a real influence to the increase of the wetland rice farm production. While NPK fertilizers, age and education of farmers did not influence to (non-significant) the increasing of rice production.The model used in this research had showed that land width, pesticides, quantity of family labours and age of farmers had a real influence to the increase of the field rice farm production. While seeds and education farmer did not influence to (non-significant) the increasing of rice production. Compare production risk between wetland rice farm and field rice farm showed real difference. Keywords: Risk, Production, Rice Farm, wetland and field.
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Tchesunov, Alexei V., and Jury R. Okhlopkov. "On some selachinematid nematodes (Chromadorida: Selachinematidae) deposited in the collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History." Nematology 8, no. 1 (2006): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854106776179890.
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Abstract A review and descriptions are given of some new or poorly known species of the family Selachinematidae mounted in glycerin on slides deposited in the nematode collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, USA, namely: Cheironchus vorax; C. conicaudatus sp. n.; C. dactylocaudatus sp. n.; Gammanema uniformis (Cobb, 1920) comb. n., and Synonchiella hopperi. All species were found along the Atlantic coast of the USA. Species of the genus Cheironchus are characterised by details of the mandibles that may be significant for species discrimination within the genus. Three closely related species (Cheironchus vorax, C. paravorax and C. conicaudatus sp. n.) share a similar form, the mandibles consisting of an arm and two lateral palms with tiny hooks. The mandibles differ from one another in the presence/absence of a denticulate crest and in the number of palm hooks. The fourth species, C. dactylocaudatus sp. n., differs from the other three species by having vestigial mandibles devoid of palm hooks, presence of cheilostomatal sclerotisations and a tail with a posterior cylindrical portion. All three Cheironchus species studied possess extra-pharyngeal, longitudinal musculature around the anterior widening of the pharynx. This musculature evidently acts to protrude the mandibles beyond the oral aperture. An emended diagnosis of the genus Cheironchus is provided. Gammanema uniformis comb. n. is recorded and described for the first time since the original publication under the name Trogolaimus uniformis Cobb, 1920. The genus Trogolaimus is regarded as a junior synonym of Gammanema. Synonchiella hopperi is redescribed with a brief discussion of its unique feature – an unpaired copulatory spicule.
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Parvin, MT, and M. Akteruzzaman. "Factors Affecting Farm and Non-Farm Income of Haor Inhabitants of Bangladesh." Progressive Agriculture 23, no. 1-2 (October 12, 2013): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v23i1-2.16578.
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The study has been conducted to examine the factors influencing farm and nonfarm income of Haor economy in Bangladesh. Dingaputa Haor area of Netrokona district was selected for the present study and a sample of 60 farmers had been taken randomly. The log linear form of Cobb-Douglas production function was chosen to determine the effects of socioeconomic variables on farm income and non-farm income. Apart from this, some descriptive statistical analysis were done to examine the socioeconomic characteristics of sampled households. The estimated results of the regression models revealed that family size and farm size had a significant positive effect on farm income and non-farm income had a significant negative effect on farm income. On the other hand, family size had a positive and significant effect on non-farm income and farm income had a negative and significant effect on non-farm income. To promote the farm and non-farm sector income and strengthening its potential linkages between them, the study mainly recommends increasing efforts on two fronts: first, reforming the institutions responsible for rural development and second, development activities and projects that would enhance farm and non-farm income and the linkages between them.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v23i1-2.16578Progress. Agric. 23(1 & 2): 143 150, 2012
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Mironova, N., L. Dourmishev, I. Botev, and L. Miteva. "Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome Involving Upper Limb and Chest Wall: A Case Report and Review of the Literature." Acta Medica Bulgarica 47, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amb-2020-0020.
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AbstractThe group of congenital limb overgrowth syndromes associated with vascular malformations include various disorders, often with variable clinical expression. Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome is the most common syndrome in this group, compared to other similar disorders such as Proteus, Parkes-Weber, Sturge-Weber, Cobb, Maffucii and CLOVES syndromes. We present a case of a 55-year-old male who presented with swelling, pain, heaviness, numbness and increased local temperature, involving the right upper extremity and the right side of the chest wall and associated with a livid erythema. The patient had several comorbidities including arterial hypertension and ischemic heart disease. He also had a family history of diabetes mellitus. A multidisciplinary team-based treatment approach, including physicians with expertise in various medical and surgical specialties was applied with the patient being “the unifying focus” of all these experts and their efforts. A personal approach tailored to the patient’s preferences was the key to a successful treatment.
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Rusconi, J. M., N. B. Camino, and M. F. Achinelly. "Nematodes (Mermithidae) parasitizing grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in the Pampean region, Argentina." Brazilian Journal of Biology 77, no. 1 (March 2017): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.06015.
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Abstract This work provides the results of a survey of entomonematodes parasites of grasshoppers in grasslands of the Pampean Region, Argentina. Nymphs of Staurorhectus longicornis Giglio-Tos, Laplatacris dispar Rhen, 1939, Dichroplus elongatus Giglio-Tos, 1894 and Metaleptea brevicornis (L.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) were collected. Mermithidae was the only family registered with seven species: Agamermis decaudata Cobb, Steiner and Christie, 1923, Amphimermis bonaerensis Miralles and Camino, 1983, Amphimermis dichroplusi Camino and Lange, 1997, Amphimermis ronderosi Camino and Lange, 1997, Hexamermis coclhearius Stock and Camino, 1992, Hexamermis ovistriata Stock and Camino, 1992, and Longimermis acridophila Camino and Stock, 1989. The values of parasitism ranged between 1-12%, and intensity not overcome the number of 5.0 nematodes per larva. The nematodes observed showed specificity, not registering the same species of parasite in more than one host species. The Pampean region constituted an area with high diversity of mermithids where new species could be consider as bioregulator agents of this troublesome insect pests in agricultural areas of Argentina.
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Rockinson-Szapkiw, Amanda, Lisa Sosin, and Lucinda S. Spaulding. "Does Family Matter? A Phenomenological Inquiry Exploring the Lived Experiences of Women Persisting in Distance Education, Professional Doctoral Programs." International Journal of Doctoral Studies 13 (2018): 497–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4157.
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Aim/Purpose: The qualitative study aims to examine the lived experiences of women persisting in the distance; professional doctoral degrees as they seek to integrate and balance their family of origin and current family system with their development as scholars. Background: A vital reason many women choose not to drop out of their doctoral programs is that they experience conflict between their identities as women and scholars – a conflict between “the enduring sense of who they are and whom they want to become” (Cobb, 2004, p. 336). A supportive family is a salient theme that arises in studies on doctoral persistence, with many researchers noting that the family is essential in helping women navigate the doctoral journey (e.g., Lott, Gardner, & Powers, 2009; Tinto, 1993). Methodology: This qualitative study employed Moustakas’ (1994) transcendental phenomenological approach through a purposive sampling of eleven women who are enrolled in distance education, professional doctoral programs at two universities in the southern United States. Contribution: This study furthers the existing research by demonstrating that family is intimately tied to the scholarly identity development and persistence of women enrolled in distance education, professional doctorate programs. While previous research has shown that family support is a factor promoting doctoral persistence, previous studies have not examined how women integrate and balance their family of origin and current family system with their development as scholars while persisting in a doctoral degree. Findings: Findings highlighted that the doctoral journey is marked by personal fulfillment and struggle. Women’s development and persistence are influenced by familial support, choosing to continue or discontinue family of origin patterns, and differentiation from the family. Recommendations for Practitioners: To support women’s persistence and scholar identity development, the university can facilitate discussions and provide opportunities that explicitly orient families to the rigors of doctoral training. The university can host family webinars, create family orientations, offer family counseling, and develop family social media groups. Recommendation for Researchers: This study is an essential step toward understanding the role of the family in the doctoral persistence of women. The study provides a foundation for further research with women who are divorced, never married, or identify as LGBTQIA (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, intersex, and asexual). Further study should focus on women enrolled in various disciplines and residential programs. Impact on Society: If women are to succeed in doctoral programs, the academic institution cannot ignore the role of the family in persistence. Future Research: The role of the family in doctoral persistence for men and residential students needs to be explored. Experience of women in distance education and residential programs should be compared to highlight differences and similarities.
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Tchesunov, Alexei, Raehyuk Jeong, and Wonchoel Lee. "Two New Marine Free-Living Nematodes from Jeju Island Together with a Review of the Genus Gammanema Cobb 1920 (Nematoda, Chromadorida, Selachinematidae)." Diversity 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12010019.
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In the context of exploration of meiofauna in a sandy intertidal zone of Jeju Island (South Korea), over 70 nematode species are identified, some which have been proven to be new for science. Two new free-living marine nematode species of the family Selachinematidae (Chromadorida, Selachinematidae, Choniolaiminae) are described from the intertidal sandy sediments of Jeju Island (South Korea). Gammanema okhlopkovi sp. n. is closest to Gammanema anthostoma (Okhlopkov, 2002) and differs by having longer cephalic setae (8.5–19 μm in G. okhlopkovi versus 6–7.5 μm in G. anthostoma) and by the presence of precloacal supplementary organs. The genus diagnosis of Gammanema is updated. The genus includes fourteen valid species, while three species are considered species inquirendae due to incomplete diagnoses and illustrations impeding their correct recognition. An annotated list of valid and invalid Gammanema species is provided. A pictorial key for valid Gammanema species is constructed, which consists of two components: (1) simplified images of heads, and (2) a table summarizing most of the significant measured and numeric characters between species. Latronema obscuramphis sp. n. differs from its related species Latronema aberrans (Allgén 1934), Latronema annulatum (Gerlach, 1953), and Latronema spinosum (Andrássy, 1973) by body size, number of supplementary organs, tail shape, length of spicules, and cuticle ornamentation.
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Alemu, Gashaw Tenna, Zewdu Berhanie Ayele, and Assefa Abelieneh Berhanu. "Effects of Land Fragmentation on Productivity in Northwestern Ethiopia." Advances in Agriculture 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4509605.
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Generally, land fragmentation is a universal trait of all agricultural systems which affects farmland productivity and no one had documented a rural society where there was no land fragmentation. Hence, this study sought to ascertain the effects of land fragmentation on farmland productivity in the highland districts of Northwestern Ethiopia by using cross-sectional data collected from 240 respondents during 2015/16 production seasons and analyzed by using linear and Cobb-Douglass production functions. In land productivity model, 38% of variations in farmland productivity are explained by variations in independent variables including land fragmentation parameters. Average farmland size of 1.25 ha was obtained as minimum size that can generate minimum food and cash requirement of an average family of five adult equivalents. Hence, the government should come up with land use policy and population growth controlling program, which enables determining minimum economic farmland size, improving land productivity, and finding ways to strengthen off-farm activities and livestock sector to absorb more labor and enhance means of generating more income so as to decrease minimum farmland size required.
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Abdul Rouf, Ari, Erna Retnawati, Dwi Rohmadi, Soimah Munawaroh, and Awaludin Hipi. "Technical efficiency of cocoa farming in Gorontalo Province." E3S Web of Conferences 232 (2021): 01027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123201027.
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Cocoa is an export oriented strategic plantation commodity that contributes to foreign exchange in Indonesia. It is mostly planted in Sulawesi Island, therefore, serves as a source of income for farmers. The purpose of this study was to analyze the efficiency of cocoa farming in Pohuwato Regency, Gorontalo. A total of 55 respondents were selected by simple random sampling. Furthermore, the Cobb Douglas stochastic frontier production function was used to analyze technical production efficiency and factors affecting it. Cocoa farming can be categorized as profitable, as the farmer reached average profit IDR 6,312,679/ha/year. However, in general cocoa farmers have not yet technically efficient because their technical efficiency value was only 0.52. The cocoa production efficiency was positively and significantly affected by land area, fertilizer, pesticides and labor. The increase in farmer age causes a positive and significant rise in inefficiency. Conversely, education and the number of family members have a negative effect, although not significant. Therefore, it requires to increase cocoa farming efficiency by increasing farmers’ access to production inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides, and improving the management of cocoa cultivation.
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KITO, KENJI, and TAPAS CHATTERJEE. "New species of the genera Draconema Cobb, 1913 and Paradraconema Allen & Noffsinger, 1978 (Nematoda: Draconematidae) from the Andaman Islands, Indian Ocean, with keys to the species." Zootaxa 3575, no. 1 (December 7, 2012): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3575.1.5.
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Two new species of Family Draconematidae Filipjev, 1918, Draconema andamanense sp. nov. and Paradraconemapachylumbus sp. nov., are described from the coast of the Andaman Islands, India. Both species were extracted from sed-iments among the intertidal macroalgae. Draconema andamanense resembles D. japonicum in having the gubernaculumwith peculiar distal dilation in males. However, it differs from all the congeneric species including D. japonicum by thesmaller number of subventral adhesion tubes (10–11 in male and 12–14 in female). Paradraconema pachylumbus differsfrom all the congeneric species by having the cloacal region remarkably enlarged towards the dorsal side and the conico-cylindrical tail abruptly narrowing. Paradraconema pachylumbus most resembles P. floridense with longitudinally areo-lated annules, elongate loop-shaped amphids, prominent eyespots, subventral precloacal Acan-set and gubernaculum withlateral dilation, but is distinguishable from it by the number of setae on the tail in males and females, and the gubernaculum length and tail length in males, as well as the peculiar feature of an enlarged cloacal region in males.
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Tenaye, Anbes. "Technical Efficiency of Smallholder Agriculture in Developing Countries: The Case of Ethiopia." Economies 8, no. 2 (April 20, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies8020034.
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The efficient use of inputs is indispensable in many developing countries, such as Ethiopia. This study assesses the level and determinants of technical efficiency of smallholder farmers using the true fixed effects (TFE) model. The TFE model separates inefficiency from unobserved heterogeneity. Empirical data come from four rounds of panel data (1994–2009) from the Ethiopian rural household survey (ERHS). A one-step maximum likelihood estimator was employed to estimate the Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production function and factors influencing technical efficiency. The results indicated that the major variables affecting technical efficiency are policy responsive, albeit to varying degrees: education of the household head, family size, farm size, land fragmentation, land quality, credit use, extension service, off-farm employment, and crop share. The analyses also identify variables amenable to policy changes in the production function: labor, traction power, farm size, seeds, and fertilizer. The mean household-level efficiency for the surveyed farmers is 0.59, indicating that farmers could improve technical efficiency. This implies that smallholder farms in Ethiopia can reduce the input requirement of producing the average output by 41% if their operations become technically efficient. This study recommends that the above policy variables be considered to make Ethiopian smallholder farmers more efficient.
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Nikolova, Svetla, Milka Dikova, Dobrin Dikov, Assen Djerov, Alexey Savov, Ivo Kremensky, and Alexandre Loukanov. "Positive Association between TGFB1 Gene and Susceptibility to Idiopathic Scoliosis in Bulgarian Population." Analytical Cellular Pathology 2018 (July 18, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6836092.
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Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is a common medical condition beginning in childhood and characterized by strong evidence for a genetic susceptibility to three-dimensional spinal deformity. The primary goal of the current case-control study is to examine the association between the TGFB1 (-509C/T) functional polymorphic variant and genetic predisposition to IS in the Bulgarian population and the genotype-phenotype correlations in distinct case-control subgroups based on age at onset, family history, and gender. A total of 127 patients with primary scoliosis and 254 gender-matched control subjects were recruited. The mean Cobb angle was 53.8 ± 21.2°. Genotyping of cases and controls was performed using the TaqMan real-time amplification technique. The results were processed statistically using Pearson’s Chi-squared test and Fisher’s exact test with a value of p less than 0.05 as statistically significant. The polymorphic T allele and TT genotype were associated with a greater incidence of IS and can be considered as predisposing factors with a moderate effect on deformity development. The current results suggested that there was a genetic predisposition in early and late onset IS and familial, sporadic, and female cases. Nevertheless, replication studies are needed to reveal the relationship between the TGFB1 locus and certain subtypes of IS in different populations.
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Zhao, Sen, Yuanqiang Zhang, Weisheng Chen, Weiyu Li, Shengru Wang, Lianlei Wang, Yanxue Zhao, et al. "Diagnostic yield and clinical impact of exome sequencing in early-onset scoliosis (EOS)." Journal of Medical Genetics 58, no. 1 (May 7, 2020): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106823.
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BackgroundEarly-onset scoliosis (EOS), defined by an onset age of scoliosis less than 10 years, conveys significant health risk to affected children. Identification of the molecular aetiology underlying patients with EOS could provide valuable information for both clinical management and prenatal screening.MethodsIn this study, we consecutively recruited a cohort of 447 Chinese patients with operative EOS. We performed exome sequencing (ES) screening on these individuals and their available family members (totaling 670 subjects). Another cohort of 13 patients with idiopathic early-onset scoliosis (IEOS) from the USA who underwent ES was also recruited.ResultsAfter ES data processing and variant interpretation, we detected molecular diagnostic variants in 92 out of 447 (20.6%) Chinese patients with EOS, including 8 patients with molecular confirmation of their clinical diagnosis and 84 patients with molecular diagnoses of previously unrecognised diseases underlying scoliosis. One out of 13 patients with IEOS from the US cohort was molecularly diagnosed. The age at presentation, the number of organ systems involved and the Cobb angle were the three top features predictive of a molecular diagnosis.ConclusionES enabled the molecular diagnosis/classification of patients with EOS. Specific clinical features/feature pairs are able to indicate the likelihood of gaining a molecular diagnosis through ES.
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Bendjilali, Boualem, and Farid B. Taher. "A Zero Efficiency Loss Monopolist." American Journal of Islam and Society 7, no. 2 (September 1, 1990): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v7i2.2792.
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AbstractIn an blamic environment, the behavior of a single seller is differentfrom that of a pure monopolist. His ultimate objective is not to maximizeprofit but b please Allah. Profit is only one of his motives. Therefore, heis expected to be ready to sacrifice part of his profits for the social goodif and when the social priorities so require. This brief study seeks first toformulate this problem in its deterministic setting and to derive the optimaUynecessary conditions. Second, it examines the case of a family of utilitiesof the Cobb-Douglas form.IntroductionThe tern monopoly has commonly been used in microeconomic literatureto describe she market condition of a slngle seller (the only supplier) whobehaves in such a way as to maximize profits. As a profit maximizer, thefm produces less and charges higher prices than would be the case underperfect competition. Such behavior by the profit maximizing firm has severaladverse impacts: first, it imposes a social-welfare loss (or efficiency loss)by producing a P>MC; second, it redistributes income from consumers toshareholders of the monopolist firm; third, it misallocates resources throughthe restriction of output. In addition, one may thinle of social costs of resourcesused by a monopofist firm for the protection and utenance of its marketpower through nonprice competition practices, such ai defensive advertisingand non-necessary prdduct differentiation.In reality , the existence of such social costs calls for government ...
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Azad Ali Khatyan, Prof. Dr. Muhammad Saleem Rahpoto, and Dr. Ghulam Muhammad Mangnejo. "Rice Production Determinants and Income Role for the Poverty Reduction in District Larkana, Pakistan." Research Journal of Social Sciences and Economics Review (RJSSER) 1, no. 3 (October 20, 2020): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/rjsser-vol1-iss3-2020(274-279).
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Poverty is a chronic problem in Pakistan. More than 25 percent of the population is still living below the poverty line. In Pakistan, rural poverty is more than urban poverty. More than 65 percent of the population is living in rural areas. They depend on farming. The purpose of this study was to determine the variables for the more production of rice crops which will increase the income of farmers and it will reduce the poverty from the farmers. The study calculated the average household income of the farmers. The area of this study was District Larkana. A Stratified sample technique was used for the sample from the four Taluka, a sample size of 100 farmers were selected. The data were analyzed by using the cobb-Douglas production function in the log transform method. Demographic results showed that farmers are less educated. The family size was mostly large and they are experienced. The average incomes of the farmers were 53960. The results of the regression revealed that model data is valid with Cronbach's alpha 0.69. Adjusted R-square 0.91 shows good variation due to selected variables. The model is significant at 0.000 values. All variables plow, fertilizer, seed Pest, Labor, Education, and experiences have a positive impact on rice production which is important for farmers’ income.
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Tsang, Allen W., and Jorge C. Escalante-Semerena. "CobB, a New Member of the SIR2 Family of Eucaryotic Regulatory Proteins, Is Required to Compensate for the Lack of Nicotinate Mononucleotide:5,6-Dimethylbenzimidazole Phosphoribosyltransferase Activity incobTMutants during Cobalamin Biosynthesis inSalmonella typhimuriumLT2." Journal of Biological Chemistry 273, no. 48 (November 27, 1998): 31788–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.48.31788.
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Alin, James M., Datu Razali Datu Eranza, and Arsiah Bahron. "Significance of Experience, Farm Size, Quantity of Propagules and Location f or Seaweed Farmers in the Divided Island of Sebatik." Journal of Business and Economics 9, no. 9 (September 22, 2018): 825–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15341/jbe(2155-7950)/09.09.2018/007.
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Seaweed-Kappaphycus-Euchema Cottonii and Denticulum species was first cultivated at Sabah side of Sebatik in 2009. By November 2014, sixty one Sabahan seaweed farmers cultivated 122 ha or 3,050 long lines. Thirty Sabahan seaweed farmers in Kampung Pendekar (3.2 m.t dried) and 31 in Burst Point (12.5 m.t dried) produced 16 metric tonnes of dried seaweed contributed 31% to Tawau’s total production (51 m.t). The remaining 69% were from farmers in Cowie Bay that separates Sebatik from municipality of Tawau. Indonesian in Desa Setabu, Sebatik started in 2008. However, the number of Indonesian seaweed farmers, their cultivated areas and production (as well as quality) in Sebatik increased many times higher and faster than the Sabah side of Sebatik. In 2009 more than 1,401 households in Kabupaten Nunukan (including Sebatik) cultivated over 700 ha and have produced 55,098.95 and 116, 73 m.t dried seaweed in 2010 and 2011 respectively. There is a divergence in productions from farming the sea off the same island under similar weather conditions. Which of the eight explanatory factors were affecting production of seaweeds in Sebatik? Using Cobb Douglas production function, Multiple Regression analysis was conducted on 100 samples (50 Sabahan and 50 Indonesian). Results; Variable significant at α = 0.05% are Experience in farming whereas Farm size; Quantity of propagules and Location — Dummy are the variables significant at α 0.01%. Not significant are variables Fuel; Age; Number of family members involved in farming and Education level.
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Puruhito, Dimas Deworo, Jamhari Jamhari, Slamet Hartono, and Irham Irham. "Faktor Penentu Produksi pada Perkebunan Rakyat Kelapa Sawit di Kabupaten Mamuju Utara." Jurnal Teknosains 9, no. 1 (December 22, 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/teknosains.38914.
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There are three patterns of smallholder oil palm plantation in North Mamuju regency, ie plasma, IGA (Income Generating Activity), and mandiri (independent). Independent smallholder plantations are plantations managed by the community themselves without the involvement of others. While the partnership patterns can be divided into plasma and IGA. The partnership is a form of fostering of smallholders plantations by large private plantation in this area. This study aims to determine the amount of oil palm production on smallholder plantations and the factors that affect. The research was conducted in North Mamuju Regency, West Sulawesi Province which has the widest smallholder oil palm plantation in Sulawesi Island with various pattern. Four villages in two sub-districts were chosen purposively consideration with having three patterns of smallholder plantations. The sampling of farmers using snowball method after stratification in each pattern. Selected 35 plasma farmers, 70 IGA farmers, and 55 independent farmers. Data analysis was performed with Cobb-Doulas function model in the normalized logarithm, using Eviews 6 software. The findings are the average production of 56,840 kg, with productivity of 20,300 kg/ha. Input of land area, NPK fertilizer, age of oil palm crops, outside family labor, frequency of estate sanitation and distance of estate to river is the determinant input to production. Input land area is found as the most elastic input. However, land use for oil palm plantations should still refer to existing legislation.
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Thorpe, Roland, and Carl Hill. "Discrimination, Stress, and Health Across the Life Course." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 580–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1933.
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Abstract There is a paucity of research that seeks to understand why race disparities in health across the life course remain elusive. Two such explanations that have been garnering attention is stress and discrimination. This symposium contains papers seeking to address the impact of discrimination or stress on African American health or health disparities across the life course. First, Nguyen and colleagues examine 1) the associations between discrimination and objective and subjective social isolation and 2) how these associations vary by age in using data from the National Survey of American Life. Discrimination was positively associated with being subjectively isolated from friends only and family only. This relationship varied by age. Discrimination did not predict objective isolation. Second, Brown examines evidence of the black-white paradox in anxiety and depressive symptoms among older adults using data from 6,019 adults ages 52+ from the 2006 HRS. After adjusting for socioeconomic factors, everyday discrimination, chronic conditions, and chronic stress, there are no black-white differences in anxiety and depressive symptoms. Third, Cobb and colleagues investigate the joint consequences of multiple dimensions of perceived discrimination on mortality risk using mortality data from the 2006-2016 HRS. The authors report the number of attributed reasons for everyday discrimination is a particularly salient risk factor for mortality in later life. This collection of papers provides insights into how discrimination or stress impacts African American health or health disparities in middle to late life.
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Sarker, JR, S. Akhter, and M. Jahan. "Credit Facilities in Groundnut Production and its Impact on Poverty Reduction- A Farm Level Survey in Mymensingh District." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 8, no. 2 (February 29, 2016): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v8i2.26866.
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A study was conducted to determine the poverty and credit facilities of groundnut producers and profitability and resource use efficiency of groundnut production in the selected char areas of Gaffargaon upazila in Mymensingh district. In this study, 100 respondents were randomly selected from the mentioned upazila. Farmers were classified into three categories on the basis of loan size. Cobb-Douglas production function was used to determine the contribution of factors to groundnut yield. It is evident from the study that per acre net returns were greatly influenced by the use of human labour, animal labour, seeds and insecticides and it was found that they got profit from groundnut cultivation and the undiscounted BCRs (both the variable cost and total cost basis) was estimated at 1.88 in case of all categories of farmers. The mentioned factors were directly or jointly responsible for influencing per acre net returns for groundnut cultivation. Maximum loan money was utilized in family expenditure purpose for meeting their emergency and urgent needs to survive. But their repayment was satisfactory. However some problems were identified (i.e, tips and bribes, delay in providing loan and their poverty) in receiving loan for groundnut cultivation. It appears from the analysis that among three categories of farmers marginal farmers suffered a lot from inadequate supply of credit. The present study suggests that to develop agriculture, to reduce poverty and to increase the productivity of the farmers, both public and private sectors need to give attention on groundnut production in char area for their poverty reduction.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 8(2): 57-62 2015
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Ekwere, GE, and ID Edem. "Effects of agricultural credit facility on the agricultural production and rural development." International Journal of Environment 3, no. 2 (May 30, 2014): 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10529.
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Lack of capital has been identified as one of the constraints that faced by small scale farmers. The aim of this research was to examine the effect of agricultural credit on the agriculture production, and calculate the inputs and outputs among small scale farmers. Structured questionnaires were distributed to 136 farmers, who had been selected using the stratified random sampling technique, and the data obtained were summarized into percentages. Regression analysis was adopted to assess the impacts of socio-economic factors on loan size among farmers, while Cobb-Douglas Production Function Analysis (CDPFA) was used to test the relationship between key independent variables such as loan amount, farm size, inputs and farm output as dependent variable. The analysis revealed a significantly high value of coefficient of determination (R2= 0.922) that reflected a high relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables; gender, age, education, family size, farm size, farming experience. The Adjusted (R2) coefficient (R2 = 0.918) revealed that 91.8 % of variation in loam size explained by the changes in variables. The results showed a significance in F-test in size of loan. The hypothesis two, exhibited that the independent variables; loan size, farm size, and inputs explained the variation in the total value of farmers output. The study therefore showed that to achieve the positive agricultural credit impacts on agricultural production, The Government and the private sector should regularly and timely facilitate the credit to the small scale farmers. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10529 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 192-204
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Subedi, Sanjiv, Yuga Nath Ghimire, Meena Kharel, Surya Prasad Adhikari, Jiban Shrestha, and Bibek Kiran Sapkota. "Technical efficiency of rice production in terai district of Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 3, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v3i2.32301.
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This paper aimed to estimate the technical efficiency of rice production, also identifying the factors affecting technical efficiency. Jhapa, the Terai district of Nepal, having the highest rice production in the country, was purposely selected for the study. The primary information was collected from 100 rice growing farmers, randomly selected from the sampling frame, using the pre-tested semi-structured interview schedule. Also, two Key Informant Surveys were done. Besides, the secondary information was collected by reviewing the related literatures. Descriptive statistics, stochastic frontier model with Cobb-Douglas production function, and tobit model were used for data analysis. The stochastic production frontier model revealed that with the increase in seed, chemical fertilizer, human labor, and tractor power by 1 percent, the rice yield increases by 0.25 (P<0.05), 0.15 (P<0.01), 0.13 (P<0.05) and 0.21 (P<0.01) percent respectively. The average technical efficiency of the rice growing farmers in the study area was estimated 92%; in addition, majority of the farmers (62%) were operating at an efficiency level of 0.91- 0.95 followed by 32% at 0.86- 0.90. The tobit regression model revealed that farming experience (P<0.01), membership of the organization (P<0.01), and major occupation being agriculture (P<0.05) have statistically significant and positive on technical efficiency; while, schooling years (P<0.05) and number of economically active family members (P<0.05) have statistically significant but negative effect. There is still scope to increase the rice yield through efficient use of available resources with existing technologies.
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Lenz, Maximilian, Stavros Oikonomidis, Arne Harland, Philipp Fürnstahl, Mazda Farshad, Jan Bredow, Peer Eysel, and Max Joseph Scheyerer. "Scoliosis and Prognosis—a systematic review regarding patient-specific and radiological predictive factors for curve progression." European Spine Journal 30, no. 7 (March 26, 2021): 1813–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00586-021-06817-0.
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Abstract Introduction Idiopathic scoliosis, defined as a > 10° curvature of the spine in the frontal plane, is one of the most common spinal deformities. Age, initial curve magnitude and other parameters define whether a scoliotic deformity will progress or not. Still, their interactions and amounts of individual contribution are not fully elaborated and were the aim of this systematic review. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted in the common databases using MESH terms, searching for predictive factors of curve progression in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (“adolescent idiopathic scoliosis” OR “ais” OR “idiopathic scoliosis”) AND (“predictive factors” OR “progression” OR “curve progression” OR “prediction” OR “prognosis”). The identified and analysed factors of each study were rated to design a top five scale of the most relevant factors. Results Twenty-eight investigations with 8255 patients were identified by literature search. Patient-specific risk factors for curve progression from initial curve were age (at diagnosis < 13 years), family history, bone mineral status (< 110 mg/cm3 in quantitative CT) and height velocity (7–8 cm/year, peak 11.6 ± 1.4 years). Relevant radiological criteria indicating curve progression included skeletal maturity, marked by Risser stages (Risser < 1) or Sanders Maturity Scale (SMS < 5), the initial extent of the Cobb angle (> 25° progression) and curve location (thoracic single or double curve). Discussion This systematic review summarised the current state of knowledge as the basis for creation of patient-specific algorithms regarding a risk calculation for a progressive scoliotic deformity. Curve magnitude is the most relevant predictive factor, followed by status of skeletal maturity and curve location.
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Alemu, Sisay Kidane, Ayele Badebo Huluka, Kassahun Tesfaye, Teklehaimanot Haileselassie, and Cristobal Uauy. "Genome-wide association mapping identifies yellow rust resistance loci in Ethiopian durum wheat germplasm." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 17, 2021): e0243675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243675.
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Durum wheat is an important cereal grown in Ethiopia, a country which is also its center for genetic diversity. Yellow (stripe) rust caused by Puccinia striiformis fsp tritici is one of the most devastating diseases threatening Ethiopian wheat production. To identify sources of genetic resistance and combat this pathogen, we conducted a genome wide association study of yellow rust resistance on 300 durum wheat accessions comprising 261 landraces and 39 cultivars. The accessions were evaluated for their field resistance using a modified Cobb scale at Meraro, Kulumsa and Chefe Donsa in the 2015 and 2016 main growing seasons. Analysis of the 35K Axiom Array genotyping data of the panel resulted in a total of 8,797 polymorphic SNPs of which 7,093 were used in subsequent analyses. Population structure analysis suggested two groups in which the cultivars clearly stood out separately from the landraces. Eleven SNPs significantly associated with yellow rust resistance were identified on four chromosomes (1A, 1B, 2B, and 5A) which defined at least five genomic loci. Six of the SNPs were consistently identified on chromosome 1B singly at each and combined overall environments which explained 62.6–64.0% of the phenotypic variation (R2). Resistant allele frequency ranged from 14.0–71.0%; Zooming in to the identified resistance loci revealed the presence of disease resistance related genes involved in the plant defense system such as the ABC transporter gene family, disease resistance protein RPM1 (NBS-LRR class), Receptor kinases and Protein kinases. This study has provided SNPs for tracking the loci associated with yellow rust resistance and a diversity panel which can be used for association study of other agriculturally important traits in durum wheat.
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Botiabane, Moswane Precious, L. Zhou, I. B. Oluwatayo, Fakunle Olufemi Oyedokun, and Akeem Adewale Oyelana. "Socioeconomic Analysis and Technical Efficiency among Smallholder Sorghum Farmers in GaMasemola Township of Limpopo Province, South Africa." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, no. 6 (January 15, 2018): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i6.2001.
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Sorghum farming group in South Africa is divided into the smallholder and business ranchers attributable to the distinctions in cultivar sizes, utility creation and production strategies. Sorghum is utilized primarily for sustenance and refreshments in Ga-Masemola (GM) town. Smallholder sorghum farmers in the town utilize some portion of their wage for recreation, goat and cows' compost are utilized as manures to enhance soil fruitfulness and increment sorghum yield, they rely upon precipitation water for the water system and they have no entrance to expansion administrations. The study distinguish and depict the socioeconomic characteristics of smallholder sorghum farmers in Ga-Masemola town; it looks at the causes of technical efficiency among smallholder sorghum ranchers in the town, and it recognizes and portrays difficulties confronted by smallholder sorghum farmers in the town. Essential information was gathered utilizing organized surveys and an example size of 48 smallholder sorghum farmers in the town was chosen. Cobb Douglas model was utilized to analyze the information or data gotten.The socioeconomic characteristics of smallholder sorghum farmers were:farming experience, age, sexual orientation, instructive level and family unit measure. The study indicates that the determinants of technical efficiency among smallholder sorghum farmers in Ga-Masemola town that were observed to be huge are the measure of land dedicated and the amount of seeds utilized. Farmers are confronting difficulties, for example, sicknesses, low capital, pests, separation to the homestead, absence of water and atmosphere (i.e. climate) changes.The study suggested and recommended that smallholder sorghum farmers in Ga-Masemola (GM) town require arable land to expand their production; they additionally require agriculture extension officers for training and spreading or disseminating information about inputs allocation. Besides, the smallholder farmers should be encouraged to utilize enhanced seeds varieties in order to expand their technical efficiency.
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Ghose, TK, and MI Hossain. "Socioeconomic factors affecting profitability of seaweed culture in Saint Martin Island of Bangladesh." Progressive Agriculture 31, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v31i3.52127.
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Seaweed culture provides financial benefits and creates employment opportunity for coastal inhabitants of Bangladesh. This study was conducted to assess profitability and to determine the socioeconomic factors that affect the profitability of seaweed culture in the coastal region. Primary data were collected from 33 seaweed farmers for the study. The data were collected during the period of March 15 to March 31, 2018 through direct interviews and observation using a semi structured questionnaire and a check list. Both tabular and functional analyses were used to achieve the objectives of the study. It is evident from the study that seaweed culture is a profitable business. The total per square-meter cost of seaweed production was Tk. 1520 with a gross return of Tk. 2801.4 and net return was estimated at Tk. 1281.4 with a Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) 1.82. To estimate the contribution of different inputs on seaweed production through Cobb-Douglas production function, the explanatory variables considered were: bamboo cost, rope cost, human labour cost, repairing cost, age, experience, training, education and number of family members. Among these variables, labour and training were found positively significant at 1 percent level of significance with the regression coefficient of 0.209 and 0.556, respectively. This indicates that seaweed culture might be brought economic benefits of the community if they received more training and employ more labour. Therefore, policy should be focused on creating appropriate training arrangement and skilled labour to the coastal community for getting higher benefit. Seaweed farmers think that seaweed culture can be adopted as an alternative livelihood option if the government and other stakeholders help them with necessary supports for seaweed culture.
Progressive Agriculture 31 (3): 227-234, 2020
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Miguens, Flávio Costa, Jorge André Sacramento De Magalhães, Livia Melo De Amorim, Viviane Rossi Goebel, Nicola Le Coustour, Marie Lummerzheim, José Inácio Lacerda Moura, and Rosane Motta Costa. "Mass Trapping and Classical Biological Control of Rhynchophorus palmarum L. 1794 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). A hypothesis based in morphological evidences." EntomoBrasilis 4, no. 2 (July 18, 2011): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v4i2.85.
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Palm weevils have been reported as a pest and red ring nematode vectors for several palms of the Arecaceae family. Rhynchophorus palmarum L (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a pest for coconut crop and other palms. It is vector of Bursaphelencus cocophilus (Cobb) Baujard (Nematoda) etiological agent of Red Ring disease and other nematodes. Current methods recommended use of enemies and parasites in integrated pest management of Rhynchophorinae. In addition, mass trap reduce environmental damage. The objectives of our study on coconut plantations were: (1) to determine the efficiency of low expensive kariomones traps and (2) low expensive kariomones and pheromones traps using adult males; and (3) to examine R. palmarum using light and scanning electron microscopy searching for ectoparasites which can be proposed in integrated pest management. Handmade kariomones mass traps were efficient to R. palmarum and other Curculionidae capture but kariomones plus adult male R. palmarum was maintained inside trap enhanced its attractiveness for this palm weevil and Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). R. palmarum presented occasionally fungal infection. In contrast, mites infested more than 50% of palm weevils. Infestation level was always high. Surface morphology of the mites and its interaction with R. palmarum were briefly described. All stages of ectoparasites life cycle were observed onto weevil elytra compartments. In this way, morphological evidences suggest the hypothesis of these mites as used as biological control agent in R. palmarum integrated pest management.
Coleta Massal e Controle Biológico de Rhynchophorus palmarum L: Uma hipótese baseada me evidências morfológicas
Resumo. Coleópteros têm sido descritos como pragas e vetores de nematódeos causadores de Anel Vermelho em diversas palmeiras da família Arecaceae. Rhynchophorus palmarum L (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) é uma praga que afeta a cocoicultura e outras palmeiras; e, vetor de Bursaphelencus cocophilus (Cobb) Baujard (Nematoda), agente etiológico de Anel Vermelho e de outros nematódeos. Atualmente, recomenda-se o emprego de inimigos naturais e parasitas no manejo integrado de pragas; dentre elas, Rhynchophorinae. Armadilhas de coleta massal são recomendadas no manejo integrado de pragas. Nosso estudo relata, na cocoicultura, a eficiência de armadilhas artesanais de baixo custo e a utilização cariomônios (toletes de cana-de-açúcar) e cariômonios mais feromônios (toletes de cana-de-açúcar e machos adultos de R. palmarum) como atrativos nas armadilhas. Ácaros ectoparasitas foram identificados nestes coleópteros, por microscopia, que podem ser propostos como parte do manejo integrado desta praga. Armadilhas de coleta massal com cariômonios foram eficientes na captura de R. palmarum e outros Curculionidae. No entanto, armadilhas de coleta massal com cariômonios e feromônios aumentaram a atratividade, em relação às primeiras, para este Coleoptera e Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Eventualmente, exemplares de R. palmarum apresentavam infecção fúngica. Ácaros ectoparasitas infestavam mais de 50% dos exemplares de R. palmarum. A microanatomia destes ácaros e sua interação com R. palmarum foi preliminarmente descrita. Todos os estágios do ciclo de vida destes ácaros foram identificados no compartimento dos élitros. As evidências morfológicas suportam a hipótese de que estes ácaros podem ser empregados no controle biológico de R. palmarum em um programa de manejo integrado.
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Sularso, Kusmantoro Edy, Agus Sutanto, Basuki Iman Cahyono, and Niken Hapsari Arimurti. "EFISIENSI ALOKATIF USAHATANI PADI ORGANIK LAHAN SAWAH DI KABUPATEN BANYUMAS." JSEP (Journal of Social and Agricultural Economics) 12, no. 3 (November 25, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jsep.v12i03.14303.
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Organic rice farming actually has long been known by rice farmers in Banyumas Regency. Most rice farmers in general are still reluctant to grow organic rice. Most of them still plant non-organic rice, with consideration that they are used to it, the input is easily accessed and obtained, the sales and marketing are easy. Unless there are psychological constraints experienced by farmers there is a concern that using organic fertilizer productivity per land area will decrease, because non-organic rice farmers are accustomed to using inorganic fertilizers who are well aware of the predictions of fertilizer use related to productivity. The research objectives are to 1) determine the role of organic fertilizer on the productivity of organic rice farming; 2) the effect of output prices and input prices on the efficient use of inputs. The research method used was the survey method, the method of determining respondents using a census (number of farmers 39 people). The analytical method uses the financial analysis method, multiple linear regression analysis (Cobb Douglas production function). The results showed that throughout Banyumas District there were only 39 farmers who carried out organic rice farming. Financially, organic rice farming in Banyumas Regency is profitable, with an average profit of Rp.6,698,917, -, with the record that family labor is included as the cost and land is calculated as rent. The addition of seeds, manure, liquid organic fertilizer (POC), organic KCl fertilizer can increase the productivity of organic rice in a row 0.5539%, 0.5339%, 0.1893% and 0.1179% from each additional input of 1%. Addition of pesticides will reduce productivity by 0.1725% from the addition of these inputs by 1%. The effect of output prices and input prices on the efficient use of seed inputs, has been efficient, while the use of manure, and organic KCl and POC have not been efficient and the use of pesticides is inefficient
Keyword : efficient, financial, organic, productivity, liquid organic fertilizer
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Karmanova, N. Е., and A. V. Koritskiy. "Assessment of the social capital impact on the household income of the Russian Federation regions." Statistics and Economics 16, no. 5 (November 2, 2019): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2019-5-111-120.
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Purpose of research. To identify the impact of social capital on economic development and income, using mathematical modeling. Also, based on the analysis of modern domestic and foreign literature on the theoretical foundations of social capital, to give a qualitative and quantitative characteristic of such indicators of social capital as marriage, divorce, the ratio of these indicators and the mechanisms of its possible impact on the income of Russian citizens. Materials and methods. General scientific methods such as analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, empirical methods were used to obtain scientific results. The theoretical basis of the study is the fundamental theoretical work and publications of Russian and foreign scientists in the field of social capital research as a factor affecting the development of the national economy as a whole and the income of the Russian population, in particular. The authors propose a methodological approach that distinguishes the study from other economists – this is mathematical modeling using the extended Cobb-Douglas production function with the inclusion of indicators representing human and social capital in the number of independent variables of this function. The variable, characterizing social capital is a statistical indicator “the ratio of marriage and divorce”, as a characteristic of the state of social (or its components of moral capital) in Russia. The calculations used data from statistical reference books “Regions of Russia. Socio-Economic Indicators”, “weighted” regressions, the indicator “number of people employed in the region’s economy” was used as a weighted variable. Results. Calculations of spatial regression equations, using official statistics are carried out. The statistical evaluation of the effect of social capital on the income differentiation of the population in the regions of Russia is presented. Social capital, as shown by the calculations of the regression equations, along with the fixed capital per worker and the average level of education of the population, employed in the economy of the regions, has a significant impact on both income and differentiation of income of the population of Russian regions. In addition, calculations indicate that the frequency of divorces adversely affects the income of the employed population of the regions of Russia. Conclusion. Calculations and analysis of statistical indicators show that social capital in Russia does not accumulate, but degrades. This can lead to undesirable consequences in terms of economic development, preventing the movement along progressive trajectories. In particular, for example, to the spread of such a negative phenomenon as information asymmetry in different groups: at work or in the family, which can interfere with productive work and result in lower quality of work, service, efficiency and competitiveness. Therefore, there is an urgent need to envisage a number of measures to accumulate and save social capital. Including the strengthening of the family, which makes a significant contribution to the creative processes of trust, and accordingly, the growth of social capital.
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Petek, Marija. "Bibliographic families and relationships among family members in COBIB." OCLC Systems & Services: International digital library perspectives 24, no. 2 (May 30, 2008): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650750810875449.
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Sangi, Sara, Paula M. Araújo, Fernanda S. Coelho, Rajesh K. Gazara, Fabrício Almeida-Silva, Thiago M. Venancio, and Clicia Grativol. "Genome-Wide Analysis of the COBRA-Like Gene Family Supports Gene Expansion through Whole-Genome Duplication in Soybean (Glycine max)." Plants 10, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10010167.
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The COBRA-like (COBL) gene family has been associated with the regulation of cell wall expansion and cellulose deposition. COBL mutants result in reduced levels and disorganized deposition of cellulose causing defects in the cell wall and inhibiting plant development. In this study, we report the identification of 24 COBL genes (GmCOBL) in the soybean genome. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the COBL proteins are divided into two groups, which differ by about 170 amino acids in the N-terminal region. The GmCOBL genes were heterogeneously distributed in 14 of the 20 soybean chromosomes. This study showed that segmental duplication has contributed significantly to the expansion of the COBL family in soybean during all Glycine-specific whole-genome duplication events. The expression profile revealed that the expression of the paralogous genes is highly variable between organs and tissues of the plant. Only 20% of the paralogous gene pairs showed similar expression patterns. The high expression levels of some GmCOBLs suggest they are likely essential for regulating cell expansion during the whole soybean life cycle. Our comprehensive overview of the COBL gene family in soybean provides useful information for further understanding the evolution and diversification of COBL genes in soybean.
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Buchori, Imam, Yuwono Ario Nugroho, Joko Susilo, Dian Prasetyaning, and Hadi Nugroho. "MODEL KESESUAIAN LAHAN BERBASIS KERAWANAN BENCANA ALAM, UJI COBA: KOTA SEMARANG." Jurnal Tataloka 15, no. 4 (November 1, 2013): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/tataloka.15.4.293-305.
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">Indonesian regions are prone to natural disasters. For this, Law 26/2007 on Spatial Planning orders that disaster mitigation is an important. This paper aims at developing a spatial model for suitability analysis, mainly considering physical and disaster prone conditions. The model is a raster based-GIS weighted scoring model. The model is applied in Semarang City with the consideration has various topographical conditions, from flat in the North and hilly in the South.The application shows that the model is </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">suitable in</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU"> represent</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">ing</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU"> land suitability in three categories, i.e. low, medium, and high flexibility of development. The validation, done by comparing the model output and reality, shows that its accuracy is 91</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">,</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">25%. However, to be widely generazed, the model need</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">s</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU"> to be tested</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN"> more</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, by applying in other locations having criteria </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">regarding</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">the needs of the test.</span>