Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Coccidian parasite'

Coccídios Sarcocystidae são importantes agentes transmissíveis na interface homem-animais. Seu diagnóstico é dificultado pela disponibilidade de amostras, sem agredir a população natural de animais. Avaliou-se pela amplificação do ITS-1 a frequência destes coccídios, em amostras teciduais dos roedores Cavia spp., Ctenomys spp. e Myocastor coypus, depositados em museus do Rio Grande do Sul. Dos 75 roedores amostrados, DNA da subfamília Toxoplasmatinae foi obtido na musculatura esquelética (3/69) de M. coypus e Cavia spp. e cérebro de Cavia spp. (1/30) sendo identificado como Toxoplasma gondii; adicionalmente, Hammondia triffittae foi detectado no diafragma de M. coypus. A subfamília Sarcocystidae foi confirmada no músculo esquelético de Ctenomys spp. (Sarcocystis felis-like) e no M. coypus (Sarcocystis spp.). A detecção molecular de T. gondii, H. triffittae, Sarcocystis spp. e S. felis-like nas três espécies de roedores silvestres brasileiros de vida livre estudados, demonstram sua participação no ciclo silvestre e potencial transmissão ao homem e outros animais.
Coccidia Sarcocystidae are important transmissible agents in human-animal interface. Its diagnosis is difficult due to the availability of samples, without harming the wildlife animals populations. We evaluated, by amplification of ITS-1 the frequency of those coccidia in tissue samples of rodents Cavia spp., Ctenomys spp. Myocastor coypus deposited in museums in Rio Grande do Sul. Of the 75 sampled rodents, DNA of Toxoplasmatinae subfamily was obtained in skeletal muscle (3/69) of M. coypus and Cavia spp. and brain of Cavia spp. (1/30) identified as Toxoplasma gondii. Additionally, Hammondia triffittae was detected in the diaphragm of a M. coypus. The subfamily Sarcocystidae was confirmed in skeletal muscle of Ctenomys spp. (Sarcocystis felis-like) and M. coypus (Sarcocystis spp.). Molecular detection of T. gondii, H. triffittae, Sarcocystis spp. and S. felis-like in three species of Brazilian wild rodents free-living demonstrate their participation in the sylvatic cycle, and potential transmission to humans and other animals.

Introduced species are the greatest threat to biodiversity after habitat loss. Understanding the processes that permit organisms to become successful invaders may provide opportunities to prevent or limit their dispersal and establishment and thereby alleviate some of their harmful effects. The goal of my dissertation research has been to investigate whether invasive species have distinctive interactions with parasites, and some of the mechanisms that may underlie that variation. I used one of the world's most successful vertebrate invaders as a case study: the house sparrow (Passer domesticus; Introduction). Previous research in the house sparrow suggested that loss of parasite diversity may contribute to invasion success. However, my work demonstrates that infection with common avian malaria parasites is primarily a function of environmental heterogeneity and is not a predictor of time since introduction for house sparrows that are currently expanding their range in Kenya (Chapter 1). Interestingly, in spite of a large proportion of the population being infected with avian malaria, a state that should reduce competitive ability of house sparrow populations, this species is still able to establish themselves among native competitors. Though there are a number of potential mechanisms that could explain this pattern, one of the most convincing explanations is that house sparrows, and perhaps other introduced species, have adaptive differences in immunity. As such, the findings of Chapter 1 inspired two studies in which my collaborators and I showed that house sparrows from two non-native populations seem capable of maintaining normal health, performance and behavior during immune challenge, a response often referred to as parasite tolerance. Specifically, in Chapter 2, we found that when Floridian house sparrows, established since ~1870, were challenged with synthetic pathogens that mimicked infection with a fungi, an RNA virus or Gram-negative bacteria, only individuals challenged by the synthetic bacteria showed measurable sickness behaviors and secretion of an inflammatory protein. In Chapter 3, we compared parasite tolerance in Kenyan house sparrows (introduced in ~2000) and a native congener, the grey-headed sparrow (P. griseus) to a common intestinal parasite of songbirds. We found that both species were tolerant in that they were able to maintain fat reserves, protein reserves and vertical flight ability during infection. However, house sparrows maintained burdens that were, on average, more than 10x those of grey-headed sparrows. Moreover, when examining nutrient allocation in the two species, house sparrows appeared to assimilate nutrients more efficiently than grey-headed sparrows and did not change how nutrients were allocated among immune and reproductive organs during experimental infection. Grey-headed sparrows, however, did shift nutrient allocation among immune and reproductive organs during experimental infection. Together, the larger nutrient pool and maintenance of nutrient allocation patterns in challenged house sparrows suggests that no physiological trade-offs occurred and that house sparrows experienced a lower cost of parasite exposure. In the fourth Chapter, I explored why house sparrows had such high coccidia burdens in comparison to their congeners. We suspected burden was a function of the frequency of exposure to coccidia. Consequently, we explored heterogeneity in foraging preferences and other behaviors in Floridian house sparrows and their role in coccidia burden. As expected, we found that house sparrows did not avoid contaminated food. In fact, they ate contaminated and uncontaminated foods indiscriminately. What was surprising was a lack of correlation between burden and consumption of contaminated foods and all of the behaviors we monitored (i.e., aggression, activity, feeding rates and defecation frequency). Overall, these data suggest that house sparrows do not benefit from typical parasite-avoidance behaviors. In sum, this dissertation research implies that house sparrows respond to parasite infection differently than many other known vertebrates, most likely in an effort to maximize efficient use of resources and, in so doing, augment competitive ability and invasion success.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden 212 Kotproben von Chamäleons auf Parasitenstadien und 75 Tierkörper pathologisch sowie bei einem nachgewiesenen Parasitenbefall histopathologisch untersucht. Ziel war es, anhand dieser Untersuchungen das Vorkommen und die Schadwirkungen von Endoparasiten unter Berücksichtigung der Herkunft, des Alters, des Geschlechts und der Chamäleonart zu beschreiben. Von 212 Kotproben wiesen 55,2% Endoparasitenstadien auf. Bei 54,7% der 64 sezierten und auswertbaren Tiere wurden Endoparasiten nachgewiesen. Der Anteil positiver Proben zeigt zwischen Nachzuchten (55,5%) und Wildfängen (54,1%) keinen wesentlichen Unterschied. In Wildfängen konnten häufiger Endoparasiten mit einem indirekten Lebenszyklus ermittelt werden, Nachzuchten beherbergten dagegen öfter Parasiten mit einem direkten Entwicklungszyklus. In den untersuchten Chamäleons konnten regelmäßig Kokzidien der Gattung Isospora und Oxyuriden nachgewiesen werden. Zestoden konnten in der koproskopischen Untersuchung gar nicht aufgefunden werden, wohingegen sie in der pathologischen Untersuchung sporadisch im Darm diagnostiziert werden konnten. Die Häufigkeit des koproskopischen Nachweises von Parasitenstadien bezogen auf die Gesamtzahl der untersuchten Chamäleons stellte sich wie folgt dar: in 30,4% wurden Protozoon gefunden, 21,7% der Tiere waren mit Kokzidien infiziert (davon 78,3% Isospora spp., 13,0% Choleoeimeria spp., 6,5% Eimeria spp., 2,2% Mischinfektion Isospora spp./Choleoeimeria spp.) und 8,5% mit Flagellaten oder Ziliaten. Bei 83,3% der Tiere mit gastrointestinalen Symptomen konnte ein Befall mit Kokzidien der Gattung Isospora nachgewiesen werden. In 38,7% der koproskopischen Untersuchungen konnten Nematoden (65,9% Oxyuriden, 19,5% Askariden/ Heterakiden, 1,4% Rhabdias sp., 2,8% Strongyloides sp., je 0,5 % Spirurida, Heterakiden/Filarien, Oxyuriden/Strongyloiden) und in 2,8% Trematoden (Digenea) aufgefunden werden. Anamnestisch konnten in 35,8% aller Tiere klinische Symptome beobachtet werden, wovon bei 88,2% der erkrankten Tiere ein Endoparasitenbefall nachzuweisen war. Insgesamt 64,1% der sezierten Chamäleons waren mit Endoparasiten befallen, wovon 68,3% Mono- und 31,7% Mischinfektionen beherbergten. In 31,3% der sezierten Chamäleons wurden Nematoden gefunden und der Befall wurde in 55,0% dieser Fälle als hochgradig eingestuft. Es wurden Befallsraten von 25,0% für Strongyloides sp., 23,4% für Askariden/ Heterakiden,15,0% für Filarien, 5,0% für Rhabdias sp., 9,4% für Zestoden, 10,9% für Digenea registriert. In 11,3% der Fälle lagen Mischinfektionen vor. Damit ist ein Endoparasitenbefall bei Chamäleons häufig und kann zu Erkrankungen führen. Die Exposition unterscheidet sich bei Wildfängen und Nachzuchten aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Umgebungsbedingungen. Auch klinisch unauffällige Tiere waren zu 27,8% mit Parasiten befallen, so dass eine klinische Symptomatik nicht zwingend aus einem Parasitenbefall resultiert. Insgesamt betrachtet verdient der Endoparasitenbefall von Chamäleons das Augenmerk von Tierärzten und Tierhaltern und sollte bei augenscheinlich hohem Infektionsdruck zu Gegenmaßnahmen, insbesondere auch einer verbesserten Hygiene, Anlaß geben
In the present study 212 chameleon fecal samples were examined for parasite stages and 75 carcasses were examined histopathologically and pathologically in a proven case of a parasite infestation. The basis of this study was to describe the occurrence and harmful effects of internal parasites considering the origin, age and sex of the chameleons. Of the 212 fecal samples 55.2% showed stages of endoparasites. Parasites were detected at 54.7% of 64 evaluated and dissected animals. The proportion of positive samples shows no significant difference between offspring (55.5%) and wild specimens (54.1%). In wild specimens common internal parasites could be determined with an indirect life cycle, however offspring harbored more parasites with a direct life cycle. In the studied chameleons coccidia as the genus Isospora and Oxyurids were regularly detected. In the coprological study Cestodes could not be found, while in the pathological examination they could be diagnosed sporadically in the intestine. Based on the total number of investigated chameleons the frequency of detection of parasite stages are presented as follows: Protozoa were found in 30.4%, 21.7% of the animals were infected with coccidia (of which 78,3% Isospora spp, 13,0% Choleoeimeria spp., 6.5% Eimeria spp., 2.2% polyinfections between Isospora spp./ Choleoeimeria spp.) and 8.5% with flagellates or ciliates. At 83.3% of the animals with gastrointestinal symptoms coccidia of the genus Isospora were detected. In 38.7% of the fecal examination nematodes were determined (65.9% Oxyurids, 19.5% Ascarids/ Heterakis, 1.4% Rhabdias sp., 2.8% Strongyloides sp., 0.5% Spirurida, Heterakids/ Filariae, Oxyurids/ Strongyloides sp.) and Trematodes in 2.8% (Digenea) were found. The anamnesis showed that clinical symptoms could be observed in 35.8% of all of the animals, whereas endoparasite infestation could be detected inn 88.2% of the affected animals. Overall, 64.1% of the dissected chameleons were infested with parasites, of which 68.3% harbored mono- and 31.7% polyinfections. In 31.3% of the dissected chameleons nematode infestations were found and 55.0% of these cases were classified as severe. Prevalences were registered: 25.0% for Strongyloides spp., 23.4% for Ascarids/ Heterakids, 15.0% for Filaria, 5.0% for Rhabdias sp., 9.4% for Cestodes, 10.9% for Digenea. In 11.3% of the cases mixed infections were reported. Thus, endoparasite infestation is common among chameleons and can lead to diseases. Exposure differs from wild-specimens and captive-bred due to the different environmental conditions. Also, 27.8% of clinically healthy animals were also infested with parasites, which means that clinical symptoms are not necessarily the result of a parasitic infestation. Overall, chameleon endoparasites deserve the attention of veterinarians and pet owners and should be treated promptly when there is a high likelihood of infection or hygiene is of concern

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
Nas últimas décadas, surgiram novos problemas tais como o agravamento de resistências a anti-helmínticos e os consequentes efeitos adversos que o seu uso abusivo pode trazer para o ambiente e para os produtos alimentares. Recorrer a um método de controlo biológico dos parasitas com a utilização de fungos telúricos nematófagos surge como uma alternativa muito promissora. Neste trabalho, foi investigada a eficácia do fungo predador Duddingtonia flagrans na redução de larvas L3 de Oesophagostomum spp. no javali da Tapada Nacional de Mafra, dos fungos ovicidas Mucor circinelloides e Pochonia spp. no combate aos ovos de Toxocara canis do cão da zona urbana de Lisboa e do fungo M. circinelloides na prevenção das infecções por helmintes (ação sobre ovos de Fasciola hepatica e de estrongilídeos gastrintestinais) e coccídias (ação sobre oocistos de Eimeria spp. e Cystoisospora suis) dos ungulados silvestres da Tapada Nacional de Mafra. Recorreu-se a três tipos de ensaios: coprocultura em copo (quantificação de larvas L3), ensaio em caixas (interação entre o fungo ovicida, os ovos de helmintes e oocistos de coccídias e o meio ambiente) e ensaio em placas (avaliação qualitativa da ação do fungo ovicida M. circinelloides em oocistos de coccídias do javali). Em todos os ensaios, o desenvolvimento base foi igual: criou-se um grupo Fungos, onde era acrescentada uma suspensão com esporos do fungo em estudo às formas parasitárias (ovos, larvas ou oocistos) nas amostras fecais e um grupo Controlo, onde apenas tínhamos parasitas em desenvolvimento nas fezes (também ovos, larvas ou oocistos). As técnicas laboratoriais qualitativas utilizadas foram a Flutuação de Willis e a Sedimentação Simples e as quantitativas consistiram no McMaster e McMaster Modificada. No ensaio com as L3 de Oesophagostomum spp. e o fungo D. flagrans, registou-se uma Taxa de Redução que variou entre 53% e 83%, comprovando-se a eficácia deste fungo sobre este nemátode do javali. Com o ensaio em caixas com os ovos de helmintes dos ungulados silvestres e o fungo M. circinelloides não se obtiveram resultados estatisticamente significativos, porém foi possível avaliar qualitativamente a eficácia do fungo. No ensaio em caixas com os ovos de T. canis, foi observada uma Taxa de Redução de 37% com o fungo M. circinelloides e de 61% com o fungo Pochonia spp. Concluiu-se que ambos os fungos ovicidas foram eficazes, porém Pochonia spp. mostrou uma atividade ovicida mais agressiva. Foram realizados ensaios em caixa com coccídias do javali e o fungo M. circinelloides, com a duração de seis semanas, em dois momentos distintos do ano: inverno e primavera-verão. No ensaio de primavera-verão, verificou-se que, até à 3ª semana, observaram-se Taxas de Redução num intervalo de 52-66% sendo que, à 4ª semana sofreu uma diminuição abrupta (20%) e depois tornou-se negativa. Em simultâneo, também foi observada um aumento da inviabilidade dos oocistos no grupo Controlo. Concluiu-se que as condições ambientais desfavoráveis de temperatura elevada e humidade relativa baixa justificam a morte progressiva dos oocistos no grupo Controlo e a diminuição do desenvolvimento e atividade ovicida do fungo no grupo Fungos sendo que, a partir da quarta semana, apenas se observou a degradação natural dos oocistos no solo. Não obstante, foi observado que o momento crítico de infeção de novos hospedeiros corresponde às primeiras três semanas e, durante esse período, obtiveram-se valores de redução muito significativos. No ensaio de inverno as Taxas de Redução não foram tão elevadas (28-35%) e a percentagem de inviabilidade máxima anotada foi de 64%. Verifica-se que, a temperaturas mais baixas e humidade relativa mais alta constituem melhores condições de sobrevivência dos oocistos e piores para o crescimento do fungo. O ensaio em placas veio apoiar os resultados verificados no ensaio em caixas. Os resultados globais deste trabalho mostram o grande potencial dos fungos nematófagos no controle de T. canis nos cães e F. hepatica, helmintes e protozoários gastrointestinais de ungulados silvestres em Portugal, sendo a primeira vez na literatura que este tipo de controlo biológico foi avaliado em coccídias.
ABSTRACT - In the last decades, new problems have arisen such as the worsening of resistance to anthelmintics and the consequent adverse effects that its abuse can bring to the environment and food products. Resorting to a method of biological control of parasites with the use of telluric nematophagous fungi emerges as a very promising alternative. This work focused on three main research topics: (i) the efficacy of the predator fungus Duddingtonia flagrans on the reduction of Oesophagostomum spp. L3 larvae of the wild boar from the Tapada Nacional de Mafra; (ii) the ovicidal effect of the fungus Mucor circinelloides and Pochonia spp. on Toxocara canis eggs from the dog‟s urban area of Lisbon; (iii) the use of the fungus M. circinelloides on the prevention of helminthic infection (action on Fasciola hepatica and gastrointestinal strongyle eggs) and coccidia (action on Eimeria sp. and Cystoisospora suis oocysts) of the wild ungulates from the Tapada Nacional de Mafra. Three types of experiments were developed: fecal cultures (quantification of L3 larvae), box tests (interaction between the ovicidal fungus, eggs of helminths and coccidia oocysts and the environment) and a Petri dish test (qualitative evaluation of ovicidal fungus M. circinelloides action on wild boar coccidian oocysts). In all tests, the same basic development was implemented, involving two groups of samples: a Fungi group where a suspension of fungus spores was added to the parasitic stages (eggs, larvae or oocysts) in fecal samples and a Control group, where there were only parasitic stages in the feces (also eggs, larvae or oocysts). The qualitative laboratory techniques used were Willis Flotation and Simple Sedimentation and the quantitative techniques consisted of McMaster and Modified McMaster. In the experiment with L3 larvae of Oesophagostomum spp. and D. flagrans fungus, there was a reduction rate ranging between 53% and 83%, which demonstrated the efficacy of this fungus on this nematode from wild boar. With the box test with helminths eggs of the wild ungulates and the fungus M. circinelloides it was not possible to observe statistically significant results, but it was possible to qualitatively verify the efficacy of the fungus. In the box test evolving T. canis eggs, a 37% reduction rate was observed with the fungus M. circinelloides and 61% with the fungus Pochonia spp. We concluded that both ovicides fungi were effective, but Pochonia spp. showed a more aggressive ovicidal activity. Box tests with six weeks duration were performed on the wild boar coccidia and the fungus M. circinelloides, in two different periods of the year: winter and spring-summer. In the spring-summer test, it was found that, until the 3rd week, the reduction rates observed were between 52% and 66%. At the 4th week these values suffered an abrupt decrease (20%) and, after that, negative reductions were verified. At the same time, an increase of the oocysts unviability in the Control group was also observed. It was concluded that the adverse environmental conditions of high temperature and low relative humidity justify the progressive death of oocysts on the Control group, and the decline of the development and ovicidal activity of the fungus in the Fungi group. Since the fourth week, only the natural degradation of oocysts in the soil is observed. However, it was noticed that the critical moment of the hosts‟ infection corresponds to the first three weeks and, during this period, we obtained very significant reduction values. In the winter test the reduction rates were not as high (28-35%) and the maximum percentage of egg‟s unviability was 64%. It is concluded that lower temperatures and higher relative humidity conditions provide better survival of oocysts and worst conditions for fungus growth. The Petri dishes test came to support the results obtained in the boxes tests. The overall results of this research show the great potential of nematophagous fungi in the control of T. canis in dogs and F. hepatica, gastrointestinal helminths and protozoa of wild ungulates in Portugal, being the first time in literature that this type of biological control was assessed on coccidian.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
As aves e sua fauna parasitológica são excelentes indicadores do ecossistema, refletindo não só a saúde deste, mas de toda a cadeia alimentar. Um método para a avaliação do seu estado clínico é a hematologia, que revela o estado de saúde e resposta do indivíduo a vários fatores, sendo uma ferramenta importante na conservação de espécies silvestres. Tendo por objetivo o estudo da fauna parasitológica interna das aves e da existência de relações entre os parâmetros hematológicos e o parasitismo, foram realizadas entre os meses de janeiro e maio de 2015, análises hematológicas e coprológicas em 40 aves ingressadas no Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Habitat (GREFA) em Madrid, Espanha, pertencentes a 19 espécies, posteriormente divididas em seis grupos funcionais. Foi analisada a relação entre a ecologia das espécies analisadas, causa de ingresso dos indivíduos e a existência do parasitismo e respetivas características, bem como a relação entre as características referidas do parasitismo e alguns parâmetros hematológicos considerados relevantes. A prevalência de infeção nas amostras fecais foi de 58,82%, tendo-se identificado Capillaria sp., Synhimantus sp., exemplares de Cestoda e Coccidia (Sarcocystis sp. e oocistos não esporulados). Nos esfregaços sanguíneos a prevalência foi de 23,3%, tendo-se identificado Leucocytozoon sp. e Plasmodium sp. Foi identificado poliparasitismo gastrointestinal e hemático em 20% da amostra. Este é também potencialmente o primeiro registo europeu de relação parasita-hospedeiro entre o género Capillaria sp. e as espécies Circus aeruginosus e Falco columbarius. As relações entre Plasmodium sp. e Circus aeruginosus e Falco tinnunculus são também potencialmente os primeiros registos, respetivamente, europeu e ibérico. Foram encontradas associações significativas entre o parasitismo e suas características, e as variáveis ecológicas, clínicas e hematológicas consideradas, nomeadamente o grupo funcional, a causa de ingresso e o valor relativo de linfócitos. Estes resultados sugerem que a predisposição à parasitose depende dos hábitos ecológicos, estado hígido prévio do animal e interação entre parasitas. O presente estudo poderá servir de base para investigação futura deste tema, fornecendo mais dados de forma a facilitar a deteção e resposta adequadas a alterações no ecossistema.
ABSTRACT - Birds and their parasites are excellent indicators of an ecosystem’s status, reflecting not only its health but that of the whole food chain. Another method to study their condition is hematology, a tool which reveals an individual’s status and response to various factors, being extremely important in wildlife conservation. With the objective of studying the internal parasites of birds and the existence of associations between hematological parameters and parasitism, between the months of January and May 2015, hematological and coprological analysis were performed on 40 avian patients admitted to Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Habitat (GREFA) in Madrid, Spain, belonging to 19 species which were divided between six functional groups. The relationship between the ecology of sampled species, cause for admission and presence of parasitism and its characteristics was analysed, as well as the relationships between these characteristics and a few hematological parameters considered relevant. The prevalence of infection in fecal samples was 58,82%, in which Capillaria sp., Synhimantus sp., Cestoda and coccideal specimens were identified (Sarcocystis sp., and non-sporulated oocysts). In blood samples the prevalence was 23,3%, with Leucocytozoon sp. and Plasmodium sp. having been identified. Gastrointestinal and hematic polyparasitism was present in 20% of the sample. This is also a potencial first report in Europe of a parasite-host relationship between Capillaria sp. and the species Circus aeruginosus and Falco columbarius. The relationship between Plasmodium sp. and Circus aeruginosus and Falco tinnunculus and also potential first records, respectively, in Europe and in the Iberian Peninsula. Statistically significant associations were found between parasitism, its characteristics and the ecological, clinical and hematological variables considered, namely the functional group, cause of admission and relative leucocyte count. These results suggest that the predisposition to parasitosis is dependent on the ecological habits of a species, health status of the individual and parasite interaction. The present study may serve as a basis to further investigation on this subject, supplying more data to ease detection and adequate response to changes in the ecosystem.
N/A

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
Nos últimos tempos a parasitologia tem explorado mais amiúde o espaço selvagem, inclusivamente as aves, que têm sido motivo de vários estudos recentes, nomeadamente em Portugal. No entanto, existe ainda um longo caminho a fazer e pretende-se que estudos idênticos a este sejam alavancas para trabalhos mais complexos no sentido do conhecimento e preservação de populações animais e respetivos ambientes. Durante o período compreendido entre Maio e Outubro de 2012 foi realizado um rastreio parasitológico em aves selvagens ingressadas no Centro de Recuperação e Investigação de Animais Selvagens da Ria Formosa (RIAS). Foram utilizadas três metodologias, de forma a pesquisar parasitas distintos, sendo que cada método foi aplicado a uma população amostral diferente: 75 amostras de fezes para pesquisa de ovos/oocistos através do método de flutuação; 52 esfregaços fecais para pesquisa de Cryptosporidium e Giardia e 53 esfregaços sanguíneos para hemoparasitas. Ocorreu uma prevalência total de parasitismo de 22%. Na coprologia por flutuação obteve-se 24% de amostras positivas e os parasitas encontrados foram: cestodes, ascarídeos, capilarídeos e coccídias. Nos esfregaços fecais os resultados positivos indicaram a presença de Cryptosporidium e Giardia em 1,9% das amostras, para cada parasita. Surgiu uma prevalência de 22,6% para hemoparasitas nas amostras sanguíneas nas quais foram identificados os géneros Leucocytozoon, Haemoproteus e Plasmodium. As aves foram agrupadas mediante a morfologia e/ou habitat preferencial: rapinas, estepárias, aquáticas, marinhas e Passeriformes. As aves estepárias (44,4%) e as rapinas (32,1%) foram as que apresentaram maior prevalência parasitária, sendo que as rapinas representaram o maior número de amostras parasitadas na totalidade dos resultados positivos. As espécies mais parasitadas foram a estepária Falco naumanni (peneireiro-das-torres) e a rapina noturna Athene noctua (mocho-galego). Os outros indivíduos parasitados pertenciam às espécies: Tyto alba (corujadas- torres), Anas platyrhynchos (pato-real), Gallinula chloropus (galinha-d’água), Larus fuscus (gaivota-d’asa-escura), Turdus merula (melro-preto), Streptopelia turtur (rola-brava) Asio flammeus (coruja-do-nabal), Bubo bubo (bufo-real), Strix aluco (coruja-do-mato), Buteo buteo (águia-d’asa-redonda) e Larus michahellis (gaivota-de-patas-amarelas). Este trabalho contribuiu para um melhor e mais alargado conhecimento da parasitofauna portuguesa em ambiente selvagem.
ABSTRACT - Parasitological Survey on Wild Birds from a Wildlife Rehabilitation and Investigation Centre in Ria Formosa, Portugal - Parasitology researchers have frequently assessed wildlife and wild birds have been subject of some recent studies, including in Portugal. However, there is still a long way to go and it is intended that this kind of studies could encourage more complex work for knowledge and conservation of wild populations and their environments. Between May and October 2012, a parasitological survey was performed on wild birds at Ria Formosa Wild Animals Rehabilitation and Investigation Centre (RIAS) in Portugal. Three methodologies were used in order to analyze different types of parasites: 75 fecal samples were collected for the flotation technique; 52 fecal smears for Cryptosporidium and Giardia investigation and 53 blood smears for haemoparasites research. With an overall 22% parasitism prevalence, the flotation technique presented 24% positive samples and the observed parasites were: cestodes, capillarid nematodes, ascaridoid nematodes and coccidia. The faecal smears revealed positive results for Cryptosporidium and Giardia in 1,9% of samples, for each parasite. Blood smears exhibited 22,6% prevalence for haemoparasites and three genus were identified: Leucocytozoon, Haemoproteus and Plasmodium. Birds were grouped according to their morphology and/or preferential habitat: birds of prey, steppe birds, waterfowl, seabirds and Passeriformes. The steppe birds (44,4%), followed by birds of prey (32,1%), were the most parasitized groups, even though birds of prey contained the largest number of parasitized samples in total positive results. The most parasitized species were the steppe bird Falco naumanni (lesser kestrel) and the nocturnal bird of prey Athene noctua (little owl). Other individuals who presented parasitism belonged to species: Tyto alba (barn owl), Anas platyrhynchos (common mallard), Gallinula chloropus (common moorhen), Larus fuscus (lesser black-backed gull), Turdus merula (eurasian blackbird), Streptopelia turtur (european turtle dove) Asio flammeus (short-eared owl), Bubo bubo (eurasian eagle-owl), Strix aluco (tawny owl), Buteo buteo (common buzzard) e Larus michahellis (yellow-legged gull). This research contributed for a better and broader knowledge of portuguese wildlife parasite fauna.
N/A

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2018-08-23T18:54:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Mariana de Souza Oliveira.pdf: 2345749 bytes, checksum: 613f695368567431340caa1eae7f5872 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T18:54:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Mariana de Souza Oliveira.pdf: 2345749 bytes, checksum: 613f695368567431340caa1eae7f5872 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-31
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Brazil is one of the 5 most megadiverse countries in the world, presenting 14% of all the biodiversity known worldwide. Brazil also has a greater tropical vegetation covering the world, presenting a high number of endemic species, becoming one of the most important countries in the world for investments in bird conservation. The district of Cacaria, in the municipality of Pira?, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has an extensive vegetation cover area, but is affected by local cattle breeding, as well as other anthropogenic actions. Birds can have a high diversity of parasites, such as ectoparasites, helminths and coccidia. Coccidian parasites are the main cause of enteritis, behavioral and reproductive changes in most species of birds. . Coccidia studies are relevant both to animal health and to knowledge of the biodiversity of these parasites. In this context, the objective of this study was to examine the feces of wild birds captured in fragments of Atlantic Forest in the district of Cacaria, in southeastern Brazil, to identify and quantify the coccidian parasites that were present, besides relating them to some ecological characteristics of birds. 14 expeditions were carried out on three fragments of Atlantic Forest in Cacaria, resulting in the capture of 143 birds, with 20 of them positive for coccidia. Among the positive samples, coccidia of Isospora and Eimeira classification were found in 12 species of birds. These coccidia were identified according to the literature, species of coccidia not described in the literature until the present moment were considered morphotypes. There was no relation between the bird species and the positive samples, with their respective oopds (Oocyst by defecation). Regarding the ecological characteristics, only living habits in forest environments were significant, showing that the birds of forest environments are less susceptible to infection. Regarding eating habits, there were no significant results
O Brasil ? um dos 5 pa?ses mais megadiversos do mundo, apresentando 14% de toda a biodiversidade conhecida mundialmente. O Brasil tamb?m tem uma maior vegeta??o tropical cobrindo o mundo, apresentando um elevado n?mero de esp?cies end?micas, tornando-se um dos pa?ses mais importantes do mundo para investimentos em conserva??o de aves. O distrito de Cacaria, no munic?pio de Pira?, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, tem uma extensa ?rea de cobertura vegetal, mas ? afetado pela cria??o de gado local, al?m de outras a??es antr?picas. As aves podem ter uma alta diversidade de parasitas, como ectoparasitas, helmintos e coccidia. Os parasitas coccidianos s?o a principal causa de enterite, altera??es comportamentais e reprodutivas, na maioria das esp?cies de aves. Os estudos de coccidia s?o relevantes tanto para a sa?de animal quanto para o conhecimento da biodiversidade desses parasitas. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi examinar as fezes de aves silvestres capturadas em fragmentos de Mata Atl?ntica no distrito de Cacaria, no sudeste do Brasil, para identificar e quantificar os parasitas coccidianos que estavam presentes, al?m de relacion?-los a algumas caracter?sticas ecol?gicas das aves. Foram realizadas 14 expedi??es em 3 fragmentos de Mata Atl?ntica em Cacaria, resultando em captura de 143 aves, com 20 delas positivas para cocc?dios. Dentre as amostras positivas foram encontradas cocc?dios de classifica??o Isospora e Eimeira, em 12 esp?cies de aves. Esses cocc?dios foram identificados de acordo com a literatura, as esp?cies de cocc?dios n?o descritas na literatura at? o presente momento foram consideradas morfotipos. N?o se obteve rela??o entre as esp?cies de aves e as amostras positivas, com seus respectivos oopds (Oocisto por defeca??o). Em rela??o as caracter?sticas ecol?gicas, apenas h?bitos de viv?ncia em ambientes florestais foi significante, apresentando que as aves de ambientes florestais s?o menos suscept?veis a infec??o. J? em rela??o aos h?bitos alimentares, n?o se obteve resultados significativos.

The master thesis is aimed to evaluate intestinal parasites occurrence in a goat breeding. A herd of goats chosen for this survey was kept by a private enterprise focused on milk production. The practical research was conducted during two years, 2009 and 2010. Samples of feaces were collected during that period and analyzed for parasites occurrence. The analyses proved presence of the following parasites: Trichuris ovis, parasites from the order Strongylida, Fasciola hepatica, Dicrocellium lanceatum and coccidia. Total prevalence was significant; 85% of the samples were found to be positive. Species from the order Strongylida were identified as the most often 41,46 %, which meant 199 cases from the total of 509. During the examined period, the highest prevalence of parasites was detected in summer 2009, the second highest then in spring 2010.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden 212 Kotproben von Chamäleons auf Parasitenstadien und 75 Tierkörper pathologisch sowie bei einem nachgewiesenen Parasitenbefall histopathologisch untersucht. Ziel war es, anhand dieser Untersuchungen das Vorkommen und die Schadwirkungen von Endoparasiten unter Berücksichtigung der Herkunft, des Alters, des Geschlechts und der Chamäleonart zu beschreiben. Von 212 Kotproben wiesen 55,2% Endoparasitenstadien auf. Bei 54,7% der 64 sezierten und auswertbaren Tiere wurden Endoparasiten nachgewiesen. Der Anteil positiver Proben zeigt zwischen Nachzuchten (55,5%) und Wildfängen (54,1%) keinen wesentlichen Unterschied. In Wildfängen konnten häufiger Endoparasiten mit einem indirekten Lebenszyklus ermittelt werden, Nachzuchten beherbergten dagegen öfter Parasiten mit einem direkten Entwicklungszyklus. In den untersuchten Chamäleons konnten regelmäßig Kokzidien der Gattung Isospora und Oxyuriden nachgewiesen werden. Zestoden konnten in der koproskopischen Untersuchung gar nicht aufgefunden werden, wohingegen sie in der pathologischen Untersuchung sporadisch im Darm diagnostiziert werden konnten. Die Häufigkeit des koproskopischen Nachweises von Parasitenstadien bezogen auf die Gesamtzahl der untersuchten Chamäleons stellte sich wie folgt dar: in 30,4% wurden Protozoon gefunden, 21,7% der Tiere waren mit Kokzidien infiziert (davon 78,3% Isospora spp., 13,0% Choleoeimeria spp., 6,5% Eimeria spp., 2,2% Mischinfektion Isospora spp./Choleoeimeria spp.) und 8,5% mit Flagellaten oder Ziliaten. Bei 83,3% der Tiere mit gastrointestinalen Symptomen konnte ein Befall mit Kokzidien der Gattung Isospora nachgewiesen werden. In 38,7% der koproskopischen Untersuchungen konnten Nematoden (65,9% Oxyuriden, 19,5% Askariden/ Heterakiden, 1,4% Rhabdias sp., 2,8% Strongyloides sp., je 0,5 % Spirurida, Heterakiden/Filarien, Oxyuriden/Strongyloiden) und in 2,8% Trematoden (Digenea) aufgefunden werden. Anamnestisch konnten in 35,8% aller Tiere klinische Symptome beobachtet werden, wovon bei 88,2% der erkrankten Tiere ein Endoparasitenbefall nachzuweisen war. Insgesamt 64,1% der sezierten Chamäleons waren mit Endoparasiten befallen, wovon 68,3% Mono- und 31,7% Mischinfektionen beherbergten. In 31,3% der sezierten Chamäleons wurden Nematoden gefunden und der Befall wurde in 55,0% dieser Fälle als hochgradig eingestuft. Es wurden Befallsraten von 25,0% für Strongyloides sp., 23,4% für Askariden/ Heterakiden,15,0% für Filarien, 5,0% für Rhabdias sp., 9,4% für Zestoden, 10,9% für Digenea registriert. In 11,3% der Fälle lagen Mischinfektionen vor. Damit ist ein Endoparasitenbefall bei Chamäleons häufig und kann zu Erkrankungen führen. Die Exposition unterscheidet sich bei Wildfängen und Nachzuchten aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Umgebungsbedingungen. Auch klinisch unauffällige Tiere waren zu 27,8% mit Parasiten befallen, so dass eine klinische Symptomatik nicht zwingend aus einem Parasitenbefall resultiert. Insgesamt betrachtet verdient der Endoparasitenbefall von Chamäleons das Augenmerk von Tierärzten und Tierhaltern und sollte bei augenscheinlich hohem Infektionsdruck zu Gegenmaßnahmen, insbesondere auch einer verbesserten Hygiene, Anlaß geben.
In the present study 212 chameleon fecal samples were examined for parasite stages and 75 carcasses were examined histopathologically and pathologically in a proven case of a parasite infestation. The basis of this study was to describe the occurrence and harmful effects of internal parasites considering the origin, age and sex of the chameleons. Of the 212 fecal samples 55.2% showed stages of endoparasites. Parasites were detected at 54.7% of 64 evaluated and dissected animals. The proportion of positive samples shows no significant difference between offspring (55.5%) and wild specimens (54.1%). In wild specimens common internal parasites could be determined with an indirect life cycle, however offspring harbored more parasites with a direct life cycle. In the studied chameleons coccidia as the genus Isospora and Oxyurids were regularly detected. In the coprological study Cestodes could not be found, while in the pathological examination they could be diagnosed sporadically in the intestine. Based on the total number of investigated chameleons the frequency of detection of parasite stages are presented as follows: Protozoa were found in 30.4%, 21.7% of the animals were infected with coccidia (of which 78,3% Isospora spp, 13,0% Choleoeimeria spp., 6.5% Eimeria spp., 2.2% polyinfections between Isospora spp./ Choleoeimeria spp.) and 8.5% with flagellates or ciliates. At 83.3% of the animals with gastrointestinal symptoms coccidia of the genus Isospora were detected. In 38.7% of the fecal examination nematodes were determined (65.9% Oxyurids, 19.5% Ascarids/ Heterakis, 1.4% Rhabdias sp., 2.8% Strongyloides sp., 0.5% Spirurida, Heterakids/ Filariae, Oxyurids/ Strongyloides sp.) and Trematodes in 2.8% (Digenea) were found. The anamnesis showed that clinical symptoms could be observed in 35.8% of all of the animals, whereas endoparasite infestation could be detected inn 88.2% of the affected animals. Overall, 64.1% of the dissected chameleons were infested with parasites, of which 68.3% harbored mono- and 31.7% polyinfections. In 31.3% of the dissected chameleons nematode infestations were found and 55.0% of these cases were classified as severe. Prevalences were registered: 25.0% for Strongyloides spp., 23.4% for Ascarids/ Heterakids, 15.0% for Filaria, 5.0% for Rhabdias sp., 9.4% for Cestodes, 10.9% for Digenea. In 11.3% of the cases mixed infections were reported. Thus, endoparasite infestation is common among chameleons and can lead to diseases. Exposure differs from wild-specimens and captive-bred due to the different environmental conditions. Also, 27.8% of clinically healthy animals were also infested with parasites, which means that clinical symptoms are not necessarily the result of a parasitic infestation. Overall, chameleon endoparasites deserve the attention of veterinarians and pet owners and should be treated promptly when there is a high likelihood of infection or hygiene is of concern.