Journal articles: 'Coccidiosis. Cattle'

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Wood, Sarah, David Barrett, Neil Sargison, Michael Millar, Keith Cutler, and Tim Potter. "Coccidiosis in cattle." Livestock 18, no. 3 (May 2013): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/live.2013.18.3.54.

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Ernst, John V., and Gerald W. Benz. "Intestinal Coccidiosis in Cattle." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 2, no. 2 (July 1986): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0720(15)31238-x.

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Sudhakara Reddy, B., S. Sivajothi, and V. C. Rayulu. "Clinical coccidiosis in adult cattle." Journal of Parasitic Diseases 39, no. 3 (November 26, 2013): 557–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12639-013-0395-1.

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Ekawasti, Fitrine, and April H. Wardhana. "Coccidiosis Disease in Cattle in Indonesia and Development of Diagnostic Techniques." Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 29, no. 3 (September 8, 2019): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v29i3.2010.

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Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan of the order Coccidia, the family Eimeriidae of the genus Eimeria which breeds rapidly in the digestive tract and is the most difficult disease to be controlled on cattle farms. Eimeria spp. in cattle can cause high economic losses and increase susceptibility against infectious diseases. Therefore, coccidiosis in cattle needs attention from the government. This paper reviews a number of diagnostic methods that can be used in the detection of Eimeria spp. in cattle based on the goals and objectives of the examination. The coccidiosis cases often do not show any clinical symptoms but can cause sudden death in livestock. The diagnostic method that still used at present is based on its morphology that should not be used in identifying Eimeria species because the morphological characteristics Eimeria spp. have similar shape and size structures between species (resembling morphology). An appropriate diagnostic method for Eimeria is needed in the context of controlling coccidiosis strategically.

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Nieman, Christine C., Daniel M. Schaefer, Michael Maroney, Kathryn Nelson, and Kenneth A. Albrecht. "Hepatogenous Photosensitivity Outbreak after Coccidiosis in Grazing Holstein Steers." Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 4 (November 24, 2020): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040186.

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Clinical signs of photosensitivity in cattle can occur sporadically and unpredictably. It is believed that cases of photosensitivity may be underreported, causing inaccurate and inflated reports of mortality. Additionally, because secondary photosensitization in grazing cattle occurs with liver damage or dysfunction, photosensitivity can have many potential or associated causes. This case links a previous occurrence of coccidiosis to an outbreak of photosensitivity in grazing Holstein steers. Grazing management staff first observed clinical signs of photosensitivity 17 days after an outbreak of coccidiosis and subsequent turnout to spring pastures. Clinical signs were observed in 25% of the population. The severity of photosensitivity was variable and ranged from blistered skin on the muzzle to sloughing of unpigmented epidermis and thinly haired regions. Severely affected cattle were removed from pasture, housed under shade, monitored for infection, and recovered without treatment. Mild cases remained on pasture and recovered without treatment. Photosensitivity did not reoccur in the cattle that remained on pasture or in mildly affected cattle returned to pasture. Photosensitivity did not appear to be associated with pasture weeds, a specific forage species, or variable or extreme weather conditions that could have resulted in mycotoxin production. The occurrence appears to have been a result of a previous and concurrent coccidiosis outbreak that caused secondary photosensitization through hepatic lipidosis caused by anorexia and dehydration associated with the severe coccidiosis. Although clinical signs appeared suddenly, cattle recovered quickly and without treatment.

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Al-Jubory, Q. J. A. "Epidemiological Study of Coccidiosis In Cattle of Babylon." Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences 11, no. 3 (December 30, 2012): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.29079/vol11iss3art222.

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The study was conducted during the period from the beginning of (November 2011 tothe end of Maye 2012) to investigate coccidiosis in cattle in Babylon province and evaluatethe effects of season age, sex and areas on the prevalence of disease. Atotal of 310 fecalsamples was collected of cattle in Babylon province was examined for the presence of theEimeria spp, the results revealed the cattle overall percentage of infection was 56,45%.Significant difference (P<0.05) was recorded in the percentage of infection among thedifferent geographical areas of the study, the highest percent in Al-Qasim (73%) the lowestpercent in Al-Showmally (48%). The prevelance of coccidiosis during the year differedsignificantly among different months, the highest percentage was on December (81%). Thelowest percent in May (32%). Also there are a Significant effect (P<0.05) of the age and sexof caw on the percentage of infection with Eimeria spp.

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JUBB, TF. "Nervous disease associated with coccidiosis in young cattle." Australian Veterinary Journal 65, no. 11 (November 1988): 353–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1988.tb14263.x.

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Sufi, Isrok Malikus, Umi Cahyaningsih, and Etih Sudarnika. "PREVALENSI DAN FAKTOR RISIKO KOKSIDIOSIS PADA SAPI PERAH DI KABUPATEN BANDUNG (Prevalence and Risk Factor of Coccidiosis in Dairy Cattle in Bandung District)." Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 2 (September 4, 2016): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v10i2.5138.

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This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of coccidiosis. Samples were obtained from 400 dairy cattle (196 calves aged <6 months, 37 calves aged 6-12 months, and 167 calves aged >12 months). Feces samples were collected, examined and counted for prevalence and number of oocyst per gram faeces (OPG) by McMaster technique. A questionnaire was design to record information about animal health and husbandry, individually. Risk factors associated with the prevalence of Eimeria in cattle were analyzed by logistic regression model. The overall prevalence and the average of OPG of Eimeria in cattle was 179 (44.75%) and 286.75, while highest prevalence of Eimeria was observed in calves aged less than 6 months. Cattle aged more than 12 months showed significantly different relationship (P<0.05) to the prevalence of Eimeria infection compare to calves aged less than 6 months and aged 6-12 months. The presence of an immature immune system in younger calves resulting in their higher susceptibility to coccidiosis. Among management and animal health practices, floor type and treatment of cattle influence the prevalence of Eimeria in cattle.

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Mitchell, E. S. E., R. P. Smith, and J. Ellis-Iversen. "Husbandry risk factors associated with subclinical coccidiosis in young cattle." Veterinary Journal 193, no. 1 (July 2012): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.09.017.

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Hamid, Penny Humaidah, Yuli Purwandari Kristianingrum, and Sigit Prastowo. "Bovine coccidiosis cases of beef and dairy cattle in Indonesia." Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports 17 (August 2019): 100298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100298.

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SHIRAKAWA, Hitomi, Takako UENO, Atsushi MAKINO, Shunji YAMANE, and Atsushi YOKOYAMA. "Fatal Complications of Necrotizing Enteritis and Coccidiosis in Beef Cattle." Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 54, no. 2 (2001): 92–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12935/jvma1951.54.92.

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Chowdhury, MGA, MA Habib, MZ Hossain, UK Rima, PC Saha, MS Islam, S. Chowdhury, KM Kamaruddin, SMZH Chowdhury, and MAHNA Khan. "Passive surveillance on occurrence of deadly infectious, noninfectious and zoonotic diseases of livestock and poultry in Bangladesh and remedies." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 16, no. 1 (August 16, 2018): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v16i1.37429.

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Passive surveillance system was designed with the data (102,613 case records) collected from the Government Veterinary Hospitals, Bangladesh and frequency distribution of diseases was calculated during July 2010 to June 2013. Frequently occurring diseases/ disease conditions reported in livestock were fascioliasis (10.66%), diarrhoea (7.92%), mastitis (7.42%), foot and mouth disease (6.42%), parasitic gastroenteritis (6.31%), coccidiosis (5.5%), Peste des petits ruminants (PPR,5.32%), anthrax (4.19%) and black quarter (3.74%). Diarrhoea and coccidiosis were reported to occur throughout the year. The frequency of fascioliasis appeared higher in buffaloes (34%) followed by sheep (22%), goats (13%) and cattle (11%). PPR is a deadly infectious disease of goats and sheep, accounted for 20% and 13% infectivity in respective species. In chicken the most frequently occurring diseases reported were Newcastle disease (28%), fowl cholera (19%) and coccidiosis (11%). In ducks, duck viral enteritis (28%), duck viral hepatitis (17%), diarrhoea (15%), coccidiosis (10%) and intestinal helminthiasis (10%) were the commonest diseases reported in Bangladesh. Few other endemic diseases of livestock and poultry like Tuberculosis, brucellosis, avian influenza, duck anatipestifer, Marek’s disease, Gumboro disease, avian tuberculosis, mycoplasmosis, dermatophilosis etc. were not included in the hospital data sheet. Financial hurdles persist in a country like Bangladesh, imposing difficulties onto the surveillance and early reporting of the disease outbreaks; these diseases are, therefore, stubbornly prevalent. Development of technological and knowledgeable man power, in time surveillance and early warning of disease outbreak are the key to protect animal and public health and produce safe food of animal origin.SAARC J. Agri., 16(1): 129-144 (2018)

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Lee, Seung-Hun, Ha-Young Kim, Haeseung Lee, Jong Wan Kim, Yu-Ran Lee, Myeong Ju Chae, Sang-Ik Oh, et al. "Eimeria species in cattle with diarrhoea in the Republic of Korea regarding age, season and nature of diarrhoea." Veterinary Record 183, no. 16 (September 21, 2018): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104600.

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This study evaluated the prevalence of Eimeria species, particularly E bovis, E zuernii and E auburnensis that are pathogenic to cattle, in faecal samples collected from cattle with diarrhoea reared in the Republic of Korea by using microscopy and PCR. In addition, the prevalence of Eimeria species was analysed according to age, type of cattle, region, season and nature of diarrhoea. Overall, Eimeria species were identified in 279 of the 1261 (22.1 per cent) faecal samples through microscopy, and statistical analysis revealed a lower prevalence in calves aged than three weeks or less and higher prevalence in cattle with haemorrhagic diarrhoea. Of the 279 microscopy-positive samples, E bovis, E zuernii and E auburnensis were identified in 100 (7.9 per cent), 83 (6.6 per cent) and 27 (2.1 per cent) faecal samples, respectively, by using PCR. To the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to apply PCR for epizootiology of bovine coccidiosis.

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Li, Dong-Li, Qing-Long Gong, Gui-Yang Ge, Qi Wang, Chen-Yan Sheng, Bao-Yi Ma, Zi-Yang Chen, et al. "Prevalence and infection risk factors of bovine Eimeria in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Parasite 28 (2021): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2021055.

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Eimeria spp. cause the disease coccidiosis, which results in chronic wasting of livestock and can lead to the death of the animal. The disease, common worldwide, has caused huge economic losses to the cattle industry in particular. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of bovine Eimeria in China. Our search of five databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chongqing VIP, and Wan Fang for articles published up to February 29, 2020 on the prevalence of Eimeria in cattle in mainland China yielded 46 articles, in which the prevalence of cattle ranged from 4.6% to 87.5%. The rate of bovine Eimeria infection has been decreasing year by year, from 57.9% before 2000 to 25.0% after 2015, but it is still high. We also analyzed the region, sampling years, detection methods, feeding model, seasons, and species of bovine Eimeria. We recommend that prevention strategies should focus on strengthening detection of Eimeria in calves in the intensive farming model.

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Hamid, Penny Humaidah, Sigit Prastowo, and Yuli Purwandari Kristianingrum. "Intestinal and hepatic coccidiosis among rabbits in Yogyakarta, Indonesia." August-2019 12, no. 8 (August 2019): 1256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.1256-1260.

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Background and Aim: The attention to rabbit meat production in Indonesia is comparatively less to other farm animals such as cattle and poultry industries. However, future prospect of rabbit to be seriously industrialized seemed quite promising due to rabbit is highly productive and has short reproduction cycle as well as generation interval. One of the diseases infecting many rabbits is coccidiosis caused by protozoan parasite, Eimeria spp. The infectious stage of Eimeria spp. presents ubiquitously in the environment and increases the risk of parasite transmission. Preventive methods such as vaccination are not yet fully developed, while sporadic treatment is not efficiently reduce the cases. In this study, Eimeria spp. infecting rabbits in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia, were investigated with the aim for precise diagnosis to determine targeted treatment and as a baseline epidemiological data from rabbit in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Sample collection was performed randomly for 3 months, from March 2017 to May 2017 and covered areas in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. A total of 750 samples were collected. Eimeria species identification was determined morphologically from the samples after sporulation in 2.5% potassium dichromate by COCCIMORPH. Results: Ten species of Eimeria spp. were identified in this study from the positive samples (527/750; 70.3%). Eimeria flavescens was present in 80% of the positive samples, Eimeria coeciola in 78%, Eimeria perforans in 61%, Eimeria exigua in 37%, Eimeria media in 33%, Eimeria stiedae in 31%, Eimeria irresidua in 12%, Eimeria magna in 11%, Eimeria intestinalis in 10%, and Eimeria piriformis in 10%. Coinfection as noted in 80% of the positive samples with 2-6 species in a specimen. E. flavescens and E. coeciola were the most prevalent among all Eimeria spp. (p=0.0001). Conclusion: Eimeria spp. is detected in high prevalence among rabbit in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, with commonly occurs in mixed infections. In this paper, we describe Eimeria spp. that are circulating in Indonesia and present it as updated information to farmers and veterinarians. To the best of our knowledge, we provided the first information about rabbit coccidiosis in Indonesia. Keywords: coccidiosis, Indonesia, rabbit.

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Rashid, Muhammad, Muhammad Imran Rashid, Haroon Akbar, Liaquat Ahmad, Muhammad Adeel Hassan, Kamran Ashraf, Khalid Saeed, and Mohamed Gharbi. "A systematic review on modelling approaches for economic losses studies caused by parasites and their associated diseases in cattle." Parasitology 146, no. 2 (August 2, 2018): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182018001282.

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AbstractParasites reside inside or outside their hosts and get host nutrition and blood. Here, we have emphasized economic losses in cattle caused by parasitic diseases due to ecto- and endo- parasites (flies, ticks, mites and helminths). We have outlined different methods/models including economic evaluation techniques and dynamic analysis as a major class, used for the calculation of economic losses caused by parasites in cattle. According to already conducted studies, a decrease in production is mentioned in quantity and percentage while financial losses are expressed in the form of account with respect to per head, herd or for the specific study area. The parasites cause the reduced production and financial losses due to control, treatment and mortality costs. We calculated the average decrease in milk production and organ condemnation as 1.16 L animal−1 day−1 and 12.95%, respectively, from overall cattle parasitic infections. Moreover, the average calculated financial and percentage losses were US$ 50.67 animal−1 year−1 and 17.94%, respectively. Economically important parasitic diseases mentioned here are caused by specific spp. of protozoans and helminths according to data collected from the literature. Protozoan diseases include tick-borne diseases, coccidiosis, neosporosis, trypanosomiasis and cryptosporidiosis. Losses due to tick-borne infections were encountered for decreased milk production, mortality, treatment and control. Losses from coccidiosis were due to decreased weight gain, treatment costs and mortality. While abortion losses were encountered in neosporosis. Trypanosomiasis caused losses due to a decrease in milk yield. Moreover, only diagnostic (conventional or molecular techniques) cost was taken into account for cryptosporidiosis. Economically important nematode parasites are Oesophagostomum spp., Cooperia spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Strongyloides spp., Ostertagia spp. and Haemonchus placei. Due to the zoonotic importance of echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus is the most economically important cestode parasite. Losses caused by echinococcosis were due to organ condemnation, carcass weight loss and decreases hide value, milk production and fecundity. While, fascioliasis is one of the most economically important trematodal disease, which causes cirrhosis of the liver due to parasite migration, and thus, the organ becomes inedible. So, it would be helpful for farmers and researchers to approach these methods/models for calculation of parasitic losses and should adopt suitable measures to avoid long-term economic losses.

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Cardim, Sérgio Tosi, Stefani Lino Cardim, Mércia de Seixas, Alessandra Taroda, Priscilla Gomes Carneiro, Dauton Luiz Zulpo, Luiz Daniel de Barros, Guilherme Luis Bortolloti, and João Luis Garcia. "Development of a qPCR to diagnose the genus Eimeria in bovines." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 41, no. 6 (September 19, 2020): 2695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n6p2695.

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Bovine coccidiosis is caused by protozoa of the genus Eimeria. These protozoa mainly affect young animals, causing a decrease in production and consequent economic losses. The routine diagnosis is made through morphological observation of the oocysts, which has several limitations. The objective of the present study was to develop a qPCR technique for the diagnose of Eimeria spp. in cattle. For this purpose, the 18S rRNA region of the DNA of these parasites was selected, since it is a region with low variability among the species. The qPCR was developed using the SYBR Green, resulting in a PCR with a high sensitivity, able to amplify samples containing only one oocyst of Eimeria spp. of bovines. The feasibility of using qPCR in the diagnosis of the Eimeria Genus is demonstrated in this study, once this technique shows to be less laborious and needs less skills for diagnostic training when compared to the technique conventionally used in theroutine (micromorphometry).

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Schatten, Heide, David Sibley, and Hans Ris. "High Resolution Low Voltage Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy on De-Embedded Thick Sections Reveals Structural Interactions of the Surface of the Apicomplexan Parasite Toxoplasma Gondii with the Host Cell in the Parasitophorous Vacuole." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 648–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760003573x.

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The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii represents a large group of Apicomplexan parasites with a highly unusual motility system that is crucial for cell locomotion and host cell invasion. Studying the motility system and interactions with host cells will increase our knowledge on how to prevent infection. Apicomplexan parasites can cause considerable health problems to animals including sheep, goats, pigs, and chicken. Eimeria is known as a pathogen of coccidiosis in chicken, and Cryptosporidium causes cryptospiridiosis in cattle and other farm animals. Toxoplasma gondii can cause infection that results in abortion, central nervous disorders and death of stressed and immunocompromised farm animals. Common to all Apicomplexan parasites is an unconventional motility system that is thought to be actively involved in host-cell invasion. However, the structural and biochemical characterization of Apicomplexan parasites has proven more difficult than previously thought because of genetic and behavioral differences of the parasites’ cytoskeletal proteins that differ from those in well studied mammalian systems.

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Cardim, Sérgio Tosi, Mércia Seixas, Victor Bittencourt Dutra Tabacow, Alessandra Taroda, Priscilla Gomes Carneiro, Thais Agostinho Martins, Luiz Daniel de Barros, et al. "Prevalence of Eimeria spp. in calves from dairy farms in northern Paraná state, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 27, no. 1 (February 19, 2018): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612017072.

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Abstract Bovine coccidiosis is a disease of major importance in cattle herds across the world. The disorder mainly affects young calves, and E. bovis and E. zuernii are considered the most pathogenic species of the genus, however, E. alabamensis have been described in grazing calves. In this study, the prevalence of Eimeria spp. was evaluated in calves on dairy farms in the northern region of the state of Paraná, Brazil. Four hundred calves on 44 dairy farms were tested for the presence of coccidian oocysts. The positives were re-examined and the oocysts were morphometrically analyzed for species identification. All the farms were contaminated and 205 animals (51.25%) presented Eimeria spp. oocysts. Among these, 146 animals (71.22%) were co-infected by two or more species of coccidia. Ten species of Eimeria were identified: E. bovis (in 30.25% of the positive samples), E. alabamensis (26.75%), E. zuernii (22.00%), E. ellipsoidalis (18.50%), E. auburnensis (13.75%), E. canadensis (8.00%), E. cylindrica (7.25%), E. subspherica (5.00%), E. bukidnonensis (3.00%) and E. brasiliensis (0.75%). This study demonstrates the high prevalence of Eimeria spp. in the northern region of Paraná, Brazil, and detection for the first time in our region the pathogenic species E. alabamensis.

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Kočiš, Jožef, Tamara Ilić, Zsolt Becskei, Katarina Radisavljević, and Sanda Dimitrijević. "Buxtonellosis and coccidiosis of cattles in Northern Serbia." Acta Parasitologica 60, no. 1 (January 1, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ap-2015-0022.

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AbstractThe study presents the results of a two-year research of protozoan infections of cattles from the Northern-Bačka district (Voјvodina, Serbia). The research was conducted on cow-farms and in private cattle-breeding households, with variuos levels of hygenie. The study included 224 specimens (71 calves, 48 hifers and 105 cows). 22.91% of examined heifers and 15.23% of cows were infected with the ciliate Buxtonella sulcata. The presence of coccidiosis was detected in 45.07% of the calves, 14.58% of the heifers and 6.67% of the cows. The clinical signs of diarrhoea were established in all of the specimens which had more than 1,500 cysts of B.sulcata in 1g of faeces. In the examined calves the number of oocysts was less than 1500 in 1g of faeces, so the coccidiosis did not influence the incidence of the diarrhoea. The results show the first diagnostic record of the ciliate B.sulcata of bovines in Serbia, and this finding contributes to the existing knowledge about the etiopathogenesis of protozoan disease of cattle in this area.

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"Coccidiosis in cattle, sheep and gamebirds in Scotland." Veterinary Record 165, no. 9 (August 29, 2009): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.165.9.250.

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Sultana, Razia, Azhar Maqbool, M. Zahid Ahmad, Mansur ud Din Ahmed, Zafar Iqbal Ch, and Shabnum Ilyas Ch. "Prevalence of Coccidiosis in Cattle of Lahore, Pakistan." Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology 08, no. 04 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-9597.1000314.

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"Coccidiosis on the increase in cattle in Scotland." Veterinary Record 167, no. 1 (July 3, 2010): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.c3352.

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"Incidents of coccidiosis and fasciolosis common in Scottish cattle and sheep." Veterinary Record 164, no. 16 (April 18, 2009): 483–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.164.16.483.

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Endalew, Mulualem A., and Fekadu S. Wakene. "Retrospective study on livestock vaccine coverage and trends in Digelu-tijo district, Arsi zone." International Journal of Agricultural Extension 8, no. 3 (December 31, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/008.03.3394.

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Ethiopia has huge numbers of livestock hampered with high prevalence of infectious disease due to poor disease prevention and control. A five-year retrospective study was conducted to collect data on commonly diagnosed bacterial and viral disease and associated vaccine available at district government veterinary clinic in 2019. The commonly encountered bacterial and viral cattle diseases recorded in the case record book were LSD, CBPP Black leg, Anthrax, Bovine pasteurellosis, and Mastitis. Sheep and goat pox disease, Ovine Pasteurellosis, PPR, CCPP, and anthrax were the common diseases of sheep and goat in the study district. Regarding diseases of poultry, New castle, Infectious Bursal Diseases (Gumboro), Infectious coriza, chicken pox, Coccidiosis, Fowl Typhoid, Fowl Cholera, and Marex are the major once. The commonly available vaccines in the study district were LSD, Black leg, Anthrax, Bovine pasteurellosis, Ovine pasteurellosis, Sheep and Goat Pox, PPR, and vaccine for chicken disease like New castle disease vaccine, Gumboro, Fowl Pox, Fowl typhoid and Fowl cholera were used. Vaccination coverage for Lumpy Skin Disease, Sheep and Goat pox and Newcastle viral diseases were good compared with other diseases. The majority 36% of the population of cattle were vaccinated for LSD in 2019 and the lowest 16% in 2015.The lower portion of shoat 8% and half of the population 50% were vaccinated in 2017 and 2019 respectively. Maximum proportion of Newcastle and Gumboro vaccination coverage were 53% and 42%. The vaccination trends for most of the vaccines were fluctuating from year to year whereas the vaccination trend for LSD was increasing from year to year.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Coccidiosis. Cattle'

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