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Journal articles on the topic 'Coccidiostat'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Jayasuriya, Hiranthi, Ziqiang Guan, Anne W. Dombrowski, et al. "Isolation, Structure, and Coccidiostat Activity of Coccidiostatin A." Journal of Natural Products 70, no. 8 (2007): 1364–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np0700523.

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2

Parks, Owen W. "Screening Tests for Sulfa Drugs and/or Dinitrobenzamide Coccidiostats and Their Monoamino Metabolites in Chicken Livers." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 68, no. 1 (1985): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/68.1.20.

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Abstract Two procedures were developed for the simultaneous determination of 0.1 ppm sulfaquinoxaline and sulfadimethoxine, 1.0 ppm Zoalene and nitromide, and/or 0.1 ppm of their reduced coccidiostat metabolities from the same sample of chicken liver. Both methods include blender extraction of 5 g liver with chloroform-ethyl acetate (1 + 1), adsorption of the drugs and metabolites on neutral alumina, and subsequent elution with 0.2M carbonate buffer (pH 11.0). In Method A, all parent drugs and coccidiostat metabolites were partitioned into dichloromethane, following the addition of a small amount of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAH). The presence of the dinitrobenzamides was confirmed by the formation of a color with TBAH, which occurs when the solvent is concentrated (Zoalene = green; nitromide = red). Sulfa drugs and coccidiostat metabolites were detected by the Bratton- Marshall reaction after thin layer chromatographic (TLC) separation. Method B separates the individual classes by selective extraction techniques. The coccidiostats and their metabolites were extracted from the buffer eluate by ethyl acetate-dichloromethane (3 + 1) before ion pairing: sulfa drugs were extracted with dichloromethane after ion pairing with TBAH. The detection techniques were similar to those described for Method A.

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3

Annunziata, Loredana, Pierina Visciano, Arianna Stramenga, et al. "Investigation of Nonionophoric Coccidiostat Residues in Feed as a Consequence of Carryover." Journal of Food Protection 81, no. 3 (2018): 482–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-414.

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ABSTRACT Residues of nonionophoric coccidiostats at carryover concentrations in feedstuffs collected from feed mills or animal farms in central Italy were detected as part of the official controls carried out from 2011 through 2016. The 118 samples were collected on the production line or during feed distribution and storage to determine the sampling sites at major risk of cross-contamination. For determination of nonionophoric coccidiostats, a fast, easy, and cheap method was developed and validated. Feed samples were extracted with acetonitrile-methanol and directly injected for liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 24 samples (20.3%) were positive, but only 5 (4.2%) of these samples exceeded the maximum limit set by European legislation. Most of the positive samples were collected from a batch of feed produced immediately following processing of another batch to which the coccidiostat robenidine had been added.

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4

Roila, Rossana, Raffaella Branciari, Ivan Pecorelli, et al. "Occurrence and Residue Concentration of Coccidiostats in Feed and Food of Animal Origin; Human Exposure Assessment." Foods 8, no. 10 (2019): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8100477.

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Occurring central Italy, 262 unmedicated feed samples and 353 samples of animal tissues and eggs are tested for coccidiostats between 2012 and 2017. A validated multi-residue HPLC-MS/MS method is applied for the simultaneous determination of the 11 coccidiostats licensed in the EU. The dietary exposure to coccidiostats through poultry meat and eggs is calculated for high consumers, and the contribution to acceptable daily intake of coccidiostats is evaluated. The occurrence of positive feed samples ranges from 17.2% in 2012 to 28.3% in 2017, with an average percentage of positive samples of 25%, while 3.8% of feed samples are non-compliant with a concentration ranging from 0.015 mg/kg for diclazuril to 56 mg/kg for narasin. Positive samples of animal tissues, on average, are 34.7%, fully compliant, while 16% of eggs are positive and violative residues are found in 2%. These noncompliant samples show a concentration varying from 2.4 µg/kg to 1002 µg/kg. The contribution of poultry meat and egg consumption to the acceptable daily intake of each coccidiostat is below 1%, highlighting a low direct risk to public health.

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5

Srinivasu, B., V. Chinni Preetam, Srinivas Gurram, and A. Rajashekher Reddy. "Comparative evaluation of herbal coccidiostat with chemotherapeutic coccidiostats on performance of broilers to control coccidiosis." Tropical Animal Health and Production 52, no. 4 (2020): 1985–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-020-02220-x.

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6

Ekawasti, Fitrine, and E. Martindah. "Control of Coccidiosis in Chickens Through Herbal Medicine." Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 29, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v29i1.2048.

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Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria sp. is an important disease in poultry industry. In Indonesia, the morbidity due to this disease in poultry reaches up to 90%. The clinical symptoms of coccidiosis vary depending on the age of poultry and the species of Eimeria. If coccidiostat is not properly used in control and eradication program, it will cause resistance and residue in meat and egg. This paper aims to describe the optimal control of coccidiosis without chemical substances by using natural herbs. Resistance cases to Eimeria sp. cause the anti-coccidia ineffective therefore a safe and effective coccidiostat is needed. Currently, coccidiosis control using natural medicines from herbs was reported to be effective, safe, free of side effects and cheaper. An integrated coccidiosis control program can be applied along with biosecurity, vaccination, prebiotics and coccidiostat from herbs. Control of coccidiosis in chickens with herbal medicines can increase immunity, appetite and reduce stress so that it can suppress Eimeria sp. infestation.

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7

Liu, Jie, Shanshan Song, Aihong Wu, Xiaoling Wu, Jing Xiao, and Chuanlai Xu. "Development of a gold nanoparticle-based lateral-flow strip for the detection of dinitolmide in chicken tissue." Analytical Methods 12, no. 25 (2020): 3210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ay00885k.

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8

WAIBEL, P. E., J. E. ENUEME, J. C. HALVORSON, and R. J. GRANT. "Efficacy of Halofuginone as a Coccidiostat for Turkeys." Poultry Science 66, no. 10 (1987): 1629–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0661629.

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9

Jeevanandan, V., and I. Kožárová. "Total Antibiotics — A New Possible Alternative for the Screening of Coccidiostat Residues in Poultry Meat." Folia Veterinaria 60, no. 3 (2016): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fv-2016-0022.

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Abstract The Total Antibiotics test is a microbial inhibition test which has been recently introduced for the detection of antibiotics in meat. The aim of this study was to determine whether it would be suitable for the detection of coccidiostats in poultry meat. A comparison with the Premi®Test was assessed also for the suitability of the detection of coccidiostats in poultry meat. A selection of poultry meat samples of different organ parts were assessed with 14 samples from Slovakian farms that had previously been tested for coccidiostats by the Veterinary and Food Institute in Košice. In addition, another 8 samples from varied Slovakian supermarkets such as Lidl, Billa and Tesco with samples of chicken or duck meat, were tested. Each prepared sample was added to the Total Antibiotics kit tubes and incubated. The samples from all sources showed a mixture of positive and negative results for the detection of coccidiostats. For the Premi®Test, the samples used the same extraction procedure as the Total Antibiotics, placed in Premi®Test kit tubes and incubated. The Premi®Test demonstrated a mixture of positive and negative results, as similar to the Total Antibiotics for coccidiostats in the poultry farm samples. However, the Premi Test revealed many more negative results for the supermarket sources compared to the Total Antibiotics. Therefore, based on the total number of positive results, we concluded that Total Antibiotics is more sensitive for the detection of coccidiostats in poultry meat, but depending on the source of the samples, both Total Antibiotics and Premi®Test had either similar or opposite results for the detection of coccidiostats.

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10

Campbell, William C. "History of the Discovery of Sulfaquinoxaline as a Coccidiostat." Journal of Parasitology 94, no. 4 (2008): 934–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/ge-1413.1.

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11

Wang, Chunmei, Yingchun Liu, Haihong Zheng, et al. "Safety pharmacology assessment of Ethanamizuril, a novel triazines coccidiostat." Research in Veterinary Science 132 (October 2020): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.07.003.

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12

Hamid, Penny Humaidah, Yuli Purwandari Kristianingrum, April Hari Wardhana, Sigit Prastowo, and Liliana Machado Ribeiro da Silva. "Chicken Coccidiosis in Central Java, Indonesia: A Recent Update." Veterinary Medicine International 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8515812.

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Avian coccidiosis is a huge problem worldwide. Heavily infected animals that show severe clinical signs and coccidiostat resistance are causing important economic losses. The present study aimed to update the recent cases of coccidiosis in Central Java, Indonesia, and to show the importance of the disease in the region. A total of 699 samples were obtained from different chicken breed. Different Eimeria species were detected in 175 individuals (25.04%). Three different groups of chicken breed were considered: local chicken (autochthonous chickens of Sentul and Jawa), commercial broiler, and layer. Broiler chickens showed the highest prevalence of infection (34%), followed by layer (26.26%) and local chickens (10.45%). Mild to severe clinical signs of avian coccidiosis were observed in 42% of the infected animals, while 58% of the infected animals showed no clinical signs other than low feed conversion rates. Seven different Eimeria species were identified: E. tenella was the most prevalent (43.3%), followed by E. maxima (26.3%), E. necatrix (15.7%), E. acervulina (8%), E. praecox (3.1%), E. mitis (2.2%), and E. brunetti (1.3%). Coinfections with several Eimeria species were diagnosed. With this study we found massive usage of coccidiostat in the region even though its usage cannot guarantee coccidiosis-free chicken production.

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13

FABIA, KAROLINA, DARIUSZ WOLSKI, DAMIAN KROPISZ, et al. "The effect of probiotic additives and Bacillus licheniformis inclusion in the diet on broiler growth." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 77, no. 05 (2021): 6534–2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6534.

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The withdrawal of antibiotic growth stimulators as of 1 January 2006 in the European Union countries has forced the search for alternative solutions to improve the health and productivity of poultry. The poultry industry also faces the challenge of developing alternative feeding systems with the restriction or exclusion of coccidiostats. One of them is the use of probiotic strains as feed additives. This study aimed to determine the effect of the use in compound feed of a probiotic containing Bacillus licheniformis on rearing rates and postmortem performance of broiler chickens. The experiment was performed on 8012 unsexed broiler chickens of the Ross 308 line divided into four equal groups. The experimental factors were the addition of a probiotic containing Bacillus licheniformis bacteria and the addition of a coccidiostat. The introduction of probiotic bacteria into compound feed did not increase the body weight of birds, in particular, control weights, and at the end of rearing, but it decreased the feed conversion rate (FCR) and mortality. Addition of probiotic in compound feed did not have a significant effect on bird muscle. The mean weight of pectoral muscle between control (C+, C–) and study (C–BL, C+C–BL) groups did not show statistically significant differences; however, the highest mean weight of the evaluated parameter was visible in the C+ group (0. 665) and the lowest in the C–BL group (0. 623). Similarly to the mean weight of the carcass, also in the mean weight of thigh muscles, the lowest statistically significant values were observed in chickens belonging to the C+C–BL group (vs. C–; P <0.05). Based on the obtained results, it can be acknowledged that the probiotic bacteria Bacillus licheniformis in broiler feed can be a good feed additive to replace antibiotics/coccidiostats. This probiotic has a positive effect on the overall health of birds, contributes to better use of nutrients and stimulates growth and development of broiler chickens.

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14

Andrade Júnior, Alberto Luiz Freire de, Patrícia Costa da Silva, Emerson Moreira de Aguiar, and Francisco Glauco de Araújo Santos. "Use of coccidiostat in mineral salt and study on ovine eimeriosis." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 21, no. 1 (2012): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612012000100004.

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Coccidiosis is a serious obstacle to sheep production, which is becoming a limiting factor, especially with regard to lamb production. However, there are few studies on this parasite in the State of Rio Grande do Norte. The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of decoquinate, added to mineral salt, for controlling Eimeria infection in lambs, and to identify which species are infecting sheep in the eastern region of the state. This study was carried out from August 2009 to January 2010, and used 76 animals. These were divided into two treatment groups: one with common mineral salt, and the other with mineral salt enriched with 6% micronized decoquinate. Fecal samples and body weight measurements were taken every 14 days for parasitological diagnosis, weight gain follow-up and quantitative analysis. The study showed that there was a significant difference in OPG only at the 7th collection, but no significant difference in weight gain. The Eimeria species found were E. ahsata. E. crandallis. E. granulosa. E. intrincata. E. ovina. E. faurei. E. ovinoidalis. E. pallida and E. parva. It was concluded that addition of decoquinate to mineral salt gave rise to lower oocyst elimination, thus favoring eimeriosis control in sheep.

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15

Zhang, Keyu, Xiaoyang Wang, Mi Wang, et al. "Rat 90-day oral toxicity study of a novel coccidiostat – Ethanamizuril." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 111 (March 2020): 104550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104550.

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16

Arora, S. K., and S. B. Larson. "Structure of arprinocid [9-(2-chloro-6-fluorobenzyl)adenine], a coccidiostat." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 43, no. 5 (1987): 912–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270187093600.

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17

Rowe, Loyd D., Ross C. Beier, Marcel H. Elissalde, and Larry H. Stanker. "Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies against the Poultry Coccidiostat Halofuginone." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 42, no. 5 (1994): 1132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00041a017.

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18

Yoshimura, Haruo. "Mutagenicity of the coccidiostat diaveridine in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay." Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology 261, no. 2 (1991): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1218(91)90061-p.

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19

Łowicki, Daniel, and Adam Huczyński. "Structure and Antimicrobial Properties of Monensin A and Its Derivatives: Summary of the Achievements." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/742149.

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In this paper structural and microbiological studies on the ionophorous antibiotic monensin A and its derivatives have been collected. Monensin A is an ionophore which selectively complexes and transports sodium cation across lipid membranes, and therefore it shows a variety of biological properties. This antibiotic is commonly used as coccidiostat and nonhormonal growth promoter. The paper focuses on both the latest and earlier achievements concerning monensin A antimicrobial activity. The activities of monensin derivatives, including modifications of hydroxyl groups and carboxyl group, are also presented.

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20

Nagler, A., M. Ohana, O. Shibolet, et al. "Suppression of hepatocellular carcinoma growth in mice by the alkaloid coccidiostat halofuginone." European Journal of Cancer 40, no. 9 (2004): 1397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2003.11.036.

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21

Xiao, Wenlong, Xiaoyang Wang, Chunmei Wang, et al. "Acute and 30-day oral toxicity studies of a novel coccidiostat – ethanamizuril." Toxicology Research 8, no. 5 (2019): 686–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tx00073a.

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Abstract Ethanamizuril is a novel triazine compound that exhibits remarkable anticoccidial activity. Owing to its pharmacological properties, this study was conducted to evaluate the acute and 30-day oral toxicity of ethanamizuril. In the acute study, ethanamizuril was administered once by oral gavage to mice and rats. The calculated LD50 values for mice and rats were 5776 and 4743 mg per kg b.w, respectively, but the LD50 value for male rats was higher than that of female rats. In the subchronic study, male and female rats were fed with diets supplemented with 0, 20, 60 or 120 mg kg−1 ethanamizuril for 30 days. Treatment related clinical signs of alopecia on the back and neck of the animals were observed in the 60 and 120 mg kg−1 dose groups from the third week of treatment. Significant differences in haematological and biochemical parameters as well as organ-to-body weight ratios were detected between the 60 and 120 mg kg−1 groups. Histopathological observations revealed that 60 and 120 mg kg−1 ethanamizuril could induce focal hepatocellular necrosis and split phase. Slight renal tubule protein casts in the kidneys and alveolar wall thickening in the lungs were also observed in the high dose groups of both genders. The dietary no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of ethanamizuril for 30 days was 20 mg kg−1 feed.

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22

Babunova, V. S., G. M. Goryainova, L. V. Arsen'eva, and E. A. Denisova. "DETERMINATION OF THE SENSITIVITY OF IMMUNOMICROCHIPAL TECHNOLOGY FOR SCREENING CONTROL OF THE RESIDUAL QUANTITIES OF COCCIDIOSTATICS IN EGGS." Problems of Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene and Ecology 1, no. 3 (2018): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.san.hyg.ecol.201803002.

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The article deals with the question of detection of residual amounts of coccidiostatics in hen eggs. The perspectivity and relevance of the application of the highly sensitive method based on Randox microarray technology for determining this index is shown. Alcohol solutions with mass concentration of 100 μg/ml were prepared from pure coccidiostatic substances. To determine the sensitivity of the method, a number of solutions of coccidiostats were prepared in deionized water and mixed with a pre-homogenized egg. The sensitivity of the method was determined from 0,2 to 90,0 μg/l, depending on the analyte. At the same time it is possible to determine the residual amounts of 19 coccidiostats simultaneously in one sample of eggs.

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23

Van Ryssen, J. B. J. "Effect of monensin and its metabolites in broiler litter on sheep consuming the broiler litter." Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 62, no. 3 (1991): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v62i3.1601.

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Two trials were conducted to determine the effect of monensin in broiler litter on sheep receiving the broiler litter in their diets. Broiler litter from chickens fed monensin as a coccidiostat, and from chickens receiving no coccidiostat, was included at a level of 30% in 2 sheep diets. In a further 2 treatments, monensin (15 mg kg-1) was added to each of the 2 diets to give a 2x2 factorial experimental design. In the first trial, copper (20 mg kg-1 feed) was added to the diets. These lambs were fed individually at a slightly restricted level of intake. No differences between treatments were observed in feed intake, average daily gain or efficiency of feed utilisation or in the concentrations of zinc, iron and manganese in the liver, glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes and creatine kinase concentrations in the. plasma. Hepatic copper content and copper retention in the livers of the sheep receiving the added monensin were signficantly higher (P 0,05 and 0,01 respectively) than in those not receiving added monensin. The aspartate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase concentrations in the plasma of these sheep were also higher (P 0,05) than in those not consuming added monensin. In the second trial, the lambs were group-fed according to treatment and received the diets on an ad lib basis. The mean intakes of the groups receiving the diets with the added monensin, were lower than the intakes by the other groups. It was concluded that the monensin metabolites in broiler litter had no measurable effect on any of the parameters of monensin activity investigated in sheep, when such litter was included in sheep diets.

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24

Dogo, Goni Abraham, Bi-Allah Bukar Markus, Emmanuel Vandi Tizhe, Gloria Pisha Karaye, and David Oshadu. "Therapeutic Evaluation of Neemazal® Against Experimental Eimeria Tenella Infection in Broiler Chickens, Jos - Nigeria." Journal of Parasite Research 1, no. 2 (2020): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2690-6759.jpar-20-3346.

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Coccidiosis in poultry is caused by protozoan parasites of the Eimeria species, which is responsible for worldwide economic losses. The aim of this study was to evaluated the therapeutic effect of NeemAzal® on Eimeria tenellain broiler Chickens as compared to Amprolium as a standard anticoccidial drug. A total of One Hundred and Sixty (160) broiler chicks were purchased, acclimatized and randomly divided into 4 groups (G1, G2, G3 & G4). G1 non-infected, non-treated (negative control), (G2) infected with 20000 E. tenella oocysts (positive control), (G3) infected and treated with Amprolium (Standard, 7 mg/kg b.w. for 5 days) and (G4) infected and treated with NeemAzal®200 mg/kg b.w. for 5 days). Evaluation was by clinical signs, performance data (weight gain, oocyst shed/gram faeces (OPG) and histopathology of the Caecum, Liver and Kidney. The data showed that birds infected with E. tenellahad an output of 1.3×105±3,333 oocysts per gram faeces on day 5 post inoculation. This output is significantly decreased to 0.37×105±3,111 oocysts in neem-treated birds. Infection with E. tenellainduced marked histopathological alterations in the caecum in the form of inflammation, vacuolation of the epithelium, and destruction of some villi. NeemAzal® decrease body weight loss of infected chickens. Moreover, the number of goblet cells stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) within the infected villi was significantly lowered (P≤0.05). The results revealed that chicks of G1 had the best performance data compared to G2, G3& G4. In G3 & G4 there were a remarkable improvement in the data on performance, clinical signs, gross and microscopically caecal lesions compared to G2. Amprolium (G3) was shown to be superior to NeemAzal® (G4) compared to G2. NeemAzal® could be a good alternative for use as a coccidiostat to supplement the expensive anti-coccidiostats in the market.

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25

ANGEL, S., Z. G. WEINBERG, O. POLISHUK, M. HEIT, I. PLAVNIK, and I. BARTOV. "A Connection Between a Dietary Coccidiostat and Skin Tears of Female Broiler Chickens." Poultry Science 64, no. 2 (1985): 294–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0640294.

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26

DAMRON, B. L. "The Relationship of Maximum or Intermediate Coccidiostat Levels to Broiler Chick Water Intake." Poultry Science 73, no. 1 (1994): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0730033.

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27

Zhang, Keyu, Chunmei Wang, Yang Li, et al. "Rat two-generation reproductive toxicity and teratogenicity studies of a novel coccidiostat – Ethanamizuril." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 113 (June 2020): 104623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104623.

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28

Beier, Ross C., Laura H. Ripley, Colin R. Young, and Colleen M. Kaiser. "Production, Characterization, and Cross-Reactivity Studies of Monoclonal Antibodies against the Coccidiostat Nicarbazin." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49, no. 10 (2001): 4542–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf010208j.

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29

Elissalde, Marcel H., Ross C. Beier, Loyd D. Rowe, and Larry H. Stanker. "Development of a monoclonal-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the coccidiostat salinomycin." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 41, no. 11 (1993): 2167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00035a066.

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30

Barbour, EK, DB Ayyash, A. Iyer, S. Harakeh, and T. Kumosani. "A Review of Approaches Targeting the Replacement of Coccidiostat Application in Poultry Production." Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola 17, no. 4 (2015): 405–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-635x1704405-418.

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31

LEESON, S., L. J. CASTON, and J. D. SUMMERS. "THE EFFECT OF GRADED LEVELS OF NICARBAZIN ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF LAYING HENS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 69, no. 3 (1989): 757–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas89-088.

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Three experiments were undertaken to investigate the coccidiostat, nicarbazin, on reproductive performance of layers. In trial 1, levels of 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 125, and 200 ppm nicarbazin were fed to White leghorn laying hens for 5 wk. By the 2nd week of nicarbazin treatment, egg production was significantly reduced in birds fed 125 and 200 ppm (P < 0.05). Similarly, increasing levels of nicarbazin resulted in decreasing egg weights (P < 0.01) and feed intake was significantly decreased. However, by the 2nd week post-nicarbazin treatment, egg production, egg weight, and feed intake had returned to normal. Nicarbazin had no effect on egg shell deformation or body weight. Nicarbazin had a marked effect on hatchability; levels of 125 and 200 ppm reduced hatchability significantly (P < 0.01) as well as producing an increased incidence of malpositions and malformations. When nicarbazin was withdrawn from the diet, hatchability returned to pretreatment values although malpositions and malformations were still in evidence. Experiments 2 and 3 were designed to study the effect of nicarbazin on production of brown-shelled eggs. In the 2nd experiment 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 ppm of dietary nicarbazin resulted in significant loss of shell color at 20 and 40 ppm, whereas in exp. 3 with levels of 0, 80, 125, and 200 ppm, brown eggs lost virtually all their color. It is concluded that the adult White Leghorn bird can tolerate up to 125 ppm nicarbazin without significant (P < 0.01) loss of reproductive performance although lower levels show a trend for reduced production. Hatchability is depressed with nicarbazin levels in excess of 80 ppm, while trace levels will produce a visual loss of color in brown-shelled eggs. Key words: Layer, coccidiostat, reproductive performance

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32

Del Cacho, E., M. Gallego, M. Pages, L. Monteagudo, and C. Sánchez-Acedo. "Effect of the quinolone coccidiostat decoquinate on the rearrangement of chromosomes of Eimeria tenella." International Journal for Parasitology 36, no. 14 (2006): 1515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.08.004.

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33

YUE, Zhen-Feng, Hai-Ning KANG, Xiao-Xia CHEN, et al. "Simultaneous Determination of 20 Coccidiostat Residues in Chicken by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry." CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (CHINESE VERSION) 40, no. 8 (2013): 1262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1096.2012.10752.

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Szarek, J., I. Babińska, A. Dzikowski, et al. "Microscopical lesions in coccidiostat and mycotoxin intoxication in selected organs in turkeys: A case report." Journal of Comparative Pathology 166 (January 2019): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.10.143.

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Radi, Abd-Elgawad, Abd-Elrahman El-Naggar, and Hossam M. Nassef. "Determination of coccidiostat clopidol on an electropolymerized-molecularly imprinted polypyrrole polymer modified screen printed carbon electrode." Anal. Methods 6, no. 19 (2014): 7967–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ay01320d.

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Connolly, Lisa, Terence L. Fodey, Steven R. H. Crooks, and Christopher T. Elliott. "The production and characterisation of an antibody to detect the coccidiostat toltrazuril and its metabolite ponazuril." Analyst 128, no. 5 (2003): 459–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b301898a.

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Mortier, Leen, Els Daeseleire, and Carlos Van Peteghem. "Determination of the coccidiostat diclazuril in poultry feed and meat by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry." Analytica Chimica Acta 529, no. 1-2 (2005): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2004.09.088.

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Sobral, M. Madalena C., Roberto Romero-Gonzalez, Miguel A. Faria, Sara C. Cunha, Isabel M. P. L. V. O. Ferreira, and Antonia Garrido-Frenich. "Stability of antibacterial and coccidiostat drugs on chicken meat burgers upon cooking and in vitro digestion." Food Chemistry 316 (June 2020): 126367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126367.

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Kowalska, Dorota, Paweł Bielański, Paweł Nosal, and Jerzy Kowal. "Natural alternatives to Coccidiostats in rabbit nutrition." Annals of Animal Science 12, no. 4 (2012): 561–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10220-012-0047-x.

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AbstractIn rabbit management, coccidiosis caused by Eimeria protozoa is a serious health, production and economic problem due to its widespread occurrence. According to Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council on additives for use in animal nutrition, coccidiostats will be phased out of use by 31 December 2012. This has prompted a search for natural alternatives to coccidiostats, which could stop the progression of this disease. The aim of the study was to identify parasitic invasions in a herd of rabbits before and after the use of natural alternatives to common coccidiostatic drugs and to determine the effect of these alternatives on rabbit performance and meat quality. Different proportions of feed additives based on natural oregano and garlic oils, added to complete diets, had a positive effect on the weight gains of young rabbits during the study from 35 to 90 days of age. In all experimental groups, dressing percentage was higher than the values reported for New Zealand White rabbits, and the feed additives had no effect on the taste of meat samples evaluated. Properly formulated rations of the concentrates reduced the intensity of coccidial infections while protecting the animals against secondary bacterial and viral infections, which usually accompany coccidiosis and are a common cause of mortality. The present results suggest that the herb extracts can be successfully used in prophylaxis as natural alternatives to coccidiostats in feeds.

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Wina, Elizabeth. "The Role of Saponin as Feed Additive for Sustainable Poultry Production." Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 27, no. 3 (2018): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v27i3.1588.

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<p>Poultry, especially broiler is an important protein source for people in developing countries. Under intensive condition, economical and efficient broiler production is disturbed by disease attack due to poor biosecurity management. Feed additives (coccidiostat and antibiotic growth promoter/AGP) that added to feed for disease prevention and growth improvement, have been banned by many countries including Indonesia. Antibiotic growth promoter can be substituted by bioactive compounds in certain plants which can improve poultry production. One of bioactive compounds is saponin which is a glycoside. This paper provides information about source and function of saponin as feed additive for poultry production. Saponin extracts or saponin containing plants have several functions, such as anticoccidia, immunostimulant, antibacteria and antifungi. Sustainable poultry production requires continues supply of feed ingredients and additive with consistent in quality. High saponin-containing plants need to be planted widely and supported by stakeholders for their avability and sustainability.</p>

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Lehman, R., E. T. Moran, and J. B. Hess. "Response of coccidiostat- versus vaccination-protected broilers to gelatin inclusion in high and low crude protein diets." Poultry Science 88, no. 5 (2009): 984–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00469.

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Annunziata, Loredana, Pierina Visciano, Arianna Stramenga, et al. "Determination of regulatory ionophore coccidiostat residues in feedstuffs at carry-over levels by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry." PLOS ONE 12, no. 8 (2017): e0182831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182831.

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Shlosberg, A., A. Harmelin, S. Perl, et al. "Cardiomyopathy in cattle induced by residues of the coccidiostat maduramicin in poultry litter given as a feedstuff." Veterinary Research Communications 16, no. 1 (1992): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01839204.

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Kostadinovic, Ljiljana, Sandor Kormanjos, Lazar Ruzicic, and Gordana Dozet. "Determination of ionophore coccidiostat salinomycine in premixes and poultry feeding stuffs by liquid chromatography after post-column derivatisation." Chemical Industry 68, no. 4 (2014): 445–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind130513068k.

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Coccidiosis is a common parasitic disease of broiler chickens caused by single-celled protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria which are commonly referred to as coccidian. This is an infective disease of the digestive tract which is most frequent with poultry, causing a decrease in daily increment, prolonged fattening, poorer skin pigmentation, slower feed conversion and increased mortality. The disease is caused by Protozoas from the genera of Eimeria, Isospora and Cryptospora, and it is manifested by damaging the intestine epithelial cells, less frequently the bile duct and renal tubuli. Coccidiosis is traditionally controlled by chemotherapy. There are many anticoccidial preparations which are used in the prevention of coccidiosis. We are chose a polyether monocarboxylic acid - salinomycine. Salinomycin is monovalent carboxyl-polyether ionophores. Salinomycin, produced by Streptomyces albus, destroys the cell membranes and causes their lysis. Salinomycin and other ionophoric antibiotics combine with a number of mono and divalent cations and in the form of bi-complexes make it possible to transfer metal ions through lipid hydrophobic membrane, and when they are added to diet, they change bioavailability, gut uptake and absorption and reserves of nutrient tissues. In this paper has been developed and validated process of Liquid chromatography determination of ionophoric coccidiostat salinomycin with UV spectrophotometric detection and post-column derivatisation with dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB). The method is based on extraction of salinomycin in animal feed samples using mixture acetonitrile-water (80:20, v/v) and purification of extracts obtained by the filter 0,2 ?m Acrodisc? PSF. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for reproducibility and accuracy varied from 2,4 to 8,8% and from 2,6% to 8,8%, respectively and the values for the relative recovery rate ranged from 89 to 98%. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were estimated to be below 47 ?g/kg and 71 ?g/kg, respectively. Based on this results, it is concluded that the described method is accurate, precise, selective and reproducible and can be applied for determination of salinomycine in feeds and premixes for poultry.

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Hagren, Virve, Steven R. H. Crooks, Christopher T. Elliott, Timo Lövgren, and Mika Tuomola. "An All-In-One Dry Chemistry Immunoassay for the Screening of Coccidiostat Nicarbazin in Poultry Eggs and Liver." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52, no. 9 (2004): 2429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf030758c.

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Talghari, Mariam, Alireza Behnamifar, Shaban Rahimi, Mohammad Amir Karimi Torshizi, Robert Beckstead, and Jesse L. Grimes. "The effect of sodium bisulfate and coccidiostat on intestinal lesions and growth performance of Eimeria spp.–challenged broilers." Poultry Science 99, no. 10 (2020): 4769–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.060.

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Damron, BL, and RB Christmas. "Final-week performance of straight-run broilers as affected by early coccidiostat withdrawal followed by increased dietary salt." Poultry Science 76, no. 12 (1997): 1637–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/76.12.1637.

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Kožárová, Ivona, Daniela Juščáková, Jana Šimková, Mária Milkovičová, and Martin Kožár. "Effective screening of antibiotic and coccidiostat residues in food of animal origin by reliable broad-spectrum residue screening tests." Italian Journal of Animal Science 19, no. 1 (2020): 487–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1828051x.2020.1761270.

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Lin, Chun-Yan, Yue Zhang, Ji-Hua Wu, Rong-Hui Xie, Jianjun Qiao, and Guang-Rong Zhao. "Regulatory Patterns of Crp on Monensin Biosynthesis in Streptomyces cinnamonensis." Microorganisms 8, no. 2 (2020): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020271.

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Monensin, produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis, is a polyether ionophore antibiotic widely used as a coccidiostat and a growth-promoting agent in agricultural industry. In this study, cyclic AMP receptor protein (Crp), the global transcription factor for regulation of monensin biosynthesis, was deciphered. The overexpression and antisense RNA silencing of crp revealed that Crp plays a positive role in monensin biosynthesis. RNA sequencing analysis indicated that Crp exhibited extensive regulatory effects on genes involved in both primary metabolic pathways and the monensin biosynthetic gene cluster (mon). The primary metabolic genes, including acs, pckA, accB, acdH, atoB, mutB, epi and ccr, which are pivotal in the biosynthesis of monensin precursors malonyl-CoA, methylmalonyl-CoA and ethylmalonyl-CoA, are transcriptionally upregulated by Crp. Furthermore, Crp upregulates the expression of most mon genes, including all PKS genes (monAI to monAVIII), tailoring genes (monBI-monBII-monCI, monD and monAX) and a pathway-specific regulatory gene (monRI). Enhanced precursor supply and the upregulated expression of mon cluser by Crp would allow the higher production of monensin in S. cinnamonensis. This study gives a more comprehensive understanding of the global regulator Crp and extends the knowledge of Crp regulatory mechanism in Streptomyces.

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Son, Jonghyeon, Eun Hye Lee, Minyoung Park, et al. "Conformational changes in human prolyl-tRNA synthetase upon binding of the substrates proline and ATP and the inhibitor halofuginone." Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography 69, no. 10 (2013): 2136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0907444913020556.

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Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases recognize cognate amino acids and tRNAs from their noncognate counterparts and catalyze the formation of aminoacyl-tRNAs. Halofuginone (HF), a coccidiostat used in veterinary medicine, exerts its effects by acting as a high-affinity inhibitor of the enzyme glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase (EPRS). In order to elucidate the precise molecular basis of this inhibition mechanism of human EPRS, the crystal structures of the prolyl-tRNA synthetase domain of human EPRS (hPRS) at 2.4 Å resolution (hPRS-apo), ofhPRS complexed with ATP and the substrate proline at 2.3 Å resolution (hPRS-sub) and ofhPRS complexed with HF at 2.62 Å resolution (hPRS-HF) are presented. These structures show plainly that motif 1 functions as a cap inhPRS, which is loosely opened inhPRS-apo, tightly closed inhPRS-sub and incorrectly closed inhPRS-HF. In addition, the structural analyses are consistent with more effective binding ofhPRS to HF with ATP. Mutagenesis and biochemical analysis confirmed the key roles of two residues, Phe1097 and Arg1152, in the HF inhibition mechanism. These structures will lead to the development of more potent and selectivehPRS inhibitors for promoting inflammatory resolution.

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