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Journal articles on the topic 'Cochineal scale insect'
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Abadi, Assefa, Tsehaye Brhane, and Abrhaley Shelema. "Efficacy of Botanical Insecticides for Controlling Cochineal Scale (Dactylopius opuntiae) Insect on Cactus (Dactylcompound sopius opuntiae) Plant at Southern Tigray, Ethiopia." Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry 10, no. 4 (2024): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajraf/2024/v10i4318.
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Cochineal scale insects, scientifically known as D. opuntiae, are small insects that feed on the sap of cacti plants. These insects are notorious for their ability to rapidly reproduce and spread, causing significant damage to cactus populations. Tigray region, located in northern Ethiopia, has been particularly affected by the relentless attack of cochineal scale insects on its cacti. The aim of this study was to evaluate botanical insecticide to control cochineal scale insect of cacti plant in southern Tigray, Ethiopia. Field experiment was conducted during 2024 in off-season at Raya-azobo district. A total of five treatments; leave extract (Neem, Lantana camara and Pepper tree and liquid soap), salt+liquid soup, liquid soup, water and control (no sprayed)) were used in the field experiment. The experiment was laid out randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The mortality rate of cochineal scale insect had a significant difference at (p<0.001) among the treatments. The highest rate of mortality (free of cochineal scale insect) was calculated from the leave extract (100%) extracted from leaves. However, the increasing number of cochineal scale insect was observed from untreated (control) (+9.9%) followed by cladodes treated with water (45.29%). The current research findings provide strong evidence that botanical insecticide derived from plant leaves could be an effective solution for controlling cochineal scale insect infestations on cacti. These eco-friendly alternatives offer several advantages over synthetic pesticides in terms of reduced toxicity to non-target organisms. Beside; it should be promoted to further demonstration and popularization at farmer level in the coming off-season.
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Bustamante-Brito, Rafael, Arturo Vera-Ponce de León, Mónica Rosenblueth, Julio Martínez-Romero, and Esperanza Martínez-Romero. "Metatranscriptomic Analysis of the Bacterial Symbiont Dactylopiibacterium carminicum from the Carmine Cochineal Dactylopius coccus (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Dactylopiidae)." Life 9, no. 1 (2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life9010004.
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The scale insect Dactylopius coccus produces high amounts of carminic acid, which has historically been used as a pigment by pre-Hispanic American cultures. Nowadays carmine is found in food, cosmetics, and textiles. Metagenomic approaches revealed that Dactylopius spp. cochineals contain two Wolbachia strains, a betaproteobacterium named Candidatus Dactylopiibacterium carminicum and Spiroplasma, in addition to different fungi. We describe here a transcriptomic analysis indicating that Dactylopiibacterium is metabolically active inside the insect host, and estimate that there are over twice as many Dactylopiibacterium cells in the hemolymph than in the gut, with even fewer in the ovary. Albeit scarce, the transcripts in the ovaries support the presence of Dactylopiibacterium in this tissue and a vertical mode of transmission. In the cochineal, Dactylopiibacterium may catabolize plant polysaccharides, and be active in carbon and nitrogen provisioning through its degradative activity and by fixing nitrogen. In most insects, nitrogen-fixing bacteria are found in the gut, but in this study they are shown to occur in the hemolymph, probably delivering essential amino acids and riboflavin to the host from nitrogen substrates derived from nitrogen fixation.
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Ramírez-Cruz, A., C. Llanderal-Cázares, and R. Racotta. "Ovariole Structure of the Cochineal Scale Insect,Dactylophis coccus." Journal of Insect Science 8, no. 20 (2008): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.008.2001.
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El-Housa, waleed, Abdel Nabi Basheer, and Zakaria Al nasser. "Study of the Biology of the Cochineal Scale Insect, Dactylopius opuntiae." Arab Journal for Plant Protection 42, no. 2 (2024): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-001240.
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Alhousa, W., A.N. Basheer and Z. El-Naser. 2024. Study of the Biology of the Cochineal Scale Insect, Dactylopius opuntiae. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 42(2): 143-148. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-001240 Prickly pear cochineal Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) is one of the most important pests of prickly pear Opuntia ficus-indica in different regions of the world. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the biology of the insect on the Indian prickly pear plant. The work was carried out during the 2021 season, using a random design. Samples were collected from Qatana, Syria, and the biology of the insect was studied within a rearing room under controlled conditions (temperature 25±1°C, relative humidity 45±10%). The incubation period was evaluated in a cohort of 100 eggs and the life cycle was described from a cohort of 150 individuals. Individual females were used as experimental unit (n=40 females) to determine insect fecundity. The average egg laying period was 20.76±0.77 minutes, and the average period of the first nymph was 12.66±0.53 days in females, and 14.03±0.62 days in males, and the second nymph was 25.16±2.42 days for females, and 8.72±1.67 days for males. The average period for pre-pupal and pupal stage of males was 12.9±1.63 days, and the average period of one generation from egg laying until the appearance of the adult insect was 85.85±2.09 days for females, and 56.68±0.98 days for males. Average Fertility was 226.75 eggs/female, with daily egg laying average of 17.9±0.63 eggs/female. The maximum daily fertility average was 16.6±0.35 eggs, and the average hatching rate was 87.86±3.92%. Whereas, the average egg mortality rate ranged between 21.05 and 22.05% in the reptilian stage. Keywords: Biology, prickly pear, egg incubation, nymph, fertility.
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Kenney, Donald S. "DeVine®—The Way It Was Developed—An Industrialist's View." Weed Science 34, S1 (1986): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500068302.
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The use of biological control agents for the control of noxious pests is not new conceptual research. There are examples that predate by centuries the modern use of both herbicides and insecticides. For example, the successful control of insects by biological control was shown in 1762 by the introduction of the Mynah bird (Gracula religiosa Linnaeus) from India to Mauritius (4). In 1888, the Vedalia beetle (Rodolia cardinalis Muslant) was introduced to control the cottony-cushion scale (Icerya purchasi Maskell) of citrus (3). An example of biological control of weeds was reported in 1863 when it was observed that an infestation of prickly pear cactus (Opuntia humifusa Raf. # OPUHU) was decimated by the imported cochineal insect (Dactylopius tomentosus Lam.) (5).
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Oliveira, L. G., Rosineide S. Lopes, Venézio Felipe dos Santos, Elza Aurea Luna-Alves Lima, Elizabeth A. A. Maranhão, and Antonio F. da Costa. "Efficacy of Biocontrol Agents Beauveria bassiana and Plant Extracts on Dactylopius opuntiae Cockerell (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae)." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 1 (2019): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n1p171.
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Opuntia ficus-indica is a cactus used as fodder for animals in arid areas worldwide. However, the palm is parasitized by the carmine cochineal scale insect (Dactylopius opuntiae) causing great damage to cactus plantations in the semi-arid region of Brazil. Leaf extracts aqueous and hydro-ethanolic of neem and citronella at concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 mg/mL, and strains suspensions of Beauveria bassiana (1 &times; 108 conidia/mL); were applied on cladodes infested by D. opuntiae, in the laboratory. After 10 days of treatment, the percentages of mortality were obtained on the adult females. Then, the most efficient extracts were selected in the laboratory tests for control tests in palm plantation, where 100 mL of the extracts were applied in the 100 mg/mL concentration on cladodes of palms. The results show that B. bassiana strains were not pathogenic to D. opuntiae. Only the aqueous and hydro-ethanolic neem extracts were effective in controlling the cochineal. We conclude that neem extracts are effective against D. opuntiae and can be used to control carmine scale in Opuntia ficus-indica in the field.
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Tsehaye, Kidus Ebuy, and Ayimut Kiros–Meles. "Propagation of cochineal scale insect free cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) by in vitro regeneration culture technique in Tigray, Ethiopia." African Journal of Biotechnology 22, no. 7 (2023): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb2022.17529.
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Akroud, Hayat, Mustapha El-Bouhssini, Rachid Bouharroud, et al. "Genetic relations among Moroccan Opuntia genotypes with different degrees of resistance to Dactylopius opuntiae." Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development 24 (August 17, 2022): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.56890/jpacd.v24i.480.
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Genetic diversity and relationship among a set of 18 cactus pear genotypes, with different degrees of resistance to cochineal scale insect (Dactylopius opuntiae), was estimated using eight simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The genotypes used belong to four Opuntia species (O. engelmanii, O. ficus indica, O. robusta, and o. dillenii). The analysis revealed a total number of 56 alleles (Mean = 7) and an average genetic diversity index of 0.76 with genetic distances ranging from 0.00 to 1.00 at eight microsatellite loci in 18 Moroccan cactus pear genotypes. All microsatellites used were found to be highly informative, with mean polymorphic information content (PIC) estimated at 0.72. Genetic relationship estimated using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method and the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), showed that the 18 genotypes were successfully assigned to four clusters, separated according to their taxonomy distribution and their levels of resistance to D. opuntiae. The results of this study demonstrated that the Moroccan cactus pear genotypes evaluated are highly divergent and that these genotypes will be useful for future crossing programs to improve the genetic diversity in Opuntia for resistance to D. opuntiae.
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Korn, Agnes. "Arménienkarmir, sogdienkrmʾyret hébreukarmīl« rouge »". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 79, № 1 (2016): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x15000968.
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AbstractArmeniankarmir“red” has often been considered as deriving from East Iranian, thus speaking in favour of relations between Armenian and Sogdian, a Middle Iranian language spoken at considerable distance from Armenia. For the origin of Hebrewkarmīl, on the other hand, a Middle Persian “karmīr” has been suggested. In either case, the etymology would be Proto-Indo-European*ku̯ṛ́mi-“worm” (be it directly or as a borrowing from Sanskritkṛ́mi-) from which the colour term would be derived in a way parallel to Frenchvermeil“scarlet” fromver“worm”, thus a term referring to a red dye obtained from scale insects (cochineals). I argue thatkarmīris not a Middle Persian word for “red”, that Sogdian is unlikely to be the source of the Armenian and Hebrew words, and that an Indian origin is not probable either because of the specific features of the Indian scale insect dye. Conversely, Armenian scarlet was widely known and appreciated already in antiquity, so that, for historical as well as linguistic reasons, the origin of the word is likely to be an Iranian language within the region where Armenian was spoken.
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El Baz, O., M. Ait Ichou, H. Laarabi, and M. Rachik. "Stability analysis of a fractional model for the transmission of the cochineal." Mathematical Modeling and Computing 10, no. 2 (2023): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/mmc2023.02.379.
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Scale insects are parasitic insects that attack many indoor and outdoor plants, including cacti and succulents. These insects are among the frequent causes of diseases in cacti: for the reason that they are tough, multiply in record time and could be destructive to these plants, although they are considered resistant. Mealybugs feed on the sap of plants, drying them out and discoloring them. In this research, we propose and investigate a fractional model for the transmission of the Cochineal. In the first place, we prove the positivity and boundedness of solutions in order to ensure the well-posedness of the proposed model. The local stability of the disease-free equilibrium and the chronic infection equilibrium is established. Numerical simulations are presented in order to validate our theoretical results.
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Reyes-Pérez, Rogelio, Juanita Pérez-Hernández, Minerva Rosas-Morales, et al. "Cochineal (Dactylopius coccus Costa) Pigment Extraction Assisted by Ultrasound and Microwave Techniques." Molecules 29, no. 23 (2024): 5568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29235568.
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Carminic acid is a natural pigment typically found in several insect taxa, including specific insects such as “grana cochinilla fina” in Mexico (Dactylopius coccus Costa). Commercially, it is also referred to as carmine, which is a more concentrated solution presenting as at least 50% carminic acid. To date, this dye has been used in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. Unfortunately, one of the main limitations has to do with establishing the appropriate extraction and purification protocol. Currently, there is growing interest in developing eco-friendly and efficient pigment extraction processes for various applications. In this study, we compare the ultrasound- and microwave-assisted extraction versus with a conventional method to obtain carminic acid from cochineal. To do this, we considered three factors that influence the extraction process as independent variables: solvent volume, temperature and irradiation time. The optimization was carried out using the response surface methodology, employing a three-factor and three-level Box–Behnken experimental design. Carminic acid contents were quantified by UV–Vis spectroscopy, and extracts were evaluated by infrared spectroscopy to verify the integrity of the carminic acid molecule. The yield obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction was 49.2 ± 3.25, with an efficiency of 31.3 mg/min, while microwave-assisted extraction showed a yield of 40.89 ± 2.96, with an efficiency of 27.3 mg/min. Both methods exceeded the extract yield (31.9 ± 3.4%) and efficiency (10.6 mg/min) obtained with the conventional method, demostrating that ultrasound- and microwave-assisted extraction are viable alternatives for obtaining carminic acid, with the potential to be scaled up to an industrial level.
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Humphries, Talia, Shane Campbell, and Singarayer Florentine. "Challenges Inherent in Controlling Prickly Pear Species; a Global Review of the Properties of Opuntia stricta, Opuntia ficus-indica and Opuntia monacantha." Plants 11, no. 23 (2022): 3334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11233334.
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Opuntia species (prickly pear) were deliberately introduced to many countries around the world for fruit, cochineal dye production, living fencing or as ornamentals. They are now some of the world’s most significant weeds, particularly in regions with warm and or dry climates, as they pose threats to economic and environmental assets. In addition, they can cause considerable health issues for humans and animals. Opuntia spp. have prolific reproduction abilities, being able to reproduce both vegetatively and by seed. They have generalist pollination and dispersal requirements, which promotes their establishment and spread. Opuntia stricta, O. monacantha and O. ficus-indica are the most globally widespread of the Opuntia spp. In many countries, biological control agents, particularly the cactus moth (Cactoblastis cactorum) and various cochineal insects from the Dactylopius genus, have successfully reduced land-scape scale populations. On a smaller scale, controlling these weeds by either injecting or spraying the cladodes with herbicides can provide effective control. Care must be taken during herbicide treatments as any untreated areas will regenerate. While biological control is the most cost and time effective control method for landscape-scale infestations, further research into the combined efficacy of herbicides, fire, grubbing and pre-burial techniques would be beneficial for land managers to control small-scale and establishing populations. It would also be useful to have greater knowledge of the potential seedbank longevity and seed ecology of these species so that integrated management strategies can be developed to not only deal with initial populations but also the subsequent seedling regrowth.
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Qessaoui, Redouan, Chaima Elhallah, Salahddine Chafiki, Yassine Imlil, and Rachid Bouharroud. "Effect of antagonistic bacteria on Dactylopius opuntiae (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae)." Ciencia Nicolaita, no. 93 (April 14, 2025): 35–38. https://doi.org/10.35830/cn.vi93.831.
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Cactus pear has important economic roles in Morocco as a source of food, animal feed, and income for rural populations. However, this crop is currently suffering from the attack of the wild cochineal Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell), which has caused huge production losses. A range of insecticides are widely used to control D. opuntia and other scale insects worldwide. However, the problems associated with the harmful effects of pesticides on humans, the environment and non-target organisms, require that alternative options should be developed for the eco-friendly control of D. opuntiae. This study aims to evaluate the potential of three rhizospheric bacteria in controlling D. opuntiae, from which two isolates have a notable impact on both nymphs and adult females. Particularly, isolate TRD16 caused 80% mortality against nymphs, while BRS35 and ZTRS2 show 97% and 84% pathogenicity, respectively, against adult females.
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Fernandes, Flávio Lemes, Marcelo Coutinho Picanço, Maria Elisa Fernandes, Tarcísio Visintin Galdino, and Adriano Cirino Tomaz. "Perdas causadas por Coccus viridis (Hemiptera: Coccidae) em mudas de Coffea arabica L." EntomoBrasilis 2, no. 2 (2009): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v2i2.43.
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Coccus viridis (Green) danifica plantas jovens e adultas de Coffea arabica Linnaeu. No entanto, nada se sabe sobre a magnitude dos danos causados por esta praga. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar as relações entre o ataque de C. viridis e as perdas causadas por este inseto a C. arabica. Este trabalho foi conduzido em casa de vegetação na Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Foram utilizadas sementes da linhagem IAC 15 da variedade “Catuaí vermelho” de café (C. arabica). Para a confecção dos tratamentos esta praga foi criada em casa de vegetação separada do experimento. Os tratamentos foram: plantas infestadas e não infestadas por adultos e ninfas da cochonilha verde. As plantas foram nutridas com solução nutritiva. Durante 110 dias foram avaliados: números de adultos e de ninfas de primeiro, segundo e terceiro ínstares, área foliar, diâmetro do caule, altura das plantas em todas repetições. No final do experimento avaliou-se o peso das raízes, caule, folhas e total. Os pesos das raízes, matéria seca total, área foliar e diâmetro do caule de plantas não atacadas por C. viridis superaram em 1,31; 1,41; 1,50 e 8,93 vezes, respectivamente o peso de plantas atacadas. As variáveis selecionadas foram: diâmetro do caule (cm), área foliar (cm²), peso de raízes (g), ninfas, adultos e total das cochonilhas. Concluindo que a planta de C. arabica é afetada de forma diferente entre seus órgãos e que a ninfa de terceiro ínstar e adultos são as fases que mais causam danos a C. arabica.
 Losses Caused by Coccus viridis (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) on Seedlings of Coffea arabica L.
 Abstract. Coccus viridis (Green) cause losses on seedling and old plants of Coffea arabica (Green). However, nothing is known about of the damages caused by this pest. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the relations between atack of C. viridis and the losses caused by this insect. on C. arabica. This work was conduced in greenhouse at Federal University of Viçosa. Seed coffee plants line IAC 15, variety “Catuaí vermelho” (C. arabica) were used. The insects were reared into greenhouse and separated of the experiment. The treatments were: infested plants and no infested by adults and nymphs of the green scale. The plants were nourished with compound nutrient solutions. For 110 days evaluated: numbers of adults and nymphs of instar first, second and third, leaf area, diameter of stem and plant height in all repetition. At the end of the experiment were evaluated weights of root, stem, leave and total. The weight of root, total dry matter, leaf area and diameter of the stem at plants no attacked by C. viridis were 1.31, 1.41, 1.50 and 8.93 times more than weight attacked plants, respectively. The main variables were: diameter of the stem (cm), leaf area (cm²), weights of root (g), nymphs, adults and all cochineals. Also, parts of the plant (C. arabica) were damaged by nymphs (third) and adults of C. viridis.
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Mohammed, Tawayah, Mahasneh Amr, and Haddad Nizar. "First Record of the Predator Ladybeetle, Hyperaspis Trifurcata (Schaeffer) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Feeding on the Cochineal Scale Insect, Dactylopius Opuntiae (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae), in Jordan." October 2, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8397902.
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The ladybird beetle Hyperaspis trifurcata Schaeffer is a predator of the cochineal scale Dactylopius opuntiae (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) that was recorded for the first time in the northern region of Jordan (Jerash, Irbid and Ajloun) where the prickly pear plant Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller (Cactaceae) is cultivated and widely attacked by the cochineal scale insect. The cochineal insect population was monitored in conjunction with the activity of the predatory beetle in six farms. feeding activity of H. trifurcata on nymphs in cochineal colonies was recorded. This confirms and indicates its predatory being as a natural enemy.
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Hoseh, W., A. N. . Basheer, and Z. Al-Naser. "Effectiveness of Some Plant Extracts Compared with Chemical Insecticides to Control Cochineal Scale Insect, Dactylopius opuntiae under Field Conditions." Arab Journal for Plant Protection 43, no. 3 (2025). https://doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-001324.
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This study was conducted in 2021 in the Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Damascus, and in the fields of Qatana region. Alcoholic and aqueous extracts of tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L., eucalyptus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis D., chinaberry, Melia azedarach L. and aerial parts of amaranth, Tagetes patula L. were evaluated for the control of cochineal scale insect, Dactylopius opuntiae Cockerell (Hemiptera, Dactylopiidae) and compared with chemical insecticides: chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, and lambda-cyhalothrin, and Sycro (mineral oil). The results obtained showed that the aqueous extracts of the tested plants at concentrations of 2.5 and 5.0% had moderate to low effect against the different stages of the cochineal scale insect, D. opuntiae. Whereas alcoholic extracts at a concentration of 5.0% were highly effective against males and nymphs of the insect, and the effectiveness increased with time after treatment. The average effectiveness rate for the leaves extract of tobacco, chinaberry, amaranth, and eucalyptus plants reached 51.18, 46.25, 39.65 and 32.50% for males; 38.25, 27.15, 25.21 and 20.32% for nymphs, 5 days after spraying, respectively. Whereas the effectiveness of alcoholic extracts was moderate on female insects. On the other hand, both dimethoate and chlorpyrifos pesticides had the highest effectiveness on males, nymphs, and females of the cochineal scale insect, with significant difference with the rest of the treatments. Whereas the pesticide Lambda-cyhalothrin and mineral oil had a medium effect on the instars of the insect. The results also showed that the effectiveness rate gradually increased with increasing concentration and exposure period. Accordingly, alcoholic extracts of tobacco and astragalus can be recommended for the control of the cochineal scale insect as natural and safe pesticides. Keywords: Insecticides, Dactylopius opuntiae, plant extracts, chinaberry, tobacco.
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Roque-Rodríguez, Francisco Javier. "Controlled Mass Rearing of Cochineal Insect (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) Using Two Laboratory-Scale Production Systems in Peru." Journal of Insect Science 22, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/ieab098.
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Abstract The carmine cochineal (Dactylopius coccus Costa) has high economic value as it is a natural source of carminic acid, an organic chromophore used in a wide range of sectors including pharmaceutics, food, and cosmetics. High demand is fuelling the search for innovative production techniques in order to move away from dependence on the prickly pear, which carries a number of limitations. The aim of this study was to establish cochineal colonies and breed and mass-produce the insects using two laboratory-scale production systems. The first system (STC-01) comprised a prismatic acrylic box with three compartments; synthetic matrices were placed vertically inside the box to provide support and a source of nutrients for the cochineal, and the system was lit artificially during fixed daylight periods. The second system (STC-02) comprised an automated micro-tunnel allowing the insects to move towards the sunlight, containing synthetic matrices arranged horizontally. There was a significant difference in yield between the two systems in a cochineal total life cycle of 120 d (80–90 d harvest period in both cases), with STC-01 being superior and producing a maximum yield of 4.86 ± 0.68 g fresh weight per day per square metre compared with 3.20 ± 0.14 g fresh weight per day per square metre production yield in STC-02. We conclude that cochineal production under controlled artificial conditions is feasible and sustainable, removing the need for natural and biological support and overcoming the environmental limitations posed by traditional production methods.
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Asaad, Firas, Ziad Chikh-Khamis, and Mazen Bufaur. "Laboratory Study of Some Biological Parameters and Life Table of Opuntia Cochineal Scale Insect, Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) in Syria." Arab Journal for Plant Protection 43, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-001287.
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Opuntia cochineal scale insect, Dactylopius opuntiae caused rapid serious damage on cactus Opuntia ficus-indica in Syria, after the first report in 2019. This study was carried out to study some biological parameters and the life table of the insect under laboratory conditions. The developmental durations of nymph 1 and nymph 2 were on average 7.39 and 8.47 days, respectively. The development was completed in 15.86 days. The average pre-oviposition and oviposition periods were 15.1 and 36.3 days, respectively. The average fecundity of females was 566.1 individuals. The average eggs incubation period was 33.9 minutes. The hatching rate was 82%. In males, the developmental duration of nymph 1, nymph 2 and pupa were 8.15, 7.39 and 7.91 days, respectively. The insect development was completed in 23.28 days. The adult males lived only 3.3 days (on average) and the sex ratio (males:females) was 1:3. Life table investigations showed that the survival average (lx) was 0.55, the net reproduction rate (Ro) was 188 females/female, the mean generation time (T) was 50.42 days, the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was 0.104 females/female/day, the finite rate of increase (ʎ) was 1.11 females/female/day and the duration of doubling time (DT) was 6.67 days. Based on these results, it was concluded that D. opuntiae had a potential to colonize the cactus plant rapidly, and the results obtained could be useful to understand pest biology and its dynamics in order to develop appropriate IPM programs. Keywords: Opuntia cochineal Scale insect, Dactylopius opuntiae, cactus, Opuntia ficus-indica, biology, life table.
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Laghzaoui, El-Mustapha, Abdessamad Aglagane, Bouchra Soulaimani, et al. "Insecticidal activity of some plant essential oils against the Opuntia cochineal scale insect, Dactylopius opuntiae Cockerell (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae)." Phytoparasitica, July 14, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12600-022-01013-2.
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Kelly, Suzanne E., Wendy Moore, W. Eugene Hall, and Martha S. Hunter. "Hiding in plain sight: Cryptic enemies are found on cochineal (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae), a scale insect of economic and cultural significance." Ecology and Evolution 12, no. 8 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9151.
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Biplab, De. "Natural Colourants With Ancient Concept and Probable Uses." J. of Advanced Botany and Zoology Volume 4, Issue 4 (2017). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1000203.
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The majority of natural colourants are of vegetable origin from plant sources –roots, berries, barks, leaves, wood and other organic sources such as fungi and lichens. In the medicinal and food products apart from active constituents there are several other ingredients present which are used for either ethical or technical reasons. Colouring agent is one of them, known as excipients. The discovery of man-made synthetic dye in the mid-19th century triggered a long decline in the large-scale market for natural dyes as practiced by the villagers and tribes. The continuous use of synthetic colours in textile and food industry has been found to be detrimental to human health, also leading to environmental degradation. Biocolours are extracted by the villagers and certain tribes from natural herbs, plants as leaves, fruits (rind or seeds), flowers (petals, stamens), bark or roots, minerals such as prussian blue, red ochre & ultramarine blue and are also of insect origin such as lac, cochineal and kermes. Biocolours have tremendous potential of application in food products. India has a great opportunity for export of natural dyes due to its vast plant wealth and rich traditional knowledge of using natural colorants as dye
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El Aalaoui, Mohamed, and Mohamed Sbaghi. "Potential of parasitoids to control Diaspis echinocacti (Bouché) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on Opuntia spp. cactus pear." Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 33, no. 1 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41938-023-00704-0.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Diaspis echinocacti (Bouché) is a major pest of cactus pear species worldwide. Over the past three years, this scale insect has seen increasing interest regarding its spread and importance, as well as the efficacy of its primary parasitoids Aphytis debachi Azim, and Plagiomerus diaspidis Crawford, as biocontrol agents. Infestation of cactus pear plants by D. echinocacti and parasitism rates of its two parasitoids were evaluated in fields in Zemamra-Morocco, for three years (2020–2022). Infested cladodes were collected and incubated in the laboratory (27 ± 1 °C) for parasitism study. Results Infestation of cactus pear plants by the cochineal increased continuously during the study period to reach 66% in 2022. Parasitism rates were lowest in 2020 and increased thereafter to 74.10 and 38.38% in 2022 for P. diaspidis, and A. debachi, respectively. The most abundant parasitoid was P. diaspidis. The functional response and mutual interference of P. diaspidis and A. debachi attacking D. echinocacti second instar nymphs were studied in the laboratory. Logistic regression for both parasitoids tested had a negative linear parameter indicating a type II functional response. Attack rates were 0.73 and 0.60 and handling times were 0.09 and 0.06 h for P. diaspidis and A. debachi, respectively, were estimated using Holling's disk equation. Search efficiency decreased significantly from 0.060 to 0.002 for P. diaspidis and from 0.067 to 0.003 for A. debachi when the parasitoids density increased from 1 to 8. Conclusions Parasitism potential, functional response and mutual interference of P. diaspidis and A. debachi attacking D. echinocacti were reported. The results of this investigation suggest that both P. diaspidis and A. debachi had the potential to effectively control infestations of D. echinocacti on cactus pear plantations.
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Foxcroft, L. C., and J. H. Hoffmann. "Dispersal of Dactylopius opuntiae Cockerell (Homoptera: Dactylopiidae), a biological control agent of Opuntia stricta (Haworth.) Haworth. (Cactaceae) in the Kruger National Park." Koedoe 43, no. 2 (2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v43i2.194.
Full textAbstract:
Chemical control efforts, the introduction of Cactoblastis cactorum and attempted releases of Dactylopius opuntiae Cockerell into the expanding infestation of Opuntia stricta in the Skukuza region of the Kruger National Park (KNP) have had limited suc- cess in preventing the spread and densification of 0. stricta. To boost the biological control component, a new strain of D. opuntiae was introduced into KNP during 1997. The new strain established readily and has destroyed large clumps of plants in the vicin- ity of the release site. A large-scale redistribution programme with D. opuntiae is now needed to exploit this biological control agent to the full. In order to match the frequency of manual releases with the natural rates of spread of the insects, surveys were conducted under field conditions to determine the dispersal abilities ofD. opuntiae, with regard to rate and direction of movement. Dispersal of D. opuntiae was found to be slow and restricted and that the insects need to be redistributed by placing them onto plants at approximately 10 m intervals to ensure that they become quickly and evenly distributed on the weed. This information will be crucial in the revision of the integrated management plan for 0. stricta in the KNP, in integrating the cochineal and other control mechanisms.