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Journal articles on the topic 'Cochlea – Physiology'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Robles, Luis, and Mario A. Ruggero. "Mechanics of the Mammalian Cochlea." Physiological Reviews 81, no. 3 (2001): 1305–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.2001.81.3.1305.

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In mammals, environmental sounds stimulate the auditory receptor, the cochlea, via vibrations of the stapes, the innermost of the middle ear ossicles. These vibrations produce displacement waves that travel on the elongated and spirally wound basilar membrane (BM). As they travel, waves grow in amplitude, reaching a maximum and then dying out. The location of maximum BM motion is a function of stimulus frequency, with high-frequency waves being localized to the “base” of the cochlea (near the stapes) and low-frequency waves approaching the “apex” of the cochlea. Thus each cochlear site has a c

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2

Szczepek, Agnieszka J., Tatyana Dudnik, Betül Karayay, Valentina Sergeeva, Heidi Olze, and Alina Smorodchenko. "Mast Cells in the Auditory Periphery of Rodents." Brain Sciences 10, no. 10 (2020): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10100697.

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Mast cells (MCs) are densely granulated cells of myeloid origin and are a part of immune and neuroimmune systems. MCs have been detected in the endolymphatic sac of the inner ear and are suggested to regulate allergic hydrops. However, their existence in the cochlea has never been documented. In this work, we show that MCs are present in the cochleae of C57BL/6 mice and Wistar rats, where they localize in the modiolus, spiral ligament, and stria vascularis. The identity of MCs was confirmed in cochlear cryosections and flat preparations using avidin and antibodies against c-Kit/CD117, chymase,

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3

Köles, László, Judit Szepesy, Eszter Berekméri, and Tibor Zelles. "Purinergic Signaling and Cochlear Injury-Targeting the Immune System?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 12 (2019): 2979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20122979.

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Hearing impairment is the most common sensory deficit, affecting more than 400 million people worldwide. Sensorineural hearing losses currently lack any specific or efficient pharmacotherapy largely due to the insufficient knowledge of the pathomechanism. Purinergic signaling plays a substantial role in cochlear (patho)physiology. P2 (ionotropic P2X and the metabotropic P2Y) as well as adenosine receptors expressed on cochlear sensory and non-sensory cells are involved mostly in protective mechanisms of the cochlea. They are implicated in the sensitivity adjustment of the receptor cells by a K

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4

Delprat, Benjamin, Jérôme Ruel, Matthieu J. Guitton, et al. "Deafness and Cochlear Fibrocyte Alterations in Mice Deficient for the Inner Ear Protein Otospiralin." Molecular and Cellular Biology 25, no. 2 (2005): 847–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.25.2.847-853.2005.

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ABSTRACT In the cochlea, the mammalian auditory organ, fibrocytes of the mesenchymal nonsensory regions play important roles in cochlear physiology, including the maintenance of ionic and hydric components in the endolymph. Occurrence of human deafness in fibrocyte alterations underlines their critical roles in auditory function. We recently described a novel gene, Otos, which encodes otospiralin, a small protein of unknown function that is produced by the fibrocytes of the cochlea and vestibule. We now have generated mice with deletion of Otos and found that they show moderate deafness, with

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5

Meenderink, Sebastiaan W. F., and Marcel van der Heijden. "Reverse Cochlear Propagation in the Intact Cochlea of the Gerbil: Evidence for Slow Traveling Waves." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 3 (2010): 1448–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00899.2009.

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The inner ear can produce sounds, but how these otoacoustic emissions back-propagate through the cochlea is currently debated. Two opposing views exist: fast pressure waves in the cochlear fluids and slow traveling waves involving the basilar membrane. Resolving this issue requires measuring the travel times of emissions from their cochlear origin to the ear canal. This is problematic because the exact intracochlear location of emission generation is unknown and because the cochlea is vulnerable to invasive measurements. We employed a multi-tone stimulus optimized to measure reverse travel tim

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6

Kikidis, Dimitrios, and Athanasios Bibas. "A Clinically Oriented Introduction and Review on Finite Element Models of the Human Cochlea." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/975070.

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Due to the inaccessibility of the inner ear, direct in vivo information on cochlear mechanics is difficult to obtain. Mathematical modelling is a promising way to provide insight into the physiology and pathology of the cochlea. Finite element method (FEM) is one of the most popular discrete mathematical modelling techniques, mainly used in engineering that has been increasingly used to model the cochlea and its elements. The aim of this overview is to provide a brief introduction to the use of FEM in modelling and predicting the behavior of the cochlea in normal and pathological conditions. I

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Emadi, Gulam, Claus-Peter Richter, and Peter Dallos. "Stiffness of the Gerbil Basilar Membrane: Radial and Longitudinal Variations." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 1 (2004): 474–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00446.2003.

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Experimental data on the mechanical properties of the tissues of the mammalian cochlea are essential for understanding the frequency- and location-dependent motion patterns that result in response to incoming sound waves. Within the cochlea, sound-induced vibrations are transduced into neural activity by the organ of Corti, the gross motion of which is dependent on the motion of the underlying basilar membrane. In this study we present data on stiffness of the gerbil basilar membrane measured at multiple positions within a cochlear cross section and at multiple locations along the length of th

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8

Jeong, Sung-Wook, and Lee-Suk Kim. "A New Classification of Cochleovestibular Malformations and Implications for Predicting Speech Perception Ability after Cochlear Implantation." Audiology and Neurotology 20, no. 2 (2015): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000365584.

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Objectives: The aims of this study were to introduce a new classification of cochleovestibular malformation (CVM) and to investigate how well this classification can predict speech perception ability after cochlear implantation in children with CVM. Methods: Fifty-nine children with CVM who had used a cochlear implant for more than 3 years were included. CVM was classified into 4 subtypes based on the morphology of the cochlea and the modiolus on temporal bone computed tomography (TBCT): normal cochlea and normal modiolus (type A, n = 16), malformed cochlea and partial modiolus (type B, n = 31

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9

Jones, Timothy A., Sherri M. Jones, and Kristina C. Paggett. "Emergence of Hearing in the Chicken Embryo." Journal of Neurophysiology 96, no. 1 (2006): 128–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00599.2005.

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It is commonly held that hearing generally begins on incubation day 12 (E12) in the chicken embryo ( Gallus domesticus). However, little is known about the response properties of cochlear ganglion neurons for ages younger than E18. We studied ganglion neurons innervating the basilar papilla of embryos (E12–E18) and hatchlings (P13–P15). We asked first, when do primary afferent neurons begin to encode sounds? Second, when do afferents evidence frequency selectivity? Third, what range of characteristic frequencies (CFs) is represented in the late embryo? Finally, how does sound transfer from air

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10

Zheng, Jiefu, Chunfu Dai, Peter S. Steyger, et al. "Vanilloid Receptors in Hearing: Altered Cochlear Sensitivity by Vanilloids and Expression of TRPV1 in the Organ of Corti." Journal of Neurophysiology 90, no. 1 (2003): 444–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00919.2002.

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Capsaicin, the vanilloid that selectively activates vanilloid receptors (VRs) on sensory neurons for noxious perception, has been reported to increase cochlear blood flow (CBF). VR-related receptors have also been found in the inner ear. This study aims to address the question as to whether VRs exist in the organ of Corti and play a role in cochlear physiology. Capsaicin or the more potent VR agonist, resiniferatoxin (RTX), was infused into the scala tympani of guinea pig cochlea, and their effects on cochlear sensitivity were investigated. Capsaicin (20 μM) elevated the threshold of auditory

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11

Sumner, Christian J., Toby T. Wells, Christopher Bergevin, et al. "Mammalian behavior and physiology converge to confirm sharper cochlear tuning in humans." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 44 (2018): 11322–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810766115.

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Frequency analysis of sound by the cochlea is the most fundamental property of the auditory system. Despite its importance, the resolution of this frequency analysis in humans remains controversial. The controversy persists because the methods used to estimate tuning in humans are indirect and have not all been independently validated in other species. Some data suggest that human cochlear tuning is considerably sharper than that of laboratory animals, while others suggest little or no difference between species. We show here in a single species (ferret) that behavioral estimates of tuning ban

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12

Ueberfuhr, Margarete A., and Markus Drexl. "Slow oscillatory changes of DPOAE magnitude and phase after exposure to intense low-frequency sounds." Journal of Neurophysiology 122, no. 1 (2019): 118–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00204.2019.

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Sensitive sound detection within the mammalian cochlea is performed by hair cells surrounded by cochlear fluids. Maintenance of cochlear fluid homeostasis and tight regulation of intracellular conditions in hair cells are crucial for the auditory transduction process but can be impaired by intense sound stimulation. After a short, intense low-frequency sound, the cochlea shows the previously described “bounce phenomenon,” which manifests itself as slow oscillatory changes of hearing thresholds and otoacoustic emissions. In this study, distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were reco

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13

Campbell, Luke, Christofer Bester, Claire Iseli, et al. "Electrophysiological Evidence of the Basilar-Membrane Travelling Wave and Frequency Place Coding of Sound in Cochlear Implant Recipients." Audiology and Neurotology 22, no. 3 (2017): 180–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000478692.

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Aim: To obtain direct evidence for the cochlear travelling wave in humans by performing electrocochleography from within the cochlea in subjects implanted with an auditory prosthesis. Background: Sound induces a travelling wave that propagates along the basilar membrane, exhibiting cochleotopic tuning with a frequency-dependent phase delay. To date, evoked potentials and psychophysical experiments have supported the presence of the travelling wave in humans, but direct measurements have not been made. Methods: Electrical potentials in response to rarefaction and condensation acoustic tone burs

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14

Schart-Morén, Nadine, Sune Larsson, Helge Rask-Andersen, and Hao Li. "Anatomical Characteristics of Facial Nerve and Cochlea Interaction." Audiology and Neurotology 22, no. 1 (2017): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000475876.

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Objective: The aim was to study the relationship between the labyrinthine portion (LP) of the facial canal and the cochlea in human inner ear molds and temporal bones using micro-CT and 3D rendering. A reduced cochlea-facial distance may spread electric currents from the cochlear implant to the LP and cause facial nerve stimulation. Influencing factors may be the topographic anatomy and otic capsule properties. Methods: An archival collection of human temporal bones underwent micro-CT and 3D reconstruction. In addition, cochlea-facial distance was assessed in silicone and polyester resin molds

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15

Kitzes, L. M., and M. N. Semple. "Single-unit responses in the inferior colliculus: effects of neonatal unilateral cochlear ablation." Journal of Neurophysiology 53, no. 6 (1985): 1483–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1985.53.6.1483.

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Monaural responses of single units isolated in the inferior colliculus of adult gerbils that have developed postnatally with one cochlea were compared with monaural responses recorded in animals that have developed with both cochleas. One cochlea of 2-day-old gerbils was ablated, and at approximately 6 mo of age, excitatory responses to stimulation of the nonoperated ear were recorded in the ipsilateral inferior colliculus. These responses were compared quantitatively with responses evoked by ipsilateral and contralateral monaural stimulation in normal gerbils. Responses to ipsilateral stimula

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16

Lu, Yong, Julie A. Harris, and Edwin W. Rubel. "Development of Spontaneous Miniature EPSCs in Mouse AVCN Neurons During a Critical Period of Afferent-Dependent Neuron Survival." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 1 (2007): 635–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00915.2006.

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During a critical period prior to hearing onset, cochlea ablation leads to massive neuronal death in the mouse anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), where cell survival is believed to depend on glutamatergic input. We investigated the development of spontaneous miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in AVCN neurons using whole cell patch-clamp techniques during [postnatal day 7 (P7)] and after (P14, P21) this critical period. We also examined the effects of unilateral cochlea ablation on mEPSC development. The two main AVCN neuron types, bushy and stellate cells, were distinguish

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17

Phillips, James O., Leo Ling, Amy Nowack, Brenda Rebollar, and Jay T. Rubinstein. "Interactions between Auditory and Vestibular Modalities during Stimulation with a Combined Vestibular and Cochlear Prosthesis." Audiology and Neurotology 25, Suppl. 1-2 (2020): 96–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000503846.

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Background: A combined vestibular and cochlear prosthesis may restore hearing and balance to patients who have lost both. To do so, the device should activate each sensory system independently. Objectives: In this study, we quantify auditory and vestibular interactions during interleaved stimulation with a combined 16-channel cochlear and 6-channel vestibular prosthesis in human subjects with both hearing and vestibular loss. Methods: Three human subjects were implanted with a combined vestibular and cochlear implant. All subjects had severe-to-profound deafness in the implanted ear. We provid

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18

El Afia, Fahd, Fabrice Giraudet, Laurent Gilain, Thierry Mom, and Paul Avan. "Resistance of Gerbil Auditory Function to Reversible Decrease in Cochlear Blood Flow." Audiology and Neurotology 22, no. 2 (2017): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000478650.

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The objective was to design in gerbils a model of reversible decrease in cochlear blood flow (CBF) and analyze its influence on cochlear function. In Mongolian gerbils injected with ferromagnetic microbeads, a magnet placed near the porus acusticus allowed CBF to be manipulated. The cochlear microphonic potential (CM) from the basal cochlea was monitored by a round-window electrode. In 13 of the 20 successfully injected gerbils, stable CBF reduction was obtained for 11.5 min on average. The CM was affected only when CBF fell to less than 60% of its baseline, yet remained >40% of its initial

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19

Kössl, M., E. Foeller, M. Drexl, et al. "Postnatal Development of Cochlear Function in the Mustached Bat, Pteronotus parnellii." Journal of Neurophysiology 90, no. 4 (2003): 2261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00100.2003.

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Postnatal development of the mustached bat's cochlea was studied by measuring cochlear microphonic and compound action potentials. In adults, a cochlear resonance is involved in enhanced tuning to the second harmonic constant frequency component (CF2) of their echolocation calls at ∼61 kHz This resonance is present immediately after birth in bats that do not yet echolocate. Its frequency is lower (46 kHz) and the corresponding threshold minimum of cochlear microphonic potentials is broader than in adults. Long-lasting ringing of the cochlear microphonic potential after tone stimulus offset tha

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Horvath, Lukas, Daniel Bodmer, Vesna Radojevic, and Arianne Monge Naldi. "Activin Signaling Disruption in the Cochlea Does Not Influence Hearing in Adult Mice." Audiology and Neurotology 20, no. 1 (2014): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000366152.

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Activin, a member of the TGF-F superfamily, was found to play an important role in the development, repair and apoptosis of different tissues and organs. Accordingly, activin signaling is involved in the development of the cochlea. Activin binds to its receptor ActRII, then dimerizes with ActRI and induces a signaling pathway resulting in gene expression. A study reported a case of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva with an unusual mutation in the ActRI gene leading to sensorineural hearing loss. This draws attention to the role of activin and its receptors in the developed cochlea. To date

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21

Sun, Jianjun, Shoab Ahmad, Shanping Chen, et al. "Cochlear gap junctions coassembled from Cx26 and 30 show faster intercellular Ca2+ signaling than homomeric counterparts." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 288, no. 3 (2005): C613—C623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00341.2004.

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The importance of connexins (Cxs) in cochlear functions has been demonstrated by the finding that mutations in Cx genes cause a large proportion of sensorineural hearing loss cases. However, it is still unclear how Cxs contribute to the cochlear function. Recent data ( 33 ) obtained from Cx30 knockout mice showing that a reduction of Cx diversity in assembling gap junctions is sufficient to cause deafness suggest that functional interactions of different subtypes of Cxs may be essential in normal hearing. In this work we show that the two major forms of Cxs (Cx26 and Cx30) in the cochlea have

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22

Wangemann, Philine, Hyoung-Mi Kim, Sara Billings, et al. "Developmental delays consistent with cochlear hypothyroidism contribute to failure to develop hearing in mice lacking Slc26a4/pendrin expression." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 297, no. 5 (2009): F1435—F1447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00011.2009.

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Mutations of SLC26A4 cause an enlarged vestibular aqueduct, nonsyndromic deafness, and deafness as part of Pendred syndrome. SLC26A4 encodes pendrin, an anion exchanger located in the cochlea, thyroid, and kidney. The goal of the present study was to determine whether developmental delays, possibly mediated by systemic or local hypothyroidism, contribute to the failure to develop hearing in mice lacking Slc26a4 ( Slc26a4−/−). We evaluated thyroid function by voltage and pH measurements, by array-assisted gene expression analysis, and by determination of plasma thyroxine levels. Cochlear develo

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23

Zheng, Jiefu, Niranjan Deo, Yuan Zou, Karl Grosh, and Alfred L. Nuttall. "Chlorpromazine Alters Cochlear Mechanics and Amplification: In Vivo Evidence for a Role of Stiffness Modulation in the Organ of Corti." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 2 (2007): 994–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00774.2006.

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Although prestin-mediated outer hair cell (OHC) electromotility provides mechanical force for sound amplification in the mammalian cochlea, proper OHC stiffness is required to maintain normal electromotility and to transmit mechanical force to the basilar membrane (BM). To investigate the in vivo role of OHC stiffness in cochlear amplification, chlorpromazine (CPZ), an antipsychotic drug that alters OHC lateral wall biophysics, was infused into the cochleae in living guinea pigs. The effects of CPZ on cochlear amplification and OHC electromotility were observed by measuring the acoustically an

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Kugler, Kathrin, Lutz Wiegrebe, Benedikt Grothe, et al. "Low-frequency sound affects active micromechanics in the human inner ear." Royal Society Open Science 1, no. 2 (2014): 140166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140166.

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Noise-induced hearing loss is one of the most common auditory pathologies, resulting from overstimulation of the human cochlea, an exquisitely sensitive micromechanical device. At very low frequencies (less than 250 Hz), however, the sensitivity of human hearing, and therefore the perceived loudness is poor. The perceived loudness is mediated by the inner hair cells of the cochlea which are driven very inadequately at low frequencies. To assess the impact of low-frequency (LF) sound, we exploited a by-product of the active amplification of sound outer hair cells (OHCs) perform, so-called spont

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Cooper, N. P., and W. S. Rhode. "Mechanical Responses to Two-Tone Distortion Products in the Apical and Basal Turns of the Mammalian Cochlea." Journal of Neurophysiology 78, no. 1 (1997): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.1.261.

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Cooper, N. P. and W. S. Rhode. Mechanical responses to two-tone distortion products in the apical and basal turns of the mammalian cochlea. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 261–270, 1997. Mechanical responses to one- and two-tone acoustic stimuli were recorded from the cochlear partition in the apical turn of the chinchilla cochlea, the basal turn of the guinea pig cochlea, and the hook region of the guinea pig cochlea. The most sensitive or “best” frequencies (BFs) for the sites studied were ∼500 Hz, 17 kHz, and 30 kHz, respectively. Responses to the cubic difference tone (CDT), 2 F 1 − F 2 (where F 1 an

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Nie, Liping, Haitao Song, Mei-Fang Chen та ін. "Cloning and Expression of a Small-Conductance Ca2+-Activated K+ Channel From the Mouse Cochlea: Coexpression with α9/α10 Acetylcholine Receptors". Journal of Neurophysiology 91, № 4 (2004): 1536–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00630.2003.

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Functional interactions between ligand-gated, voltage-, and Ca2+-activated ion channels are essential to the properties of excitable cells and thus to the working of the nervous system. The outer hair cells in the mammalian cochlea receive efferent inputs from the brain stem through cholinergic nerve fibers that form synapses at their base. The acetylcholine released from these efferent fibers activates fast inhibitory postsynaptic currents mediated, to some extent, by small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (SK) that had not been cloned. Here we report the cloning, characterization, and

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27

Skinner, Liam J., Véronique Enée, Maryline Beurg, et al. "Contribution of BK Ca2+-Activated K+ Channels to Auditory Neurotransmission in the Guinea Pig Cochlea." Journal of Neurophysiology 90, no. 1 (2003): 320–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01155.2002.

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Large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels are known to play a prominent role in the hair cell function of lower vertebrates where these channels determine electrical tuning and regulation of neurotransmitter release. Very little is known, by contrast, about the role of BK channels in the mammalian cochlea. In the current study, we perfused specific toxins in the guinea pig cochlea to characterize the role of BK channels in cochlear neurotransmission. Intracochlear perfusion of charybdotoxin (ChTX) or iberiotoxin (IbTX) reversibly reduced the compound action potential (CAP) of

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28

van der Beek, Feddo B., Jeroen J. Briaire, Kim S. van der Marel, Berit M. Verbist, and Johan H. M. Frijns. "Intracochlear Position of Cochlear Implants Determined Using CT Scanning versus Fitting Levels: Higher Threshold Levels at Basal Turn." Audiology and Neurotology 21, no. 1 (2016): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000442513.

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Objectives: In this study, the effects of the intracochlear position of cochlear implants on the clinical fitting levels were analyzed. Design: A total of 130 adult subjects who used a CII/HiRes 90K cochlear implant with a HiFocus 1/1J electrode were included in the study. The insertion angle and the distance to the modiolus of each electrode contact were determined using high-resolution CT scanning. The threshold levels (T-levels) and maximum comfort levels (M-levels) at 1 year of follow-up were determined. The degree of speech perception of the subjects was evaluated during routine clinical

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29

Rajan, R. "Effect of electrical stimulation of the crossed olivocochlear bundle on temporary threshold shifts in auditory sensitivity. I. Dependence on electrical stimulation parameters." Journal of Neurophysiology 60, no. 2 (1988): 549–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1988.60.2.549.

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1. This study examines the effect on auditory desensitization of electrically stimulating the crossed olivocochlear bundle (COCB) at the floor of the fourth ventricle. Auditory desensitization was induced by a loud high-frequency pure tone exposure and measured as temporary threshold shifts (TTS) in the sensitivity of the compound action potential recorded from the cochlea. COCB stimulation simultaneous with the loud sound exposure reduced the TTS. This reduction was contingent on the COCB stimulus being presented as a continuous burst for the entire duration (1 min) of the exposure. 2. The re

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30

Brown, M. Christian. "Single-unit labeling of medial olivocochlear neurons: the cochlear frequency map for efferent axons." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 11 (2014): 2177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00045.2014.

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Medial olivocochlear (MOC) neurons are efferent neurons that project axons from the brain to the cochlea. Their action on outer hair cells reduces the gain of the “cochlear amplifier,” which shifts the dynamic range of hearing and reduces the effects of noise masking. The MOC effects in one ear can be elicited by sound in that ipsilateral ear or by sound in the contralateral ear. To study how MOC neurons project onto the cochlea to mediate these effects, single-unit labeling in guinea pigs was used to study the mapping of MOC neurons for neurons responsive to ipsilateral sound vs. those respon

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Lee, C., J. J. Guinan, M. A. Rutherford, et al. "Cochlear compound action potentials from high-level tone bursts originate from wide cochlear regions that are offset toward the most sensitive cochlear region." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 3 (2019): 1018–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00677.2018.

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Little is known about the spatial origins of auditory nerve (AN) compound action potentials (CAPs) evoked by moderate to intense sounds. We studied the spatial origins of AN CAPs evoked by 2- to 16-kHz tone bursts at several sound levels by slowly injecting kainic acid solution into the cochlear apex of anesthetized guinea pigs. As the solution flowed from apex to base, it sequentially reduced CAP responses from low- to high-frequency cochlear regions. The times at which CAPs were reduced, combined with the cochlear location traversed by the solution at that time, showed the cochlear origin of

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32

Couloigner, Vincent, Michel Fay, Sabri Djelidi, et al. "Location and function of the epithelial Na channel in the cochlea." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 280, no. 2 (2001): F214—F222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.2001.280.2.f214.

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In the cochlea, endolymph is a K-rich and Na-poor fluid. The purpose of the present study was to check the presence and to assess the role of epithelial Na channel (ENaC) in this organ. α-, β-, and γ-ENaC subunit mRNA, and proteins were detected in rat cochlea by RT-PCR and Western blot. α-ENaC subunit mRNA was localized by in situ hybridization in both epithelial (stria vascularis, spiral prominence, spiral limbus) and nonepithelial structures (spiral ligament, spiral ganglion). The α-ENaC-positive tissues were also positive for β-subunit mRNA (except spiral ganglion) or for γ-subunit mRNA (s

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Kamakura, Takefumi, Daniel J. Lee, Barbara S. Herrmann, and Joseph B. Nadol Jr. "Histopathology of the Human Inner Ear in the Cogan Syndrome with Cochlear Implantation." Audiology and Neurotology 22, no. 2 (2017): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000477534.

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The Cogan syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by nonsyphilitic interstitial keratitis and audiovestibular symptoms. Profound sensorineural hearing loss has been reported in approximately half of the patients with the Cogan syndrome resulting in candidacy for cochlear implantation in some patients. The current study is the first histopathologic report on the temporal bones of a patient with the Cogan syndrome who during life underwent bilateral cochlear implantation. Preoperative MRI revealed tissue with high density in the basal turns of both cochleae and both vestibular systems consiste

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Zirpel, L., E. A. Lachica, and W. R. Lippe. "Deafferentation increases the intracellular calcium of cochlear nucleus neurons in the embryonic chick." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 3 (1995): 1355–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.3.1355.

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1. Ratiometric fura-2 imaging was used to measure the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) of neurons in the embryonic avian cochlear nucleus, nucleus magnocellularis (NM), after an in ovo unilateral cochlea removal (deafferentation). 2. The mean [Ca2+]i of NM neurons receiving normal input was 113 nM. 3. Deafferentation increased the mean [Ca2+]i of NM neurons to 247, 311, 339, and 314 nM at 1, 3, 6, and 12 h after cochlear removal, respectively. These values did not differ significantly. 4. The percent frequency distribution of deafferented NM neuron [Ca2+]i shifts away from normati

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Zhang, Si Yi, Donald Robertson, Graeme Yates, and Alan Everett. "Role of L-Type Ca2+ Channels in Transmitter Release From Mammalian Inner Hair Cells I. Gross Sound-Evoked Potentials." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 6 (1999): 3307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.6.3307.

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Intracochlear perfusion and gross potential recording of sound-evoked neural and hair cell responses were used to study the site of action of the L-type Ca2+ channel blocker nimodipine in the guinea pig inner ear. In agreement with previous work nimodipine (1–10 μM) caused changes in both the compound auditory nerve action potential (CAP) and the DC component of the hair cell receptor potential (summating potential, or SP) in normal cochleae. For 20-kHz stimulation, the effect of nimodipine on the CAP threshold was markedly greater than the effect on the threshold of the negative SP. This latt

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Kim, Kyunghee X., and Robert Fettiplace. "Developmental changes in the cochlear hair cell mechanotransducer channel and their regulation by transmembrane channel–like proteins." Journal of General Physiology 141, no. 1 (2012): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201210913.

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Vibration of the stereociliary bundles activates calcium-permeable mechanotransducer (MT) channels to initiate sound detection in cochlear hair cells. Different regions of the cochlea respond preferentially to different acoustic frequencies, with variation in the unitary conductance of the MT channels contributing to this tonotopic organization. Although the molecular identity of the MT channel remains uncertain, two members of the transmembrane channel–like family, Tmc1 and Tmc2, are crucial to hair cell mechanotransduction. We measured MT channel current amplitude and Ca2+ permeability along

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Ramkumar, V., R. Ravi, M. C. Wilson, T. W. Gettys, C. Whitworth, and L. P. Rybak. "Identification of A1 adenosine receptors in rat cochlea coupled to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 267, no. 3 (1994): C731—C737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1994.267.3.c731.

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A1 adenosine receptors (A1ARs) are found in a number of tissues in the body where their physiological roles have been identified. In the cochlea, neither the existence of these receptors nor a physiological role of adenosine has been described previously. Membranes prepared from rat cochlea demonstrated high affinity and saturable binding to N6-2-(4-amino-3-[125I]iodophenyl)ethyladenosine ([125I]APNEA), an A1AR agonist, with maximum binding capacity and dissociation constant values being 40.5 +/- 0.5 fmol/mg protein and 1.28 +/- 0.03 nM, respectively. Adenosine analogues competed for [125I]APN

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Venail, Frederic, Caroline Mathiolon, Sophie Menjot de Champfleur, et al. "Effects of Electrode Array Length on Frequency-Place Mismatch and Speech Perception with Cochlear Implants." Audiology and Neurotology 20, no. 2 (2015): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000369333.

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Frequency-place mismatch often occurs after cochlear implantation, yet its effect on speech perception outcome remains unclear. In this article, we propose a method, based on cochlea imaging, to determine the cochlear place-frequency map. We evaluated the effect of frequency-place mismatch on speech perception outcome in subjects implanted with 3 different lengths of electrode arrays. A deeper insertion was responsible for a larger frequency-place mismatch and a decreased and delayed speech perception improvement by comparison with a shallower insertion, for which a similar but slighter effect

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Pappa, Andrew K., Kendall A. Hutson, William C. Scott, et al. "Hair cell and neural contributions to the cochlear summating potential." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 6 (2019): 2163–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00006.2019.

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The cochlear summating potential (SP) to a tone is a baseline shift that persists for the duration of the burst. It is often considered the most enigmatic of cochlear potentials because its magnitude and polarity vary across frequency and level and its origins are uncertain. In this study, we used pharmacology to isolate sources of the SP originating from the gerbil cochlea. Animals either had the full complement of outer and inner hair cells (OHCs and IHCs) and an intact auditory nerve or had systemic treatment with furosemide and kanamycin (FK) to remove the outer hair cells. Responses to to

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Xiong, Hao, Yongkang Ou, Yaodong Xu, et al. "Resveratrol Promotes Recovery of Hearing following Intense Noise Exposure by Enhancing Cochlear SIRT1 Activity." Audiology and Neurotology 22, no. 4-5 (2017): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000485312.

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The sirtuin SIRT1 is a highly conserved nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent protein deacetylase known to have protective effects against a wide range of neurological disorders. In the present study, we discovered that C57BL/6 mice fed a long-term diet supplemented with high-dose resveratrol exhibited increased cochlear SIRT1 activity and presented a better recovery of hearing and less loss of hair cells after intense noise exposure compared with those fed a standard chew. Moreover, resveratrol attenuated cochlear SIRT1 decrease and reduced oxidative stress in the cochlea after no

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Patuzzi, R., and D. Robertson. "Tuning in the mammalian cochlea." Physiological Reviews 68, no. 4 (1988): 1009–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1988.68.4.1009.

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Szalai, R., K. Tsaneva-Atanasova, M. E. Homer, A. R. Champneys, H. J. Kennedy, and N. P. Cooper. "Nonlinear models of development, amplification and compression in the mammalian cochlea." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369, no. 1954 (2011): 4183–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0192.

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This paper reviews current understanding and presents new results on some of the nonlinear processes that underlie the function of the mammalian cochlea. These processes occur within mechano-sensory hair cells that form part of the organ of Corti. After a general overview of cochlear physiology, mathematical modelling results are presented in three parts. First, the dynamic interplay between ion channels within the sensory inner hair cells is used to explain some new electrophysiological recordings from early development. Next, the state of the art is reviewed in modelling the electro-motility

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Fessenden, James D., and Jochen Schacht. "Localization of Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Activity in the Guinea Pig Cochlea Suggests Involvement in Regulation of Blood Flow and Supporting Cell Physiology." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 45, no. 10 (1997): 1401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215549704501008.

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Although the nitric oxide/cGMP pathway has many important roles in biology, studies of this system in the mammalian cochlea have focused on the first enzyme in the pathway, nitric oxide synthase (NOS). However, characterization of the NO receptor, soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), is crucial to determine the cells targeted by NO and to develop rational hypotheses of the function of this pathway in auditory processing. In this study we characterized guinea pig cochlear sGC by determining its enzymatic activity and cellular localization. In cytosolic fractions of auditory nerve, lateral wall tiss

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Liu, Qing, and Robin L. Davis. "Regional Specification of Threshold Sensitivity and Response Time in CBA/CaJ Mouse Spiral Ganglion Neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 4 (2007): 2215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00284.2007.

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Previous studies of spiral ganglion neuron electrophysiology have shown that specific parameters differ according to cochlear location, with apical neurons being distinctly different from basal neurons. To align these features more precisely along the tonotopic axis of the cochlea, we developed a novel spiral ganglion culture system in which positional information is retained. Patch-clamp recordings made from neurons of known gangliotopic location revealed two basic firing pattern distributions. Membrane characteristics related to spike timing, such as accommodation, latency and onset tau, wer

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Hu, Xintian, Burt N. Evans, and Peter Dallos. "Direct Visualization of Organ of Corti Kinematics in a Hemicochlea." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 5 (1999): 2798–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.5.2798.

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The basilar membrane in the mammalian cochlea vibrates when the cochlea receives a sound stimulus. This mechanical vibration is transduced into hair cell receptor potentials and thereafter encoded by action potentials in the auditory nerve. Knowledge of the mechanical transformation that converts basilar membrane vibration into hair cell stimulation has been limited, until recently, to hypothetical geometric models. Experimental observations are largely lacking to prove or disprove the validity of these models. We have developed a hemicochlea preparation to visualize the kinematics of the coch

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Abel, Cornelius, Anna Wittekindt, and Manfred Kössl. "Contralateral Acoustic Stimulation Modulates Low-Frequency Biasing of DPOAE: Efferent Influence on Cochlear Amplifier Operating State?" Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 5 (2009): 2362–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00026.2009.

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The mammalian efferent medial olivocochlear system modulates active amplification of low-level sounds in the cochlea. Changes of the cochlear amplifier can be monitored by distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs). The quadratic distortion product f2–f1 is known to be sensitive to changes in the operating point of the amplifier transfer function. We investigated the effect of contralateral acoustic stimulation (CAS), known to elicit efferent activity, on DPOAEs in the gerbil. During CAS, a significant increase of the f2–f1 level occurred already at low contralateral noise levels (20 dB

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Bing, Dan, Sze Chim Lee, Dario Campanelli, et al. "Cochlear NMDA Receptors as a Therapeutic Target of Noise-Induced Tinnitus." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 35, no. 5 (2015): 1905–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000374000.

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Background: Accumulating evidence suggests that tinnitus may occur despite normal auditory sensitivity, probably linked to partial degeneration of the cochlear nerve and damage of the inner hair cell (IHC) synapse. Damage to the IHC synapses and deafferentation may occur even after moderate noise exposure. For both salicylate- and noise-induced tinnitus, aberrant N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation and related auditory nerve excitation have been suggested as origin of cochlear tinnitus. Accordingly, NMDA receptor inhibition has been proposed as a pharmacologic approach for treatmen

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Fettiplace, Robert, and Kyunghee X. Kim. "The Physiology of Mechanoelectrical Transduction Channels in Hearing." Physiological Reviews 94, no. 3 (2014): 951–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00038.2013.

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Much is known about the mechanotransducer (MT) channels mediating transduction in hair cells of the vertrbrate inner ear. With the use of isolated preparations, it is experimentally feasible to deliver precise mechanical stimuli to individual cells and record the ensuing transducer currents. This approach has shown that small (1–100 nm) deflections of the hair-cell stereociliary bundle are transmitted via interciliary tip links to open MT channels at the tops of the stereocilia. These channels are cation-permeable with a high selectivity for Ca2+; two channels are thought to be localized at th

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Ulfendahl, M., S. M. Khanna, A. Fridberger, A. Flock, B. Flock, and W. Jager. "Mechanical response characteristics of the hearing organ in the low-frequency regions of the cochlea." Journal of Neurophysiology 76, no. 6 (1996): 3850–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.6.3850.

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1. With the use of an in vitro preparation of the guinea pig temporal bone, in which the apical turns of the cochlea are exposed, the mechanical and electrical responses of the cochlea in the low-frequency regions were studied during sound stimulation. 2. The mechanical characteristics were investigated in the fourth and third turns of the cochlea with the use of laser heterodyne interferometry, which allows the vibratory responses of both sensory and supporting cells to be recorded. The electrical responses, which can be maintained for several hours, were recorded only in the most apical turn

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Hancock, Kenneth E., and Herbert F. Voigt. "Intracellularly Labeled Fusiform Cells in Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus of the Gerbil. II. Comparison of Physiology and Anatomy." Journal of Neurophysiology 87, no. 5 (2002): 2520–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.87.5.2520.

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Fusiform cells represent the major class of dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) projection neuron. Although much is understood about their physiology and anatomy, there remain unexplored issues with important functional implications. These include interspecies differences in DCN physiology and the nature of the cell-to-cell variations in fusiform cell physiology. To address these issues, a quantitative examination was made of the physiology and anatomy of 17 fusiform cells from a companion study. The results suggest that the basal dendrites of gerbil fusiform cells may be electrotonically more compa

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