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Journal articles on the topic 'Cochlear mechanics'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Ni, Guangjian, Stephen J. Elliott, Mohammad Ayat, and Paul D. Teal. "Modelling Cochlear Mechanics." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/150637.

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The cochlea plays a crucial role in mammal hearing. The basic function of the cochlea is to map sounds of different frequencies onto corresponding characteristic positions on the basilar membrane (BM). Sounds enter the fluid-filled cochlea and cause deflection of the BM due to pressure differences between the cochlear fluid chambers. These deflections travel along the cochlea, increasing in amplitude, until a frequency-dependent characteristic position and then decay away rapidly. The hair cells can detect these deflections and encode them as neural signals. Modelling the mechanics of the cochlea is of help in interpreting experimental observations and also can provide predictions of the results of experiments that cannot currently be performed due to technical limitations. This paper focuses on reviewing the numerical modelling of the mechanical and electrical processes in the cochlea, which include fluid coupling, micromechanics, the cochlear amplifier, nonlinearity, and electrical coupling.

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2

Robles, Luis, and Mario A. Ruggero. "Mechanics of the Mammalian Cochlea." Physiological Reviews 81, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 1305–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.2001.81.3.1305.

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In mammals, environmental sounds stimulate the auditory receptor, the cochlea, via vibrations of the stapes, the innermost of the middle ear ossicles. These vibrations produce displacement waves that travel on the elongated and spirally wound basilar membrane (BM). As they travel, waves grow in amplitude, reaching a maximum and then dying out. The location of maximum BM motion is a function of stimulus frequency, with high-frequency waves being localized to the “base” of the cochlea (near the stapes) and low-frequency waves approaching the “apex” of the cochlea. Thus each cochlear site has a characteristic frequency (CF), to which it responds maximally. BM vibrations produce motion of hair cell stereocilia, which gates stereociliar transduction channels leading to the generation of hair cell receptor potentials and the excitation of afferent auditory nerve fibers. At the base of the cochlea, BM motion exhibits a CF-specific and level-dependent compressive nonlinearity such that responses to low-level, near-CF stimuli are sensitive and sharply frequency-tuned and responses to intense stimuli are insensitive and poorly tuned. The high sensitivity and sharp-frequency tuning, as well as compression and other nonlinearities (two-tone suppression and intermodulation distortion), are highly labile, indicating the presence in normal cochleae of a positive feedback from the organ of Corti, the “cochlear amplifier.” This mechanism involves forces generated by the outer hair cells and controlled, directly or indirectly, by their transduction currents. At the apex of the cochlea, nonlinearities appear to be less prominent than at the base, perhaps implying that the cochlear amplifier plays a lesser role in determining apical mechanical responses to sound. Whether at the base or the apex, the properties of BM vibration adequately account for most frequency-specific properties of the responses to sound of auditory nerve fibers.

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3

Zheng, Jiefu, Niranjan Deo, Yuan Zou, Karl Grosh, and Alfred L. Nuttall. "Chlorpromazine Alters Cochlear Mechanics and Amplification: In Vivo Evidence for a Role of Stiffness Modulation in the Organ of Corti." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 2 (February 2007): 994–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00774.2006.

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Although prestin-mediated outer hair cell (OHC) electromotility provides mechanical force for sound amplification in the mammalian cochlea, proper OHC stiffness is required to maintain normal electromotility and to transmit mechanical force to the basilar membrane (BM). To investigate the in vivo role of OHC stiffness in cochlear amplification, chlorpromazine (CPZ), an antipsychotic drug that alters OHC lateral wall biophysics, was infused into the cochleae in living guinea pigs. The effects of CPZ on cochlear amplification and OHC electromotility were observed by measuring the acoustically and electrically evoked BM motions. CPZ significantly reduced cochlear amplification as measured by a decline of the acoustically evoked BM motion near the best frequency (BF) accompanied by a loss of nonlinearity and broadened tuning. It also substantially reduced electrically evoked BM vibration near the BF and at frequencies above BF (≤80 kHz). The high-frequency notch (near 50 kHz) in the electrically evoked BM response shifted toward higher frequency in a CPZ concentration-dependent manner with a corresponding phase change. In contrast, salicylate resulted in a shift in this notch toward lower frequency. These results indicate that CPZ reduces OHC-mediated cochlear amplification probably via its effects on the mechanics of the OHC plasma membrane rather than via a direct effect on the OHC motor, prestin. Through modeling, we propose that with a combined OHC somatic and hair bundle forcing, the upward-shift of the ∼50-kHz notch in the electrically-evoked BM motion may indicate stiffness increase of the OHCs that is responsible for the reduced cochlear amplification.

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4

Dallos, Peter. "Cochlear mechanics." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 87, S1 (May 1990): S1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2028114.

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5

Dong, Wei, and Nigel P. Cooper. "An experimental study into the acousto-mechanical effects of invading the cochlea." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 3, no. 9 (March 2, 2006): 561–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2006.0117.

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The active and nonlinear mechanical processing of sound that takes place in the mammalian cochlea is fundamental to our sense of hearing. We have investigated the effects of opening the cochlea in order to make experimental observations of this processing. Using an optically transparent window that permits laser interferometric access to the apical turn of the guinea-pig cochlea, we show that the acousto-mechanical transfer functions of the sealed (i.e. near intact) cochlea are considerably simpler than those of the unsealed cochlea. Comparison of our results with those of others suggests that most previous investigations of apical cochlear mechanics have been made under unsealed conditions, and are therefore likely to have misrepresented the filtering of low-frequency sounds in the cochlea. The mechanical filtering that is apparent in the apical turns of sealed cochleae also differs from the filtering seen in individual auditory nerve fibres with similar characteristic frequencies. As previous studies have shown the neural and mechanical tuning of the basal cochlea to be almost identical, we conclude that the strategies used to process low frequency sounds in the apical turns of the cochlea might differ fundamentally from those used to process high frequency sounds in the basal turns.

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6

Kamble,, Mrs Nirmala N., and Dr V. R. Mankar. "Identifying Diabetic Parameters in Cochlear Mechanics and Models." International Journal of Engineering Research 3, no. 9 (September 1, 2014): 521–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17950/ijer/v3s9/901.

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7

Zweig, George. "Linear cochlear mechanics." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 138, no. 2 (August 2015): 1102–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4922326.

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8

Zweig, George. "Nonlinear cochlear mechanics." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 139, no. 5 (May 2016): 2561–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4941249.

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9

Epp, Bastian, Jesko L. Verhey, and Manfred Mauermann. "Modeling cochlear dynamics: Interrelation between cochlea mechanics and psychoacousticsa)." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 128, no. 4 (October 2010): 1870–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3479755.

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10

Kaufmann-Yehezkely, Michal, Ronen Perez, and Haim Sohmer. "Implications from cochlear implant insertion for cochlear mechanics." Cochlear Implants International 21, no. 5 (May 14, 2020): 292–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14670100.2020.1757225.

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11

Zwislocki, Jozef J. "Analysis of cochlear mechanics." Hearing Research 22, no. 1-3 (January 1986): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5955(86)90091-2.

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12

Neely, Stephen T. "Mathematical modeling of cochlear mechanics." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 78, no. 1 (July 1985): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.392497.

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13

Olson, Elizabeth S., Hendrikus Duifhuis, and Charles R. Steele. "Von Békésy and cochlear mechanics." Hearing Research 293, no. 1-2 (November 2012): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2012.04.017.

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14

Gao, Simon S., Rosalie Wang, Patrick D. Raphael, Yalda Moayedi, Andrew K. Groves, Jian Zuo, Brian E. Applegate, and John S. Oghalai. "Vibration of the organ of Corti within the cochlear apex in mice." Journal of Neurophysiology 112, no. 5 (September 1, 2014): 1192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00306.2014.

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The tonotopic map of the mammalian cochlea is commonly thought to be determined by the passive mechanical properties of the basilar membrane. The other tissues and cells that make up the organ of Corti also have passive mechanical properties; however, their roles are less well understood. In addition, active forces produced by outer hair cells (OHCs) enhance the vibration of the basilar membrane, termed cochlear amplification. Here, we studied how these biomechanical components interact using optical coherence tomography, which permits vibratory measurements within tissue. We measured not only classical basilar membrane tuning curves, but also vibratory responses from the rest of the organ of Corti within the mouse cochlear apex in vivo. As expected, basilar membrane tuning was sharp in live mice and broad in dead mice. Interestingly, the vibratory response of the region lateral to the OHCs, the “lateral compartment,” demonstrated frequency-dependent phase differences relative to the basilar membrane. This was sharply tuned in both live and dead mice. We then measured basilar membrane and lateral compartment vibration in transgenic mice with targeted alterations in cochlear mechanics. Prestin499/499, Prestin−/−, and TectaC1509G/C1509G mice demonstrated no cochlear amplification but maintained the lateral compartment phase difference. In contrast, SfswapTg/Tg mice maintained cochlear amplification but did not demonstrate the lateral compartment phase difference. These data indicate that the organ of Corti has complex micromechanical vibratory characteristics, with passive, yet sharply tuned, vibratory characteristics associated with the supporting cells. These characteristics may tune OHC force generation to produce the sharp frequency selectivity of mammalian hearing.

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15

Dong, Wei, Anping Xia, Patrick D. Raphael, Sunil Puria, Brian Applegate, and John S. Oghalai. "Organ of Corti vibration within the intact gerbil cochlea measured by volumetric optical coherence tomography and vibrometry." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 6 (December 1, 2018): 2847–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00702.2017.

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There is indirect evidence that the mammalian cochlea in the low-frequency apical and the more commonly studied high-frequency basal regions function in fundamentally different ways. Here, we directly tested this hypothesis by measuring sound-induced vibrations of the organ of Corti (OoC) at three turns of the gerbil cochlea using volumetric optical coherence tomography vibrometry (VOCTV), an approach that permits noninvasive imaging through the bone. In the apical turn, there was little frequency selectivity, and the displacement-vs.-frequency curves had low-pass filter characteristics with a corner frequency of ~0.5–0.9 kHz. The vibratory magnitudes increased compressively with increasing stimulus intensity at all frequencies. In the middle turn, responses were similar except for a slight peak in the response at ~2.5 kHz. The gain was ~50 dB at the peak and 30–40 dB at lower frequencies. In the basal turn, responses were sharply tuned and compressively nonlinear, consistent with observations in the literature. These data demonstrated that there is a transition of the mechanical response of the OoC along the length of the cochlea such that frequency tuning is sharper in the base than in the apex. Because the responses are fundamentally different, it is not appropriate to simply frequency shift vibratory data measured at one cochlear location to predict the cochlear responses at other locations. Furthermore, this means that the number of hair cells stimulated by sound is larger for low-frequency stimuli and smaller for high-frequency stimuli for the same intensity level. Thus the mechanisms of central processing of sounds must vary with frequency. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A volumetric optical coherence tomography and vibrometry system was used to probe cochlear mechanics within the intact gerbil cochlea. We found a gradual transition of the mechanical response of the organ of Corti along the length of the cochlea such that tuning at the base is dramatically sharper than that at the apex. These data help to explain discrepancies in the literature regarding how the cochlea processes low-frequency sounds.

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16

Emadi, Gulam, Claus-Peter Richter, and Peter Dallos. "Stiffness of the Gerbil Basilar Membrane: Radial and Longitudinal Variations." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 1 (January 2004): 474–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00446.2003.

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Experimental data on the mechanical properties of the tissues of the mammalian cochlea are essential for understanding the frequency- and location-dependent motion patterns that result in response to incoming sound waves. Within the cochlea, sound-induced vibrations are transduced into neural activity by the organ of Corti, the gross motion of which is dependent on the motion of the underlying basilar membrane. In this study we present data on stiffness of the gerbil basilar membrane measured at multiple positions within a cochlear cross section and at multiple locations along the length of the cochlea. A basic analysis of these data using relatively simple models of cochlear mechanics reveals our most important result: the experimentally measured longitudinal stiffness gradient at the middle of the pectinate zone of the basilar membrane (4.43 dB/mm) can account for changes of best frequency along the length of the cochlea. Furthermore, our results indicate qualitative changes of stiffness-deflection curves as a function of radial position; in particular, there are differences in the rate of stiffness growth with increasing tissue deflection. Longitudinal coupling within the basilar membrane/organ of Corti complex is determined to have a space constant of 21 μm in the middle turn of the cochlea. The bulk of our data was obtained in the hemicochlea preparation, and we include a comparison of this set of data to data obtained in vivo.

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17

Jacob, Stefan, Cecilia Johansson, and Anders Fridberger. "Noise-induced alterations in cochlear mechanics, electromotility, and cochlear amplification." Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology 465, no. 6 (December 18, 2012): 907–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00424-012-1198-4.

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18

Fridberger, Anders, Jiefu Zheng, Anand Parthasarathi, Tianying Ren, and Alfred Nuttall. "Loud Sound-Induced Changes in Cochlear Mechanics." Journal of Neurophysiology 88, no. 5 (November 1, 2002): 2341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00192.2002.

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To investigate the inner ear response to intense sound and the mechanisms behind temporary threshold shifts, anesthetized guinea pigs were exposed to tones at 100–112 dB SPL. Basilar membrane vibration was measured using laser velocimetry, and the cochlear microphonic potential, compound action potential of the auditory nerve, and local electric AC potentials in the organ of Corti were used as additional indicators of cochlear function. After exposure to a 12-kHz intense tone, basilar membrane vibrations in response to probe tones at the characteristic frequency of the recording location (17 kHz) were transiently reduced. This reduction recovered over the course of 50 ms in most cases. Organ of Corti AC potentials were also reduced and recovered with a time course similar to the basilar membrane. When using a probe tone at either 1 or 4 kHz, organ of Corti AC potentials were unaffected by loud sound, indicating that transducer channels remained intact. In most experiments, both the basilar membrane and the cochlear microphonic response to the 12-kHz overstimulation was constant throughout the duration of the intense stimulus, despite a large loss of cochlear sensitivity. It is concluded that the reduction of basilar membrane velocity that followed loud sound was caused by changes in cochlear amplification and that the cochlear response to intense stimulation is determined by the passive mechanical properties of the inner ear structures.

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19

Bell, Andrew, and Hero P. Wit. "The vibrating reed frequency meter: digital investigation of an early cochlear model." PeerJ 3 (October 13, 2015): e1333. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1333.

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The vibrating reed frequency meter, originally employed by Békésy and later by Wilson as a cochlear model, uses a set of tuned reeds to represent the cochlea’s graded bank of resonant elements and an elastic band threaded between them to provide nearest-neighbour coupling. Here the system, constructed of 21 reeds progressively tuned from 45 to 55 Hz, is simulated numerically as an elastically coupled bank of passive harmonic oscillators driven simultaneously by an external sinusoidal force. To uncover more detail, simulations were extended to 201 oscillators covering the range 1–2 kHz. Calculations mirror the results reported by Wilson and show expected characteristics such as traveling waves, phase plateaus, and a response with a broad peak at a forcing frequency just above the natural frequency. The system also displays additional fine-grain features that resemble those which have only recently been recognised in the cochlea. Thus, detailed analysis brings to light a secondary peak beyond the main peak, a set of closely spaced low-amplitude ripples, rapid rotation of phase as the driving frequency is swept, frequency plateaus, clustering, and waxing and waning of impulse responses. Further investigation shows that each reed’s vibrations are strongly localised, with small energy flow along the chain. The distinctive set of equally spaced ripples is an inherent feature which is found to be largely independent of boundary conditions. Although the vibrating reed model is functionally different to the standard transmission line, its cochlea-like properties make it an intriguing local oscillator model whose relevance to cochlear mechanics needs further investigation.

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20

Bell, Andrew, and W. Wiktor Jedrzejczak. "The 1.06 frequency ratio in the cochlea: evidence and outlook for a natural musical semitone." PeerJ 5 (December 21, 2017): e4192. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4192.

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A frequency ratio of about 1.06 often appears in cochlear mechanics, and the question naturally arises, why? The ratio is close to that of the semitone (1.059) in music, giving reason to think that this aspect of musical perception might have a cochlear basis. Here, data on synchronised spontaneous otoacoustic emissions is presented, and a clustering of ratios between 1.05 and 1.07 is found with a peak at 1.063 ± 0.005. These findings reinforce what has been found from previous sources, which are reviewed and placed alongside the present work. The review establishes that a peak in the vicinity of 1.06 has often been found in human cochlear data. Several possible cochlear models for explaining the findings are described. Irrespective of which model is selected, the fact remains that the cochlea itself appears to be the origin of a ratio remarkably close to an equal-tempered musical semitone, and this close coincidence leads to the suggestion that the inner ear may play a role in constructing a natural theory of music. The outlook for such an enterprise is surveyed.

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21

Bell, Andrew. "A Resonance Approach to Cochlear Mechanics." PLoS ONE 7, no. 11 (November 8, 2012): e47918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047918.

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22

Cooper, Nigel P. "Two‐tone suppression in cochlear mechanics." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 99, no. 5 (May 1996): 3087–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.414795.

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23

Moleti, Arturo, and Renata Sisto. "Otoacoustic emission latency and cochlear mechanics." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 123, no. 5 (May 2008): 3853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2935692.

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24

Chen, Fangyi, Dingjun Zha, Xiaojie Yang, Allyn Hubbard, and Alfred Nuttall. "Hydromechanical Structure of the Cochlea Supports the Backward Traveling Wave in the Cochlea In Vivo." Neural Plasticity 2018 (July 17, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7502648.

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The discovery that an apparent forward-propagating otoacoustic emission (OAE) induced basilar membrane vibration has created a serious debate in the field of cochlear mechanics. The traditional theory predicts that OAE will propagate to the ear canal via a backward traveling wave on the basilar membrane, while the opponent theory proposed that the OAE will reach the ear canal via a compression wave. Although accepted by most people, the basic phenomenon of the backward traveling wave theory has not been experimentally demonstrated. In this study, for the first time, we showed the backward traveling wave by measuring the phase spectra of the basilar membrane vibration at multiple longitudinal locations of the basal turn of the cochlea. A local vibration source with a unique and precise location on the cochlear partition was created to avoid the ambiguity of the vibration source in most previous studies. We also measured the vibration pattern at different places of a mechanical cochlear model. A slow backward traveling wave pattern was demonstrated by the time-domain sequence of the measured data. In addition to the wave propagation study, a transmission line mathematical model was used to interpret why no tonotopicity was observed in the backward traveling wave.

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25

Kikidis, Dimitrios, and Athanasios Bibas. "A Clinically Oriented Introduction and Review on Finite Element Models of the Human Cochlea." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/975070.

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Due to the inaccessibility of the inner ear, direct in vivo information on cochlear mechanics is difficult to obtain. Mathematical modelling is a promising way to provide insight into the physiology and pathology of the cochlea. Finite element method (FEM) is one of the most popular discrete mathematical modelling techniques, mainly used in engineering that has been increasingly used to model the cochlea and its elements. The aim of this overview is to provide a brief introduction to the use of FEM in modelling and predicting the behavior of the cochlea in normal and pathological conditions. It will focus on methodological issues, modelling assumptions, simulation of clinical scenarios, and pathologies.

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26

Song, Lei, JoAnn McGee, and Edward J. Walsh. "Development of Cochlear Amplification, Frequency Tuning, and Two-Tone Suppression in the Mouse." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 1 (January 2008): 344–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00983.2007.

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It is generally believed that the micromechanics of active cochlear transduction mature later than passive elements among altricial mammals. One consequence of this developmental order is the loss of transduction linearity, because an active, physiologically vulnerable process is superimposed on the passive elements of transduction. A triad of sensory advantage is gained as a consequence of acquiring active mechanics; sensitivity and frequency selectivity (frequency tuning) are enhanced and dynamic operating range increases. Evidence supporting this view is provided in this study by tracking the development of tuning curves in BALB/c mice. Active transduction, commonly known as cochlear amplification, enhances sensitivity in a narrow frequency band associated with the “tip” of the tuning curve. Passive aspects of transduction were assessed by considering the thresholds of responses elicited from the tuning curve “tail,” a frequency region that lies below the active transduction zone. The magnitude of cochlear amplification was considered by computing tuning curve tip-to-tail ratios, a commonly used index of active transduction gain. Tuning curve tip thresholds, frequency selectivity and tip-to-tail ratios, all indices of the functional status of active biomechanics, matured between 2 and 7 days after tail thresholds achieved adultlike values. Additionally, two-tone suppression, another product of active cochlear transduction, was first observed in association with the earliest appearance of tuning curve tips and matured along an equivalent time course. These findings support a traditional view of development in which the maturation of passive transduction precedes the maturation of active mechanics in the most sensitive region of the mouse cochlea.

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27

Elliott, Stephen J., Emery M. Ku, and Ben Lineton. "A state space model for cochlear mechanics." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 122, no. 5 (2007): 2759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2783125.

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28

Ashmore, Jonathan F. "Active cochlear mechanics and outer hair cells." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 143, no. 3 (March 2018): 1809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5035927.

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29

Acker‐Mills, Barbara, Melinda Hill, and Angeline Ebuen. "The effects of antioxidants on cochlear mechanics." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 120, no. 5 (November 2006): 3285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4777571.

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30

Reimann, H. M. "Invariance principles for cochlear mechanics: Hearing phases." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119, no. 2 (2006): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2159428.

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31

Raufer, Stefan, John J. Guinan, and Hideko Heidi Nakajima. "Cochlear partition anatomy and motion in humans differ from the classic view of mammals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 28 (June 24, 2019): 13977–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900787116.

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Mammals detect sound through mechanosensitive cells of the cochlear organ of Corti that rest on the basilar membrane (BM). Motions of the BM and organ of Corti have been studied at the cochlear base in various laboratory animals, and the assumption has been that the cochleas of all mammals work similarly. In the classic view, the BM attaches to a stationary osseous spiral lamina (OSL), the tectorial membrane (TM) attaches to the limbus above the stationary OSL, and the BM is the major moving element, with a peak displacement near its center. Here, we measured the motion and studied the anatomy of the human cochlear partition (CP) at the cochlear base of fresh human cadaveric specimens. Unlike the classic view, we identified a soft-tissue structure between the BM and OSL in humans, which we name the CP “bridge.” We measured CP transverse motion in humans and found that the OSL moved like a plate hinged near the modiolus, with motion increasing from the modiolus to the bridge. The bridge moved almost as much as the BM, with the maximum CP motion near the bridge–BM connection. BM motion accounts for 100% of CP volume displacement in the classic view, but accounts for only 27 to 43% in the base of humans. In humans, the TM–limbus attachment is above the moving bridge, not above a fixed structure. These results challenge long-held assumptions about cochlear mechanics in humans. In addition, animal apical anatomy (inSI Appendix) doesn’t always fit the classic view.

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32

Skellett, Ruth A., Chu Chen, Maureen Fallon, Anastas P. Nenov, and Richard P. Bobbin. "Pharmacological evidence that endogenous ATP modulates cochlear mechanics." Hearing Research 111, no. 1-2 (September 1997): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5955(97)00093-2.

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33

Zwislocki, Jozef J. "H. Davis’s concepts of cochlear mechanics in evolution." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 95, no. 5 (May 1994): 2866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.409464.

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34

Lee, Jungmee, and Sumitrajit Dhar. "Can cochlear mechanics contribute to amplitude modulation perception?" Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 133, no. 5 (May 2013): 3428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4806033.

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35

Grosh, Karl, Anand Parthasrathi, and Alfred Nuttall. "Linear and nonlinear modeling techniques for cochlear mechanics." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 103, no. 5 (May 1998): 2810–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.421559.

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36

Chadwick, R. S. "Three dimensional effects on low frequency cochlear mechanics." Mechanics Research Communications 12, no. 4 (July 1985): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-6413(85)90056-4.

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37

Babbs, Charles F. "Quantitative Reappraisal of the Helmholtz-Guyton Resonance Theory of Frequency Tuning in the Cochlea." Journal of Biophysics 2011 (October 19, 2011): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/435135.

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To explore the fundamental biomechanics of sound frequency transduction in the cochlea, a two-dimensional analytical model of the basilar membrane was constructed from first principles. Quantitative analysis showed that axial forces along the membrane are negligible, condensing the problem to a set of ordered one-dimensional models in the radial dimension, for which all parameters can be specified from experimental data. Solutions of the radial models for asymmetrical boundary conditions produce realistic deformation patterns. The resulting second-order differential equations, based on the original concepts of Helmholtz and Guyton, and including viscoelastic restoring forces, predict a frequency map and amplitudes of deflections that are consistent with classical observations. They also predict the effects of an observation hole drilled in the surrounding bone, the effects of curvature of the cochlear spiral, as well as apparent traveling waves under a variety of experimental conditions. A quantitative rendition of the classical Helmholtz-Guyton model captures the essence of cochlear mechanics and unifies the competing resonance and traveling wave theories.

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38

Oghalai, John S., Chul-Hee Choi, and Alexander A. Spector. "A Model of Cochlear Macro-, Micro-, and Nano-Mechanics." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 131, no. 2 (August 2004): P150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2004.06.250.

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Chen, Chu, Ruth A. Skellett, Maureen Fallon, and Richard P. Bobbin. "Additional pharmacological evidence that endogenous ATP modulates cochlear mechanics." Hearing Research 118, no. 1-2 (April 1998): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5955(98)00019-7.

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Jacob, Stefan, Cecilia Johansson, Mats Ulfendahl, and Anders Fridberger. "A digital heterodyne laser interferometer for studying cochlear mechanics." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 179, no. 2 (May 2009): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.02.002.

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Hong, Stanley S., and Dennis M. Freeman. "Doppler optical coherence microscopy for studies of cochlear mechanics." Journal of Biomedical Optics 11, no. 5 (2006): 054014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.2358702.

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Grosh, Karl, Amir Nankali, and Aritra Sasmal. "The role of the tectorial membrane in cochlear mechanics." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 143, no. 3 (March 2018): 1811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5035936.

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Zwislocki, Jozef J. "Introduction: Hair cells as integral parts of cochlear mechanics." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 84, S1 (November 1988): S10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2025670.

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Elliott, Stephen J., Ben Lineton, and Guangjian Ni. "Fluid coupling in a discrete model of cochlear mechanics." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 130, no. 3 (September 2011): 1441–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3607420.

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Rosowski, John J. "New Aspects of Cochlear Mechanics and Inner Ear Pathophysiology." American Journal of Otolaryngology 11, no. 6 (November 1990): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-0709(90)90132-f.

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Tonndorf, Jürgen. "Discussion remark to J. Zwislocki: ‘Analysis of cochlear mechanics’." Hearing Research 22, no. 1-3 (January 1986): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5955(86)90092-4.

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Rhode, William S. "Possible involvement of the spiral limbus in chinchilla cochlear mechanics." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 120, no. 5 (November 2006): 3285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4777560.

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Dhar, Sumitrajit, Wei Zhao, and James Dewey. "Efferent modulation of physiological and behavioral measures of cochlear mechanics." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 131, no. 4 (April 2012): 3305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4708358.

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Neely, Stephen T. "A model of cochlear mechanics with outer hair cell motility." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 94, no. 1 (July 1993): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.407091.

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Gavara, Núria, Daphne Manoussaki, and Richard S. Chadwick. "Auditory mechanics of the tectorial membrane and the cochlear spiral." Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery 19, no. 5 (October 2011): 382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/moo.0b013e32834a5bc9.

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