Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cocina europea

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Cocina europea'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Cocina europea"

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Peñalver García, Nereo. "Dentro de la fábrica de salchichas: actores y proceso de toma de decisiones en el Parlamento Europeo." Cuadernos Europeos de Deusto, no. 55 (October 31, 2016): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/ced-55-2016pp145-163.

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<p>Este artículo tiene por objeto ser un viaje a «la cocina» del Parlamento Europeo (PE). En él se explica como co-legisla el PE, desde que recibe una propuesta de la Comisión Europea, hasta su adopción. Pero más allá de presentar los pasos formales del «proceso legislativo ordinario», con el trabajo en comisión parlamentaria, las negociaciones con el Consejo y el voto en el pleno, el objetivo del presente estudio es dar una visión desde dentro de los actores, tanto oficiales como oficiosos, y las dinámicas que hacen posible la adopción de la legislación: el papel de los ponentes y los ponentes en la sombra, la mediación del Presidente para las propuestas legislativas sensibles, las coaliciones entre los grupos políticos, o como intenta el Parlamento influir en la agenda legislativa pese a no tener el derecho de iniciativa legislativa, entre otros aspectos. En segundo lugar, el artículo presenta tres nuevas dinámicas dentro del PE y su efecto en términos de ganadores y perdedores en el seno de la Eurocámara. Finalmente, el artículo analiza los retos a los que se enfrenta el PE en esta nueva legislatura. Una legislatura presentada por el Presidente de la Comisión Europea, Jean Claude Juncker, como la de «la última oportunidad» y que va, sin duda, a determinar el futuro de la Unión.</p><p><strong>Recibido</strong>: 19.05.2016<strong><br />Aceptado</strong>: 21.06.2016</p>
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Iraolagoitia, Gonzalo. "Alejandro Herrero y Fabián Herrero, "La Cocina del Historiador. Reflexiones sobre la Historia de la Cultura Europea"." Clío & Asociados. La historia enseñada, no. 9/10 (February 17, 2005): 166–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14409/cya.v1i9/10.1621.

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Castillo Cotrina, Daladier, and Carlos Tito Vargas. "Obtención de aceituna negra de mesa por fermentación en batch con cultivo iniciador." Ciencias 3, no. 3 (July 7, 2020): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33326/27066320.2019.3.945.

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El objetivo fue obtener aceituna negra de mesa por fermentación en batch con y sin cultivo iniciador. Se empleó aceitunas negras de Olea europea var. sevillana, que fueron colocadas (4 kg por fermentador) en tres fermentadores conteniendo sal de cocina 10%, a dos de los cuales se les agregó cultivo iniciador. Los fermentadores se incubaron a T° Ab. de laboratorio. Se evaluó durante la fermentación el pH, la acidez, la concentración de sal, la temperatura y el número de bact. ml-1 de salmuera; y al término de la fermentación la producción, productividad y los atributos de apariencia externa, olor, sabor y textura. Se obtuvo aceituna negra de mesa en cuya fermentación (64 días) el pH tuvo una tendencia de descenso desde 6.0 a 4.0; la acidez una tendencia de ascenso de 0.1 a 2.01 % en ácido láctico con mayor producción de acidez donde hubo cultivo iniciador; la concentración de sal una tendencia de mantenimiento constante entre 6.5 a 7.7 °Be con un valor ligeramente menor donde hubo cultivo iniciador; la temperatura una tendencia de constancia entre 14 y 12 °C; el N° de bact ml-1 una tendencia inicial de incremento seguida de mantenimiento en un valor menor, con una ligera mayor concentración de bacterias donde hubo cultivo iniciador (4.3 x107 bact ml-1 ), siendo la producción alcanzada la de 4.2 kg de aceituna negra de mesa con una productividad de 0.07 kg día-1 sin diferencia estadistica en los atributos de apariencia externa, olor, sabor y textura de la aceituna en los tratamientos con y sin cultivo iniciador.
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Stevanović, Kosara. "Social ties between criminal networks in cocaine trafficking in Europe." Crimen 11, no. 3 (2020): 325–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/crimen2003325s.

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This paper is highlighting the main criminal networks that are trafficking cocaine in Europe, through the lenses of social embeddedness and criminal network theories. We will try to show that social ties between European and Latin American organized crime networks, as well as between different European crime networks, are the main reason for the staggering success of European criminal groups in cocaine trafficking in the 21st century. In the beginning, we lay out the social embeddedness theory and criminal network theory, and then we review the main criminal networks involved in cocaine trafficking in Europe and social ties between them, with special attention to Serbian and Montenegrin criminal networks. At the end of the article, we analyze what role does ethnicity, seen as social ties based on common language and tradition, play in cocaine trafficking in Europe.
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Sampo, Carolina. "El tráfico de cocaína entre América Latina y África Occidental." URVIO. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de Seguridad, no. 24 (May 10, 2019): 187–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.17141/urvio.24.2019.3700.

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Desde hace más de 10 años, un tercio de la cocaína que ingresa a Europa lo hace a través de África Occidental. Sin embargo, poco se sabe de la relación existente entre América Latina, como región productora de cocaína, y África Occidental, como zona de tráfico, acopio y consumo. Este trabajo, de carácter exploratorio, busca entender por qué África Occidental se presenta atractiva para los traficantes latinoamericanos y cómo funciona el vínculo entre ellos y los africanos. La hipótesis que plantea es que los Estados africanos han sido cooptados por las organizaciones criminales. Estas generan mayores incentivos para las organizaciones criminales latinoamericanas, que consideran que dicha ruta es menos riesgosa y más redituable que otras, aun cuando tengan que negociar, parte de la logística con sus pares africanos. Como resultado, se han detectado tres hubs por los que ingresa la cocaína proveniente de América Latina: uno en la Costa Atlántica, uno en el Sahel y otro en el golfo de Benín. Abstract For more than 10 years, one third of the cocaine that enters Europe does so through West Africa. Nevertheless, little is known about the relationship between Latin America, as the region that produces cocaine, and West Africa, as a zone of trafficking, stockpiling and consumption. This article, which is of an exploratory kind, seeks to understand why West Africa presents itself as attractive to Latin-American traffickers and how the link between them and the Africans works. The hypothesis stated in this work is that African States have been co-opted by criminal organizations. They generate greater incentives for Latin American criminal organizations, which consider this route less risky and more profitable than others, even though they have to negotiate part of the logistics with their African peers. As a result, three hubs through which cocaine comes from Latin America have been detected: one on the Atlantic Coast, one in the Sahel and another one in the Gulf of Benin.
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Suárez Granda, Juan Luis. "Notas sobre la cultura alimentaria en la España del siglo XVIII." Cuadernos de Estudios del Siglo XVIII, no. 19 (October 3, 2017): 257–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/cesxviii.19.2009.257-297.

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Los siglos XVIII y XIX asisten en Europa a una importante renovaciónde la cocina y al desarrollo de una autonomía del discurso sobre la comidacon respecto a la medicina y a la religión. España no es ajena a esos cambios, en los que está presente la influencia francesa y, en menor medida, la italiana. No obstante, aun estando en la órbita de esos cambios, España está por debajo del nivel europeo, tanto en el número y entidad de los recetarios como en el confort y prestaciones de los establecimientos hoteleros, objeto estos últimos de frecuentesquejas de los escritores, tanto españoles como extranjeros. La cocina de la realeza española era refinada pero hipercalórica; la popular, tan simple y elemental como puede serlo ahora. Los recetarios españoles de la época obedecen a un patrón de cocina popular y modesta, y nacieron en su mayoría al calor de los conventos. Emplean ya algunos de los productos venidos de América, como chocolate, tomate y pimiento. No así la patata ni el maíz, aunque tenemos constancia que ya se cultivaban y consumían en España.PALABRAS CLAVE: Gastronomía. Recetarios. Léxico. Viajes.
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Corkery, John M., Hugh Claridge, Christine Goodair, and Fabrizio Schifano. "An exploratory study of information sources and key findings on UK cocaine-related deaths." Journal of Psychopharmacology 31, no. 8 (June 26, 2017): 996–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881117711923.

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Cocaine-related deaths have increased since the early 1990s in Europe, including the UK. Being multi-factorial, they are difficult to define, detect and record. The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction commissioned research to: describe trends reported to Special Mortality Registries and General Mortality Registers; provide demographic and drug-use characteristic information of cases; and establish how deaths are identified and classified. A questionnaire was developed and piloted amongst all European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction Focal Point experts/Special Mortality Registries: 19 (63%) responded; nine countries provided aggregated data. UK General Mortality Registers use cause of death and toxicology to identify cocaine-related deaths. Categorisation is based on International Classification of Diseases codes. Special Mortality Registries use toxicology, autopsy, evidence and cause of death. The cocaine metabolites commonly screened for are: benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, cocaethylene and ecgonine. The 2000s saw a generally accelerating upward trend in cases, followed by a decline in 2009. The UK recorded 2700–2900 deaths during 1998–2012. UK Special Mortality Registry data (2005–2009) indicate: 25–44 year-olds account for 74% of deaths; mean age=34 (range 15–81) years; 84% male. Cocaine overdoses account for two-thirds of cases; cocaine alone being mentioned/implicated in 23% in the UK. Opioids are involved in most (58%) cocaine overdose cases.
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Leong-Salobir, Cecilia. "MEM Y COOKIE: LA COCINA COLONIAL EN MALASIA Y SINGAPUR." Estudios de Asia y África 50, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/eaa.v50i3.2042.

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Este trabajo examina el surgimiento de una cocina colonial distintiva en las colonias británicas de Malasia y Singapur desde finales del siglo xix. La cocina colonial evolucionó con el tiempo y fue una combinación de prácticas culinarias derivadas de costumbres alimentarias europeas y asiáticas, muchas de las cuales llegaron de la India colonial. Al igual que en India, esta aculturación se desarrolló debido a la dependencia de los colonizadores de sus sirvientes domésticos para la preparación de la comida. Aunque los sirvientes domésticos (como los cocineros, localmente conocidos como cookie) eran generalmente representados en las narrativas coloniales como sucios, deshonestos y faltos de inteligencia, fueron ellos los responsables de la preparación de los alimentos para la familia. El papel de los cocineros asiáticos en el hogar colonial fue más crucial de lo que deja ver la imagen negativa transmitida por los colonizadores británicos y otros historiadores. Aunque la mem (abreviación de memsahib, que significa señora de la casa) se reservó el rol de supervisar el manejo de la casa, fue la contribución física de los sirvientes domésticos lo que la posibilitó para cumplir esa función. El gran número de sirvientes empleados le permitió a la mem administrar sin problemas el hogar colonial como el dominio privado y, a la vez, como el lugar oficial para las tareas del imperio. La mem, como señora de la casa, decidió sobre los rituales y las tareas que definieron el espacio colonial como el hogar y como el bastión del imperialismo blanco. En contraste, fue el conocimiento local de los cocineros lo que procuró los alimentos. La mayoría de las cocinas estuvieron diseñadas de acuerdo con los requerimientos de los sirvientes, y los cocineros se encargaron de toda la preparación y cocinaron usualmente platillos locales. El argumento es que si no fuera por la contribución de los sirvientes, las mems habrían tenido que trabajar más arduamente. En efecto, el quehacer de los sirvientes no sólo eximió a los blancos del trabajo, sino que además ayudó a modelar la cultura colonial, a pesar de los esfuerzos de los británicos por mantenerse socialmente distintos. La cocina colonial no se habría desarrollado con dichas características distintivas sin las habilidades y el conocimiento local de los cocineros asiáticos.En este artículo se emplea una variedad de fuentes primarias para investigar las funciones y la representación de la mem y de los cocineros locales. Se utilizan libros de cocina y manuales domésticos de los siglos xix y xx, tanto de Gran Bretaña como de las colonias, para investigar la representación de la relación memsahib-sirviente. Estas publicaciones no sólo catalogaron a los sirvientes nativos como indignos, sino que además intentaron enseñar a los colonizadores cómo no comportarse de maneras que podrían ser vistas como inapropiadas. La imagen peyorativa de los sirvientes en el hogar colonial y el grado en el que los europeos dependían de su servicio fueron características de las contradicciones de la vida colonial. La evidencia de los libros de cocina y de las guías domésticas indica que la cocina colonial incluía platillos híbridos de curry, mulligatawny, kedgeree, trozos de pollo, pish pash y el inimitable almuerzo de tiffin. Los periódicos coloniales publicados en las colonias también han sido utilizados para analizar la vida social de los colonizadores, especialmente en las cenas formales, donde los cocineros locales preparaban banquetes en clubes coloniales. Los diarios y los documentales sobre reminiscencias fueron herramientas para articular la identidad de la buena esposa colonial y perpetuaron prejuicios raciales contra los sirvientes. Finalmente, también fueron analizadas para este trabajo las respuestas a cuestionarios enviados a los británicos que residían en las colonias.
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Montali, Francesca. "L'efficacia dei trattamenti psicologici dei pazienti dipendenti da cocaina." S & P SALUTE E PREVENZIONE, no. 51 (February 2009): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sap2008-051003.

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- La presente rassegna intende esplorare i piů recenti contributi provenienti dalla letteratura Europea ed Americana rispetto all'efficacia dei trattamenti psicologici specifici per pazienti dipendenti da cocaina. La validitŕ dei modelli di trattamento sarŕ messa a confronto con le problematiche specifiche della popolazione dei pazienti cocainomani.
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Lewis, Roger. "European markets in cocaine." Contemporary Crises 13, no. 1 (March 1989): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00728875.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cocina europea"

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Mifková, Miroslava. "Dôsledky činnosti drogových kartelov na medzinárodné vzťahy (kokaínové kartely Latinskej Ameriky)." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-17933.

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Organizations active in cocaine trafficking are not cartels in the proper sense of the word. They are rather complex differentiated networks with flexible relations, where both cooperation and competition is present. In general the impacts of cocaine trafficking are economic, political, diplomatic and impacts on public order. The key participants in cocaine trafficking are producer states Colombia, Peru and Bolivia, the main consumer markets are the United States and the European Union. Cocaine trafficking is on the rise in the long run, however, a decline was witnessed recently. The impacts of cocaine trafficking for the US and the EU are similar in their nature, however, they are much more grave for the US because of a longer functioning and a much bigger national cocaine market. Consequently, the US and the EU perceive the cocaine threat differently: for the US it represents a national security threat, whereas for the EU it is mainly a societal threat. A comparison of the US and EU policies towards cocaine production and trafficking shows that the US one is more active, with a broader focus and frequently of a coercive nature. Its goals are the eradication of coca, cocaine and cocaine trafficking organizations. The EU focuses on indirect eradication through social and economic development in producer areas and regional cooperation.
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Brun, Jean-François. "La lutte contre le trafic de cocaïne dans les Caraïbes et en Afrique de l'Ouest : un enjeu européen." Thesis, Antilles, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ANTI0395/document.

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L'Union Européenne doit répondre à des défis sécuritaires majeurs, dont en particulier celui de la drogue, appréhendé dans toutes ses dimensions. Si le cannabis reste en 2018 la drogue la plus consommée sur le Vieux Continent, avec 17,2 millions d'usagers, la cocaïne arrive en seconde place avec 2,3 millions de consommateurs, soit près de 2% de la population européenne âgée de 15 à 34 ans. Alors que cette drogue est produite exclusivement en Amérique latine à partir des feuilles de coca, principalement en Bolivie, en Colombie et au Pérou, sa consommation s'est popularisée en Europe, non sans conséquences d'un point de vue sanitaire. Ainsi, les trafiquants de cocaïne ont su adapter leurs circuits d'approvisionnement dans le contexte d'un marché des drogues mondialisé et en perpétuel changement, dont ils profitent pleinement. Un marché très dynamique et flexible, et d'autant plus dangereux pour les pays se trouvant sur les routes du trafic de cocaïne. L'Afrique de l'Ouest et les Caraïbes sont deux régions particulièrement touchées par ce phénomène, au point d'être considérées comme étant des carrefours essentiels au transit de la poudre blanche. A ce titre, la translation, au moins partielle, entre les Caraïbes et l'Afrique de l'Ouest en matière de trafic de drogue révèle à quel point les réseaux sont imbriqués et aptes aussi bien à s'adapter à l'évolution de la géopolitique à l'échelle de la planète et des sous-régions, qu'à tirer profit des spécificités des États, mais aussi de leurs faiblesses. Le véritable enjeu pour l'Union européenne tient au fait que l'ampleur du trafic de cocaïne fondé désormais sur une répartition des rôles entre les Caraïbes et l'Afrique de l'Ouest constitue un vrai danger pour le Vieux Continent et pour les populations. L'intérêt pour l'Union européenne, même si ses moyens d'action et d'intervention sont limités et plus difficiles à coordonner comparés à ceux mobilisés par les États-Unis, est de déployer des stratégies pour enrayer le phénomène, en mettant en place des dispositifs qui se distinguent du tout répressif, caractéristique du modèle américain
The EU must provide solutions to major security challenges mainly the one related to drugs viewed in all its dimensions. If in 2018, canabis remains the most used drug on the old Continent with 17,2 million users, cocaïne takes second place with 2,3 million, nearly 2% of the population aged 15-34. While this drug is produced exclusively in Latin America from coca leaves, mainly in Bolivia, Colombia and Peru, its use has become popular in Europe with health consequences. Their, cocaïne traffickers have been able to product their supply channels in the contest of a globalized and ever changing drug market that benefits them fully. A very dynamic and flexible market which is all the more dangerous for countries on the road of cocaïne trafficking. West Africa and the Caribbean are two regions particularly affected by this phenomenon to the point of being considered as essentiel crossroads for the transit of white powder. As such the translation, at least partielly, between the Caribbean and West Africa in terms of drug trafficking reveals the extent to which networks are interconnected and able to adopt to the evolution of geopolitics on a global and sub global scale regions, to take advantage if the specificities of the States, but also their weaknesses. The real challenge for the EU lies in the fact that the scale of cocaïne trafficking now based on a distribution of roles between the Caribbean and West Africa is a real danger for the old Continent and populations. The interest of the EU, even if its means of action end intervention are limited and more difficult to coordinate compared to those mobilized by the United States, is to deploy strategies to curb the phenomenon, by putting in place devices that stand out from the American model of repression
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Lizarbe, López Mayra Sofia, and Jimenez Karina Gabriela Sandoval. "Efectos de la implementación de medidas sanitarias y fitosanitarias en la exportación del grano de cacao a Países Bajos en el marco del Tratado de Libre Comercio entre Perú y la Unión Europea, durante el periodo 2009 y 2019." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653376.

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El propósito de esta investigación fue determinar el efecto de la implementación de medidas sanitarias en las exportaciones del grano de cacao hacia Países bajos, según el acuerdo comercial vigente entre Perú – Unión Europea, durante el periodo 2009 - 2019. Se resaltan aspectos como, la importancia del cumplimiento de los estándares establecidos por las instituciones autorizadas para la exportación de cacao. Dentro de los aspectos metodológicos el enfoque usado fue mixto, es decir cualitativo y cuantitativo. De acuerdo con el enfoque cualitativo, se seleccionaron para la muestra seis actores claves y para el enfoque cuantitativo, se trabajó con datos de exportación en toneladas, precio FOB, centrados en la Dummy variable; se elaboró un instrumento con cinco preguntas por variable; para el análisis de datos cualitativos se utilizó el programa Atlas Ti y para datos cuantitativos el Programa SPSS versión 25. Los resultados indican que el control de contaminantes y residuos tiene un efecto positivo en la calidad de los productos y el modelo es viable; asimismo se comprobó que la legislación internacional no afecta drásticamente la exportación del grano de cacao peruano; la protección a la salud humana de los contaminantes y residuos en la exportación del grano de cacao muestra la prevención en las constantes actualizaciones de los contenidos permitidos en los alimentos. Se concluye que, el efecto de la implementación de medidas sanitarias en las exportaciones del grano de cacao hacia Países bajos puede considerarse positivo, debido a los cambios positivos generados en el país productor.
The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of the implementation of sanitary measures on exports of cocoa beans to the Netherlands, according to the current trade agreement between Peru - European Union, during the period 2009 - 2019. Aspects such as, the importance of compliance with the standards established by the institutions authorized for the export of cocoa. In the methodological aspects, the approach used was mixed, that is, qualitative and quantitative. According to the qualitative approach, six key players were selected for the sample and for the quantitative approach, we worked with export data in tons, FOB price, centered on the variable dummy; An instrument was developed with five questions per variable; The Atlas Ti program was used for the analysis of qualitative data and the SPSS version 25 program for quantitative data. The results indicate that the control of contaminants and residues has a positive effect on the quality of the products and the model is viable; In the other hand, it was found that international legislation does not drastically affect the export of Peruvian cocoa beans; The protection of human health from the contaminates and residues in the export of cocoa beans shows prevention in the constant updates of the contents allowed in food. It is concluded that the effect of the implementation of sanitary measures on cocoa bean exports to the Netherlands can be considered positive, for the positive changes generated in the producing country.
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Attah, Alhassan. "A model for forest and product certification in Ghana : the perception and attitudes of forest enterprises in Ghana." Thesis, Bucks New University, 2011. http://bucks.collections.crest.ac.uk/10085/.

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Forest and product certification was initially promoted as a means of enhancing sustainable management of forests in the tropics. However after almost two decades, there is still very little evidence of certified timber products originating from tropical countries. A number of approaches have been suggested to enhance the growth of forest certification in the tropics. These approaches such as that of the Forest Stewardship Council, Global Forest Trade Network of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Sustainable Forest Initiative and various private sector initiatives have all failed to facilitate forest certification. Therefore to enhance the development of forest certification in Ghana, the research work amongst others, draws on experiences in certification from other sectors such as cocoa, fisheries, tourism and oil palm to develop a model for promoting forest certification in Ghana. The research work uses elements identified in the literature review in developing a questionnaire for the survey of timber firms in Ghana. The research work identified stakeholder consultations, legal framework, resource rights, and the regulation of the domestic market as key elements for promoting forest certification in Ghana. The research recommends a phased approach to promoting forest certification with the first phase being verification of legality that adopts the European Union Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) and the Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) initiative. The study identifies this approach not only as a means of reducing cost to the private sector in pursuing forest certification but a means of drawing on support measures to enhance the regulation of the domestic market; a key component for promoting forest certification. The report argues that it is only through a well regulated domestic market can tropical timber producing countries achieve sustainable forest management and hence forest certification. The domestic market is therefore seen as a strong means of promoting certification since it will be internalised in the producing countries. None of the research on certification has so far identified the domestic market as a key factor to promoting forest certification and the research work argues that the slow pace of certification has been the lack of demand for certified products on the domestic market. Developing the domestic market is therefore seen as a key policy instrument for promoting the uptake of forest certification in Ghana and the tropics in general.
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Figueiredo, André Gonçalo Pereira de. "A cocaína e suas manifestações orofaciais: estudo comparativo da legislação sobre drogas em países da União Europeia." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/5458.

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A cocaína é uma droga com ação estimulante no sistema nervoso central, extraída e refinada a partir da planta de coca (Erythroxylum coca). É característica por induzir o consumidor a um estado de hipervigilância reduzindo ao mesmo tempo, o cansaço e a fadiga. Este pó branco, cristalino, de sabor amargo, possui também um efeito anestésico local e vasoconstritor. As formas de apresentação mais comuns da droga são o cloridrato de cocaína e a cocaína crack. Esta droga destaca-se por ser o estimulante mais consumido na Europa com cerca de 3,4 milhões de consumidores estimados no ano de 2014. A prevalência do consumo desta droga em Portugal aumentou 0,3% de 2001, para 2012 na população geral (15-64 anos). Os estudos mais recentes em populações escolares (entre 2010 e 2011) evidenciaram, de um modo geral, o aumento da prevalência de consumo nesta população. Os efeitos adversos resultantes, tanto a nível físico como psíquico, são vários, sendo as manifestações orofaciais as que mais interferem na Qualidade de vida do toxicómano. As manifestações mais frequentes são as perfurações do septo nasal e palatino, bruxismo, gengivite, erosão dentária, xerostomia, cárie, lesões brancas atípicas e cefaleias em salva, tendo o Médico Dentista um papel importante no diagnóstico e tratamento destas lesões. A legislação, ao nível Europeu, sobre drogas procura uma uniformização das medidas aplicadas nos países membros, baseando-se no equilíbrio entre as sanções e o tratamento. Apesar das convenções das Nações Unidas sobre drogas limitarem o consumo de estupefacientes e substâncias psicotrópicas exclusivamente para fins médicos e científicos, cabe aos países signatários a liberdade de decisão das políticas a adoptar em matérias de infrações penais como a posse e o consumo ilegal.
Cocaine, a product that is extracted and refined from the coca plant (Erythroxylum coca), is a drug with stimulant action on the central nervous system. The effects of its consumption are known to induce the consumer in a state of hyper vigilance while reducing his tiredness and fatigue and also having a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor effect. The most common forms of this white crystalline powder with a bitter taste is the cocaine hydrochloride and crack cocaine. This drug stands out for being the most consumed stimulant in Europe with about 3.4 million consumers estimated in the year 2014. The prevalence of this drug in Portugal increased by 0.3% from 2001 to 2012 in the general population (15-64). The most recent studies on school populations (performed in the period between 2010 and 2011) showed a general increase on the consumption of this drug. The adverse effects, both physical and psychic, of the consumption of cocaine are many, and the orofacial manifestations are one of those that more influence the “Junkie” quality of life. The most common manifestations in this field are the perforation of the nasal septum and palate, bruxism, gum disease, tooth erosion, dry mouth, dental caries, atypical white lesions and cluster headaches. With all these adverse effects the Dentist is left with a very important role to do a correct diagnosis and treatment of these lesions. The legislation on drugs at Union European level seeks a standardization of measures applied through the member countries, and it tries to create a balance between sanctions and treatment. Despite the United Nations drug conventions limiting the consumption of narcotics and psychotropic substances exclusively to medical and scientific purposes, it is up to the signatory countries the freedom to decide the policies to be adopted in matters of criminal offenses such as possession and illegal consumption.
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Books on the topic "Cocina europea"

1

Las cocinas de Europa. Barcelona: Ediciones B, 1994.

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Solís, Edmundo Escamilla. Sabores de Europa. México, D.F: Editorial Clío, 2000.

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Decorte, Tom. The taming of cocaine: Cocaine use in European and American cities. Brussels, Belgium: VUB University Press, 2000.

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La Deuda histórica con la Coca: La contribución económica de la Coca a las finanzas estatales y la deuda histórica de Bolivia y Europa con la región cocalera. [Bolivia: publisher not identified], 2010.

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Absinthe, the cocaine of the nineteenth century: A history of the hallucinogenic drug and its effect on artists and writers in Europe and the United States. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Co., 1995.

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Lanier, Doris. Absinthe: The cocaine of the nineteenth century : a history of the hallucinogenic drug and its effect on artists and writers in Europe and the United States. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland, 1995.

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Afrika, Llaila O. African holistic health: Complete herbal remedy guide dis-ease treatments, nutrition diet, holistic perspectives,African herb history, self diagnosis, charts, holistic sex laws, herpes and AIDS treatments, cocaine detox, foods that kill, European invasion of Africa for herbs andmore. 4th ed. New York: A&B Books Publishers, 1993.

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Afrika, Llaila O. African holistic health: Complete herbal remedy guide, dis-ease treatments, nutrition diet, holistic perspectives, African herb history, self diagnosis, charts, holistic sex laws, herpes and AIDS treatments, cocaine detox, foods that kill, European invasion of Africa for herbs and more. 4th ed. Brooklyn, N.Y: A&B Books Publishers, 1993.

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Bellahsen, Rouche. Reposteria - Maestros de La Cocina Europea. Konemann, 2001.

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Manuel, Salgado Mosquera José, Pérez Negreira, Ma. del Mar, and Martínez Latas Isabel, eds. Galicia para comérsela: Orígenes de la cocina europea. A Coruña: Hércules de Ediciones, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cocina europea"

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Clawson, Patrick L., and Rensselaer W. Lee. "The International Dimension: Colombians, Italians, and the European Market." In The Andean Cocaine Industry, 62–89. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-60978-9_3.

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Austin, Gareth. "Mode of Production or Mode of Cultivation: Explaining the Failure of European Cocoa Planters in Competition with African Farmers in Colonial Ghana." In Cocoa Pioneer Fronts since 1800, 154–75. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24901-5_9.

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"Manufacturas." In Music for Unknown Journeys by Cristian Aliaga, edited by Benjamin Bollig, 122–23. Liverpool University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800348097.003.0054.

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Cocina árabe e hindú, turbantes y velos. Costureras, barberos, reparación de teléfonos, accesorios ilegítimos, frutas y verduras al borde de la calle, aromas mezclados de Oriente y la alcantarilla, gritos permanentes que remiten a Las mil y una noches. Un teatro Alhambra restaurado, malversada su estética original, y otro abandonado, bellísimo en su ruina. Factorías inmensas en las que dóciles inmigrantes envasan a ritmos de la revolución industrial lo que comerán confiados miles de europeos que desconfían de los extranjeros....
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Marichal, Carlos. "Mexican Cochineal and the European Demand for American Dyes, 1550-1850." In From Silver to Cocaine, 76–92. Duke University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9780822388029-004.

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Marichal, Carlos. "Mexican Cochineal and the European Demand for American Dyes, 1550–1850." In From Silver to Cocaine, 76–92. Duke University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv125jnbx.6.

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"The ‘Securitisation’ of Cocaine Trafficking in the European Union." In Cocaine Trafficking in Latin America, 49–75. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315572482-3.

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"3 Mexican Cochineal and the European Demand for American Dyes, 1550–1850." In From Silver to Cocaine, 76–92. Duke University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780822388029-004.

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Winter, Jerrold. "Stimulants: From Coca to Caffeine." In Our Love Affair with Drugs. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190051464.003.0008.

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Unlike the opiates, which are a rather homogeneous group, the drugs we call stimulants come in a variety of forms. In this chapter, we will devote most of our time to the classical stimulants, cocaine and the amphetamines, but will consider as well caffeine, nicotine, ephedrine, and modafinil. All are capable of enhancing mental and physical performance, and some produce distinctly pleasurable effects that sometimes lead to addiction. About the time that humans living in what is now South America started to draw on the walls of their caves, one among them discovered the unusual properties of the coca shrub. When the leaves were chewed, wondrous things happened to the chewer: Hunger and fatigue were replaced by feelings of strength and power; the world seemed not such a bad place to live. By the time Francisco Pizarro led his conquistadors into Peru early in the 16th century, coca leaf had found an exalted place in the Incan Empire. One legend has it that coca was brought from heaven to earth by Manco Capac, son of the Sun god and the Inca from whom the ruling class traced its lineage. (Interesting how often royalty has claimed divine origins.) The Spaniards developed no great respect for coca, regarding it as but another facet of a pagan people who had no claim on civilization. But the new rulers were nothing if not practical. Coca allowed native workers to be pushed beyond the normal bounds of physical endurance. More tin and silver could be brought from the mines with fewer workers fed less food. Coca leaf lost its status as a sacrament and a pleasure of the ruling class. It became a part of the internal economy of Spanish Peru, a means of enhancing productivity, and a contributor to the destruction of the Incan people and their civilization. It was inevitable that Europeans would become familiar with the effects of coca leaf both by their observation of native use and by personal experience. In 1859, an Italian physician named Paolo Mantegazza who had spent some time among the Peruvian natives put it this way.
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Abduca, Ricardo. "Coca leaf transfers to Europe." In Transatlantic Trade and Global Cultural Transfers Since 1492, 106–26. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429427305-6.

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Ambrosio, Annamaria Filomena, Luz Indira Sotelo Díaz, María Paula Deaza Fernández, and Bibiana Ramírez Pulido. "La harina de grillo como ingrediente en la cocina." In Desde Cundinamarca. Harina de grillo: gastronomía y sostenibilidad para Colombia y el mundo, 42–49. Universidad de La Sabana, Minciencias, Gobernación de Cundinamarca, ArthroFood S.A.S., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5294/978-958-12-0583-7.2021.3.

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En los supermercados de algunos países europeos, africanos, asiáticos y norteamericanos, ya es posible encontrar productos alimenticios de la categoría de pastas, galletas y barras de cereales elaborados con adición de harina de grillo como uno de sus ingredientes principales. La incorporación de esta materia prima como fuente sostenible de proteínas en diversas matrices alimentarias ha demostrado ser una estrategia innovadora para la producción de alimentos nutritivos con un impacto ambiental reducido. En este capítulo se exponen las principales propiedades alimentarias de la harina de grillo y se describe el proceso para su obtención. Asimismo, se mencionan algunos ejemplos de la aplicación de este ingrediente en el desarrollo de alimentos con valor agregado.
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Conference papers on the topic "Cocina europea"

1

Risnandar, Risnandar, and Agus Triyono. "Relayouting Cocoa Processing Unit of Banua Chocolate Using CRAFT Algorithm (Case Study: Cocoa Processing Unit of Banua Chocolate, Poso, Central Sulawesi)." In 2012 European Modelling Symposium (EMS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ems.2012.59.

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Nguyen, T. Hien, Tong Sun, Kenneth T. V. Grattan, and S. A. Hardwick. "A fibre optic chemical sensor for the detection of cocaine." In (EWOFS'10) Fourth European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors, edited by José Luís Santos, Brian Culshaw, José Miguel López-Higuera, and William N. MacPherson. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.866496.

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Munoz, C. H., S. Herrera-Uribe, Á. Arbeláez-Cortés, D. Jaramillo-Arroyave, L. A. González-Naranjo, G. Vásquez-Duque, M. Restrepo-Escobar, J. Hernández-Zapata, L. F. Arias-Restrepo, and A. L. Vanegas-García. "FRI0476 The myriad of nephritis in levamisole-adulterated cocaine vasculopathy." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, EULAR 2018, Amsterdam, 13–16 June 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-eular.2147.

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Muñoz-Vahos, C. H., S. Herrera-Uribe, Á. Arbeláez-Cortés, D. Jaramillo-Arroyave, L. A. González-Naranjo, G. Vásquez-Duque, M. Restrepo-Escobar, L. A. Correa-Londoño, J. Hernández-Zapata, and A. L. Vanegas-García. "FRI0474 Classification of skin involvement in levamisole-adulterated cocaine induced vasculopathy." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, EULAR 2018, Amsterdam, 13–16 June 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-eular.2145.

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Nguyen, T. Hien, Tong Sun, and Kenneth T. V. Grattan. "Surface plasmon resonance based fibre optic chemical sensor for the detection of cocaine." In Sixth European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors (EWOFS'2016), edited by Elfed Lewis. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2236938.

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Masood, A., L. Attipoe, D. D’Cruz, S. Al-Saraj, S. Williams, and K. Sabzevari. "THU0526 Acute paraspinal muscle necrosis with crack cocaine and heroin; a case report." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, EULAR 2018, Amsterdam, 13–16 June 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-eular.2294.

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Al Tabaa, O., A. Etcheto, C. Miceli-Richard, M. Anna, and M. Dougados. "SAT0199 Switch from innovator etanercept to biosimilar etanercept in inflammatory rheumatic diseases: the experience of cochin university hospital paris-france." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, EULAR 2018, Amsterdam, 13–16 June 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-eular.5157.

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Avouac, J., A. Molto, V. Abitbol, A. Salcion, L. Gutermann, O. Conort, F. Chast, et al. "SAT0163 Systematic switch from innovator infliximab to biosimilar infliximab in inflammatory rheumatic diseases in daily clinical practice: the experience of cochin hospital, paris, france." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, 14–17 June, 2017. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-eular.3791.

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Mooney, B., S. Das, R. Klinger, B. Moran, K. Wynne, W. Gallagher, T. Ni Chonghaile, G. Cagney, A. Bracken, and D. O’Connor. "PO-090 Expression of the cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) recruits SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complexes to the oestrogen receptor." In Abstracts of the 25th Biennial Congress of the European Association for Cancer Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 30 June – 3 July 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/esmoopen-2018-eacr25.132.

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