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Peñalver García, Nereo. "Dentro de la fábrica de salchichas: actores y proceso de toma de decisiones en el Parlamento Europeo." Cuadernos Europeos de Deusto, no. 55 (October 31, 2016): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/ced-55-2016pp145-163.
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<p>Este artículo tiene por objeto ser un viaje a «la cocina» del Parlamento Europeo (PE). En él se explica como co-legisla el PE, desde que recibe una propuesta de la Comisión Europea, hasta su adopción. Pero más allá de presentar los pasos formales del «proceso legislativo ordinario», con el trabajo en comisión parlamentaria, las negociaciones con el Consejo y el voto en el pleno, el objetivo del presente estudio es dar una visión desde dentro de los actores, tanto oficiales como oficiosos, y las dinámicas que hacen posible la adopción de la legislación: el papel de los ponentes y los ponentes en la sombra, la mediación del Presidente para las propuestas legislativas sensibles, las coaliciones entre los grupos políticos, o como intenta el Parlamento influir en la agenda legislativa pese a no tener el derecho de iniciativa legislativa, entre otros aspectos. En segundo lugar, el artículo presenta tres nuevas dinámicas dentro del PE y su efecto en términos de ganadores y perdedores en el seno de la Eurocámara. Finalmente, el artículo analiza los retos a los que se enfrenta el PE en esta nueva legislatura. Una legislatura presentada por el Presidente de la Comisión Europea, Jean Claude Juncker, como la de «la última oportunidad» y que va, sin duda, a determinar el futuro de la Unión.</p><p><strong>Recibido</strong>: 19.05.2016<strong><br />Aceptado</strong>: 21.06.2016</p>
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Iraolagoitia, Gonzalo. "Alejandro Herrero y Fabián Herrero, "La Cocina del Historiador. Reflexiones sobre la Historia de la Cultura Europea"." Clío & Asociados. La historia enseñada, no. 9/10 (February 17, 2005): 166–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14409/cya.v1i9/10.1621.
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Castillo Cotrina, Daladier, and Carlos Tito Vargas. "Obtención de aceituna negra de mesa por fermentación en batch con cultivo iniciador." Ciencias 3, no. 3 (July 7, 2020): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33326/27066320.2019.3.945.
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El objetivo fue obtener aceituna negra de mesa por fermentación en batch con y sin cultivo iniciador. Se empleó aceitunas negras de Olea europea var. sevillana, que fueron colocadas (4 kg por fermentador) en tres fermentadores conteniendo sal de cocina 10%, a dos de los cuales se les agregó cultivo iniciador. Los fermentadores se incubaron a T° Ab. de laboratorio. Se evaluó durante la fermentación el pH, la acidez, la concentración de sal, la temperatura y el número de bact. ml-1 de salmuera; y al término de la fermentación la producción, productividad y los atributos de apariencia externa, olor, sabor y textura. Se obtuvo aceituna negra de mesa en cuya fermentación (64 días) el pH tuvo una tendencia de descenso desde 6.0 a 4.0; la acidez una tendencia de ascenso de 0.1 a 2.01 % en ácido láctico con mayor producción de acidez donde hubo cultivo iniciador; la concentración de sal una tendencia de mantenimiento constante entre 6.5 a 7.7 °Be con un valor ligeramente menor donde hubo cultivo iniciador; la temperatura una tendencia de constancia entre 14 y 12 °C; el N° de bact ml-1 una tendencia inicial de incremento seguida de mantenimiento en un valor menor, con una ligera mayor concentración de bacterias donde hubo cultivo iniciador (4.3 x107 bact ml-1 ), siendo la producción alcanzada la de 4.2 kg de aceituna negra de mesa con una productividad de 0.07 kg día-1 sin diferencia estadistica en los atributos de apariencia externa, olor, sabor y textura de la aceituna en los tratamientos con y sin cultivo iniciador.
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Stevanović, Kosara. "Social ties between criminal networks in cocaine trafficking in Europe." Crimen 11, no. 3 (2020): 325–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/crimen2003325s.
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This paper is highlighting the main criminal networks that are trafficking cocaine in Europe, through the lenses of social embeddedness and criminal network theories. We will try to show that social ties between European and Latin American organized crime networks, as well as between different European crime networks, are the main reason for the staggering success of European criminal groups in cocaine trafficking in the 21st century. In the beginning, we lay out the social embeddedness theory and criminal network theory, and then we review the main criminal networks involved in cocaine trafficking in Europe and social ties between them, with special attention to Serbian and Montenegrin criminal networks. At the end of the article, we analyze what role does ethnicity, seen as social ties based on common language and tradition, play in cocaine trafficking in Europe.
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Sampo, Carolina. "El tráfico de cocaína entre América Latina y África Occidental." URVIO. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de Seguridad, no. 24 (May 10, 2019): 187–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.17141/urvio.24.2019.3700.
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Desde hace más de 10 años, un tercio de la cocaína que ingresa a Europa lo hace a través de África Occidental. Sin embargo, poco se sabe de la relación existente entre América Latina, como región productora de cocaína, y África Occidental, como zona de tráfico, acopio y consumo. Este trabajo, de carácter exploratorio, busca entender por qué África Occidental se presenta atractiva para los traficantes latinoamericanos y cómo funciona el vínculo entre ellos y los africanos. La hipótesis que plantea es que los Estados africanos han sido cooptados por las organizaciones criminales. Estas generan mayores incentivos para las organizaciones criminales latinoamericanas, que consideran que dicha ruta es menos riesgosa y más redituable que otras, aun cuando tengan que negociar, parte de la logística con sus pares africanos. Como resultado, se han detectado tres hubs por los que ingresa la cocaína proveniente de América Latina: uno en la Costa Atlántica, uno en el Sahel y otro en el golfo de Benín.
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For more than 10 years, one third of the cocaine that enters Europe does so through West Africa. Nevertheless, little is known about the relationship between Latin America, as the region that produces cocaine, and West Africa, as a zone of trafficking, stockpiling and consumption. This article, which is of an exploratory kind, seeks to understand why West Africa presents itself as attractive to Latin-American traffickers and how the link between them and the Africans works. The hypothesis stated in this work is that African States have been co-opted by criminal organizations. They generate greater incentives for Latin American criminal organizations, which consider this route less risky and more profitable than others, even though they have to negotiate part of the logistics with their African peers. As a result, three hubs through which cocaine comes from Latin America have been detected: one on the Atlantic Coast, one in the Sahel and another one in the Gulf of Benin.
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Suárez Granda, Juan Luis. "Notas sobre la cultura alimentaria en la España del siglo XVIII." Cuadernos de Estudios del Siglo XVIII, no. 19 (October 3, 2017): 257–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/cesxviii.19.2009.257-297.
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Los siglos XVIII y XIX asisten en Europa a una importante renovaciónde la cocina y al desarrollo de una autonomía del discurso sobre la comidacon respecto a la medicina y a la religión. España no es ajena a esos cambios, en los que está presente la influencia francesa y, en menor medida, la italiana. No obstante, aun estando en la órbita de esos cambios, España está por debajo del nivel europeo, tanto en el número y entidad de los recetarios como en el confort y prestaciones de los establecimientos hoteleros, objeto estos últimos de frecuentesquejas de los escritores, tanto españoles como extranjeros. La cocina de la realeza española era refinada pero hipercalórica; la popular, tan simple y elemental como puede serlo ahora. Los recetarios españoles de la época obedecen a un patrón de cocina popular y modesta, y nacieron en su mayoría al calor de los conventos. Emplean ya algunos de los productos venidos de América, como chocolate, tomate y pimiento. No así la patata ni el maíz, aunque tenemos constancia que ya se cultivaban y consumían en España.PALABRAS CLAVE: Gastronomía. Recetarios. Léxico. Viajes.
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Corkery, John M., Hugh Claridge, Christine Goodair, and Fabrizio Schifano. "An exploratory study of information sources and key findings on UK cocaine-related deaths." Journal of Psychopharmacology 31, no. 8 (June 26, 2017): 996–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881117711923.
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Cocaine-related deaths have increased since the early 1990s in Europe, including the UK. Being multi-factorial, they are difficult to define, detect and record. The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction commissioned research to: describe trends reported to Special Mortality Registries and General Mortality Registers; provide demographic and drug-use characteristic information of cases; and establish how deaths are identified and classified. A questionnaire was developed and piloted amongst all European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction Focal Point experts/Special Mortality Registries: 19 (63%) responded; nine countries provided aggregated data. UK General Mortality Registers use cause of death and toxicology to identify cocaine-related deaths. Categorisation is based on International Classification of Diseases codes. Special Mortality Registries use toxicology, autopsy, evidence and cause of death. The cocaine metabolites commonly screened for are: benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, cocaethylene and ecgonine. The 2000s saw a generally accelerating upward trend in cases, followed by a decline in 2009. The UK recorded 2700–2900 deaths during 1998–2012. UK Special Mortality Registry data (2005–2009) indicate: 25–44 year-olds account for 74% of deaths; mean age=34 (range 15–81) years; 84% male. Cocaine overdoses account for two-thirds of cases; cocaine alone being mentioned/implicated in 23% in the UK. Opioids are involved in most (58%) cocaine overdose cases.
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Leong-Salobir, Cecilia. "MEM Y COOKIE: LA COCINA COLONIAL EN MALASIA Y SINGAPUR." Estudios de Asia y África 50, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/eaa.v50i3.2042.
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Este trabajo examina el surgimiento de una cocina colonial distintiva en las colonias británicas de Malasia y Singapur desde finales del siglo xix. La cocina colonial evolucionó con el tiempo y fue una combinación de prácticas culinarias derivadas de costumbres alimentarias europeas y asiáticas, muchas de las cuales llegaron de la India colonial. Al igual que en India, esta aculturación se desarrolló debido a la dependencia de los colonizadores de sus sirvientes domésticos para la preparación de la comida. Aunque los sirvientes domésticos (como los cocineros, localmente conocidos como cookie) eran generalmente representados en las narrativas coloniales como sucios, deshonestos y faltos de inteligencia, fueron ellos los responsables de la preparación de los alimentos para la familia. El papel de los cocineros asiáticos en el hogar colonial fue más crucial de lo que deja ver la imagen negativa transmitida por los colonizadores británicos y otros historiadores. Aunque la mem (abreviación de memsahib, que significa señora de la casa) se reservó el rol de supervisar el manejo de la casa, fue la contribución física de los sirvientes domésticos lo que la posibilitó para cumplir esa función. El gran número de sirvientes empleados le permitió a la mem administrar sin problemas el hogar colonial como el dominio privado y, a la vez, como el lugar oficial para las tareas del imperio. La mem, como señora de la casa, decidió sobre los rituales y las tareas que definieron el espacio colonial como el hogar y como el bastión del imperialismo blanco. En contraste, fue el conocimiento local de los cocineros lo que procuró los alimentos. La mayoría de las cocinas estuvieron diseñadas de acuerdo con los requerimientos de los sirvientes, y los cocineros se encargaron de toda la preparación y cocinaron usualmente platillos locales. El argumento es que si no fuera por la contribución de los sirvientes, las mems habrían tenido que trabajar más arduamente. En efecto, el quehacer de los sirvientes no sólo eximió a los blancos del trabajo, sino que además ayudó a modelar la cultura colonial, a pesar de los esfuerzos de los británicos por mantenerse socialmente distintos. La cocina colonial no se habría desarrollado con dichas características distintivas sin las habilidades y el conocimiento local de los cocineros asiáticos.En este artículo se emplea una variedad de fuentes primarias para investigar las funciones y la representación de la mem y de los cocineros locales. Se utilizan libros de cocina y manuales domésticos de los siglos xix y xx, tanto de Gran Bretaña como de las colonias, para investigar la representación de la relación memsahib-sirviente. Estas publicaciones no sólo catalogaron a los sirvientes nativos como indignos, sino que además intentaron enseñar a los colonizadores cómo no comportarse de maneras que podrían ser vistas como inapropiadas. La imagen peyorativa de los sirvientes en el hogar colonial y el grado en el que los europeos dependían de su servicio fueron características de las contradicciones de la vida colonial. La evidencia de los libros de cocina y de las guías domésticas indica que la cocina colonial incluía platillos híbridos de curry, mulligatawny, kedgeree, trozos de pollo, pish pash y el inimitable almuerzo de tiffin. Los periódicos coloniales publicados en las colonias también han sido utilizados para analizar la vida social de los colonizadores, especialmente en las cenas formales, donde los cocineros locales preparaban banquetes en clubes coloniales. Los diarios y los documentales sobre reminiscencias fueron herramientas para articular la identidad de la buena esposa colonial y perpetuaron prejuicios raciales contra los sirvientes. Finalmente, también fueron analizadas para este trabajo las respuestas a cuestionarios enviados a los británicos que residían en las colonias.
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Montali, Francesca. "L'efficacia dei trattamenti psicologici dei pazienti dipendenti da cocaina." S & P SALUTE E PREVENZIONE, no. 51 (February 2009): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sap2008-051003.
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- La presente rassegna intende esplorare i piů recenti contributi provenienti dalla letteratura Europea ed Americana rispetto all'efficacia dei trattamenti psicologici specifici per pazienti dipendenti da cocaina. La validitŕ dei modelli di trattamento sarŕ messa a confronto con le problematiche specifiche della popolazione dei pazienti cocainomani.
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Lewis, Roger. "European markets in cocaine." Contemporary Crises 13, no. 1 (March 1989): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00728875.
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Radolovic, Doris. "La dipendenza da cocaina: verso un'integrazione delle cure." PNEI REVIEW, no. 1 (April 2021): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/pnei2021-001004.
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Le ricerche scientifiche hanno dimostrato che la dipendenza da sostanze è una patologia cronica recidivante ad eziologia multifattoriale, prodotta dall'interconnessione tra la dimensione biologica, psicologica e quella ambientale. La cocaina è la seconda droga illecita più comunemente utilizzata in Europa. Il suo consumo si impone ormai come uno tra i più gravi problemi sociali che gli operatori dei diversi settori si trovano ad affrontare. Comprendere come i diversi fattori coinvolti concorrono a determinare la vulnerabilità all'uso problematico di cocaina rappresenta l'aspetto fondamentale per i futuri progetti di prevenzione e di trattamento di tale patologia. L'integrazione delle cure in questo ambito sembra destinato non solo a modificare l'efficacia del trattamento, ma anche ad aprire nuovi orizzonti di ricerca per quanto riguarda la sua origine e la natura del rapporto che lega funzionalmente tra loro l'aspetto biologico, psicologico e socio-ambientale. Vengono infine esposti alcuni possibili approcci terapeutici nell'ambito della dipendenza da cocaina.
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Murray, John B. "An Overview of Cocaine Use and Abuse." Psychological Reports 59, no. 1 (August 1986): 243–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1986.59.1.243.
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Use of cocaine is traced from South American Indians through 19th century European patterns into 20th century United States. Different methods of using cocaine produce effects with different potencies; the free-basing method is most potent and potentially most lethal and addictive. Addiction to cocaine has a different pattern than the physiological effects of heroin but is no less real, perhaps even more dangerous.
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Sáiz, Jorge, Carmen García-Ruiz, and Belén Gómara. "Comparison of different GC-MS configurations for the determination of prevalent drugs and related metabolites." Analytical Methods 9, no. 19 (2017): 2897–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ay00813a.
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Thornton, Claire, Etty Grad, and Rami Yaka. "The role of mitochondria in cocaine addiction." Biochemical Journal 478, no. 4 (February 24, 2021): 749–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20200615.
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The incidence of cocaine abuse is increasing especially in the U.K. where the rates are among the highest in Europe. In addition to its role as a psychostimulant, cocaine has profound effect on brain metabolism, impacting glycolysis and impairing oxidative phosphorylation. Cocaine exposure alters metabolic gene expression and protein networks in brain regions including the prefrontal cortex, the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens, the principal nuclei of the brain reward system. Here, we focus on how cocaine impacts mitochondrial function, in particular through alterations in electron transport chain function, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative stress (OS), mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy. Finally, we describe the impact of cocaine on brain energy metabolism in the developing brain following prenatal exposure. The plethora of mitochondrial functions altered following cocaine exposure suggest that therapies maintaining mitochondrial functional integrity may hold promise in mitigating cocaine pathology and addiction.
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Švedaitė, Ramunė, and Sigita Švedienė. "THOSE DEPENDANT ON THE DRUGS DO NOT SIT AT AUDITORIUM’S DESK." GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION 8, no. 1 (March 25, 2011): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.48127/gu-nse/11.8.30.
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The authors‘ of the article assumption that the majority of traffic accidents are caused by drivers – drug and psychotropic substances abusers – is based on the findings of the European Union DRUID Project. Drug addiction is spreading rapidly in Lithuania. The statistical data of the Drug Control Department under the Government of the Republic of Lithuania prove that the majority of drug abusers are young people of 20–39 years of age. Young people whose efforts and time should be directed towards education and studies. The authors focus attention on the increasing delinquency among drug abusers and the lethal outcome of the drug overdosage. However, it is not a specific national feature. This phenomenon is widely spread from both time and geographical perspective. The established in vitro methods of detection at major extent facilitate the struggle against drug abuse and distribution. In many European cities this method is already being applied when detecting islands of cocaine abusers by the chemical analysis of communal sewage, thus quantitatively identifying the concentration of benzoilekgonin - the stable cocaine metabolite. The article provides a description of the SYNCHRON CX test for identification of cocaine in urine produced by „Beckman Coulter“. Key words: drugs, the metabolite of cocaine, urban wastewater treatment.
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Strang, John, Andrew Johns, and Woody Caan. "Cocaine in the UK-1991." British Journal of Psychiatry 162, no. 1 (January 1993): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.162.1.1.
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More than 100 years after Freud's original endorsement of the drug, the use of cocaine is a problem for both users and for society, which struggles to organise effective responses to the epidemic of the last decade. During the 1980s the rapid spread of smokeable cocaine (including ‘crack’) was seen in the Americas (particularly the US). The initial simple predictions of an identical European epidemic were mistaken. The available data on the extent of cocaine use and of cocaine problems in the UK are examined. New forms of cocaine have been developed by black-market entrepreneurs (‘freebase’ and ‘crack’), and new technologies have emerged for their use; with these new technologies have come new effects and new problems. The general psychiatrist now needs a knowledge of directly and indirectly related psychopathology which has an increasing relevance to the diagnosis and management of the younger patient.
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Roncero, C., C. Daigre, B. Gonzalvo, S. Valero, X. Castells, L. Grau-López, F. J. Eiroa-Orosa, and M. Casas. "Risk factors for cocaine-induced psychosis in cocaine-dependent patients." European Psychiatry 28, no. 3 (November 25, 2011): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.06.012.
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AbstractCocaine consumption can induce transient psychotic symptoms, expressed as paranoia or hallucinations. Cocaine induced psychosis (CIP) is common but not developed in all cases. This is the first European study on the relationship between CIP, consumption pattern variables and personality disorders. We evaluated 173 cocaine-dependent patients over 18 years; mostly males, whose average age was 33.6 years (SD = 7.8). Patients attending an outpatient addictions department were enrolled in the study and subsequently systematically evaluated using SCID I and SCID II interviews for comorbid disorders, a clinical interview for psychotic symptoms and EuropASI for severity of addiction. A high proportion of cocaine dependent patients reported psychotic symptoms under the influence of cocaine (53.8%), the most frequently reported being paranoid beliefs and suspiciousness (43.9%). A logistic regression analysis was performed, finding that a model consisting of amount of cocaine consumption, presence of an antisocial personality disorder and cannabis dependence history had 66.2% sensitivity 75.8% specificity predicting the presence of CIP. In our conclusions, we discuss the relevance of evaluating CIP in all cocaine dependent-patients, and particularly in those fulfilling the clinical profile derived from our results. These findings could be useful for a clinical approach to the risks of psychotic states in cocaine-dependent patients.
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Qureshi, A., N. Rutow, C. Visiers, E. Pedrini, H. W. Revollo, F. Collazos, and X. Major. "Patterns of Substance use in an Immgrant Population in Spain." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70683-2.
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Aims:The relationship between immigration and drug abuse and its treatment is complex and poorly understood. The objective of this study is to gain insight into patterns of drug use and service access and how they are influenced by social factors and the migratory process in a population of foreign born drug users in Barcelona, Spain.Methods:An interview protocol was developed for the study which examined drug use patterns, social and health factors, and treatment, and was administered to 118 foreign born users in harm reduction centers. 92% were male and 8% were female. 42% were from Eastern Europe, 35% were from the Magreb, 14% from the European Community, 6% from Subsaharan Africa and 3% from Latin America.Results:With migration opium use decreased whereas cocaine, heroin, and speedball increased, which also constitute the primary drug used by this sample. Social support was correlated with greater consumption of heroin, cocaine, and alcohol, whereas lower social stress was predictive of higher cannabis use. Hard drug use was predicted by illegal status and a lack of stable housing. Acculturation and acclturative stress were not found to be related to substance use. Treatment was positively evaluated, with no perception of lower quality of care.Discussion:Drug use patterns shift with the migratory process, and, it would appear, adapt to the dominant local ones. The unexpecting findings regarding social factors and acculturation and acculturative stress may indicate differences in the Spanish drug use context, and as such warrant further research.
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Eiden, Céline, Caroline Diot, Olivier Mathieu, Michel Mallaret, and Hélène Peyrière. "Levamisole-Adulterated Cocaine: What about in European Countries?" Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 46, no. 5 (October 20, 2014): 389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2014.959215.
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MOLFINI, MARCO, ANDREA DI GIULIO, EMILIANO MANCINI, and MARCO A. BOLOGNA. "Larval features illuminating adult taxonomy? Case study in the European cardinal beetle species of the genus Pyrochroa (Coleoptera: Pyrochroidae: Pyrochroinae)." Zootaxa 4966, no. 3 (May 4, 2021): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4966.3.5.
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Larvae of the two European species of the genus Pyrochroa (P. coccinea and P. serraticornis) are redescribed, for the first time based on Italian samples, and new relevant and distinctive characters have emerged from P. serraticornis. Particularly, the presence of a single urogomphal pit between urogomphi (representing a new condition for the entire family), and new characters of mandibles, open new questions about the current taxonomic status of the European species.
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Castlebury, Lisa A., Amy Y. Rossman, and Aimee S. Hyten. "Phylogenetic relationships of Neonectria/Cylindrocarpon on Fagus in North AmericaMention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the US Department of Agriculture." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 9 (September 2006): 1417–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-105.
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The relationship of two species of Neonectria associated with beech bark canker in North America was evaluated by comparing isolates of these and additional species of the Neonectria coccinea (Pers.:Fr.) Rossman & Samuels group found on Fagus. Gene regions in the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2), and β-tubulin were sequenced and analyzed. Results indicate that the fungus associated with beech bark disease previously known as Neonectria coccinea var. faginata Lohman et al. (≡ Nectria coccinea (Pers.:Fr.) Fr. var. faginata Lohman et al.) should be recognized as a separate species, Neonectria faginata , distinct from Neonectria coccinea . Neonectria faginata including its anamorphic state, Cylindrocarpon faginatum C. Booth, is known only on Fagus in North America. A second species associated with beech bark disease in North America is Neonectria ditissima (Tul. & C. Tul.) Samuels & Rossman, which can be distinguished morphologically from Neonectria faginata based on ascospore size, conidial size and shape, and colony pigmentation. Morphological and molecular data indicate that Neonectria ditissima represents an older name for Neonectria galligena Bres. Similarly, the anamorphic state of Neonectria ditissima is the older epithet Cylindrocarpon heteronema with Cylindrocarpon willkommii as a synonym. Neonectria ditissima occurs on a variety of hardwood trees in North America and Europe. Neonectria coccinea occurs only on Fagus in Europe. Neonectria major (Wollenw.) Castl. & Rossman is recognized as a species that occurs only on Alnus in Canada (British Columbia), France, Norway, and the United States (Washington). The following nomenclatural changes are proposed: Neonectria faginata comb. and stat. nov., Neonectria fuckeliana comb. nov., Neonectria hederae comb. nov., Neonectria major comb. and stat. nov., and Neonectria punicea comb. nov.
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Batisse, A., C. Chevallier, J. Azevedo Correia, M. Martinez, G. Hoizey, M. Chèze, S. Buscail, et al. "Example of alert and reporting system of scopolamine poisoning among Parisian cocaine users at regional, national and European levels." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): s858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1709.
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IntroductionIn the literature, few intoxications are related to scopolamine due to its presence in cocaine, heroin or even in counterfeit rohypnol tablets. Nonetheless, during summer 2016, several cases of non-fatal intoxication appeared in the region of Paris.ObjectivesDemonstrate how clinical detection of rare toxic events are fostered by exchanges in close collaboration with different territorial level.AimsImprove the detection of short toxic epidemic.MethodsSuspected cases of scopolamine poisoning notified to Parisian Addictovigilance centre were reported. Information shared through different levels of the alert process contributed to strengthen their assessment.ResultsSeventeen cases of probable scopolamine poisoning among cocaine users were registered between the 6 and 24 of July. In the first 4 cases, toxicological analysis, of blood samples were scopolamine positive, with high concentration between 7 ng/mL and 25 ng/mL (usual therapeutic range: 0.1 to 1.1 ng/mL). A collected sample of this cocaine powder had a purity of 23.2%, with 15.2% of scopolamine. Half time of scopolamine is longer than half time of cocaine (3–8 hours versus 1–2 hours): this could explain why the observed effects lasted over 24 hours (8/17). Main clinical features were mydriasis (15/17), high blood pressure (12/17), tachycardia (13/17), behavioural disorder with agitation (13/17), hallucinations (5/17), and coma (8/17). Practitioner's responsiveness and the extensive information sharing [MM1] between regional and European level were congruent.ConclusionsAdulterated street drugs can lead to short toxic epidemic which could be unnoticed. Emerging event should require careful assessment with linkage between risk assessors and risk managers.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Østergaard, Jeanette, Stine V. Østergaard, and Adam Fletcher. "Preferences for Simultaneous Polydrug Use." Contemporary Drug Problems 43, no. 4 (August 20, 2016): 350–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091450916661372.
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Cross-national surveys of young adults’ simultaneous polydrug use (SPU) are rare, as measuring polydrug use requires multiple questions capturing the timing, sequence, and dosage of mixing drugs. This study proposes a new way of measuring SPU by examining how preferences for simultaneous polydrug use (PSPU) vary among club/bar-goers in two European countries, Denmark and England, typically cited as exemplars of the normalization of illegal drug use. The study considers the utility of the normalization thesis for understanding preferences for polydrug use in the European nighttime economy. An in situ survey of 1,298 young adults (18–35 years) conducted in 50 bars, pubs, and nightclubs in England and Denmark assessed sociodemographics, substance use patterns, and personal preference(s) for mixing alcohol and drug use. Multinomial regression analyses examined the relative risk of PSPU categories among those reporting drug use, according to sociodemographics, alcohol intake, frequency of intoxication, and smoking. Illicit drug use was more prevalent among young adults in England than Denmark. The difference was smallest for cannabis use: Lifetime cannabis use is 66% in England and 58% in Denmark. Lifetime cocaine use was 38% in England and 17% in Denmark. In England, young adults with drug experience preferred to mix alcohol with cocaine (65%). In Denmark, young adults with drug experience preferred to mix alcohol with cannabis (78%). In multinominal regression, Danish young adults’ educational level was associated with PSPU, whereas in England legal substance use was associated with PSPU. This study calls for a more differentiated understanding of normalization. Preferences for mixing alcohol and drug use varied significantly cross nationally (alcohol/cocaine, England; alcohol/cannabis, Denmark). Different factors are associated with PSPU in each country. In England, not Denmark, drinking behaviors appear to shape preferences for mixing alcohol with cocaine, suggesting caution should be taken when replicating harm reduction interventions.
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De Los Ángeles Lasa, Mariá. "Challenges, Cooperation and Paradoxes in the Coca Cocaine Complex." Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science 19 (April 30, 2013): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22151/politikon.19.1.
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The coca-cocaine complex in South America is one of the most serious threats to the region’s political, economic and social institutions. It has infected the public and private sectors with the virus of corruption and violence, and it has brought about the intervention of extra-regional actors that have contributed to worsening the situation. In the fight against this threat since the 1970s, South American countries have had the support of the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) which, these being the world’s largest consumers of cocaine in the world, has become the source of a vicious paradox: the challenges for South American states arise not only from the coca-cocaine complex itself, but also from the cooperation of those world superpowers in the fight against it. This paper analyses both the cooperation among drug actors –an issue that has historically been overlooked–, and the previously mentioned paradox in the case of South American states and the EU.
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Romano, Ruggiero. "Alrededor de dos falsas ecuaciones: coca buena cocaína buena; cocaína mala coca mala." Allpanchis 14, no. 19 (October 1, 2020): 237–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36901/allpanchis.v14i19.871.
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El descubrimiento y la conquista de América no fue solo un choque armado, un encuentro de hombres, una confrontación de culturas y civilizaciones, sino también un intercambio de plantas y de animales: durante todo el siglo XVI (el proceso, por otro lado, continuará hasta hoy) en el Oceáno Atlántico se cruzan caminos diametralmente opuestos que llevan el toro o el trigo... hacia América y el pavo y el maíz hacia Europa. El "descubrimiento" fue también en gran parte la observación de una flora y una fauna que eran diferentes a los ojos de los "descubridores".
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Ruiz Herrera, José. "Ustilago maydis: ascenso de un hongo mexicano de la gastronomía local al mundo científico." Nova Scientia 1, no. 1 (November 4, 2014): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.21640/ns.v1i1.246.
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En el presente trabajo se describe la naturaleza del hongo Ustilago maydis, su papel como causante de una enfermedad del maíz, su uso en la cocina mexicana y las condiciones que lo llevaron a convertirse en material de estudio científico, además de algunas características descollantes de su fisiología, genética y bioquímica. U. maydis es un hongo patógeno biotrófico específico del maíz, y el teozintle, siendo el agente causal del “huitlacoche” o carbón común, una enfermedad de distribución mundial que bajo ciertas condiciones puede causar severos daños económicos. Sin embargo, en México, las mazorcas infectadas han sido un alimento usado en la cocina tradicional desde la época pre-colombina, y actualmente también en la alta gastronomía del país y el extranjero. El hongo y sus huéspedes son nativos de la parte central de México, y fueron introducidos en Europa por los españoles, donde la enfermedad fue considerada como una alteración fisiológica de la planta. Su naturaleza como infección fúngica fue reconocida solo hasta la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. U. maydis se introdujo a los laboratorios de investigación a principios del Siglo XX, convirtiéndose en un modelo clásico para el estudio de las bases de la patogénesis fúngica en plantas, de la especificidad en el apareamiento y de la recombinación genética, entre otras. Esto fue debido a su facilidad de manejo, su corto ciclo de vida, y el ser posible su análisis mediante métodos de genética clásica y molecular. El ciclo de vida del hongo es complicado alternando formas de levadura haploide saprofítica y micelio dicariótico infeccioso. Este ciclo sexual solo se completa en su huésped natural, estando bajo el control de dos loci de apareamiento que controlan la fusión celular y la patogénesis. En condiciones de cultivo axénico, hemos demostrado que el hongo es capaz de infectar plantas filogenéticamente distantes del maíz; y hemos desarrollado condiciones para completar su ciclo de vida mediante la interacción del patógeno con callos de maíz separados por una membrana que evita su contacto físico. Por medio del control de pH del medio de cultivo, hemos logrado la transición de levadura a micelio in vitro. Otro aspecto importante es la naturaleza de las vías de transducción de las señales que regulan el comportamiento sexual, la morfogénesis y la patogénesis de U. maydis. Se ha demostrado que éstas involucran vías MAPK y PKA que operan antagónicamente en la morfogénesis y en forma cooperativa en la patogénesis. No cabe duda que en el futuro, U.maydis seguirá siendo útil para desvelar los secretos de la patogénesis de los hongos en las plantas y deleitar a los amantes de la buena cocina.
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Pantaleão, Sara Regina Pereira, André da Silveira Ribeiro Lins, and Manoel Marques de Souto Nóbrega Filho. "Repercussões cardiovasculares em usuários de cocaína: uma revisão integrativa." Medicina (Ribeirão Preto) 54, no. 1 (July 2, 2021): e173234. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-7262.rmrp.2021.173234.
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Introdução: O uso da cocaína é considerado um importante problema de saúde, sendo crescente o número de atendimentos nos serviços de emergência de pacientes que referem sintomas relacionados a alterações cardiovasculares após seu uso. Objetivo: Apresentar as repercussões cardiovasculares promovidas pela cocaína, associando o seu consumo a possíveis desfechos fatais, além de discutir as melhores maneiras de abordar o paciente na emergência. Método: Revisão integrativa da literatura nas bases de dados eletrônicas LILACS, MEDLINE, IBECS, SciELO, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de São Paulo, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde de São Paulo, Coleciona SUS, disponíveis na BVS, bem como no PubMed. Resultados: Após análise criteriosa, 44 artigos atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Foram estudos realizados na Europa (25%), Austrália (6,82%) e no continente americano (68,18%). Discussão: Abuso de cocaína é considerado um fator de risco isolado para doenças cardiovasculares, independente de outros. Por isso, pacientes jovens admitidos com dor torácica devem ser questionados sobre o consumo dessa droga. O tratamento do IAM associado ao uso de cocaína é semelhante ao realizado em paciente não usuário e, apesar da controvérsia existente sobre existir ou não contraindicação ao emprego de betabloqueador, diversos estudos indicam a utilização de drogas alfa e beta bloqueadores nesses pacientes. Conclusão: constatou-se que as principais repercussões cardiovasculares encontradas em pacientes usuários de cocaína que procuraram atendimento nas emergências hospitalares foram as emergências/urgências hipertensivas, taquicardia supraventricular, angina, infarto agudo do miocárdio, dissecção e aneurisma de aorta.
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Vigh, Henrik. "Caring through crime: ethical ambivalence and the cocaine trade in Bissau." Africa 87, no. 3 (July 21, 2017): 479–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972017000079.
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AbstractThis article examines the way young men in Bissau, the capital of Guinea-Bissau, make sense of and engage in the transnational cocaine trade, which has established itself on the Upper Guinea coast. It describes Guinea-Bissau's emergence as a regional centre for the trafficking of cocaine from Latin America to Europe, and shows how the illegality and volatility of the commerce are socially assessed and valued. The drug connection impacts on the lives of the young men in the city in a variety of ways. While it is seen to have brought with it a range of political and societal insecurities and uncertainties, it is also perceived to offer potential livelihoods and prospects. On the one hand, cocaine is positioned as an ethically dubious commodity; on the other, its revenue and concomitant social effects are seen as morally reasonable and required. The article therefore centres on the ethical dimensions of the trade, as seen from the perspective of the youth in question, and argues that it needs to be understood in terms of situational obligations rather than abstract ideals. It approaches ethics from a relational point of view and shows how the moral evaluation and ascription of the cocaine trade are defined inter-subjectively and understood in relation to social responsibility, care and accountability.
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Capaldo, Anna, Flaminia Gay, Massimo Maddaloni, Salvatore Valiante, Maria De Falco, Mauro Lenzi, and Vincenza Laforgia. "Presence of Cocaine in the Tissues of the European Eel, Anguilla anguilla, Exposed to Environmental Cocaine Concentrations." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 223, no. 5 (November 5, 2011): 2137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-011-1010-7.
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Tassoni, Giovanna, Marta Cippitelli, Gianmario Mietti, Alice Ceroni, Erika Buratti, Emanuele Bury, and Mariano Cingolani. "Hair Analysis to Evaluate Polydrug Use." Healthcare 9, no. 8 (July 31, 2021): 972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9080972.
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Polydrug use is a frequent pattern of consumption in Europe. This behavior has mainly been analyzed within restricted groups; more rarely in large populations. Current polydrug use is less studied than simultaneous use. This study focused on the concurrent assumption of polydrug among drivers using hair matrix. Hair matrix, for its biological characteristics, allows to identify illicit drug use more often than other matrices, i.e., urine, and it provides information on the long-term use of them. Hair samples of subjects positive for opiates, cocaine and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) collected by the forensic toxicology laboratory of the University of Macerata in the period 2010–2020, were analyzed using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Our results evidenced that a significant part of the examined population (12.15%) used polydrug. A strong predominance of males over females was evident. Polydrug users were more frequently young people. The abuse of two substances was predominant. Cocaine and Δ9-THC was the most common combination, followed by cocaine and morphine, and morphine and Δ9-THC. The timeframe of polydrug use was also analyzed. Our study shows that polydrug use is a very frequent behavior, and that hair analysis may be a powerful tool to obtain objective biological information of this complex phenomenon.
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Gerra, Gilberto, Elisa Benedetti, Giuliano Resce, Roberta Potente, Arianna Cutilli, and Sabrina Molinaro. "Socioeconomic Status, Parental Education, School Connectedness and Individual Socio-Cultural Resources in Vulnerability for Drug Use among Students." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041306.
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Background and Aims: Families who live in a disadvantaged socioeconomic situation frequently face substandard housing, unsafe neighborhoods, inadequate schools and more stress in their daily lives than more affluent families, with a host of psychological and developmental consequences that can hinder their children’s development in many ways. However, the measurement of socioeconomic status among youth and its link with different forms of illicit substance use is challenging and still unclear. This paper extends existing research on the relationship between socioeconomic status and illicit drug use among adolescents by focusing on three different patterns of use (experimental, episodic and frequent) and making use of two indicators to improve the measurement of individual socioeconomic characteristics in a big sample of European students. Methods: Data were drawn from the European school Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs (ESPAD), which, since 1995, collects comparable data among 15-to-16-year-old students to monitor trends in drug use and other risk behaviors across Europe. The sample comes from 28 countries that participated in the 2015 data collection. The consumption of cannabis, cocaine and heroin are considered, and the related patterns are identified based on the frequency of use. Family characteristics at student level are defined through two dimensions: parental educational level and perceived socioeconomic status. Multivariate multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression was performed in order to measure the association between individual characteristics and vulnerability for drug use. Results: Some patterns of use, episodic and frequent in particular, were found strongly associated with a lower socioeconomic status and lower parental education. Conclusions: Our results suggest that drug policies should be combined with actions aimed at removing barriers to social inclusion that are attributable to the socioeconomic background of adolescents.
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Miró, Òscar, Paul I. Dargan, David M. Wood, Alison M. Dines, Christopher Yates, Fridtjof Heyerdahl, Knut Erik Hovda, Isabelle Giraudon, and Miguel Galicia. "Epidemiology, clinical features and management of patients presenting to European emergency departments with acute cocaine toxicity: comparison between powder cocaine and crack cocaine cases." Clinical Toxicology 57, no. 8 (January 30, 2019): 718–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2018.1549735.
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Miño, Martina Adela. "Desde las vanguardias al arte contemporáneo latinoamericano: la comida como elemento transformador." Index, revista de arte contemporáneo, no. 09 (July 1, 2020): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26807/cav.v0i09.330.
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Más allá de las naturalezas muertas de Picasso, donde las frutas son representadas reposando sobre una canasta, el Arte Contemporáneo, explora la cualidad indudablemente transformadora de los alimentos. El comer, cocinar y saborear son lenguajes que expresan valores políticos, sociales, íntimos e históricos. Este ensayo analiza de qué manera desde las vanguardias artísticas Europeas al arte contemporáneo Latinoamericano, la comida ha sido una herramienta subversiva para romper con el lenguaje normativo de la producción cultural. Desde movimientos como el Dadaísmo, el Surrealismo, el Futurismo y la Antropofagia, hasta las nuevas vanguardias como Fluxus y EatArt, las narrativas comestibles se han utilizado como herramientas transformadoras del pensamiento. Asimismo, artistas Latinoamericanos contemporáneos sirven banquetes, preparan helados, y ofrecen caramelos para investigar los espacios de tensión entre lo íntimo y lo político, lo privado y lo público, y el arte y la vida.
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López de Ocáriz y Alzola, José Javier. "Los trabajos y los meses en el mosaico románico de Pantaleón en la catedral de Otranto." Brocar. Cuadernos de Investigación Histórica, no. 36 (June 21, 2012): 209–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/brocar.1570.
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El mayor mosaico románico de Europa (1163-1165) cubre el pavimento de la catedral italiana de Otranto en Apulia, situada entre Oriente y Occidente. Es la obra maestra: opvs insigne, del presbítero Pantaleón patrocinado por el arzobispo Jonathas. Seleccionamos el Calendario con el Zodíaco y los Meses, que encabeza la nave central, para su estudio. Representa las faenas agrarias del cultivo del trigo y la vid, además de la matanza del cerdo, reservando a la mujer la cocina. Sorprenden dos temas de raigambre clásica: el Espinario, y Tellus: la Tierra nutricia. Procedemos al análisis iconográfico de cada Mes, acompañado de textos ilustrativos del griego Hesíodo, que no desentonan pese al salto cronológico. Lo encuadramos en el ritmo temporal del Zodíaco y otras constelaciones aludidas. En el mosaico presidido por el Árbol de la Vida, la contigua escena bíblica de la caída de Adán y Eva proporciona la clave para explicar el calendario: el duro trabajo es un castigo por desobedecer al creador, lo que ya evocaba Hesíodo en sus reflexiones. Pero, por suerte, en la fiesta de Pascua el trabajo puede transformarse en liberación, al pasar de la Terra maledicta al Exultet et gaudeat Tellus.
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Dong, Chao, Xue Li, Yue Xi, and Zong-Ming Cheng. "Micropropagation of Pyracantha coccinea." HortScience 52, no. 2 (February 2017): 271–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci11301-16.
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Pyracantha coccinea is a thorny evergreen shrub native to southeast Europe to southeast Asia. It is a popular ornamental plant because of its showy bright red fruits and small white flowers. However, in vitro vegetative propagation of P. coccinea has not been studied. Nodal segments with one or two axillary buds (1 to 1.5 cm in length) were cut and disinfected in a solution of 0.1% (v/v) mercuric chloride (HgCl2) for 5 minutes, and proliferated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with various concentrations 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA). After 4 weeks, newly formed shoots were transferred to proliferation and rooting media containing various concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Establishment of axillary buds was significantly better with an establishing rate of 67% on basal MS medium augmented with 6.6 µm 6-BA. The best medium for proliferation of shoots was three-fourth basal MS supplemented with 1.5 µm IBA, with a proliferation rate of 3.4 axillary bud. The optimum rooting medium was one-fourth MS basal medium containing 93 µm IBA. Rooting of shoots was as much as 77%. Rooted plantlets were transferred to pots containing vermiculite:perlite:peat (6:1:2) and acclimatized to ambient greenhouse conditions with a 95% survival rate. This protocol can be used for in vitro propagation of P. coccinea.
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de Millas, Walter, Christian Haasen, Jens Reimer, Francisco Jose Eiroa-Orosa, and Ingo Schaefer. "Emergencies related to cocaine use: a European multicentre study of expert interviews." European Journal of Emergency Medicine 17, no. 1 (February 2010): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mej.0b013e32832d0476.
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Chicangana-Bayona, Yobenj Aucardo. "Visões do Novo Mundo na pintura religiosa da Renascença." História (São Paulo) 32, no. 1 (June 2013): 198–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-90742013000100013.
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Este artigo aborda o estudo dos elementos familiares aos exploradores europeus que estabeleceram suas primeiras coordenadas a partir de analogias com o Paraíso e com Cocanha para assimilar e interpretar pictoricamente o Novo Mundo, uma realidade antes desconhecida, e integrá-la à cultura ocidental. Assim, o Cristianismo é muito importante, porque vai oferecer o referencial - em um primeiro momento - para estabelecer a imagem do índio em episódios religiosos da cultura ocidental europeia. Uma imagem que ora será positiva, vinculada ao paraíso, e ora negativa, sendo vinculada ao inferno.
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Dolliver, Diana S. "Socio-Cultural Impacts on Drug Trafficking Trends in Europe." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 23, no. 4 (November 17, 2015): 383–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718174-23032079.
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A myriad of national and international publications have detailed global patterns of drug trafficking for decades, with recent reports identifying Europe as a global consumption “hotspot” for the majority of popular drugs in the world. Yet, despite increasing levels of drug trafficking worldwide, scholars have not routinely examined this crime-type through the lens of a socio-cultural criminological theory. As such, this empirical study employed guidance from Institutional Anomie Theory. Data were collected from fourteen countries in Europe from 1995 to 2009 and analyzed using pooled cross-sectional multivariate time series. Trafficking patterns in cannabis, heroin, cocaine, and amphetamines were operationalized using officially reported drug seizure amounts. The findings from this study emphasize the need for differentiation between drug-types in future research, but also illustrate support for use of the theoretically informed variables.
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Ángulo Florez, Diego Hernando, and Edna Carolina Cipagauta Esquivel. "Métodos de análisis químico para la detección de la 4-metilmetcatinona (mefedrina), desde una perspectiva farmacológica y toxicológica." Cultura Científica 18, no. 1 (December 9, 2020): 95–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.38017/1657463x.686.
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En los últimos 25 años en Europa, han surgido nuevas drogas sintéticas derivadas de la planta de khat (Catha edulis), denominadas Catinonas, que es un alcaloide muy potente análogo a las anfetaminas. Entre los derivados de la catinona se encuentra la mefedrina (4-metilmetcatinona (4-MMC)), que tiene efectos farmacológicos equivalentes a los reportados por el éxtasis, las anfetaminas o la cocaína. El presente artículo presenta una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura referente a los principales métodos de detección de la 4-MMC conocida como mefedrona, además de presentar las propiedades fisicoquímicas, farmacológicas, toxicológicas y los principales efectos nocivos para la salud. Es de particular interés y preocupación que este medicamento derivado de la efedrina provenga de una planta y se considere legal en algunos países de Europa occidental. Ha sido ampliamente utilizado en los últimos años con fines recreativos en varios países de Europa, América del Norte y la mayoría de los países de América del Sur debido a su facilidad de compra y por ser una nueva alternativa al éxtasis y la cocaína. Los efectos de la 4-MMC están asociados con efectos estimulantes, como aumento de la concentración, estimulación psicomotora, reducción del apetito e insomnio. Estudios recientes han descrito que el uso compulsivo de mefedrona es principalmente un fenómeno juvenil y entre los efectos secundarios más peligrosos se encuentran la adicción intensa, los cambios bruscos de la temperatura corporal y la frecuencia cardíaca, las alucinaciones, la psicosis y la muerte por sobredosis. Con base en lo anterior, es esencial que las revisiones de la literatura se centren en la química, la farmacología, la toxicología y el análisis de riesgos para la mefedrona, para encontrar estrategias para la determinación rápida y mitigar sus efectos adversos en los adictos, así como evitar el consumo.
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Nathan, John, Lynda Asadourian, and Mark A. Erlich. "A Brief History of Local Anesthesia." International Journal of Head and Neck Surgery 7, no. 1 (2016): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10001-1261.
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ABSTRACT Mankind has, throughout its existence, been engaged in the quest to control the pain associated with disease and trauma. Evidence from over 4500 years ago demonstrates the Egyptians use of methods to compress peripheral nerves. Homer's Iliad relates the use of herbal remedies for pain control. Other early writings describe the use of electricity generated by the Torpedo ray for pain control as well as cold water and ice for pain reduction. These techniques, in their various incarnations, comprised the main armamentarium of local pain control until the early 1800's when the early framework for the hypodermic syringe emerged in America. Cocaine, noted for its stimulant effect as well as numbing properties, was first brought to Europe by Vespucci. The combination of a workable syringe and the purification of Cocaine by Niemann essentially gave birth to modern local anesthesia. Halsted would perform the first injections of cocaine via hypodermic syringe into a proximal nerve for distal pain control, introducing modern conduction local anesthesia. All that remained was the introduction of numerous blockers of nerve depolarization, combined with vasoconstrictors, to minimize systemic toxicity, and we arrive at the modern state of local anesthesia. How to cite this article Nathan J, Asadourian L, Erlich MA. A Brief History of Local Anesthesia. Int J Head Neck Surg 2016; 7(1):29-32.
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Borbély, Csaba, Zsuzsanna György, Stine Kramer Jacobsen, Fadil Musa, Jana Ouředníčková, Lene Sigsgaard, Michal Skalský, and Viktor Markó. "First records of the invasive aphid species, Aphis spiraecola, in Kosovo, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom and Denmark." Plant Protection Science 57, No. 1 (December 3, 2020): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/108/2020-pps.
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In the last few decades, the spiraea aphid (Aphis spiraecola Patch) has become a widely distributed pest of apple and citrus orchards across Europe. In our study, A. spiraecola was observed for the first time in Kosovo, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom and Denmark, in apple orchards in the growing seasons of 2016, 2018 and 2019. The presence of A. spiraecola was also recorded on other host plants such as the quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) and Vanhoutte spiraea (Spiraea × vanhouttei) in Slovakia, and the quince, common pear (Pyrus communis Linnaeus) and firethorn (Pyracantha coccinea M.J. Roemer) in the United Kingdom. Based on the morphological characteristics and the sequencing of the DNA mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (COI fragment) barcode, our study confirms the presence of this pest in five additional regions in Europe.
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Lindemann, Anna. "Scientific Objectivity and Subjectivity in Eighteenth Century Pharmacology." Perspectives on Science 27, no. 6 (December 2019): 787–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00325.
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This article examines an often neglected topic in the history of science, namely clinical observation, specifically the objectivity and knowledge production associated with therapeutic trials. It will describe an eighteenth and nineteenth century pharmacological concept of objectivity and exemplify that concept using late nineteenth century European cocaine research. As conceived within clinical drug research, this concept of objectivity does not correspond with those described by Daston and Galison in their seminal book Objectivity (2007). I will explore the implications of this “new” concept of objectivity—as compared to the “old” ones postulated by Daston and Galison—for their core propositions.
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Rodríguez-Álvarez, Tania, Inés Racamonde, Iria González-Mariño, Andrea Borsotti, Rosario Rodil, Isaac Rodríguez, Ettore Zuccato, José Benito Quintana, and Sara Castiglioni. "Alcohol and cocaine co-consumption in two European cities assessed by wastewater analysis." Science of The Total Environment 536 (December 2015): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.016.
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Cabana-Domínguez, Judit, Anu Shivalikanjli, Noèlia Fernàndez-Castillo, and Bru Cormand. "SU49GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION META-ANALYSIS OF COCAINE DEPENDENCE IN SAMPLES WITH EUROPEAN ANCESTRY." European Neuropsychopharmacology 29 (2019): S1293—S1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.08.413.
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Alonso Díaz, R., E. Cortázar Alonso, and H. Guillén Rodrigo. "Mental health and drug." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1138.
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IntroductionBipolar disorder (BD) is often associated with various comorbidities. It is substance use disorders (SUD) one of the most frequent comorbidities.The ECA study (Epidemiologic Catchment Area) observed a prevalence over the life of the 56, 1% for any TUS in the total sample of patients with bipolar disorder. In subjects with bipolar I disorder prevalence was 60.7%, and those of type II 48.1.In the OMS study conducted in America, Europe and Asia, the results confirm the high rates of disorders in patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder regardless of the country of study.CaseThis is a male, 32, who came first to the Provincial Drug Addiction Service of Huelva in 2009 for cocaine, cannabis and alcohol.In his personal history, he relates a convulsive episode at 14 years and one manic episode associated with consumption of cocaine in 2002 which began to be treated by a team of Mental Health and Provincial Center for Addictions.He entered twice in a therapeutic community in 2009 for treatment for their disorder dependence on cocaine, alcohol and cannabis.It has required admission to the Unit Hospitalization twice in 2012, with the discharge diagnosis of manic episode secondary to drug consumption.ConclusionsMost epidemiological studies in recent decades note the high prevalence of comorbidity BD + SUD.BD-SUD comorbidity is particularly complex because each disorder affects the evolution of the other and they are frequently multiple comorbidities. In addition, it implies a worse clinical and functional outcome as well as poorer therapeutic response.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Decorte, Tom. "Problems, needs and service provision related to stimulant use in European prisons." International Journal of Prisoner Health 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17449200601149122.
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Objective. The objective of this study was to examine practices and policies in place for the provision of targeted prevention and treatment of cocaine and Amphetamine Type Stimulant (ATS) users in prison in nine European countries. Methodology. Across nine European member states (Belgium, the Netherlands, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Slovenia, Sweden, Malta, Ireland and Portugal), interviews were conducted with ministerial representatives and professionals (i.e. service providers and security officials) working in prisons and a total of 16 focus groups with a total of 125 prisoners. Results. The use of stimulants in prison is associated with aggression and violence, financial problems, and psychological and physical problems in prisoners (depression, anxiety and psychological craving). Both security and healthcare staff in prison often feel ill‐equipped to deal with stimulant‐related problems, leading to a lack of equivalence of care for stimulant users in prison, therefore the variety and quality of drug services outside is not reflected sufficiently inside prison. There is a need for more specific product information and harm reduction material on stimulants, for clear guidelines for the management of acute stimulant intoxication and stimulant withdrawal, for structural adjustments to improve potential diagnosis of personality and psychiatric disorders, for more non‐pharmacological treatment strategies and more opportunities for prisoners to engage in purposeful activities.
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MOZEL, SYLWIA, MAŁGORZATA MATYSEK, ANNA ZACHARKO-SIEMBIDA, RADOSŁAW SZALAK, MICHAŁ KRZYSIAK, and MARCIN B. ARCISZEWSKI. "Expression of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript in the pancreas of the European bison." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 75, no. 10 (2019): 6295–2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6295.
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Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is a recently discovered neuropeptide thought to mainly act in most laboratory mammals and humans as anorexigenic factor. The expression of CART in wild living animals is barely known. In the present study immunohistochemical stainings were applied to identify CART-immunoreactive (IR) structures in the pancreas of European bison. Antibodies against neuronal marker Hu C/D were used to visualize intrapancreatic neurons. The expression of CART was detected in approx. 75% of Hu C/D-IR intrapancreatic neurons which may thus also act as interneurons. Additionally, in most intrapancreatic ganglia single CART-IR non-varicose nerve fibers running between neurons were found. Pancreatic blood vessels as well as intralobular ducts were sparsely innervated with CART-IR nerve fibers. Moderately numerous CART-IR nerve terminals were found to innervate the pancreatic endocrine and exocrine tissue. None of islet endocrine cells showed the expression of CART. No presence of CART-IR neuronal elements were found in external connective tissue capsule and septa penetrating inside to the organ. Our study is the first to outline the presence of some differences in CART-ergic innervation pattern of the pancreas between domestic and wild mammals. The lack of CART-IR endocrine islet cells in the pancreas of European bison is an interesting finding, nevertheless its significance is largely unknown at the moment and needs to be further investigated.
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Geelen, Alexander, Bram van den Hout, Merve Tosun, Mike de Windt, and Matthias van Rossum. "On the Run: Runaway Slaves and Their Social Networks in Eighteenth-Century Cochin." Journal of Social History 54, no. 1 (2020): 66–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shaa007.
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Abstract Despite growing attention to the history of slavery in the Indian Ocean and Indonesian Archipelago worlds, the debate on the nature or characteristics of slavery in these regions has been left largely unsettled. Whereas some scholars emphasize the existence of harsh forms of hereditary slavery similar to those found in the Americas, others argue that the nature of slavery in Asia was urban, status-based, and milder than in the Atlantic world. This article explores case studies of slaves escaping in and around the Dutch East India Company (VOC) city of Cochin. Studying court records that bring to light the strategies and social networks of enslaved runaways provides new insights into the characteristics of slavery and the conditions of slaves in and around VOC-Cochin. The findings indicate that the social and everyday conditions under which slaves lived were highly diverse and shaped by the direct relations between slave and master, influenced by elements of trust, skill, and control. Relations of slavery nevertheless remained engrained by the recurrence of physical punishments and verbal threats, despite sometimes relatively open situations. This reminds us that easy dichotomies of “benign,” “Asian,” “household,” or “urban” versus “European,” “Atlantic,” or “plantation” slavery obscure as much as they reveal.
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Desrosiers, Nathalie A., and Marilyn A. Huestis. "Oral Fluid Drug Testing: Analytical Approaches, Issues and Interpretation of Results." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 43, no. 6 (July 2019): 415–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz048.
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AbstractWith advances in analytical technology and new research informing result interpretation, oral fluid (OF) testing has gained acceptance over the past decades as an alternative biological matrix for detecting drugs in forensic and clinical settings. OF testing offers simple, rapid, non-invasive, observed specimen collection. This article offers a review of the scientific literature covering analytical methods and interpretation published over the past two decades for amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, opioids, and benzodiazepines. Several analytical methods have been published for individual drug classes and, increasingly, for multiple drug classes. The method of OF collection can have a significant impact on the resultant drug concentration. Drug concentrations for amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, opioids, and benzodiazepines are reviewed in the context of the dosing condition and the collection method. Time of last detection is evaluated against several agencies' cutoffs, including the proposed Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, European Workplace Drug Testing Society and Driving Under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol and Medicines cutoffs. A significant correlation was frequently observed between matrices (i.e., between OF and plasma or blood concentrations); however, high intra-subject and inter-subject variability precludes prediction of blood concentrations from OF concentrations. This article will assist individuals in understanding the relative merits and limitations of various methods of OF collection, analysis and interpretation.
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Youssef, Naglaa, Bernd Markert, Elshad Gurbanov, Haciyeva Sevnic, and Simone Wünschmann. "BIOINDICATION OF TRACE METAL POLLUTION IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF BAKU CITY USING LIGUSTRUM JAPONICUM, OLEA EUROPEA, AND PYRACANTHA COCCINEA LEAVES." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 22, no. 1 (March 18, 2014): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2013.804828.
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The leaves of Ligustrum japonicum (Oleaceae), Olea europaea (Oleaceae), and Pyracantha coccinea (Rosaceae) were evaluated with the aim of using them as bioindicators for trace metal contamination in Baku city, Azerbaijan, one of the most highly polluted cities worldwide. These species of trees are the most abundant in urban and rural areas of Azerbaijan, because of high tolerance against climatic influences due to their modesty and adaptability. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Pb were determined in the leaves by AAS method. The samples were collected at three locations with different degrees of trace metal pollution (industrial, high traffic, and reference [botanical garden] site). The highest element concentrations were detected at sites of high traffic. Up to 70 times higher Pb concentrations could be found in the leaves of the trees that reflect the known Pb problem around Baku. The results presented give a first impression of a correlation between the degree of trace metal contamination in the environment and the trace metal concentration in the leaves of L. japonicum and O. europaea