Journal articles: 'Cockpit Display System'

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TORY, Makoto, and Yoichiro KURIHARA. "Cockpit Display System." Journal of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences 45, no. 524 (1997): 507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2322/jjsass1969.45.507.

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Lindo, Roneil S., John E. Deaton, John H. Cain, and Celine Lang. "Methods of Instrument Training and Effects on Pilots’ Performance With Different Types of Flight Instrument Displays." Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors 2, no. 2 (January 2012): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000028.

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As computer display technology has evolved, so have the aircraft instrument displays pilots use for aircraft control and navigation. With the aid of two different flight training devices – one configured with steam gauges and the other configured with glass cockpit – this study measured aircraft control and navigation differences between two pilot groups. Pilot Group 1 had earned their instrument rating in aircraft equipped with steam gauges, and Pilot Group 2 had earned their instrument rating in aircraft equipped with glass cockpits. Using displays for which they were not trained, each pilot was tested on aircraft control and navigation precision. The test required that pilots complete basic instrument maneuvers and an instrument landing system approach. Using MANOVA, deviations from assigned values were recorded and statistically compared. Study findings indicated that steam gauge pilots transitioning to glass cockpits perform better than glass cockpit pilots transitioning to steam gauge displays.

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Theunissen, Erik, and Tim Etherington. "Computer graphics in the cockpit." Information Design Journal 11, no. 1 (September 26, 2003): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/idj.11.1.03the.

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Spatially integrated data presentation for electronic flight displays was first proposed over forty years ago. Yet, in current state-of-the-art cockpits, only 2-D instruments are depicted on the electronic displays. The first part of this paper will discuss today’s state-of-the-art in 3-D computer graphics in relation to the graphics used in today’s electronic flight displays and illustrate how properties of the display medium, system requirements, image generation capabilities and current practices influence the design. The second part will discuss the design rationale behind a synthetic vision display format in the light of the requirements and constraints.

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Read, B. C. "Developing the next generation cockpit display system." IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine 11, no. 10 (1996): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/62.538798.

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Hayashi, Miwa, Valerie Huemer, Fritz Renema, Steve Elkins, Jeffrey W. McCandless, and Robert S. McCann. "Effects of the Space Shuttle Cockpit Avionics Upgrade on Crewmember Performance and Situation Awareness." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 1 (September 2005): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504900113.

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The Space Shuttle Cockpit Avionics Upgrade (CAU) is a proposed cockpit display upgrade designed to address human-factors usability issues of the current suite of cockpit displays, Multifunction Electronic Display System (MEDS). Unlike MEDS, CAU consolidates information in a task-oriented manner, rather than a data-source-oriented manner. CAU also makes greater use of color coding and graphical depictions in systems status presentations. An ascent-phase operation simulation study showed that CAU formats significantly improved the participants' abort-related situation awareness. Participants also performed certain malfunction management procedures more accurately when CAU was used. The Space Shuttles are now scheduled to be retired by 2010 without incorporating CAU; however, the results of the present study suggest that the human-centered design concepts are effective and can be extended to the cockpit interface design of NASA's next generation Crew Exploration Vehicle.

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Liu, Jian, Yan Ran Wang, and Wei Jie Zhao. "Cockpit Display System Simulation of General Aviation Aircraft Based on VAPS XT." Advanced Materials Research 846-847 (November 2013): 1893–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.846-847.1893.

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This paper introduces a recent study of Cockpit Display System (CDS) simulation for general aviation aircraft. The cockpit display simulation system is developed for avionics system integration and test by using VAPS XT software. This paper describes the cycle of developing human-machine interfaces (HMI) with VAPS XT, designs the Primary Flight Display (PFD) and Multi-functional Display (MFD) interfaces based on system requirements, and analyzes key technologies in the simulation process. The simulation result is proved to have good real-time effect and high fidelity and the simulation system has gained favorable effects in the exploitation of a practical avionics project.

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Liu, Wei, Cheng Kun Liu, Da Min Zhuang, Zhong Qi Liu, and Xiu Gan Yuan. "The Evaluation Method of Mental Workload on Visual Interface in Cockpit." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 6477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.6477.

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Objective to establish a system to evaluate the mental workload on visual display interface in airplane cockpit after synthesizing three kinds of mental workload assessment techniques, i.e. main task measure method, physiology measure method and subjective evaluate method. Methods The evaluation indices of every kind of assessment techniques was defined, and the amount of each index through experiment and subjective inquiry was gained, weighted average was calculated and a quantification evaluation value of each kind of evaluation methods was got. At last, with weighted calculation of above three evaluation values, the evaluation value of mental workload on visual display interface in airplane cockpit was obtained Results in M kinds of different designs of visual display interface in airplane cockpit, the synthetic evaluation value of one design was the smallest and the mental workload of this design was the smallest. The design of the smallest mental workload was chosen prior as the final scheme of visual display interface in airplane cockpit .Conclusion The evaluation system is combined with present main evaluation methods of mental workload and utilizes their advantages. The evaluating results can be quantified more directly and clearly. With this evaluation system, the mental workload can be evaluated during the design of visual display interface of airplane cockpit and the best scheme can be confirmed.

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Danilov, S., M. Kozyrev, M. Grechanichenko, L. Grodzitskiy, V. Mizginov, and V. V. Kniaz. "SYNTHETIC VISION SYSTEM CALIBRATION FOR CONFORM PROJECTION ON THE PILOT’S HEAD-UP DISPLAY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2-2020 (August 12, 2020): 575–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b2-2020-575-2020.

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Abstract. Situational awareness of the crew is critical for the safety of the air flight. Head-up display allows providing all required flight information in front of the pilot over the cockpit view visible through the cockpit’s front window. This device has been created for solving the problem of informational overload during piloting of an aircraft. While computer graphics such as scales and digital terrain model can be easily presented on the such display, errors in the Head-up display alignment for correct presenting of sensor data pose challenges. The main problem arises from the parallax between the pilot’s eyes and the position of the camera. This paper is focused on the development of an online calibration algorithm for conform projection of the 3D terrain and runway models on the pilot’s head-up display. The aim of our algorithm is to align the objects visible through the cockpit glass with their projections on the Head-up display. To improve the projection accuracy, we use an additional optical sensor installed on the aircraft. We combine classical photogrammetric techniques with modern deep learning approaches. Specifically, we use an object detection neural network model to find the runway area and align runway projection with its actual location. Secondly, we re-project the sensor’s image onto the 3D model of the terrain to eliminate errors caused by the parallax. We developed an environment simulator to evaluate our algorithm. Using the simulator we prepared a large training dataset. The dataset includes 2000 images of video sequences representing aircraft’s motion during takeoff, landing and taxi. The results of the evaluation are encouraging and demonstrate both qualitatively and quantitatively that the proposed algorithm is capable of precise alignment of the 3D models projected on a Head-up display.

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Gao, Jing, Yin Liang Jia, and Bing Yang Li. "The Integrated Display System in Aircraft Cockpit Based on FPGA." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 911–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.911.

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The main research object is the graphics generation and display system based on FPGA, the system is mainly used for the integrated display of aircraft cockpit. The display system has the characteristics of large amount of data, real-time processing in the graphics generation. According to the characters, the paper uses programmable logic device due to FPGA has the advantages of high speed, real time. In order to further improve the efficiency of the system, the paper also designs the ping-pong operation of double SSRAM(Synchronous Static Random Access Memory) at the same time. Through the experiment, the system can run well and achieve the desired objectives.

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Hettinger, Lawrence J., Bart J. Brickman, Merry M. Roe, W. Todd Nelson, and Michael W. Haas. "Effects of Virtually-Augmented Fighter Cockpit Displays on Pilot Performance, Workload, and Situation Awareness." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 40, no. 2 (October 1996): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129604000205.

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Virtually-augmented display concepts are being developed at the US Air Force Armstrong Laboratory's Synthesized Immersion Research Environment (SIRE) Facility at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, for use in future USAF crew stations. These displays incorporate aspects of virtual environment technology to provide users with intuitive, multisensory representations of operationally relevant information. This paper describes an evaluation that was recently conducted to contrast the effects of conventional, F-15 types of cockpit displays and virtually-augmented, multisensory cockpit displays on pilot-aircraft system performance, workload, and situation awareness in a simulated air combat task. Eighteen military pilots from the United States, France, and Great Britain served as test pilots. The results indicate a statistically significant advantage for the virtually-augmented cockpit configuration across all three classes of measures investigated. The results are discussed in terms of their relevance for the continuing evolution of advanced crew station design.

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ZHONG Hai-lin, 钟海林, 曹. 峰. CAO Feng, 高伟林 GAO Wei-lin, and 张. 锋. ZHANG Feng. "Video and graphics fusion system based on SoC in cockpit display system." Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystals and Displays 31, no. 6 (2016): 578–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/yjyxs20163106.0578.

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Degani, Asaf, Everett A. Palmer, and Kristin G. Bauersfeld. "“Soft” Controls for Hard Displays: Still a Challenge." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 1 (October 1992): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129203600114.

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Future trends in design of controls and displays for cockpit sub-systems (electrical, pneumatics, fuel, etc.), will undoubtedly focus on replacing dedicated “hard” controls with reconfigurable “soft” controls depicted on the sub-system schematic display. This concept would allow for direct manipulation of mechanical components via the display. The case study reported here discusses the approach, redesign, and evaluation of soft controls and multi-functional displays for the Advanced Concepts Flight Simulator (ACFS), a two-engine, “generic” airliner. The redesign effort focused on the input interface (a touch sensitive screen), the display concept, and improving “navigation” among sub-system displays. The paper concludes with a summary of questionnaire data and comments of 26 airline pilots who flew a four-segment mission in the simulator. The subjective results indicated that pilots favored the direct manipulation concepts and the ability to link alerts, procedures, and configuration tasks. However, the technology used to support this concept still requires improvements.

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Liu, Jia, and Tianjiang An. "The Simulation of the VAPS XT Cockpit Display and Control System Based on the Integrated Data Distribution Network." International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering 5, no. 6 (2015): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijiee.2015.v5.569.

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Sasongko, Triyono Widi. "EVALUASI ERGONOMI KOKPIT PESAWAT UDARA N-219 DENGAN USABILITY TESTING." Majalah Ilmiah Pengkajian Industri 11, no. 3 (December 18, 2017): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/mipi.v11i3.2580.

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AbstrakAnalisis optimalisasi ergonomi kokpit pesawat udara N-219 sangat penting untuk dilakukan, dikarenakan postur tubuh yang kaku disebabkan oleh konfigurasi kokpit yang kurang baik membuat pilot merasa tidak nyaman, lelah yang akan menyalahi keamanan penerbangan dan berbahaya bagi pilot.Hasil survey pengukuran ergonomic kognitif dengan metode pengukuran usability dengan Questionnaire for User Interaction Satisfaction (QUIS), yang meliputi reaksi aircrew terhadap keseluruhan sIstem, display, teknologi sIstem informasi, pembelajaran dan kapabilitas sIstem di kokpit N-219 mempunyai nilai pada skala 7,32 s/d 8,19, dengan kategori baik dan bisa diterima, meskipun terdapat beberapa kekurangan yang harus diperbaiki.Dalam pengembangan selanjutnya, kokpit perlu didesain untuk bisa mengakomodasi pilot yang memiliki tubuh di atas rata-rata karena secara umum sistem yang berjalan saat ini masih kurang nyaman bagi pilot yang memiliki persentil atas.Â Kata Kunci: ergonomi, kokpit N-219, usability testÂ Â ABSTRACTAnalysis of optimization of the airplane's cockpit ergonomics N-219 is very important to do, due to the rigid posture caused by the uncomfortable of configuration of the cockpit that make pilots uneasy and tired. It is going to violate the security of the flight and dangerous for pilots.The survey results of measurement with the method of measurement of cognitive ergonomic usability with a Questionnaire for User Interaction Satisfaction (QUIS), which includes reaction to the overall system, aircrew display systems technology, information, learning and capability systems in the cockpit N-219 has a value on a scale of 7.32 up to 8.19, by category which is good and acceptable, although there were some shortcomings that must be rectified. In future development, cockpit needs to be designed to be able to accommodate the pilots who have above average of anthropometric because in general the system running at present still less convenient for pilots who have the top percentile. Â Keywords: cockpit ergonomics, N-219, usability test

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Bliss, James P., Corey K. Fallon, Ernesto A. Bustamante, and William R. Bailey. "Weather Deviation Decisions by Air Transport Crews during Simulated Flight." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 1 (September 2005): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504900131.

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As the variety and capabilities of cockpit weather displays have increased, weather deviation decisions have become more complex. Important issues include conflicting or outdated weather information, and teamed reactivity of crews to weather displays. We investigated the influence of onboard and NEXRAD agreement, range to the simulated potential weather event, and the pilot flying on collective weather deviation decisions. Twelve pilot-copilot teams flew a simulated route while reacting to weather events presented in two graphical formats on a separate visual display. Results showed that pilots often chose to deviate from weather rather than confront it. When onboard and NEXRAD displays did not agree, flight crews reacted by trusting the onboard system more but using the NEXRAD system as a backup. These results suggest that future weather displays should exploit existing benefits of NEXRAD presentation for situation awareness while retaining the display structure and logic inherent in the onboard system.

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GUO Chao, 郭超, 曹峰 CAO Feng, 高伟林 GAO Wei-lin, and 于小燕 YU Xiao-yan. "Real-time graphics generation technology based on SOPC in cockpit display system." Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystals and Displays 29, no. 1 (2014): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/yjyxs20142901.0065.

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Chinthammit, Winyu, Eric J. Seibel, and Thomas A. Furness. "A Shared-Aperture Tracking Display for Augmented Reality." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 12, no. 1 (February 2003): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105474603763835305.

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The operation and performance of a six degree-of-freedom (DOF) shared-aperture tracking system with image overlay is described. This unique tracking technology shares the same aperture or scanned optical beam with the visual display, virtual retinal display (VRD). This display technology provides high brightness in an AR helmet-mounted display, especially in the extreme environment of a military cockpit. The VRD generates an image by optically scanning visible light directly to the viewer's eye. By scanning both visible and infrared light, the head-worn display can be directly coupled to a head-tracking system. As a result, the proposed tracking system requires minimal calibration between the user's viewpoint and the tracker's viewpoint. This paper demonstrates that the proposed shared-aperture tracking system produces high accuracy and computational efficiency. The current proof-of-concept system has a precision of +/− 0.05 and +/− 0.01 deg. in the horizontal and vertical axes, respectively. The static registration error was measured to be 0.08 +/− 0.04 and 0.03 +/− 0.02 deg. for the horizontal and vertical axes, respectively. The dynamic registration error or the system latency was measured to be within 16.67 ms, equivalent to our display refresh rate of 60 Hz. In all testing, the VRD was fixed and the calibrated motion of a robot arm was tracked. By moving the robot arm within a restricted volume, this real-time shared-aperture method of tracking was extended to six-DOF measurements. Future AR applications of our shared-aperture tracking and display system will be highly accurate head tracking when the VRD is helmet mounted and worn within an enclosed space, such as an aircraft cockpit.

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Rauch, Stephen. "CADAM Applications in the Design and Evaluation of Aircraft Displays." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 30, no. 7 (September 1986): 699–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128603000719.

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The Grumman F-14D fleet air superiority fighter represents a step forward in the application of integrated controls and displays to the reduction of the high workload in the multiple task operational environment. System requirements necessitate the implementation of an avionics display system that would present flight status information efficiently and in a manner most conducive to enhancing F-14D pilot and Radar Intercept Officer (RIO) performance. In order to accomplish this, Human Factors Engineers at Grumman Corporation elected to utilize multi-color Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing (CADAM) in the design and evaluation of the Weapon Status Panel, Head-Up and Multi-Function display systems. The multi-color CADAM was used because of its unique ability to present this information efficiently, realistically and at the earliest stage in the design phase. This paper discusses the rationale for using the color CADAM as a design and evaluation tool and presents examples of specific computer generated display formats for use in the F-14D tactical fighter cockpit avionics system.

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Liu, Jian, and Xue Jun Zhang. "Engine Indication System Simulation of General Aviation Aircraft Based on GL Studio." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 534–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.534.

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This paper summarizes a recent study of instrument simulation system for general aviation aircraft. As a component of avionics system for small aircraft, the Engine Indication System (EIS) displays critical engine, electrical, and fuel system information. This article introduces the cycle of developing the virtual instruments simulation with GL Studio software, designs EIS interface based on Federal Aviation Regulation, offers different EIS configurations for aircraft cockpit display system and uses the graphics designer and the code editor of GL Studio combined with VC++ to simulate EIS interface. The simulation result which has already been used can real-timely show the parameters, and it also shows that the simulation based on GL Studio software has good effect and high fidelity.

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Marayong, Panadda, Thomas Z. Strybel, Jose Robles, Ryan O’Connor, Kim-Phuong L. Vu, and Vernol Battiste. "Force-Feedback Integration with NASA’s Next Generation Air Transportation System Cockpit Situation Display." Journal of Air Transportation 25, no. 1 (January 2017): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.d0056.

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Qi, Zhen Tao, Xue Jun Zhang, and Dong Han. "Avionics System Simulation of General Aviation Aircraft Based on HLA." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 1944–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.1944.

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Simulation is an effective means for system development. A simulation system of the General aviation (GA) avionics using HLA is designed in this paper. The design and implementation process of federates is also described, taking the Cockpit Display federate as an example. The system has good interoperability, reusability and scalability, which meet the requirements of avionics simulation. The system can be widely used in GA avionics design and the training of pilots.

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O'Brien, Janelle Viera, and Christopher D. Wickens. "Free Flight Cockpit Displays of Traffic and Weather: Effects of Dimensionality and Data Base Integration." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 41, no. 1 (October 1997): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107118139704100105.

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In any Free Flight system, pilots must have displays which effectively depict traffic and weather information as more and more responsibility for separation from such hazards transfers from air traffic controllers to pilots. This research effort seeks to address the issues of dimensionality (3D versus 2D coplanar displays) and data base integration (separation or integration of traffic and weather information within displays). Seventeen general aviation flight instructors flew a series of en route trials with four display types in which dimensionality, data base integration, and hazard geometries were manipulated. Analysis of the data revealed that the 2D displays resulted in a smaller percentage of conflicts with traffic and weather hazards. The results also suggested that displays in which traffic and weather were integrated resulted in fewer hazard conflicts for trials in which both hazard types were critical to maneuver selection. Maneuver strategy was also found to vary by scenario geometry.

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Geng, Tao, An Zhang, and Guangshan Lu. "Consensus intuitionistic fuzzy group decision-making method for aircraft cockpit display and control system evaluation." Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics 24, no. 4 (August 2013): 634–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsee.2013.00074.

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Şenol, Mehmet Burak. "A new optimization model for design of traditional cockpit interfaces." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 92, no. 3 (January 20, 2020): 404–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-04-2019-0068.

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Purpose Real flight is cognitively demanding; accordingly, both indicators and display panel layout should be user-friendly to improve pilot-aircraft interaction. Poor pilot-interface interactions in aircrafts could result in accidents. Although a general reason of accidents is improper displays, relatively few studies were conducted on interfaces. This study aims to present an optimization model to create intuitively integrated user-friendly cockpit interfaces. Design/methodology/approach Subjectivity within most usability evaluation techniques could bring about interface design problems. A priori information about indicator’s possible locations may be available or unavailable. Thus different analytical approaches must be applied for modifications and new interface designs. Relative layout design (RLD) model was developed and used in new interface designs to optimize locations of indicators. This model was based on layout optimization and constructed in accordance with design requirements, ergonomic considerations with the pilot preferences. RLD model optimizes interface design by deploying indicators to the best locations to improve usability of display panel, pilot-aircraft interaction and flight safety. Findings Optimum interfaces for two problem instances were gathered by RLD model in 15.77 CPU(s) with 10 indicators and 542.51 CPU(s) with 19 indicators. A comparison between relative and existing cockpit interfaces reveals that locations of six navigation and four mechanical system indicators are different. The differences may stem from pilots’ preferences and relativity constraints. Both interfaces are more similar for the central part of the display panel. The objective function value of relative interface design (Opt: 527938) is far better than existing interface (737100). The RLD model improved usability of existing interface (28.61 per cent considering decrease in the objective function values from 737100 to 527938. Practical implications Future cockpit and new helicopter interface designs may involve RLD model as an alternative interface design tool. Furthermore, other layout optimization problems, e.g. circuit boards, microchips and engines, etc. could be handled in a more realistic manner by RLD model. Originality/value Originality and impact of this study related to development and employment of a new optimization model (RLD) on cockpit interface design for the first time. Engineering requirements, human factors, ergonomics and pilots’ preferences are simultaneously considered in the RLD model. The subjectivity within usability evaluation techniques could be diminished in this way. The contributions of RLD model to classical facility layout models are relativity constraints with the physical constrictions and ergonomic objective function weights. Novelty of this paper is the development and employment of a new optimization model (RLD) to locate indicators.

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Waldron, Samuel M., Geoffrey B. Duggan, John Patrick, Simon Banbury, and Andrew Howes. "Adaptive Information Fusion for Situation Awareness in the Cockpit." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 1 (September 2005): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504900112.

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Evidence is provided pointing to potential caveats associated with the use of information fusion techniques in the cockpit. Six pilots each with a minimum of ten years flight experience completed a series of missions using a simulated future jet cockpit. Each trial required a pilot to guide their aircraft towards a fixed location. The pilot was required to estimate the position of this location both during and five minutes after the flight. Different types of fusion were manipulated with regard to the information presented on a touchscreen display — Fused, Fused Drill-Down, and UnFused. Data suggested that information fusion alone can have negative consequences for both task performance and subsequent recollection of information. It is argued that reductions in system transparency and transfer-appropriate processing may account for these findings.

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Ito, Masaru, Yusuke Funahara, Seiji Saiki, Yoichiro Yamazaki, and Yuichi Kurita. "Development of a Cross-Platform Cockpit for Simulated and Tele-Operated Excavators." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 31, no. 2 (April 20, 2019): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2019.p0231.

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Japan’s construction industry has a shortage of workers and skilled operators, and the number of operators of hydraulic excavators has actually been decreasing. In addition, the operation of hydraulic excavators is complicated and non-intuitive, so learning and maintaining the skill requires a considerable amount of time and experience. One technology that could solve this problem is the tele-operated hydraulic excavator, but the most common type of tele-operated system is difficult for ordinary hydraulic excavator operators to use. The introduction of operation simulators would be effective, but simulators have to be large and expensive if the interface is reproduced in life size. In this paper, we propose a cross-platform system for operating not only a tele-operated hydraulic excavator but also a hydraulic excavator operation simulator. The cross-platform system uses a tele-operated cockpit with feedback and an interface that gives the operator the sensation of sitting in an actual hydraulic excavator. The cockpit consists of a three-dimensional visual information system using stereo videos and a head mounted display, a motion simulator seat that reproduces the vibration and tilting of the operator’s seat of a hydraulic excavator, and a lever unit used in actual hydraulic excavators. With the cross-platform system, an actual hydraulic excavator can be remotely controlled, and the same cockpit can also be used as a training simulator. One can therefore use the system as an inexpensive means of acquiring and maintaining operation skills. We have successfully produced this proposed system and checked its functions, confirming that it works practically.

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Kondo, Daisuke. "Projection Screen with Wide-FOV and Motion Parallax Display for Teleoperation of Construction Machinery." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 33, no. 3 (June 20, 2021): 604–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2021.p0604.

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The teleoperation of construction machinery has been introduced to mines and disaster sites. However, the work efficiency of teleoperations is lower than that of onboard operations owing to limitations in the viewing angle and insufficient depth information. To solve these problems and realize effective teleoperations, the Komatsu MIRAI Construction Equipment Cooperative Research Center is developing the next-generation teleoperation cockpit. In this study, we develop a display for teleoperations with a wide field-of-view, a portable projection screen, and a system that reproduces motion parallax, which is suitable for depth perception in the operating range of construction machinery.

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Smith, Kevin M. "Mission Performance Aid for Aerial Combat." International Journal of Aviation Systems, Operations and Training 3, no. 1 (January 2016): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijasot.2016010101.

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This paper addresses the concepts, methods, apparatus, and tools used to establish the operational requirements and system architecture for an advanced mission performance aid (the smart cockpit) that targets aerial combat operations. As the complexity of our modern avionic systems increase, it is important to define operational requirements and crew station display features early in the design cycle. Many observers insist higher quality front-end work be performed to reduce the growing number of back-end mistakes and cost overruns. This paper provides a top-down orientation that treats platform, avionics, weapons, and flight crew as an integrated system. This facilitates the analysis of system-wide functional attributes that represent key design drivers. Topics include mission decomposition, critical task analysis, information requirements, function allocation, and crew station display features. This material is intended for managers, engineers, human factor professionals, and test and evaluation flight crews improving mission performance in an increasingly complex environment.

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Hall, Steve, and Erin Alves. "Instrument Pilot Skill Acquisition in the Early Phases of Flight Training Using an Advanced Cockpit Display System." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 50, no. 1 (October 2006): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120605000113.

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Battiste, Vernol, and Nancy H. Johnson. "An Operation Evaluation of ADS-B and CDTI during Airport Surface and Final Approach Operations." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 1 (September 2002): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204600108.

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The availability of new technologies for both the flight deck and air traffic control facilities is creating new capabilities for enhanced aircraft operations. With the introduction of these new technologies comes a need to evaluate their effectiveness in both laboratory and operational settings. Two such technologies, Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B), and Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI) with and without a surface map, were demonstrated during an Operational Evaluation in the Ohio Valley. The main focus of the study was a comparison of flight crew navigational performance, traffic, and runway occupancy awareness, with and without a surface map on their CDTI displays during airport surface and final approach operations. Sixteen commercial, government, corporate, and general aviation crews participated in the evaluation, flying a variety of aircraft ranging from Boeing 727s to the Piper Aztecs. Aircraft GPS track position data, in flight observer reports, post-flight structured interviews, and post-flight questionnaires were used to support data collection. Flight crews reported that the CDTI enhanced their situational and traffic awareness. They also reported that when the CDTI included a surface map, surface navigational and traffic awareness were further enhanced. Pilots also reported that utilizing the CDTI did not interfere with other cockpit tasks. Finally, the addition of a surface map enhanced flight crews' awareness of runway status. These findings suggest that system efficiency and safety will be enhanced with the introduction of a CDTI which includes airport surface maps.

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Woolford, B., T. Rathjen, M. Whitmore, S. Rajulu, J. Blume Novak, J. McCandless, and B. Peacock. "Space Human Factors Advanced Development Projects." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 1 (September 2002): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204600116.

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The NASA Space Human Factors community engages in activities that range from basic research through advanced development projects to applications associated with ongoing programs such as the International Space Station and the Shuttle. This panel of NASA human factors specialists will present information relating to advanced development projects aimed at the creation of tools that can be applied to the analysis, design and evaluation of space vehicles and operations, and future space vehicle design concepts. The projects are: “The voice of the customer” - a description of the multiple pathways used to obtain astronaut information and opinion; International Space Station emergency medical procedure evaluation and redesign; the “magic windows” project which provides a multifunctional display system for operations and personal use on space vehicles and analogs; analytical approaches to digitally scanned crew member anthropometric data; crew member activity measurement, modeling and scheduling; evaluation of the upgraded displays of the Space Shuttle cockpit; and finally a description of the updated, electronic version of the space human factors engineering database.

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Xu, Xidong, Christopher D. Wickens, and Esa M. Rantanen. "Effects of conflict alerting system reliability and task difficulty on pilots' conflict detection with cockpit display of traffic information." Ergonomics 50, no. 1 (January 15, 2007): 112–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130601002658.

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Lloyd, Charles J. C., and William F. Reinhart. "Requirements for Hud Raster Image Modulation in Daylight." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 37, no. 19 (October 1993): 1335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118193784162173.

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Head-up displays (HUDs) represent the leading candidate display technology for inclusion in an enhanced or synthetic vision system (EVS or SVS) for commercial transport aircraft. One common EVS concept assumes the raster display of raw or processed sensor (radar or IR) data. However, experience with the use of raster rather than stroke display modes has been largely limited to the presentation of images captured by IR sensitive and image-intensified cameras during night flying conditions when the luminance of the forward scene over which the image will be superimposed is much lower than in daytime. The objective of this work is to generate a specification for minimum HUD raster image modulation assuming real-world luminance values typically found in low-visibility, daylight flight. Six Honeywell pilots rated the image quality and utility of flight video as presented through a military-style HUD in a transport cockpit mockup. Flight video came from daylight FLIR and daylight CCD cameras. The luminance of the forward scene against which the HUD image was superimposed was varied among nine levels ranging from 5 fL to 10,000 fL. The results indicate that HUD raster luminance must be approximately 50% external scene luminance to promote good pilot awareness of general terrain. To maintain good utility and visibility of standard, high-contrast runway markings, runway center line, and runway edges, HUD raster luminance must be approximately 15% of the forward scene luminance.

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Sikorski, Eric, and Amanda Palla. "Interactive Demonstration of an AC-130 Aircraft Virtual Reality Part Task Trainer." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 395–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601580.

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This session will demonstrate a Virtual Reality Part Task Trainer (vrPTT) that was developed under a Department of Defense funded research and development program. The vrPTT consists of Virtual Reality (VR) head mounted display (HMD) goggles and bare-hand motion sensor technology integrated via a high speed gaming computer that hosts an automated, intelligent tutor. Upon donning the VR goggles, the user is immersed into a cockpit of an AC-130 aircraft. The AC-130 system instruments are operationally accurate with selection and feedback indications true to aircraft operational parameters. The demonstration will allow participants to manipulate buttons and switches on a simulated checklist completion task within the immersive vrPTT environment. The Session attendees will gain an understanding of VR’s potential for DoD aircrew training from a human factors psychology and instructional systems design perspective by interacting with a developed capability.

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Feary, Michael, and Lance Sherry. "Evaluation of a Formal Methodology for Developing Aircraft Vertical Flight Guidance Training Material." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 1 (October 1998): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804200117.

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Aircraft automation, particularly the automation surrounding vertical navigation, has been cited as an area of training difficulty and a source of confusion during operation. A number of incidents have been attributed to a lack of crew understanding of what the automation is doing. This paper describes the translation of information from a formal methodology used in design of an automated vertical guidance system to a training package, and an experiment that tested the new training. This study is part of a larger project to improve the recognition and understanding of the “objectives and behaviors” of automated systems through a formal methodology. The formal method, referred to as the operational procedures methodology, integrates the design of the system with the design of the training and display information requirements for that system (Sherry, 1995). The study utilized a training package designed to teach the vertical guidance portion of the Flight Mode Annunciator (FMA), as seen in normal operations of the Boeing MD-11. The results of the study showed that this type of training can be successfully delivered via a computer based training device. Additionally, a study in a full cockpit simulator showed that the training, coupled with the new display, provided significantly less errors on a simulated flight, although the training alone did not provide significantly better performance.

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Edwards, K. L., S. J. Lloyd, and J. F. Ralph. "Air–to–ground weapon aiming — a synopsis and a look to the future." Aeronautical Journal 105, no. 1044 (February 2001): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000011490.

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Summary A review of air–to–ground weapon aiming is given, with emphasis placed on the use of the head–up display (HUD), the main cockpit instrument used for accurate weapon aiming over the last 35 years. Nevertheless, the HUD is only of use for the aiming of forward–firing weapons. More advanced weapons have an off–axis capability and their aiming is greatly facilitated by the use of a helmet-mounted sight (HMS) or helmet–mounted display (HMD). The surface–to–air threat and the rules of engagement, particularly in operations other than war, place high demands on the aircrew and the weapon aiming system, both to stand off from the target and to have a high degree of confidence that it is the target. The requirement to perform an accurate in–flight transfer alignment of the weapon places further demands upon the aircrew. Timely and accurate target data, digitally received, plus an on–board targeting system which can automatically search for and recognise a target, are of great utility in the final stages prior to weapon release. The Defence Evaluation and Research Agency is performing research in these areas.

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Luo, Ya, and Jian-jun Zhu. "Resilience Strategy Optimization for Large Aircraft Supply Chain Based on Probabilistic Language QFD." International Journal of Information Systems and Supply Chain Management 13, no. 4 (October 2020): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijisscm.2020100102.

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This paper proposes an optimization model of supply chain resilience strategy for large passenger aircraft. A quality function deployment (QFD) framework is conducted to analyze the resilience of the large passenger aircraft supply chain, and the key parameters are characterized based on the probabilistic linguistic term. Then based on the output of the QFD framework an optimization model of the resilience strategy considering the stochastic disturbance faced by the supply chain is constructed. Taking the supply chain for large aircraft cockpit control display module as an example to illustrate the application steps and feasibility of the model, the results demonstrate that change of supply chain management responsibilities, implementing hierarchical management of suppliers, seeking coordinated implementation of inventory management mode, and improving the pre-risk identification system, play prominent roles in enhancing supply chain resilience, and the combination of different strategies can indeed enhance the supply chain resilience under the budget constraint.

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LI, XIAOLING, YING JIANG, JUN HONG, YUANZHE DONG, and LEI YAO. "ESTIMATION OF COGNITIVE WORKLOAD BY APPROXIMATE ENTROPY OF EEG." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 16, no. 06 (September 2016): 1650077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519416500779.

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The traditional cockpit display-control system usually has great many instruments and much complex information, which leads to the pilots to take a long time to be familiar with the cockpit interface and often cause accidents when emergencies happen. Thus it is necessary to evaluate the cognitive workload of the pilots under multitask conditions. A simplified evaluation method of cognitive workload by approximate entropy (ApEn) of electroencephalography (EEG) is proposed in this paper. We design a series of experiments about the flight instruments, which have different instrument number, pointer speed, and operation difficulty, and collect the EEG, interval time (IT), and misjudgment rate (MR), then classify and analyze these data with ApEn algorithm, traceability, and dualistic linear regression method. It can be found that ApEn is increased with increasing experiment difficulty, which shows that ApEn can be used as the evaluation criteria of cognitive workload. As the ApEn and the number of dipoles have a positive correlation relationship, the cognitive workload and ApEn are both changed with increasing the number of brain dipoles. Taking MR and IT as the independent variables, and ApEn as the dependent variable, we obtain an empirical formula to simplify the assessment process of the cognitive workload. This study concludes that ApEn can be used as the evaluation criteria of cognitive workload, which could be applied in the ergonomics estimation of human-interface interaction field.

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Gawron, Valerie J., Randall E. Bailey, Louis H. Knotts, and Grant R. McMillan. "Comparison of Time Delay during In-Flight and Ground Simulation." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 33, no. 2 (October 1989): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128903300226.

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An in-flight experiment was performed to investigate the effects of time delay on manual flight control and flying qualities. The experiment was conducted using the USAF/FDL variable-stability NT-33A aircraft. Pure time delay was added equally to the pitch and roll flight control system. Evaluation tasks were presented on a head-up display (HUD). Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) were simulated which limited the visual cues available to the pilot to the 20 degree foveal scene provided by the HUD. The in-flight time delay data were generated with full fidelity, unlimited range of motion cues. Using the same cockpit and a digital aerodynamic simulation, the in-flight experiment was completely replicated as a fixed-based ground simulation. Thus, the effects of extreme conditions in motion cuing (i.e., full motion versus no-motion) were examined for constant visual cuing.

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Selcon, Stephen J., Thomas D. Hardiman, Darryl G. Croft, and Mica R. Endsley. "A Test-Battery Approach to Cognitive Engineering: To Meta-Measure or not to Meta-Measure, that is the Question!" Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 40, no. 4 (October 1996): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129604000418.

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This paper describes a task battery approach to system evaluation and cognitive engineering. The limitations of current techniques are discussed. An alternative paradigm using both task-specific measures and design driver measures is suggested. Such high level design driver measures have been referred to as meta-measures (Hardiman et al, 1995). In an experiment conducted to evaluate the utility of using meta-measures within the context of cockpit system assessment, an explanatory display for air combat decision support was tested within a realistic flight simulation. Multiple measures of performance were taken, together with the Situational Awareness Rating Technique (SART) as a meta-measure of Situational Awareness. Results showed that although task-specific measures clearly indicated one candidate design as producing better performance, they allowed little explanation of the underlying mechanism. Concurrent analysis of the meta-measure, however, enabled clarification of the cause of the performance differences, in this case through improved understanding, more information being available, and the information being more task relevant. The potential advantages of this approach for cognitive engineering are discussed.

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Schrader, Thorsten, Jochen Bredemeyer, Marius Mihalachi, David Ulm, Thomas Kleine-Ostmann, Christoph Stupperich, Sergei Sandmann, and Heyno Garbe. "High-resolution signal-in-space measurements of VHF omnidirectional ranges using UAS." Advances in Radio Science 17 (September 19, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-17-1-2019.

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Abstract. In this paper, we describe measurement results of the signal-in-space of very high frequency (VHF) omnidirectional range (VOR) facilities. In aviation VOR are used to display the current course of the aircraft in the cockpit. To understand the influence of wind turbines (WT) on the signal integrity of terrestrial navigation and radar signals, the signal content and its changes, respectively, must be investigated. So far, only numerical simulations have been carried out on the frequency-modulation (FM) part of the Doppler-VOR (DVOR) signal to estimate the influence of WT on DVOR. Up to now, the amplitude-modulated (AM) part of the DVOR was not assessed at all. In 2016, we presented an unmanned aerial system (UAS) as a carrier for state-of-the-art radio-frequency (RF) measurement instrumentation (Schrader et al., 2016a, c; Bredemeyer et al., 2016), to measure and to record the true signal-in-space (both FM and AM signal) during the flight. The signal-in-space (which refers to time-resolved signal content and field strength, respectively) is measured and sampled without loss of information and, furthermore, synchronously stored with time stamp and with precise position in space, where the measurements were taken.

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Marques, Johnny, and Adilson Marques da Cunha. "ARES: An Agile Requirements Specification Process for Regulated Environments." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 29, no. 10 (October 2019): 1403–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021819401950044x.

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Agile methods have provided significant contributions to Software Engineering. This work presents a new process for Software Requirements Specification, integrating Agile Properties and regulated environments, such as aviation, medical, nuclear and automotive, among others. The Software in Regulated Environments (SRE) involves plan-driven methods with needed documentation to ensure safety, reliability, security, and discipline. This paper proposes a balance between agile and plan-driven methods. We define a new process, which explores and investigates the usage of agile methods in SRE. The scope of this paper is Requirements Engineering, which is considered as a set of activities involved in the management, elicitation, documentation, and maintenance of requirements. The Adile Requirements Specification (ARES) process contains four methods, 13 activities, and some required artifacts to ensure compliance with the following six relevant Software Standards for regulated environments: RTCA DO-178C, IEC 62304:2015, ECSS-E-ST-40C, IEC 61508-3, ISO/IEC/IEEE 12207, and IAEA SSG-39. The process evaluation was performed using two experiments: a Cockpit Display System (CDS) and a Healthcare Information System (HIS). These experiments were measured with appropriate metrics to ensure improvements in Software Requirements Specification and traceability among artifacts. The experimental results revealed that the ARES process works better than the original Scrum for Software in Regulated Environments. The ARES process can also be integrated with traditional software life cycles (Waterfall, V, and Incremental and Iterative), when applied in the Requirements Engineering phase.

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Andre, Anthony D. "On the Application of Cognitive Compatibility to Aircraft Systems Design and Evaluation." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 41, no. 1 (October 1997): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107118139704100111.

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Much research has been performed examining various aspects of the relationship between displays and controls in the aircraft cockpit as well as other, related contexts. Yet, the applicability of this work to the design or evaluation of modern aircraft systems is still limited. One reason for this limitation is the disproportionate focus on the physical (spatial) aspects of display-control relationships, often referred to as stimulus-response (S-R) compatibility, relative to the cognitive or perceptual aspects. Another reason for the limited applicability of this research to applied systems design is the lack of computer-aided models and automated tools which incorporate the established principles and guidelines. It is argued here that in order to optimize both the design process and design result of future cockpit interfaces, models of cognitive compatibility must be developed and incorporated into computer-based design and evaluation tools.

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Pionek, Jason, Mike Heidenreich, Matt Shanahan, and Dan Schoepke. "Factors Affecting User Response to Polygon Displays." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 41, no. 2 (October 1997): 1052–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107118139704100272.

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The concept of polygon displays as error detection devices is a recent area of interest in such environments as nuclear power plants and airplane and helicopter cockpits. Operators in these areas are concerned about the flooding of important information upon the limited capacity of the human eye and brain. A polygon display may alleviate the problem of confusing information by encompassing many fault displays into one simple, symmetric display. This type of visual display is an optimal method for “at a glance” scanning and lower order perception. If a problem arises in the relevant system, the vertex that corresponds to the fault location will become skewed, and the polygon will appear irregular. The authors propose that polygon displays of different sizes and types will elicit varying reaction times of the detection of faults in these displays. A pilot study was conducted to determine preliminary answers to this query.

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Sovelius, Roope, Maunu Mäntylä, Heini Huhtala, Juha Oksa, Rasmus Valtonen, Liisa Tiitola, and Tuomo Leino. "Head Movements and Neck Muscle Activity During Air Combat Maneuvering." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 91, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.5425.2020.

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BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to determine the characteristics of cervical muscle activity in different head movements when using helmet mounted display in air combat maneuvering.METHODS: Cervical EMG was measured with eight F/A-18 pilots using the Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System (JHMCS) during air combat maneuvering. In-flight Gz acceleration and continuous head position were recorded. Muscular activity was compared between head movements in isolation and combined with torso movement. In addition, the effect of the direction of head movements and the use of head support of the ejection seat on muscle activity was determined.RESULTS: Muscular loading increased in the cervical flexors and extensors when using the torso during targeting beyond the field of vision in the neutral sitting posture; the difference was significant in the flexors, but activity levels were higher in the extensors. Cervical muscles are loaded to a lesser extent if the head is kept in a stable position during Gz loading. Muscular activity in the neck muscles was higher when the pilot was moving the head out of neutral posture rather than toward neutral posture. The use of the headrest as a support decreased muscle activity in the extensors, but resulted in higher activity in the flexor muscles.DISCUSSION: All analyzed conditions were significantly affected by an increase in Gz. An increase of muscle activity with torso movements is considered as a positive factor as it reflects maintained muscular support for the cervical spine. Presented results may be helpful when specific conditioning programs and cockpit ergonomics are developed for fighter pilots.Sovelius R, Mäntylä M, Huhtala H, Oksa J, Valtonen R, Tiitola L, Leino T. Head movements and neck muscle activity during air combat maneuvering. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(1):26–31.

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Greshnikov, I. I. "Gaze Control Function Implementation in the Aircraft Cockpit Displays and Controls." INFORMACIONNYE TEHNOLOGII 27, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 445–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17587/it.27.445-448.

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The paper analyzes modern solutions applicable to advanced cockpit development using the gaze control function. Based on the analysis, the conclusion is made about the practicability of using the gaze control function and the intelligent information system is being developed for testing this function on the basis of universal cockpit prototyping bench.

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Way, Thomas C. "Stereopsis in Cockpit Display — A Part-Task Test." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 2 (October 1988): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128803200211.

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The benefit of adding retinal disparity to color raster display was tested with two formats. Six pilots flew a tracking task and periodically responded to “failures” in the two represented systems, providing a total of 4320 trials. Response time and error frequency were both reduced when disparity augmented monocular cues to “real world” depth. Response time and error frequency were not affected when disparity was used to make an element of an otherwise flat display more noticeable.

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Higgins, Thomas J., and Mark H. Chignell. "Cognitive Processes during Instrument Landing." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 31, no. 11 (September 1987): 1216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128703101108.

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Applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in the cockpit require a deeper understanding of the cognitive processes of the pilot. This paper describes ongoing research concerned with developing cognitive models of pilot behavior that can support the development of expert systems and machine reasoning within the cockpit. An experiment is reported where the behavior of pilots within a flight simulator is observed. Verbal instructions given by the controlling pilot in a “division of labor” task are used to identify salient features of pilot cognitive models of the task. The results of this experiment are interpreted in terms of their implications for the development of future expert systems within the cockpit. Continued research on the cognitive models used by pilots should permit the development of a knowledge base that will assist display design, training programs, and research on mental workload within the cockpit.

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Gregoire, Harv, and Rannell Trimble. "Anthropometric Design Variables and Performance." Perceptual and Motor Skills 63, no. 2 (October 1986): 867–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.63.2.867.

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This study analyzed performance correlates resulting from various applications of anthropometric data used in tactical aircraft cockpit design. Three anthropometric cockpit-geometry configurations were used as variables in performance testing a sample of 50 subjects, undergraduate and graduate college students as well as military pilots. The task was a simulated tactical, combat flight. Variables included: (a) viewing a display from a design eye-position based on uncorrected anthropometric data derived from traditional measuring techniques-erect, (b) viewing the display from the same position as (a) with the exception that supports were used to prevent or relieve fatigue-supported, and (c) viewing the display from a position 3.81-cm lower than the erect position to accommodate the postural displacement resulting from (i) normal upper body slouch, (ii) torso-restraint body retention, and (iii) wearing aviators equipment—actual. The mean performance scores in the actual condition were significantly better than scores which resulted from the supported or erect condition based on traditional application of anthropometric criterion.

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Hess, Ronald A., and Peter J. Gorder. "Design and evaluation of a cockpit display for hovering flight." Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics 13, no. 3 (May 1990): 450–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.25357.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cockpit Display System'

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