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Dwi Anggraeni and Rina Fariyani. "Green Economy Model Development Strategy in Cocoa Tourism Village in Banyuwangi." Proceedings of International Conference on Economics Business and Government Challenges 1, no. 1 (September 22, 2022): 328–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/ic-ebgc.v1i1.45.
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Abstract. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the application of the Green Economy concept in the development of tourist villages as an effort to realize environmentally sound development as well as supporting and inhibiting factors in the development of tourist villages in Banyuwangi Regency. This research will be conducted in the Glennmore Cocoa Tourism Village, Banyuwangi Regency. In this study the research method used is descriptive qualitative . This research is expected to have a long-term economic impact on the community and the preservation of the environment. The results of the study indicate that the application of draft green economy in development Village Tour Cocoa as effort realize development insightful environment, namely: Application principles development insightful environment in Banyuwangi Regency, in development field tourist, not yet fully applied. Thing this seen from the principle that has not been applied justice in one generation and internalisation environmental costs. Application of the principles green economy on development Village Tour Cocoa not yet applied fully. However, there is a number of factor which Becomes constraint in development Village Tour Cocoa, that is source existing human resources, facilities not enough complete, per- farm cocoa which experience decrease in quantity and quality, parties fraudulent travel, and promotions that not yet conducted by maximum.
Keywords: green economy, tourist village
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Pratama, Sakti Widyanta. "Application of lime and urea and its effect on development of Phythophthora palmivora." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 31, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v31i1.70.
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Black pod rot disease (BPRD) which is caused by Phytophthora palmivora is one of the main diseases of cocoa cultivations particularly in plantations with wet climate. Black pod rot can develop rapidly under high humidity environments, particularly during rainy seasons. This disease can cause loss of harvest of up to 46.63% in East Java. The various control efforts attempted so far have not resulted in significant improvements. Urea, in addition to functioning as fertilizer, can also produce the ammonia gas which is believed to be able to suppress black pod rot. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of black pod rot control using the combination of lime and urea. This research was conducted from June to September 2013. The materials used in test included sterile soil, black pod rot infected cocoa, urea, and agricultural lime. Observation results showed that ammonia could form from urea. Lime can increase the speed of the formation. The ammonia gas forming from 0.06% urea and 0.3% lime can control the P. palmivora fungus inside the soil. Key words: Pod rot, P. palmivora, urea, lime, ammonia
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Cádiz-Gurrea, María de la Luz, Álvaro Fernández-Ochoa, Francisco Javier Leyva-Jiménez, Noelia Guerrero-Muñoz, María del Carmen Villegas-Aguilar, Sandra Pimentel-Moral, Fernando Ramos-Escudero, and Antonio Segura-Carretero. "LC-MS and Spectrophotometric Approaches for Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds from Peru Cocoa By-Products for Commercial Applications." Molecules 25, no. 14 (July 11, 2020): 3177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143177.
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Peru is one of the main areas where there are large cocoa crops with special relevance to the economy of this country. In fact, cocoa is a major, economically important, international crop which has been linked to several benefits, such as anti-allergenic, anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-thrombotic, cardioprotective and vasodilatory properties, relating to its bioactive compound content. However, in cocoa industrial processing, several residues or wastes, which are commonly discarded generating a negative impact on the environment, are produced in large amounts. Some of the cocoa by-products, which go underutilized, could be a good source of bioactive compounds with high utility for the development of innovative products in nutraceutical, medical or pharmaceutical industries. For this reason, the aim of this study is to qualitatively determine the phytochemical composition of husk and bean extracts from different cocoa-growing areas and processes from Peru by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Furthermore, we aim to evaluate their phenolic and flavan-3-ol contents and antioxidant capacities for the purpose of highlighting the potential of cocoa by-products from these cultivars as functional ingredients. In total, 49 chemical compounds were detected in the analyzed extracts. Comparing both husks and beans, bean extracts were characterized by high content in flavonoids whereas husk extracts had a higher content of phenolic acids. The presence of these compounds together with the bioactivity results suggest that these matrices may be further studied for their revaluation in the development of high added-value products in nutraceutical, medical, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Isrun, Uswah Hasanah, Syamsuddin Laude, Muhammad Basir-Cyio, Fadhliah, and Effendy. "Reduction in the Emission Rate of Greenhouse Gases and the Increase in Crop Production by Using Compost on Marginal Land." International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics 16, no. 5 (October 29, 2021): 583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.160513.
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Greenhouse gases dominated by CO2, CH4, CFC, and N2O come from human (anthropogenic) activities. Efforts to increase the production of rice and corn crops require organic and inorganic fertilizers. The use of chemical fertilizers, which can increase greenhouse gas emissions, is higher than that of organic fertilizers. This study aimed to investigate the reduction in the greenhouse gas emission rate and the increase in crop production caused by organic fertilizer from rice straw and cocoa peel, a community-based sustainable development approach based on education. This research used the mixed method, a descriptive and simple experimental design with the following treatments: t0 = without Compost; ta = straw rice compost dosage of 3 t ha-1; tb = cocoa pod husk dosage of 3 t ha-1; Bta = maize crops + without compost (t0); Btb = maize crops + cocoa pod husk compost (tb); Sta = bare soil + without compost (t0); Stb = rice crops + straw compost (ta); Stc = rice crops + cocoa pod husk compost (tb); and Std = rice crops + without compost (t0). The application of compost reduced agricultural waste and greenhouse gas emissions of CH4 and N2O in both maize and rice fields. Greenhouse gas emissions were reduced by 30 percent compared to those under the application of chemical fertilizers. The utilization of compost as organic fertilizer also increased the production of corn and rice crops compared to that without the application of agricultural waste up to 10.3 tons per ha.
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Keller, Jakob, Martin Jung, and Rainer Lasch. "Sustainability Governance: Insights from a Cocoa Supply Chain." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (August 29, 2022): 10763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710763.
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The food industry is one of the main drivers of climate change, with serious impacts on the living and working conditions in developing countries. Due to these sustainability issues, consumers, governments, and non-governmental organizations are pressuring food companies to rethink their current business concepts of food production. Food companies rely on supply chain governance and its mechanisms to implement sustainability standards across all tiers of their supply chains. This study examines the sustainability governance at all stages of a cocoa supply chain, from the raw material production to the retailer, by using a qualitative case study approach. The results show a differentiation of the sustainability governance according to the different supply chain stages. At the raw material production stage, sustainability is mainly improved using contracts, extensive and frequent knowledge sharing, and audits. After the raw material production stage, environmental and social sustainability is almost exclusively coordinated by certificates, while other governance mechanisms are used to foster long-term economic business relationships. This study gives detailed insights into the application intentions and the functioning of sustainability governance mechanisms and provides propositions on how to efficiently improve sustainability in food supply chains.
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Akinola, Amos A., and Trevor Young. "An application of the Tobit model in the analysis of agricultural innovation adoption processes:‐ a study of the use of cocoa spraying chemicals among Nigerian cocoa farmers." Oxford Agrarian Studies 14, no. 1 (January 1985): 26–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600818508423964.
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Esenarro, Doris, Ciro Rodriguez, Jennifer Arteaga, Godilia Garcia, and Fabiana Flores. "Sustainable Use of Natural Resources to Improve the Quality of Life in the Alto Palcazu Population Center, Iscozazin-Peru." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 12, no. 5 (2021): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2021.12.5.1332.
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The present research aims at the sustainable use of natural resources in Iscozazin to improve the quality of life of its inhabitants. It proposes an architectural design of sustainable, productive housing that integrates agro-industry and ecotourism, which allows the optimization of the formative processes of sacha-inchi and cocoa with a growing export demand using clean energy in its production processes, minimizing the negative impacts on the environment. The methodology used was focused on three techniques "diagnosis", "adaptation," or "application" for the promotion of sustainable development. The analysis and export demand of existing products in the international market area were carried out. As a result, we have an architectural design proposal that respects the culture, customs, and climate of the place, allowing the excellent development and promotion of ecotourism and agro-industry. It also provides both residents and tourists with an option or recreational space focused on natural resources, presented in an orderly manner and preserving natural areas to generate a better activity flow without causing long-term damage.
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Sudiarta, I. Putu. "PERANAN PESTISIDA BOTANI DALAM MENDUKUNG PERTANIAN ORGANIK." AGRICA 3, no. 1 (July 22, 2020): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37478/agr.v3i1.494.
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Until recently the use of synthetic pesticides to control pest and plant diseases proved effective, but on the other hand, the excessive use of synthetic pesticides cause many negative effects, such as the development of pest and disease resistance, second pest explosion, death of natural enemies and pesticide residues in food and environment. One alternative that can be done to solve this problem is the use of botanical pesticides. Botanical pesticides are compounds produced as a plant defence response to disturbances and stimulation. These compounds generally are of secondary metabolites that have many functions, such as growth hormones (Auxin, gibberellins and cytokinins), anti-fungal or anti-bacterial, antibiotics, and toxic to animals and insects. The advantage of botanical pesticides is that they have toxicity similar to synthetic pesticides, but the botanical pesticides can be used to support sustainable organic agriculture. Experiments in the utilization of botanical pesticides to control plant pest have been carried out. One example application is the use of botanical insecticides from “Brotowali” leaf extract (Tinospora crispa) to control the diamond black caterpillars (Plutella xylostella) on cabbage plants. In addition, the use of ‘basil’ oil (Ocimum tenuiflorum) has a real impact in population control of the fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis). In addition to pest control, botanical pesticides are also reported to effectively control plant diseases. Use of ‘galangal’ (Alpinia galanga) and papaya (Carica papaya) has a high ability to inhibit the growth of Ceratocystis sp. On PDA and fruits. The combination of ‘betel’ leaf extract (Piper betle) and ‘galangal’ (A galanga) can suppress the growth of banan wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum and / or the Ralstonia solanacearum. The use of ‘galangal’ (A. Galanga) extract with a concentration of 5%, can also inhibit the growth of stem rot disease (F. oxisporum) on vanilla seedlings. In addition, the use of ‘betel’ ieaf P. Bettle in the field can suppress black rot disease on cocoa pods (cocoa black pd disease)
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Chen, Zhongxiang, Zhiquan Shu, Xiuxiang Huang, Ke Peng, and Jiaji Pan. "Modelling Analysis of COVID-19 Transmission and the State of Emergency in Japan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 26, 2021): 6858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136858.
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To assess the effectiveness of the containment strategies proposed in Japan, an SEIAQR (susceptible-exposed-infected-asymptomatic-quarantined-recovered) model was established to simulate the transmission of COVID-19. We divided the spread of COVID-19 in Japan into different stages based on policies. The effective reproduction number Re and the transmission parameters were determined to evaluate the measures conducted by the Japanese Government during these periods. On 7 April 2020, the Japanese authority declared a state of emergency to control the rapid development of the pandemic. Based on the simulation results, the spread of COVID-19 in Japan can be inhibited by containment actions during the state of emergency. The effective reproduction number Re reduced from 1.99 (before the state of emergency) to 0.92 (after the state of emergency). The transmission parameters were fitted and characterized with quantifiable variables including the ratio of untracked cases, the PCR test index and the proportion of COCOA app users (official contact confirming application). The impact of these variables on the control of COVID-19 was investigated in the modelling analysis. On 8 January 2021, the Japanese Government declared another state of emergency. The simulated results demonstrated that the spread could be controlled in May by keeping the same strategies. A higher intensity of PCR testing was suggested, and a larger proportion of COCOA app users should reduce the final number of infections and the time needed to control the spread of COVID-19.
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Osemeobo, Gbdebo Jonathan. "The Human Causes of Forest Depletion in Nigeria." Environmental Conservation 15, no. 1 (1988): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900028411.
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Human activities in Nigeria are not evenly distributed on the land surface, owing to marked differences in climatic, geological, demographic, and cultural, factors in different areas of Nigeria. The use of land is designed to optimize resources for diverse interest-groups, thus causing pressures to be exerted on the land in varied degrees. Because land-uses are neither influenced by capabilities of existing resources nor based on effective land-use policy, the economic development of land is not conducive to conservation of the environment. Indeed, the attempt to maximize the use of resources constitutes a serious impediment to future development, as most lands are either destroyed or rendered marginal for primary production.However, the best use to which land can be put is ultimately largely a political matter, and this is influenced by socio-economic factors at work in a given environment. Unfortunately, when the use of land is not in harmony with ecological approaches to development, the soils commonly depreciate to counter-productive levels. This is why, when land uses are in opposition, they pose serious questions regarding the extent to which they can adequately sustain life. There is plenty of evidence that the rate of forest depletion in the country may increase in relation to population increase, which is why, without adequate measures being taken, constraints in land-use could lead to shortened fallow periods, reduced crop-yields, overgrazing, indiscriminate burning of vegetation, excessive hunting, poor techniques of mineral exploitation, and application of unconserving agro-technical practices for food production.In the face of the above problems, however, adoption of alley cropping by smallholder farmers, establishment of woodlots for fuel-wood production in the vicinity of large towns, planting of timber trees in the periphery of cocoa and oil palm plantations, private-sector participation in reafforestation, and rehabilitation of mined areas with suitable vegetational forms, are some of the strategies that can reduce the rate of forest depletion in the country.
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Fernandes, Alessandra Ribeiro, Michelli Ferrera Dario, Claudinéia Aparecida Sales de Oliveira Pinto, Telma Mary Kaneko, André Rolim Baby, and Maria Valéria Robles Velasco. "Stability evaluation of organic Lip Balm." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 49, no. 2 (June 2013): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502013000200011.
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Rising global demand for natural products whose production is harmless to the environment has stimulated the development of natural cosmetics and, within this category, organics (95% organic raw materials). The image of environmentally friendly production is one of the strongest attractions of organic products. Lip balm is a cosmetic product similar to lipstick whose purpose is to prevent lip dryness and protect against adverse environmental factors. The product's characteristics are: resistance to temperature variations, pleasant flavor, innocuousness, smoothness during application, adherence and easy intentional removal. This work involved the development of a lip balm formulated with certified organic raw materials and the execution of stability tests: fusion point determination, evaluation of organoleptic characteristics (color, odor and appearance) and functionality evaluation (spreadability test). The formulation selected after the Preliminary Stability Test was submitted to the Normal Stability Test under the following storage conditions (temperature): Room Temperature (22.0 ± 3.0 ºC), Oven (40.0 ± 2.0 ºC) and Refrigerator (5.0 ± 1.0 ºC), for 90 days. Under the Refrigerator and Room Temperature conditions, spreadability proved adequate, but the surface presented white spots, characterizing the fat bloom, a phenomenon involving the recrystallization of cocoa butter. Storage at 40.0 ± 2.0 ºC (Oven) caused loss of functionality according to the spreadability test, in addition to changes in color, although the aspect was uniform since the fat bloom was not observed (white spots on the surface). The odor remained stable under all conditions as did the melting point, which had a mean of 72.9 ± 1.7 ºC throughout the course of stability testing (90 days).
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Cherkesov, Zaur A. "SYNTHESIS OF HIGHLY DISPERSED MOLYBDATE OF COBALT IN THE MELT SYSTEM (Na2MoO4 - NaCl)EVT – CoSO4." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 63, no. 9 (August 5, 2020): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20206309.6205.
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The paper presents a new computational and experimental material for the development of a rational method for obtaining one of the significant representatives of the elements of the d-family-cobalt molybdate in melts of the system (Na2MoO4 - NaCl)evt-CoSO4 in a highly dispersed state at a relatively low temperature and high process performance. It contains extensive material on the properties and applications of cobalt molybdenum, a critical analysis of which indicates the need to develop new approaches to the synthesis of such a unique compound. Along with experimental problems, the article also solves a number of theoretical issues. In particular, we are talking about the application of the mass transfer effect between Mn(Fe,Co)MoO4 – Na2CO3 systems and the environment for the first time revealed by the authors to the analysis of the drug CoMoO4 synthesized in the work. The mechanism of manifestation of this phenomenon, which, as shown by theoretical analysis and experimental data, due to polyvalences cobalt. Therefore, this is due to the possibility of leakage in the system CoMoO4–Na2CO3 exchange reaction CoMoO4+Na2CO3→CoCO3+Na2MoO4, dissociation CoCO3=CoO+CO2 and redox of хCoO+1/2О2→CoхOу, where y=x+1, leading to the loss of CO2 and the transformation of CoO – product of the decomposition of CoCO3 at the expense of the oxygen environment to the oxide type CoхOу, the composition of which is determined by the process temperature. The experimental data obtained in this work confirm the effectiveness of the mass transfer effect in the analysis of molybdenum and tungstates of polyvalent d-elements. Much attention is paid to the comprehensive study of the obtained cobalt molybdate in the system (Na2MoO4 - NaCl)evt–CoSO4 by a complex of physical and chemical methods (thermodynamic, x-ray phase, dispersion, chemical kinetic (thermogravimetric)).
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Widati, Wiwik, Adi Atmoko, and Ramli Ramli. "Pengembangan Aplikasi Perencanaan Karier Berbasis Android untuk Membantu Kesesuaian Pilihan Karier Siswa SMA." Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan 6, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 1807. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/jptpp.v6i11.15150.
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<p class="Abstrak"><strong>Abstract:</strong> Career is part of the journey of life in realizing oneself to live life and achieve. In fact, many career decisions on interests, needs, skills or personality always match the chosen work environment. This study aims to develop an application of career planning android-based that can assist students in determining their career direction. This research is included in the research and development of the borg and gall model. The career development model used is based on Holland's theory. The results of the effectiveness test get an average value of 3.60 from all variables with effective criteria.</p><strong>Abstrak:</strong> Karier merupakan bagian dari perjalanan hidup seseorang dalam perwujudan diri untuk menjalani hidup dan mencapai tujuan. Pada kenyataannya banyak ditemukan bahwa keputusan karier terhadap minat, kebutuhan, keahlian atau kepribadiannya tidaklah selalu cocok dengan lingkungan pekerjaan yang dipilihnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan aplikasi perencanaan karier berbasis<em> android</em> yang dapat membantu sisiwa dalam menentukan arah kariernya. Penelitian ini termasuk dalam penelitian dan pengembangan model <em>borg and gall</em>. Model pengembangan karier yang digunakan berdasarkan teori Holland. Hasil uji efektivitas mendapatkan nilai rata-rata 3.60 dari seluruh variable dengan kriteria efektif.
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Dalamu, Taofeek Olaiwola. "Evaluating ‘Registerial’ Norms in Advertising Texts: A Systemic Perspective." Buckingham Journal of Language and Linguistics 11 (November 27, 2018): 64–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/bjll.v11i0.1612.
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Language and social concerns facilitate every communicative text. Based on that, the study considered the advertising text, as a test ground to explore the relationships between language and socio-cultural norms as revealers of the Register of advertising. Considered for the investigation are ten advertisements of Guinness®, Peak Milk®, Gulder®, Coca cola®, Pepsi®, Stanbic IBTC®, etc., upon which Ideational, Interpersonal and Textual Metafunctions served as tools of analysis. Besides the report that Material Processes such as come to, reshaped, make, is wasting, etc. dominate the contents, a Behavioral Process of rests on also performs a role in the Register analysis. The study further reveals digitization (*945#), local language intrusion (Oga), personification (bourn = born), clipping (diff) as context devices in the business environment. There are also Register(s) of neologism (Pecadomo), poetic and sermonized texts to persuade recipients. As the investigation has revealed SFL as a viable processor of Register(s), it thus suggests that its application to other texts outside advertising might yield meaningful results. Such exercise could assist in the understanding of novel items that could contribute to language development.
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Asrul, L., A. Yulianti, Y. Musa, and AC Trisnaputri. "The Development Strategies of Cocoa Cultivation (Theobroma cacao L.) in Soppeng District." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 921, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/921/1/012050.
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Abstract The development of cocoa cultivation is currently optimal in Soppeng Regency and is still experiencing problems or problems such as managing recommended cocoa plants due to limited knowledge of farmers, increasing pests and diseases caused by improper application of cultivation systems, and erratic seasonal changes., the condition of plants that are old or damaged, resulting in unproductive plants. These factors greatly affect the life and welfare of cocoa farmers. This study aims to identify factors that support farmers in developing cocoa cultivation in Soppeng Regency and analyze business strategies for developing cocoa cultivation at the farmer level in Soppeng Regency. The study showed that the Internal Factor Strategy Analysis Matrix (IFAS) for developing cocoa cultivation consisted of the highest strength factor in the appropriate agro-climate conditions, supportive natural resources and the experience and skills of farmers in cocoa farming. Meanwhile, the highest weakness factor is the application of cocoa management that is not according to recommendations. The External Factor Strategy Analysis Matrix (EFAS) measures the opportunity factor of local government support to make cocoa a leading commodity in the plantation sector and education and training through field schools. Meanwhile, the highest factor is the factor of pests and plant diseases. Based on the SWOT diagram analysis, the results obtained coordinates 0.67; 2,17, where these coordinates are in Quadrant I, which is an aggressive strategy, where this strategy can be used in developing cocoa cultivation in Soppeng Regency, namely utilizing the support provided by the government by increasing cocoa farming from upstream to downstream, doing extension and training in applying technology to farmers, creating demonstration plots based on agro-climatic conditions and available natural resources as training sites for cocoa farmers.
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Ouattara, Leygnima Yaya, Esaie Kouadio Appiah Kouassi, Doudjo Soro, Yaya Soro, Kouassi Benjamin Yao, Kopoin Adouby, Allali Patrick Drogui, Dayal Rajeshwar Tyagi, and Pepin Martin Aina. "Cocoa pod husks as potential sources of renewable high-value-added products: A review of current valorizations and future prospects." BioResources 16, no. 1 (November 2, 2020): 1988–2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.1.ouattara.
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Cocoa is among the most cultivated and important tropical crops in the world, and it is economically viable in the agro-pastoral systems of tropical Africa. Further, the amount of cocoa residue is steadily increasing due to the strong worldwide demand for chocolate products. This review of cocoa residue found that an average of 18 publications per year were published in the last 10 years. The most common type of publication on cocoa pod husks (CPH) was newspaper articles, which comprised 50% of the publications. This review examines the use of CHP in sustainable development, agrochemical materials, and agro-materials through their potential valorizations into high value-added products. Indeed, CPH is an abundant, accessible, and renewable resource of bioproducts, dietary fibers, nutraceuticals, functional foods, pectin, antioxidant compounds, theobromine, and minerals. Potential food applications of CPH include the production of flavor compounds, gums, texturing agents, and others. The production of biomaterials for food and non-food use, biofuels, and organic acids, such as lactic acid (the polymerization of which produces the PLA used in bioplastic production), are several potential areas for the biotechnological development of CPH and its fractions.
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Pahlevi, Omar, and Muhamad Kusumo Atmojo. "Application of Expert System for Diagnosing Diseases Cocoa Plants Using the Forward Chaining Algorithm Method." SinkrOn 4, no. 2 (March 9, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33395/sinkron.v4i2.10481.
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Cacao plants originated from South America, then spread to North America, Africa and Asia. In Indonesia, cocoa has been known since 1560, but has become an important commodity since 1951. Cacao commodity plays an important role in the national economy and is a national mainstay commodity. This shows that cocoa is one of the results of plantation commodities that have a high economic value and play an important role as a source of foreign exchange through exports, as well as encouraging the regional economy, especially in rural areas. But behind the high value of cocoa production, there are problems faced, including the low quality of cocoa in Indonesia because cocoa plantations in Indonesia are threatened by pests and plant diseases. Lack of information that is known by the plantation and cocoa farmers about the types of diseases that attack cocoa plants, causing many cocoa plants that are not handled properly. If this is allowed to continue it will impact on the declining quality and production of cocoa plants. Current advances in information technology, especially cellular phones, can be used as a means to improve public services, one of the results of the development of cellular technology is the birth of cellular phones with the android operating system. In this research produced if the symptoms data entered could not find the type of cocoa plant disease because the input data did not match any disease data in the database, the system would display the word "Can not find the disease you are looking for because it is not related to fruit rot disease, stem cancer, vascular antraknosem, streak dieback, upas fungus and root fungus ". From the data of symptoms, diseases and relations above, the algorithm is depicted using a decision tree. Decision tree is a picture of tracking symptoms, determining the disease and concluding results in the form of a solution. In this application, using the Forward Chaining method so that tracking begins with the selection of symptoms experienced then the results of the diagnosis in the form of cocoa plant diseases.
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Agudelo, Catalina, Karent Bravo, Ana Ramírez-Atehortúa, David Torres, Luis Carrillo-Hormaza, and Edison Osorio. "Chemical and Skincare Property Characterization of the Main Cocoa Byproducts: Extraction Optimization by RSM Approach for Development of Sustainable Ingredients." Molecules 26, no. 24 (December 7, 2021): 7429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247429.
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Methylxanthines and polyphenols from cocoa byproducts should be considered for their application in the development of functional ingredients for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations. Different cocoa byproducts were analyzed for their chemical contents, and skincare properties were measured by antioxidant assays and anti-skin aging activity. Musty cocoa beans (MC) and second-quality cocoa beans (SQ) extracts showed the highest polyphenol contents and antioxidant capacities. In the collagenase and elastase inhibition study, the highest effect was observed for the SQ extract with 86 inhibition and 36% inhibition, respectively. Among cocoa byproducts, the contents of catechin and epicatechin were higher in the SQ extract, with 18.15 mg/100 g of sample and 229.8 mg/100 g of sample, respectively. Cocoa bean shells (BS) constitute the main byproduct due to their methylxanthine content (1085 mg of theobromine and 267 mg of caffeine/100 g of sample). Using BS, various influencing factors in the extraction process were investigated by response surface methodology (RSM), before scaling up separations. The extraction process developed under optimized conditions allows us to obtain almost 2 g/min and 0.2 g/min of total methylxanthines and epicatechin, respectively. In this way, this work contributes to the sustainability and valorization of the cocoa production chain.
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Ayegboyin Kayode Olufemi, Adejobi Kayode Babatunde, Olaniyi Olayinka Olufemi, Adeosun Seun Adewale, Ugioro Osasogie, Idrisu Mohammed, and Adeleke Sunday Akanji. "Evaluation of herbicides and manual weed control methods in the establishment of Theobroma cacao L. in Cross River State of Nigeria." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 8, no. 1 (October 30, 2020): 298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2020.8.1.0368.
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Field trial was conducted at the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Ajassor substation, Cross River State, Nigeria between 2015 and 2017 to evaluate the effect of different weed control methods on the growth and yield of cocoa during their early years of establishment. Glyphosate and paraquat were applied at 480, 720, 960 and 1440 gram of active ingredient per hectare using very low volume (g a.i. ha-1 vlv) while manual weeding (i.e. slashing with cutlass) was used as the control. A Nigeria commercial cocoa variety Tc series, also known as 18-month cocoa, was established at a CRIN recommended spacing of 3 x 3 m, laid out in a Complete Randomized Block Design with four replications. All young cocoa stands were ring weeded at 50 cm diameter and covered with black polythene bags before the spraying of herbicides during the first six months of establishment to reduce injury that could result from the drifting of herbicide solution to plants during their early growth stage. Data was collected on the plant height, stem girth and number of leaves of cocoa plants while the cocoa dry beans weight and labour cost for each treatment were determined. The results showed that 960 g a.i. ha-1 vlv was the best herbicide application rate while plots under glyphosate at 960 g a.i. ha-1 vlv produced significantly higher values of plant height, stem girth and number of leaves at (p=0.05) than both paraquat at 960 g a.i. ha-1 vlv and manual weeding. Labour cost for controlling weeds with either glyphosate or paraquat at all application rates were considerably lower than cost for control (manual weeding). Glyphosate at 960 g a.i. ha-1 vlv is recommended for weed control in cocoa plantation because it encouraged higher growth and yield performance of cocoa than other treatments, had considerably cheaper cost of application than paraquat at 960 g a.i. ha-1 vlv and manual weeding, and it also ensured a weed-free environment over a longer period of time than the other treatments.
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Gavrilova, Nina G. "Introducing modern technologies to increase the economic efficiency of cocoa production in Africa." Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, no. 11 (2022): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2022-0-11-66-75.
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Global cocoa production has undergone significant changes over the past 60 years. The global volume of cultivation of this crop has grown significantly. The leading manufacturing countries in the industry have also switched their positions over the time. African countries, such as Ghana, Nigeria, Ivory Coast and Cameroon have significantly improved their results. At the same time, Ivory Coast steadily occupies the first place in this top for more than 40 years. To analyze the performance, two African states were selected – the first (Ivory Coast) and last (Cameroon) of the top ten. As a result, it was found that farmers in both countries have similar problems, regardless of the amount of cocoa produced. Almost all difficulties are associated with problems of maintaining tall cocoa trees due to difficult access, which significantly reduces the already unsatisfactory productivity of the sector. Another important problem in the selected African countries is the jobless youth employment; as young people don’t want put their life to work in backward agriculture. Despite the nominal increase of production volumes, the cocoa industry is undergoing a crisis, as its development follows an extensive path. Since cocoa is an indispensable product used in many fields, intensification plays a crucial role in the industry development. Therefore manufacturers have begun to use modern digital developments including hardware and software solutions more often. One of the decisions is to implement unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the cocoa industry to collect and process information (quality assessment of cocoa trees, terrain mapping, etc.), as well as to take care of cocoa trees (for example, for the precise application of chemical protection against pests and diseases). The article demonstrates the use of UAVs on the example of the cocoa sectors of Ivory Coast and Cameroon. Today, the latest technologies are still in the development and testing phase, so their large-scale application has not been implemented yet. However it is clear that innovations developed for the cocoa industry will not only increase production efficiency but also may attract young professionals to the sector. It is expected that these developments can be subsequently applied on a wider scale and will be used not only in the cocoa industry but in many other fields.
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Castro, Ingri Catherine García, and Telly Yarita Macías Zambrano. "Cocoa drying system using ancestral sliding." International journal of life sciences 4, no. 1 (February 10, 2020): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.29332/ijls.v4n1.392.
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The decrease in the application of ancestral practices such as the drying of cocoa in traditional slides is a problem that affects small grain producers in terms of the price of the product, which is mostly sold in slime. It is intended to design an ancestral slide for cocoa drying so that ancestral knowledge of cocoa drying is recovered by promoting a fair price for cocoa that benefited for small producers. An experimental field methodology was applied. Results were obtained in 24 hours of drying light 7% humidity at an average temperature of 34º C, a parameter that allows preserving the quality of the grain during storage and without risk of deterioration due to the appearance of fungi. A solar-powered dryer was traditionally called slides used by small producers of cocoa in the province, where they can use materials from their environment and obtaining a dryer with a capacity, drying hours and percentage of humidity similar to the use of a dryer with conventional energy, without paying for the grain drying service in an industrial dryer.
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Racine, Kathryn, Andrew Lee, Brian Wiersema, Haibo Huang, Joshua Lambert, Amanda Stewart, and Andrew Neilson. "Development and Characterization of a Pilot-Scale Model Cocoa Fermentation System Suitable for Studying the Impact of Fermentation on Putative Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivity of Cocoa." Foods 8, no. 3 (March 19, 2019): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8030102.
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Cocoa is a concentrated source of dietary flavanols—putative bioactive compounds associated with health benefits. It is known that fermentation and roasting reduce levels of native flavonoids in cocoa, and it is generally thought that this loss translates to reduced bioactivity. However, the mechanisms of these losses are poorly understood, and little data exist to support this paradigm that flavonoid loss results in reduced health benefits. To further facilitate large-scale studies of the impact of fermentation on cocoa flavanols, a controlled laboratory fermentation model system was increased in scale to a large (pilot) scale system. Raw cocoa beans (15 kg) were fermented in 16 L of a simulated pulp media in duplicate for 168 h. The temperature of the fermentation was increased from 25–55 °C at a rate of 5 °C/24 h. As expected, total polyphenols and flavanol levels decreased as fermentation progressed (a loss of 18.3% total polyphenols and 14.4% loss of total flavanols during fermentation) but some increases were observed in the final timepoints (120–168 h). Fermentation substrates, metabolites and putative cocoa bioactive compounds were monitored and found to follow typical trends for on-farm cocoa heap fermentations. For example, sucrose levels in pulp declined from >40 mg/mL to undetectable at 96 h. This model system provides a controlled environment for further investigation into the potential for optimizing fermentation parameters to enhance the flavanol composition and the potential health benefits of the resultant cocoa beans.
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Sucipto, S., I. Ariani, and S. Wulandari. "Continuous Quality Improvement by Statistical Process Control Implementation in Cocoa Agroindustry." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1024, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1024/1/012073.
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Abstract Downstream sector development for agricultural commodities will encourage agroindustry, increase added value and farmers' income. The development of small-medium cocoa agroindustry is one of the downstream sector development strategies for cocoa. Product quality is one of the problems affecting the performance of cocoa-based agroindustry. Chocolate products face obstacles to meet the quality. Besides, consumers want organoleptic tests related to aroma and flavor as an additional requirement. Statistical Quality Control (SQC) is a method that could maintain production quality at a minimum cost level and achieve efficiency. SQC can see the defect in the production and trend of increasing or decreasing to make improvements. This study aims to analyse the quality of cocoa products with the application of SQC as a continuous improvement strategy. The research method uses a case study. The research phase includes observations, interviews, documentation, measurements, and literature studies. Implementing SQC used check sheets, histograms, Pareto diagrams, and cause-and-effect diagrams related to the product of chocolate by sensory evaluation. Control is carried out in the conching and tempering. Based on a simple SQC, the small-medium cocoa agroindustry can obtain alternative production improvements to increase the final product quality.
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Pérez-Vargas, CG, B. Rodríguez, A. Anzaldúa-Morales, and JV Torres. "Application of sensory profiles to the development of an instant hot cocoa mix." Food Quality and Preference 1, no. 3 (January 1989): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-3293(89)90016-5.
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Nunoo, Isaac, Benedicta Nsiah Frimpong, and Frederick Kwabena Frimpong. "Fertilizer use among cocoa farmers in Ghana: the case of Sefwi Wiawso District." International Journal of Environment 3, no. 1 (February 28, 2014): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i1.9939.
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This study analyses factors that influence fertilizer use among cocoa farmers in the Sefwi Wiawso District in the Western Region, Ghana. Primary data were obtained from 200 cocoa farmers in the district. Descriptive statistics and ordinary least square regression analysis were used to analyse data collected. The results revealed that majority of the cocoa farmers were males and are getting old. Also farm size and price of fertilizer were significant factors affecting fertilizer use among cocoa farmers in the Sefwi Wiawso District in the Western Region. Moreover 74.5 percent farmers do not use fertilizer whereas 25.5 percent use fertilizer on their cocoa farms. The study recommends that Ghana government should further subsidise the price of fertilizer to make fertilizer more affordable to small holder cocoa farmers and also adopt strategies that hedge against price risk. In addition, illiterate farmers should be encouraged to undergo adult literacy programmes. Rural development policies should think about the importance of improving small-scale farmers? access to credit market. Furthermore, the extension unit of the Ghana Cocoa board and Ministry of Agriculture should be strengthened to educate cocoa farmers more on fertilizer usage. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i1.9939 International Journal of Environment Vol.3(1) 2014: 22-31
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Coello, Wilson Latacela, Eduardo Colina Navarrete, Carlos Castro Arteaga, Danilo Santana Aragone, Joffre León Paredes, Guillermo García Vásquez, Miguel Goyes Cabezas, and Maribel Vera Suarez. "Efectos De La Fertilización Nitrogenada Y Fosfatada Sobre Poblaciones De Micorrizas Asociadas Al Cultivo De Cacao." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 6 (February 28, 2017): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n6p464.
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Cocoa is one of the most significant assets in the ecuadorian agricultural structure, which also provides a good source of income for thousands of farmworker families. However, fertilization research works in cocoa cultivation have been relatively scarce. Decades of global research have shown that mycorrhizal fungi determine the fertilization and conservation of agrosystems. Fertilization is considered to be among the cultural and agricultural practices affecting mycorrhizas, which diminishes or prevents the fungal colonization. The objectives of research works were the following: the characterization of mycorrhiza species associated with cocoa, to determine the effects of nitrogen and phosphate fertilization in plant population and to identify the critical dose affecting the fungus development. A factorial design was used (AxBxC), with two (2) application systems, four (4) doses of nitrogen fertilizer, and two (2) doses of phosphate fertilizer with three repetitions. The turkey’s test was used to evaluate means with confidence interval of 95%. The evaluated variables were: diameter and length of cocoa pods, number of cocoa pods per tree, index of cocoa beans and almond yield per hectare, as well as, mycorrhizal spore counting, percentage of mycorrhizal fungi colonization, visual density of endophyte, and characterization of mycorrhiza species. The results concluded that the application of 100 Kg/ha N + 70 kg/ha P in the system below the soil surface, achieved yield increments of 68% over the absolute witness. The same dose and application method, increased the number of spores per gram of soil, mycelium colonization and density of mycorrhizal endophyte in roots.
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Yamoah, Fred A., James S. Kaba, David Botchie, and Joseph Amankwah-Amoah. "Working towards Sustainable Innovation for Green Waste Benefits: The Role of Awareness of Consequences in the Adoption of Shaded Cocoa Agroforestry in Ghana." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 30, 2021): 1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031453.
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Drawing on the awareness of consequence literature, this paper unpacks how the awareness of the consequences of full-sun cocoa production can encourage farmers to adopt shaded cocoa agroforestry that preserves the land and favours better cocoa farm waste management. Using Ghana as a case study, the paper provides distinctive insights on how shaded cocoa agroforestry systems provide sustainable yields in the medium- to long-term, relative to unshaded systems. We also find that cocoa farmers’ awareness of consequences about the effects of undertaking unshaded cocoa production could make individual farmers exhibit pro-environmental behaviour, leading to the adoption of cocoa agroforestry systems that help preserve soil fertility and improve waste management. We recommend that the utilization of awareness of consequence protocols, coupled with the efficient diffusion of information on the benefits of agroforestry in terms of waste management and environmental improvements to the cocoa farmers, could increase the adoption of shaded cocoa production regimes in Ghana.
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Krauss, Judith. "Representing environment and development – tracing links between drivers, representations and power dynamics in cocoa sustainability and beyond." Journal of Political Ecology 25, no. 1 (September 24, 2018): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v25i1.22043.
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How much do misleading representations matter? This article examines carefully constructed narratives of engagement in 'sustainable' cocoa production initiatives, which fail to mention one of the actual key drivers: the need to shore up production in the long term in an embattled sector. Consequently, representations also downplay the need for systemic change, reproducing the power asymmetries they claim to change. The research seeks to establish to what degree public-facing communication differs from underlying priorities in terms of forefronting altruism over necessity, and whether this is problematic for the initiatives' overall outcome. Through semi-structured interviews, focus-group discussions, documentary analysis and participant observation in Latin America and Europe, it reviews relations in two cocoa sustainability initiatives with environmental foci. Crucially, the research establishes a link between representations, underlying priorities and the degree to which they (re)produce pre-existing power asymmetries between global North and global South, private sector and other stakeholders in the industry, speaking to a variety of political ecology questions. It argues that public-facing, altruism-focused communication distracts from the sector's underlying systemic issues: the emphasis on altruism works to reduce pressure to transform power asymmetries and omnipresent inequalities.
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Barišić, Veronika, Antun Jozinović, Ivana Flanjak, Drago Šubarić, Jurislav Babić, Borislav Miličević, Kristina Doko, and Đurđica Ačkar. "Difficulties with Use of Cocoa Bean Shell in Food Production and High Voltage Electrical Discharge as a Possible Solution." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 13, 2020): 3981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12103981.
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The cocoa and chocolate industries have huge problems with the utilization of waste generated during the production process. Waste material generated during production include cocoa pod husk, pulp, and cocoa bean shell. Cocoa shell is a by-product that has great potential because of its composition. It consists of dietary fibers, proteins, polyphenols, methylxanthines, etc. However, despite its favorable composition, cocoa shell often cannot be used directly in food production because it may contain components that are harmful for human health. Cocoa shell can carry mycotoxins, different microorganisms, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and heavy metals. High voltage electrical discharge presents a novel non-thermal method that has great potential for the decontamination of waste materials and can also be used for extraction of valuable compounds from cocoa shell.
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Barišić, Veronika, Jovana Petrović, Ivana Lončarević, Ivana Flanjak, Drago Šubarić, Jurislav Babić, Borislav Miličević, Kristina Doko, Marijana Blažić, and Đurđica Ačkar. "Physical Properties of Chocolates Enriched with Untreated Cocoa Bean Shells and Cocoa Bean Shells Treated with High-Voltage Electrical Discharge." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 1, 2021): 2620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052620.
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Recently, the enrichment of chocolate has become a very interesting topic, along with the management of food industry by-products, such as cocoa shells. Cocoa shells could be a great raw material for the cocoa industry, both for economical reasons (maximized utilization of cocoa beans) and for their functional properties (increased fiber content). In this research, we used untreated and high-voltage electrical discharge (HVED)-treated cocoa shells in the production of chocolate. Different proportions of cocoa mass were replaced with cocoa shells to produce dark and milk chocolates in a ball mill. Additionally, dark chocolate with 15% and milk chocolate with 5% of shells were chosen for further research and to study the alteration of the composition. The rheology, particle size distribution, hardness, and color were determined for all the prepared samples. Treated cocoa shells provided chocolates with inferior physical properties compared to chocolates with untreated shells. Therefore, untreated cocoa shells were selected for further analysis. The addition of both treated and untreated cocoa shells resulted in softening and darkening of samples, which could have a positive effect for consumers. On the other hand, the particle size distribution and rheology were negatively affected. Further research is needed to find a solution for these problems.
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Marino-Tapia, Ismael, Rodolfo Silva, Cecilia Enriquez, Edgar Mendoza-Baldwin, Edgar Escalante-Mancera, and Francisco Ruiz-Rentería. "WAVE TRANSFORMATION AND WAVE-DRIVEN CIRCULATION ON NATURAL REEFS UNDER EXTREME HURRICANE CONDITIONS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 32 (January 25, 2011): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.waves.28.
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The understanding of wave transformation and circulation on coral reef environments has profound implications for the preservation of the natural environment and also for the planning of mitigation measures which protect the coastline. Most of the Mexican Caribbean coast is fronted by reefs, and it is here where coastal development is being undertaken at an alarming rate, as tourist resorts expand and multiply. The transport and dispersion of larvae (fish and coral), nutrients, pollutants, heat, and sediments are dictated mainly by circulation processes which are, to a great extent, dominated by wave processes at fringing reefs. Wave transformation on coral reefs has received considerable attention, but the 2D effects of wave reflection and diffraction have not often been addressed despite the complex geometry and steep foreshores that characterize fringing reefs. In this contribution the effects of reflection and diffraction are explored by the application of a model that considers these two processes (WAPO/COCO) and another that does not (SWAN/DELFT3D), at Puerto Morelos on the Mexican Caribbean coast. Reanalysis data of 48 years of wave parameters show that waves of 2 m height can be considered as high energy storm conditions, which are generated mainly by passing hurricanes and to a lesser extent by northerly storms in winter. These are the conditions used to run the models using a range of wave periods (8, 10 and 12 seconds) and directions (SE, NE and NNE). The results show that the reflection-solving model is able to generate rhythmic patterns in the horizontal distribution of Hs that are not reproduced by the SWAN model. Furthermore, the patterns change considerably depending on wave period and direction. These differences are attributed to the effects of full diffraction and reflection processes. While both models perform well and reproduce previously reported circulation patterns, the differences in Hs horizontal distribution generated by the WAPO model have important implications for the circulation around the reef crests. For instance, vorticity is increased and in many occasions a different pattern from that suggested by SWAN occurs, such as a clear southward longshore current along the reef crest under northerly wave forcing. Although the circulation was calculated in both models by the same method (radiation stress gradients), the version of COCO which was used generates smaller set-up inside the reef lagoon and therefore the circulation in this region and at the outlets is underestimated. Although it is necessary to corroborate the model results with measurements of the 2D wave height patterns and circulation, the magnitude of the currents suggested by the reflection-solving model are strong enough to persist even under the presence of stronger flows inside the lagoon and at the inlets due to wave set-up gradients.
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Pan, Feng, and Juan Han. "Web-Based Development Environment and its Application." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 1146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.1146.
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In order to use software development environments conveniently and efficiently, this paper proposes a design scheme for integrated environment for the software development of web-based application patterns and gives instances developed under the environment. This scheme adopts browser/server architecture with Web frameset as its user interface, network intermediate components as its business process center, and uses I/O redirection to realize human-machine interaction. This paper implements the sharing of development environments, provides multi-user online use, extends computer environment, thus providing a convenient practical platform for numerous programming learners.
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Gebert, Gordon A. "Application development approaches in a MUMPS environment." Journal of Medical Systems 9, no. 3 (June 1985): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00996200.
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Wainaina, Priscilla, Peter A. Minang, Lalisa Duguma, and Kennedy Muthee. "A Review of the Trade-Offs across Different Cocoa Production Systems in Ghana." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (October 1, 2021): 10945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910945.
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Cocoa production is one of the leading causes of deforestation in West Africa. Agroforestry cocoa systems are increasingly promoted as a possible solution to deforestation. This study seeks to understand the trade-offs within agroforestry cocoa in full-sun and high-tech plantation cocoa systems in Ghana. It uses secondary data collected from an extensive literature search. The results established various trade-offs between cocoa yields and other provisioning services derived from the agroforestry services. While the cocoa yields in high-tech systems are almost thrice those in agroforestry systems, the total value of all the provisioning services is highest within the shaded systems. The economic value of per hectarage yield is estimated at USD 8140, USD 5320 and USD 5050 for shaded, full-sun and high-tech systems, respectively. Agroforestry systems also have higher ecosystem services compared to full-sun cocoa and high-tech cocoa systems. The high pesticide use in Ghana′s high-tech cocoa systems is also strongly linked to water and soil pollution, as well as adverse effects on human health. The study concludes that different cocoa production systems in Ghana yield different types of ecosystem provision and are associated with externalities such as the effect of pesticides on soils, water and human health, thus there is a need for the careful consideration of the system from policy and practice perspectives.
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Kouassi, Jean-Luc, Allegra Kouassi, Yeboi Bene, Dieudonné Konan, Ebagnerin J. Tondoh, and Christophe Kouame. "Exploring Barriers to Agroforestry Adoption by Cocoa Farmers in South-Western Côte d’Ivoire." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (November 25, 2021): 13075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313075.
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Agroforestry is part of the package of good agricultural practices (GAPs) referred to as a reference to basic environmental and operational conditions necessary for the safe, healthy, and sustainable production of cocoa. Furthermore, cocoa agroforestry is one of the most effective nature-based solutions to address global change including land degradation, nutrient depletion, climate change, biodiversity loss, food and nutrition insecurity, and rural poverty and current cocoa supply chain issues. This study was carried out in South-Western Côte d’Ivoire through a household survey to assess the willingness of cocoa farmers to adopt cocoa agroforestry, a key step towards achieving sustainability in the cocoa supply chain markedly threatened by all types of biophysical and socio-economic challenges. In total, 910 cocoa households were randomly selected and individually interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Findings revealed that from the overwhelming proportion of farmers practicing full-sun cocoa farming with little or no companion trees associated, 50.2 to 82.1% were willing to plant and to keep fewer than 20 trees per ha in their farms for more than 20 years after planting. The most preferred trees provide a range of ecosystem services, including timber and food production, as well as shade regulation. More than half of the interviewed households considered keeping in their trees in their plantations for more than 20 years subject to the existence of a formal contract to protect their rights and tree ownership. This opinion is significantly affected by age, gender, access to seedlings of companion trees and financial resources. A bold step forward towards transitioning to cocoa agroforestry and thereby agroecological intensification lies in (i) solving the issue of land tenure and tree ownership by raising awareness about the new forest code and, particularly, the understanding of cocoa agroforestry, (ii) highlighting the added value of trees in cocoa lands, and (iii) facilitating access to improved cocoa companion tree materials and incentives. Trends emerged from this six-year-old study about potential obstacles likely to impede the adoption of agroforestry by cocoa farmers meet the conclusions of several studies recently rolled out in the same region for a sustainable cocoa sector, thereby confirming that not only the relevance of this work but also its contribution to paving the way for the promotion of agroecological transition in cocoa farming.
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Intarini, Luh Putu, I. Wayan Budiasa, and I. Made Sudarma. "The Contribution of Fermentation Technology to the Value Added of Certification Cocoa in the Subak Abian Amerta Nadi Tuwed Village Melaya District Jembrana Regency." JURNAL MANAJEMEN AGRIBISNIS (Journal Of Agribusiness Management) 8, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jma.2020.v08.i02.p04.
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The development of cocoa as an export commodity has become an important issue in the global trade sector, where cocoa is one of the export commodities. The implementation of a sustainable certification program with fermentation processing is very important, this is because consumers' demands are increasingly critical, especially in the aspects of quality, health and product safety to how the product can be socially beneficial and not cause negative impacts on the environment.
The study was conducted on sustainable certification cocoa farmers in Jembrana Regency. Determination of respondents carried out intentionally (purposive sampling) as many as 40 respondents did cocoa fermentation and as many as 30 respondents who did not ferment cocoa taken by survey methods. Data analysis techniques using different test analysis and value added analysis using the Hayami method.
The results showed that the income of cocoa farmers experienced a significant increase in the fermentation and non-fermentation processing. The fermentation production process with an output of 118 kg gets a profit of Rp. 8.911,- with a percentage or level of profit of 39,27 percent of the output value of Rp. 20.911, so from the calculation of profit margins in the cocoa fermentation process the net profit received by farmers is Rp. 8.065,- per production process. Based on the analysis of farmer's income and analysis of added value of cocoa fermentation shows that there is an increase in farmer's income and there is added value obtained by farmers who carry out cocoa fermentation, it provides benefits for cocoa farmers in Jembrana District in addition to increasing income, cocoa added value, and can maintain quality cocoa. It is expected that farmers who participate in certification will conduct fermentation processing to maintain the quality of cocoa beans and increase income, it is necessary to support from local and provincial governments as well as other parties as a steakholder providing technical guidance to cocoa farmers.
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Morales Diaz, Valeria, Jorge Jave Nakayo, and Elmer Benites Alfaro. "Use of coffee grind with cocoa shell as the basis for a filter to reduce lead from contaminated water from a river, Peru." Journal of Energy & Environmental Sciences 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32829/eesj.v2i2.68.
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The purpose of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of coffee grind residues with cocoa shell as the basis for a filter to reduce lead from the contaminated water of the Chirino River, San Ignacio - Cajamarca, 2018. Providing a method of low cost and without the use of large-scale technologies, by taking advantage of the organic waste mentioned above, thus improving its final disposal. The experimentation was carried out in a conventional design system, where the placed filter presented a spongy structure containing 60% of coffee borage with cocoa shell applied in three different doses (15g coffee grind with 15 g cocoa shell, 10g coffee grind with 20g cocoa shell and 20g coffee grind with 10 g cocoa shell) and 40% of sugar in silicone elastomer solution; having bioadsorbent properties to reduce metals. The sampling point and the amount of sample in liters was for convenience, evaluating the concentration of Lead present in the water of the river Chírinos in the stages of pre-treatment and post treatment. The results obtained with respect to the efficiency to reduce Lead of the three doses applied coded with T-1, T-2 and T-3 were 77.1%, 98.53% and 87.36% respectively; being the most efficient T-2 contiendo the dose of 10g coffee grind with 20g cocoa shell, without the need to add a chemical activator, making the application friendly with the environment.
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Hariyati, Yuli. "ANALISIS USAHATANI KAKAO RAKYAT DI BERBAGAI POLA TANAM TUMPANG SARI." Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jai.2013.1.2.155-166.
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<em>The contribution of cocoa plantations to the income of farmers is an important issue for farm-scale development. Cocoa plant is an annual plant that is capable of producing a year only once. In order to earn income every month, the farmers implement intercropping pattern in their cocoa farming folk. Application of intercropping patterns on their farm has a linkage with the components of the costs incurred to cultivate these plants. This research was carried out to determine: (1) the application of intercropping patterns and the reasons for choosing one type of intercropping pattern on cocoa farming folk; (2) the differences of cost efficiency in each intercropping patterns on cocoa farming folk; (3) the differences of profitability in each intercropping patterns on cocoa farming folk; (4) the differences of labor productivity in each intercropping patterns on cocoa farming folk. This research location was decided by purposive method in Subak Abian Amertha Nadi, Yeh Embang Kauh Village, Mendoyo Distric. The research method which are used in this research are descriptive, comparative and analytical. Data analysis method which are used in this research are R/C ratio, revenue analysis, and labor productivity. The research results showed that : (1) cloves provide the greatest contribution to revenue in the fourth intercropping patterns and the farmers reasons for choosing intercropping patterns, among others : hereditary system, large gains, increasing yields, profits every time, and risks of failure; (2) cost efficiency among the four intercropping patterns were not significantly different, (3) gains among the four intercropping patterns were not significantly different; (4) labor productivity among the four intercropping patterns also were not significantly different.</em>
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Puspita, Fifi, Sukemi Indra Saputra, and Dan Jenny Merini. "Uji Beberapa Konsentrasi Bakteri Bacillus sp. Endofit untuk Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan Bibit Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.)." Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy) 46, no. 3 (February 4, 2019): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24831/jai.v46i3.16342.
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Development of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) requires high-quality seeds. Adding growth substance from Bacillus sp. endophytes is expected to increase the growth of cocoa seedlings. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the ability of Bacillus sp. endophytes to produce Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) hormone, evaluate the effects of Bacillus sp. endophytes application on growth of cocoa seedling, and obtain the best concentration to increase growth of cocoa seedling. The experiments were conducted in the laboratory and in the field from June to October 2015. The study was conducted in two stages: in vitro and in vivo.The first experiment tested the ability of Bacillus sp. endophytes to produce IAA using tryptophan enriched picovskaya liquid medium and non-enriched tryptophan. The results from the first experiment showed that all Bacillus sp. endophytes produce IAA hormones. The second experiment tested the concentrations of Bacillus sp. endophytes to improve the growth of cocoa seedlings. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design consisting of 5 treatments and 4 replications, i.e., without treatment of Bacillus sp., and concentrations of 1011, 1012, 1013, and 1014 cfu/mL. The parameters observed were the number of bacterial colonies of Bacillus sp. endophytes, cocoa seed height, stem diameter, number of leaves and planting area of 4 month cocoa seedlings. The results from the second experiment showed that all concentrations of Bacillus sp. endophytes increase the growth of cocoa seedlings. The concentration of 1011 cfu/mL produced more colony in planting medium, increased height, stem diameter, leaf number and leaf area in cocoa seedlings.
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Ahoa, Emmanuel, Ayalew Kassahun, Bedir Tekinerdogan, and Cor Verdouw. "Analyzing and Designing Business Processes in the Ghana Cocoa Supply Chain for Supporting Inclusiveness." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 11, 2021): 12440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212440.
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Ghana produces 20% of global cocoa output and is the second-largest producer and exporter of cocoa beans in the world. The Ghana cocoa industry is, however, challenged by a lack of adequate decision support systems across the supply chain. Particularly, cocoa farmers have limited access to information, which impedes planning, pricing, benchmarking, and quality management. In order to address this asymmetric access to information and ensure fair access to information that will allow the making of informed decisions, the supply chain stakeholders need to adapt their business processes. For identifying the requirements for better information flow, we identified the existing (as-is) processes through a systematic survey study in Ghana. We then identified the main problems and bottlenecks, designed new (to-be) business processes, and showed how IT systems support and enable inclusive business models in the Ghana cocoa industry. To enable inclusiveness, we incorporated IT solutions that improve information flows towards cocoa farmers. The results show that there are many opportunities (e.g., improving farmer livelihoods and a potential increase in export earnings) in the cocoa sector for Ghana and all stakeholders that can be utilized when there is chain-wide collaboration, equitable access to services, and proper use of IT systems.
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Goñas, Malluri, Nilton B. Rojas-Briceño, Cristian Culqui-Gaslac, Marielita Arce-Inga, Gladys Marlo, Elí Pariente-Mondragón, and Manuel Oliva-Cruz. "Carbon Sequestration in Fine Aroma Cocoa Agroforestry Systems in Amazonas, Peru." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 8, 2022): 9739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159739.
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One way to mitigate climate change is by reducing atmospheric CO2 levels with the establishment of agroforestry systems (AFSs) that can capture and store atmospheric CO2. This study therefore estimated the carbon sequestration in two components, aboveground (cocoa trees, other tree species, and leaf litter) and soil, in 15 fine aroma cocoa AFSs in Amazonas, Peru. These cocoa AFSs had a minimum area of 1.5 ha and were distributed into three age groups (each group consisted of five systems or farms): young cocoa trees between 8 and 15 years old, middle-aged cocoa trees between 16 and 29 years old, and adult cocoa trees between 30 and more than 40 years old. Generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) analysis followed by Fisher’s LSD mean comparison test (p > 0.05) determined the significant level of total aboveground biomass and total carbon content in the AFSs’ components. The present findings confirm that Theobroma cacao, Mussa sp., Cordia sp., and Persea sp. were the most common species in all AFSs. Clearly, biomass and carbon content in Theobroma cacao and Cordia sp. increased slightly with age, while fruit species Mussa sp. and Persea sp. decreased with age. The total aboveground carbon stock in young cocoa tree systems (13.64 Mg ha−1) was lower than in middle-aged cocoa systems (20.50 Mg ha−1) and adult cocoa systems (24.86 Mg ha−1); nevertheless, no significant differences were found for any of the age ranges. On the other hand, carbon stocks in soil (up to 30 cm depth) in the AFSs ranged from 119.96 Mg ha−1 to 131.96 Mg ha−1. Meanwhile, the total carbon stored by aboveground and soil components in adults cocoa systems (156.81 Mg ha−1) was higher compared to middle-aged cocoa systems (140.60 Mg ha−1) and young cocoa systems (133.59 Mg ha−1), although no statistically significant differences were found. Eventually, the CO2 sequestration for young cocoa systems was 490.28 Mg ha−1, and middle-aged and adult cocoa system recorded more than 500 Mg ha−1 of CO2. Furthermore, these data can further be used by national governments, local governments, and organisations of producers, particularly in accessing payments for environmental services, which may improve economic incomes and contribute to climate change mitigation by reserving biomass and sequestering C from these agroforestry cocoa systems.
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Fawole, Wasiu Olayinka, and Burhan Ozkan. "Revisiting the profitability and technical efficiency of cocoa production amidst economic diversification program of the Nigerian Government." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 8, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 186–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-04-2016-0020.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess how profitable and technically efficient is cocoa enterprise in Ondo State of Nigeria especially amidst the ongoing diversification program of the current administration in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach The study made use of primary data collected with the aid of structured questionnaires. The multistage random sampling technique was used to select the sample for the study. Data collected during the survey were analyzed by both descriptive and inferential techniques. A total of 140 respondents who were majorly cocoa farmers were selected for this study with data on their socioeconomic characteristics and input utilization taken and subsequently analyzed. Findings This study found that the cocoa enterprise in the study area was efficient and profitable with rooms for improvement, especially in the areas of labor and input used as identified by the outcome of the study. The average yield, total revenue, gross margin and efficiency ratio were 1.2 ton/ha, ₦1,344,000.00/ha, ₦1,071,717.00/ha and 0.36, respectively. The highest, average and least technical efficiencies among farmers in the study area were 98.86, 88.81 and 75.12 percent, respectively. It was also discovered that none of the farmers investigated operated at 100 percent, confirming that there are still rooms for improvement in the production processes in the study area by adopting modern methods of production and replacement of the old breeds with resistant and high yielding breeds. Research limitations/implications The major limitation of this study was that the study sample is quite smaller and could as well not be used to make a strong policy case for the topic under consideration. However, as it is found among the majority of cocoa farmers in Nigeria, they mostly operate under the same conditions of production which suggests that the outcome of this research is not meaningless, considering the similarities in the production environment and other factors of production among cocoa farmers in Nigeria. It is therefore strongly recommended that future studies take into consideration this limitation and address it appropriately by widening the scope and sample for the study as this will go a long way in giving true representation as regarding the topic under consideration. Social implications The social implication of this study has to do with the employment opportunities that will be created for the teaming youths if the cocoa enterprise is made to attract them by creating enabling environment as recommended by the study. When quantity of production is improved, it will create additional income for the farmers and also provide foreign earnings to government. Originality/value This study is strictly original, considering its content and the contribution it is making to the body of knowledge. The study will be contributing to the knowledge by pointing out the potentials inherent in cocoa production as especially coming at a time when the price of crude oil that provides over 80 percent of Nigerian foreign earnings is down and the cocoa price is not only high but also stable at the international market.
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Sagara, Ryohei, Yasue Kishino, Tsutomu Terada, and Shojiro Nishio. "Application development environment for event‐driven ubiquitous devices." International Journal of Pervasive Computing and Communications 5, no. 2 (June 26, 2009): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17427370910976016.
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Almeida, Antonio Márcio Albuquerque, Leonardo Pires De Sousa Silva, Francisco Heitor Vasconcelos, and Rômulo Nunes De Carvalho Almeida. "Cooperative Learning Environment in Teaching Mobile Application Development." International Journal on Alive Engineering Education 4, no. 2 (March 29, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ijaeedu.v4i2.48151.
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The evolution in the formation of techniques in technological vocational education constitutes a series of pedagogical strategies that allow the learning, exercise, incentive and practice of students. The projects of interdisciplinary in the university aims to assist in learning the individual with the incentive of activities directed for collaborating with students in undergraduate. These projects are important for undergraduate courses in electrical engineering and computing engineering at the Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Sobral campus. With the main objectives of the project is to encourage the student to learn to academic growth. This article presents a case study developed by the project called the cooperative learning cell for the development of android applications, applied in groups of engineering students in the first and second semesters, using recent teaching methods aimed at learning, occurring in the period from September to December 2016. The main objective of the project was to promote the learning and sharing of knowledge about the programming content for mobile devices, aimed at the android operating system. In addition, it seeks to stimulate the student with more interactive content, applying examples and activities related to mobile programming that were related with the content of the engineering course or the labor market. After the group of students was created, nine meetings took place in each of them, the cooperative learning methodology was applied to the group, where the knowledge was generated through the interaction between two or more people, resulting in an active participation of the educational process. The classes were designed with a focus on content exposure, challenges and small projects to solve group tasks. In addition, professionals working in engineering companies in the northern region of Ceará were invited to give lectures to show the current situation of the labor market, focused on mobile applications. Evaluating the result over the course of the project. Keywords: Educational incentive, Cooperation, Engineering Teaching, Android.
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Giura, Larisa, Leyre Urtasun, Iciar Astiasaran, and Diana Ansorena. "Application of HPP for the Development of a Dessert Elaborated with Casein and Cocoa for a Dysphagia Diet." Foods 12, no. 4 (February 18, 2023): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12040882.
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In this study, the application of high-pressure processing (HPP) for optimizing the texture of a cocoa dessert rich in casein and developed for people with dysphagia was investigated. Different treatments (250 MPa/15 min; 600 MPa/5 min) and protein concentrations (10–15%) were combined and evaluated for choosing the optimum combination leading to an adequate texture. The selected formulation was a dessert containing 4% cocoa and 10% casein and subjected to 600 MPa for 5 min. It showed a high nutritional value (11.5% protein) and high antioxidant capacity, which was slightly affected by the HPP processing. The rheological and textural properties showed that HPP had a clear effect on the dessert structure. The loss tangent decreased from 2.692 to 0.165, indicating the transition from a liquid to a gel-like structure, which is in a suitable range for dysphagia foods. During storage (14 and 28 days at 4 °C), progressive significant changes in the structure of the dessert were observed. A decrease in all rheological and textural parameters occurred, except for the loss of tangent, which increased its value. In any case, at 28 days of storage, samples maintained the weak gel-like structure (0.686 loss tangent) that is acceptable for dysphagia management.
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Ariani, Eva, and Amzul Rifin. "ANALISIS USAHATANI KAKAO PADA DUA POLA TANAM POLIKULTUR." Forum Agribisnis 7, no. 2 (September 1, 2017): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/fagb.7.2.173-190.
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The Contributions of cocoa plantations to the profit of farmers is an important issue for the farm development. Cocoa plant is annual plant that can produce throughout the year. In Order to increase profit and Reduce the risk of crop failure, farmers applying polyculture pattern. Application of intercropping patterns on their farm has a linkage with the structure of the costs incurred to cultivate these plants.The purpose of this study is to analyze the level of income and efficiency of the two cropping pattern with the combination of 2 (cocoa and clove) and 3 (cocoa, clove, and coffee) commodities. The method of data collection conducted randomly collected as many as 49 farmers that working on 2 commodities using polyculture cropping pattern and 33 farmers that working on 3 commodities using polyculture cropping pattern. The analytical results showed that the farmers that working on 3 commodities using polyculture cropping pattern have low production level, income, and efficiency, but this polyculture system is still running continuously by the farmers, because it is profitable and has a good efficiency.
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Nelson, Nii, Jo Darkwa, John Calautit, Mark Worall, Robert Mokaya, Eunice Adjei, Francis Kemausuor, and Julius Ahiekpor. "Potential of Bioenergy in Rural Ghana." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010381.
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Crop residues are common in rural Ghana due to the predominant role agriculture plays in livelihood activities in these communities. In this paper we investigate the prospects of exploiting agricultural crop residues for rural development in Ghana through bioenergy schemes. A theoretical energy potential of 623.84 PJ per year, which is equivalent to 19,781 MW was estimated using crop production data from the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations and residue-to-product ratios. Ghana has a total installed generation capacity of 4577 MW which is four times less the energy potential of crop residues in the country. Cocoa pod husks were identified as important biomass resources for energy generation as they are currently wasted. To further assess the energy potential of cocoa pod husks, different cocoa pod husks samples were collected across the six cocoa growing regions in Ghana and thermo-chemically characterised using proximate and ultimate analysis. The low levels of nitrogen and sulphur observed, together with the high heating value, suggest that cocoa pod husks and for that matter crop residues are eco-friendly feedstock that can be used to power rural communities in Ghana.
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Kusnezowa, Dina, and Jan Vang. "Creating Legitimacy in the ISO/CEN Standard for Sustainable and Traceable Cocoa: An Exploratory Case Study Integrating Normative and Empirical Legitimacy." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 22, 2021): 12907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212907.
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The paper assesses the legitimacy of the ISO/CEN standard for sustainable and traceable cocoa during the standard-setting process and thereby to establish the degree of legitimacy achieved and to explore new sources of legitimacy in the development of sustainability standards for agricultural commodities. The paper examines the normative and empirical legitimacy concerns involved in the development of the ISO/CEN standard for sustainable and traceable cocoa (ISO 34101 series). The findings suggest that while the standard-setting organisation is establishing normative legitimacy, empirical legitimacy is lacking. Absence of empirical legitimacy is a serious concern for a successful and just implementation.
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Nike Karjunita and Kuswandi. "PENGARUH BERBAGAI JENIS MEDIA PERKECAMBAHAN TERHADAP VIGOR BENIH KAKAO (Theobroma cacao L.) VARIETAS BL50." Jurnal Riset Perkebunan 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jrp.3.1.48-55.2022.
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Cocoa is one of the plantation commodities which is a source of state income. Growing media is not only related to seed germination in general, but also relates to the ability of seeds to survive even in a less favorable environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the vigor of cocoa seeds of BL50 variety on several types of germination media. The research was carried out in Nagari Tanjung Lolo, Tanjung Gadang District, Sijunjung Regency from March to April 2022. The tools used consisted of a handsprayer, ruler, caliper, and writing utensil. The materials used in this experiment were BL50 variety cocoa seeds, crushed bricks, humus soil, sand, and insecticide. The experiment was arranged according to the rules of Randomized Block Design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 4 replications, and each replication consisted of 7 samples, with a total of 84 samples of cocoa seeds. The treatments given in this study were various sprout media, namely; A = crushed brick B = humus soil, and C = sand. The data were analyzed for variance, if significantly different, it was continued with the Honestly Significant Difference Test (BNJ). The results showed that humus soil media was a good medium for accelerating germination, while sand media was good for root development which included root length and diameter.
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Adler, Philipp, Lasse Jannis Frey, Antje Berger, Christoph Josef Bolten, Carl Erik Hansen, and Christoph Wittmann. "The Key to Acetate: Metabolic Fluxes of Acetic Acid Bacteria under Cocoa Pulp Fermentation-Simulating Conditions." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 15 (May 16, 2014): 4702–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01048-14.
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ABSTRACTAcetic acid bacteria (AAB) play an important role during cocoa fermentation, as their main product, acetate, is a major driver for the development of the desired cocoa flavors. Here, we investigated the specialized metabolism of these bacteria under cocoa pulp fermentation-simulating conditions. A carefully designed combination of parallel13C isotope labeling experiments allowed the elucidation of intracellular fluxes in the complex environment of cocoa pulp, when lactate and ethanol were included as primary substrates among undefined ingredients. We demonstrate that AAB exhibit a functionally separated metabolism during coconsumption of two-carbon and three-carbon substrates. Acetate is almost exclusively derived from ethanol, while lactate serves for the formation of acetoin and biomass building blocks. Although this is suboptimal for cellular energetics, this allows maximized growth and conversion rates. The functional separation results from a lack of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and malic enzymes, typically present in bacteria to interconnect metabolism. In fact, gluconeogenesis is driven by pyruvate phosphate dikinase. Consequently, a balanced ratio of lactate and ethanol is important for the optimum performance of AAB. As lactate and ethanol are individually supplied by lactic acid bacteria and yeasts during the initial phase of cocoa fermentation, respectively, this underlines the importance of a well-balanced microbial consortium for a successful fermentation process. Indeed, AAB performed the best and produced the largest amounts of acetate in mixed culture experiments when lactic acid bacteria and yeasts were both present.