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Journal articles on the topic 'Cocoa black pod disease'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Oladokun, Yetunde, Sunday Agbeniyi, Foluso Agulanna, and Kayode Oluyole. "Assessing the Economic Burden of Black Pod Disease and Cherelle Wilt on Cocoa Farmers in Nigeria." African Journal of Agricultural Science and Food Research 18, no. 1 (2025): 112–19. https://doi.org/10.62154/ajasfr.2025.018.010621.

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Cocoa is a highly valuable global crop, but about 20-25% of its yield is lost to pests and diseases. This study evaluated the economic impact of premature pod loss on cocoa production in Ibadan, Nigeria, using a demonstration plot at the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria. Data was collected from August to October 2022, focusing on healthy pods, black pods, cherelles, and cherelle wilt. The analysis, conducted with descriptive statistics and cost analysis using STATA 12, revealed that 2595 pods were healthy, and 562 pods were infected within a 481.17m² area. The total cost for uninfected pods

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RESIANI, NI MADE DELLY. "PENGARUH PENYARUNGAN DENGAN BERBAGAI KETEBALAN PLASTIK DAN DIAMETER BUAH TERHADAP SERANGAN PENGGEREK BUAH KAKAO Conopomorha cramerella (Snellen) (LEPIDOPTERA : GRACILLARIDAE)." AGRICA 7, no. 2 (2020): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37478/agr.v7i2.412.

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This research is aimed to find out the preference of cocoa pod borer to diameter, biophysical, and biochemistry cocoa pod; the percentage of infested pods, percentage of seed damaged, and percentage of yield lost. In addition, this research is also aimed to assess the effect of plastic thickness on cacao pod rot disease, the effect of sheathing on the black ant and mealybug populations on pods. This research was conducted at Selemadeg District, Tabanan Regency from October 2009 until January 2010. The field trial was arranged into randomized complete block design (RCBD) by 15 treatments were s

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Ezekiel, Adegbite Bamidele, Adeniran Adebayo, and Idris Mutiu Amosa. "Mathematical Modeling and Optimal Control of Cocoa Black Pod Disease in Osun State, Nigeria." Asian Journal of Mathematics and Computer Research 32, no. 3 (2025): 16–39. https://doi.org/10.56557/ajomcor/2025/v32i39234.

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Aims: Cocoa black pod disease poses a significant threat to global cocoa production, affecting both yield and quality. This article presents a comprehensive study on the modeling and optimal control of cocoa black pod disease. Place and Duration of Study: Data for this study was collected from Cocoa farms in Osun State, Nigeria and those available in the literature. Methodology: Using the stability theory of differential equations, the study developed a mathematical model that describe the dynamics of black pod disease transmission! in relation to the stage at which cocoa pods are developing a

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Bwambale, Blasio Bisereko, Godfrey Sseremba, Zami Atibuni, and Ssali Bisaso. "Impact of Different Agro-Forestry Systems on Cocoa Diseases among Smallholder Farmers in Bundibugyo District – Western Uganda." East African Journal of Forestry and Agroforestry 8, no. 1 (2025): 62–79. https://doi.org/10.37284/eajfa.8.1.2777.

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The Cocoa Agroforestry system integrates cocoa with high-value tree species and crops, providing additional income for farmers. In the Bundibugyo district, where cocoa is a primary livelihood, recent declines in cocoa production have been linked to diseases. This study evaluated the impact of various Agroforestry systems on cocoa diseases among smallholder farmers in Bundibugyo. Data were collected from four administrative units using a cross-sectional design with purposive sampling of 92 respondents. Household interviews, questionnaires, photographs, data sheets, and observations enriched the

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Jibat, Merga, and Shamil Alo. "Integrated Management of Black Pod (Phytophthora palmivora) Disease of Cocoa Through Fungicides and Cultural Practices in Southwestern Ethiopia." International Journal on Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources 4, no. 3 (2023): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.46676/ij-fanres.v4i3.150.

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Black pod disease of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) caused by Phytophthora palmivora is the major constraint in cocoa production in southwestern Ethiopia. Therefore, integrated field management trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different fungicides against a disease epidemic of cocoa black pod in southwestern Ethiopia. The field experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with seven treatments and three replications. The experiment was performed during the 2021 and 2022 main cropping seasons using five fungicides: Copper oxychloride (Koka blue 50 WG) combined with

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6

Lestari, Febbi Sena, H. Harliana, and Fatra Nonggala Putra. "Automated Detection of Black Pod Disease in Cocoa Fruits Using Convolutional Neural Network." Kesatria : Jurnal Penerapan Sistem Informasi (Komputer dan Manajemen) 6, no. 1 (2025): 38–47. https://doi.org/10.30645/kesatria.v6i1.543.

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Black pod disease is a severe disease affecting cocoa fruit, caused by the Phytophthora Palmivora fungus. This infection turns the fruit's surface dark brown to black, while the inside becomes rotten. Currently, identifying infected cocoa fruits is done manually through visual observation, which is prone to errors and inconsistency. This study aims to implement a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm to classify images of black pod disease in cocoa fruits. The dataset consists of 1,500 images obtained through documentation and literature review, with 750 images of healthy cocoa fruits a

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S A, Ayanwole, Arotupin D J, Ogundeji B A, et al. "BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PHYTOPHTHORA SPP. USING ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI ISOLATED FROM COCOA (Theobroma cacao L.) PODS AND LEAVES." Nigerian Journal of Plant Protection 39, no. 1 (2025): 106–14. https://doi.org/10.71464/x4ct4811.

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Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is one of the several important agricultural commodities, which had over the years been adversely affected by black pod disease caused by Phytophthora spp. This study investigated the potentials in the use of endophytic fungi isolated from healthy cocoa pods and leaves as biocontrol agents against Phytophthora megakarya infections (black pod) in cocoa. Moderately aggressive strain of P. megakarya was isolated from symptomatic cocoa black pod and inoculated against endophytic fungi obtained from healthy cocoa pods and leaves. The endophytes were screened for their ant

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8

Balakissa, FOFANA, Dao Jonas Patrick, OUATTARA Bognan Winnie Miyasi, ZOUZOU Michel, and KONE Daouda. "Influence of Climatic Parameters on the Incidence of Black Pod Rot of Cocoa Trees in Côte d’Ivoire." Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 47, no. 1 (2025): 161–70. https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2025/v47i13214.

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Cocoa farming is very important to Côte d'Ivoire’s economy, however the increasing pressure of black pod rot is significantly reducing causing production, which is unfavorable to sustainable cocoa production. This disease is caused by Phytophthora palmivora, which is prevalent in all cocoa-producing areas. The objective is to determine the effect of climatic parameters on the incidence of the disease in the study localities. To achieve this, three plots were selected in each locality, based on the presence of black pod rot and the accessibility of the field. A 900 m2 was delimited in each plot

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Junior Yao, Wilfried, Koutoua Séka, Anthelme Jocelin N’Cho, et al. "Inhibition of Phytophthora palmivora, causal agent of cocoa black pod disease, by using three (3) species of Trichoderma in three (3) cocoa-producing regions inCôte d'Ivoire." International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences (IJARBS) 10, no. 8 (2023): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22192/ijarbs.2023.10.08.002.

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Cocoa black pod disease, caused by Phytophthora sp. leads to yield losses. In order to remedy such losses, the use of an antagonistic fungus such as Trichoderma is recommended. This study aims at contributing to cocoa yieldimprovement in Côte d'Ivoire by controlling Phytophthora sp. To this end, healthy cocoa pods, affected by black poddisease and soil from cocoa trees’ rhizosphere were collected. Trichoderma sp. and Phytophthora sp. wererespectively isolated from the soil and from the pods affected by black pod disease. PCR and amplicon sequencinganalyses were used to characterize Phytophthor

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10

Pratama, Sakti Widyanta. "Application of lime and urea and its effect on development of Phythophthora palmivora." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 31, no. 1 (2015): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v31i1.70.

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Black pod rot disease (BPRD) which is caused by Phytophthora palmivora is one of the main diseases of cocoa cultivations particularly in plantations with wet climate. Black pod rot can develop rapidly under high humidity environments, particularly during rainy seasons. This disease can cause loss of harvest of up to 46.63% in East Java. The various control efforts attempted so far have not resulted in significant improvements. Urea, in addition to functioning as fertilizer, can also produce the ammonia gas which is believed to be able to suppress black pod rot. This research aims to determine

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Ebaiarrey, Herman Ebai, Eddy Léonard Mangapche Ngonkeu, Yves Thierry Djoah, and Ives Bruno Mousseni Efombagn. "Assessing the Tolerance of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Progenies to the Black Pod Disease Caused by Phytophthora megakarya Bras. and Griff." Journal of Applied Life Sciences International 27, no. 2 (2024): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jalsi/2024/v27i2638.

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The cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is a cash crop of great economic importance to some cocoa-growing countries. However, diseases and pests, including black pod disease caused by Phytophthora megakarya, can cause yield losses of up to 100% if no phytosanitary treatment is applied. Thus, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the tolerance of five cocoa hybrids developed by IRAD (PA107*SNK614, IMC67*SNK109, SCA12*SNK16, IMC67*SNK64 and T79/501*SNK64) against black pod disease in relation to the parent clones. Mature pods (approximately 5 months old) were harvested and used to assess black pod

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12

Guest, David. "Black Pod: Diverse Pathogens with a Global Impact on Cocoa Yield." Phytopathology® 97, no. 12 (2007): 1650–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-97-12-1650.

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Pathogens of the Straminipile genus Phytophthora cause significant disease losses to global cocoa production. P. megakarya causes significant pod rot and losses due to canker in West Africa, whereas P. capsici and P. citrophthora cause pod rots in Central and South America. The global and highly damaging P. palmivora attacks all parts of the cocoa tree at all stages of the growing cycle. This pathogen causes 20 to 30% pod losses through black pod rot, and kills up to 10% of trees annually through stem cankers. P. palmivora has a complex disease cycle involving several sources of primary inocul

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13

Sounigo, Olivier, Daniel Koulou Vefonge, Marie-Claire Eyango, and Mousseni Ives Bruno Efombagn. "Evaluation of Cocoa Full-Sib Progenies in Challenging Conditions in Cameroon." Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 45, no. 10 (2023): 285–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2023/v45i102221.

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The improved vegetal material cultivated by cocoa farmers in Cameroon consists in full-sib progenies issued from pods harvested in bi-clonal seed gardens set up during the 1970s. Interviews of cocoa farmers revealed their general satisfaction with the yield level obtained from these progenies but also their disappointment with the high level of susceptibility to black pod disease, a disease caused by Phytophthora megakarya, which is a serious challenge for cocoa production in this country. In order to select new future varieties that would combine high yield and resistance to black pod disease

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14

Zokou, Oro Franck, Maximilen Lallié Hermann-Désiré N'Guessan, Brou Guy Kouassi, et al. "Evaluation of the Epidemiological Factors Responsible for the Appearance of Phytophthora Palmivora and Phytophthora Megakarya, Causal Agent of Black Pods Disease in the Department of Méagui, Southwestern Côte D'ivoire." International Journal of Sciences Volume 9, no. 2020-05 (2020): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3980089.

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The cocoa black pod disease is caused by a fungus Phytophthora sp, which comprises two main species (Phytophthora palmivora and Phytophthora megakarya) commonly found in Ivorian cocoa plots and which cause significant damage. Despite numerous studies, this disease continues to spread and even more so Phytophthora megakarya, which did not exist in Côte d'Ivoire, is beginning to spread significantly. This study focused on the evaluation of the epidemiological factors responsible for the progression of Phytophthora megakarya and Phytophthora palmivora in the Department of Méagui, southwestern Cot

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15

Maylianti, Ni Putu, I. Gusti Ngurah Lanang Wijayakusuma, and I. Putu Chandra Arta Wiguna. "Comparison of EfficientNet-B0 and ResNet-50 for Detecting Diseases in Cocoa Fruit." Journal of Applied Informatics and Computing 9, no. 1 (2025): 115–20. https://doi.org/10.30871/jaic.v9i1.8868.

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Cocoa is a plant that is very susceptible to disease. One of the diseases that often attacks cocoa is black spots on the fruit. Detecting diseases in cocoa fruit is usually done manually by experts, which has limitations in providing information and is very expensive. this study proposes a model for detecting cocoa fruit diseases based on deep learning, namely convolution neural networks (CNN). This study compares CNN architectures, namely EfficientNetB0 and ResNet50 because these two architectures are very popular. EfficientNetB0 is known to be efficient in utilizing model parameters and the

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Neebo, Wiah Eric, S. Katara, and E. Danso-Addo. "Control Of Parasitic Diseases In Cocoa Using Time Series Analysis." International Journal of Sciences Volume 2, no. 2013-02 (2013): 37–42. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3348170.

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Ecological disturbances exert an influence on the emergence and proliferation of parasitic diseases, including, Black pod disease. Each environmental change, whether occurring as a natural phenomenon or through human intervention, changes the ecological balance and context within which disease hosts or vectors and parasites breed, develop, and transmit disease. This paper deals with these important diseases in the Ghanaian cocoa industry.The objective is to find out whether rainfall and temperature have any effect on these diseases so that plans can be made to control them. The paper has ident

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Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel, and Thonaeng Charity Molelekoa. "Perceived phytosanitary impacts of climate change and climate change adaptation among Cocoa farmers in Cameroon." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 11, no. 2 (2024): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v11i2.76069.

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Cocoa productivity is dependent on favourable weather variables. In Cameroon, climate change presents some phytosanitary challenges to cocoa farmers due to weed and cocoa pest problems. This paper analyzed the perceived phytosanitary impacts of climate change and the determinants of selected mitigation options in Cameroon. The data were collected using stratified random sampling from 303 farmers in Centre Cameroon. The data were analyzed with Probit regression. The results showed that cocoa farming operations were affected by climate change through weed control problems (51.48%), more incidenc

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Nor Mohamad, Nor Amerulah, Suhaida Salleh, and Hamzah Abdul Aziz. "Antifungal Efficacy of Crude Aqueous Weed Extracts Against Pathogen of Cocoa Black Pod Rot." Borneo Akademika 3, no. 2 (2019): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/ba/v3i2/35320.

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Black pod rot is the most economically important disease of cocoa in Malaysia which is mainly caused by a highly polyphagous Phytophthora species, called Phytophthora palmivora. The fungus could attack all parts of the cocoa plant organs and caused various diseases at any growth stage from seedling until the mature stages, especially during raining season. The application of synthetic fungicides has been widely recommended to manage the disease but their repeated use had led to other problems such as environmental, human health and development of fungicide resistance issues. This study isolate

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Cubillos, Gabriel. "Main diseases and pests of cocoa in Colombia." Horticulture International Journal 8, no. 4 (2024): 123–28. https://doi.org/10.15406/hij.2024.08.00314.

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Yields of cocoa crops in Colombia have been threatened by the presence of diseases and pests, among which it is necessary to mention in order of importance Cacao frosty pod rot, Witches' broom, Black pod and Stem canker, Rosellinia and the Pod borer. Their incidence varies according to the climate and management operations of these phytosanitary factors. It is currently and clearly established that Cocoa frosty pod rot and Witches' broom are effectively controlled by cultural practices, while for Black pod and Stem canker a combination of cultural practices with chemical control is done. Regar

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Kone, Kouwelton, Karl Akueson, and Graeme Norval. "On the Production of Potassium Carbonate from Cocoa Pod Husks." Recycling 5, no. 3 (2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling5030023.

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Cocoa beans are found inside an outer husk; 60% of the cocoa fruit is the outer husk, which is a waste biomass. The husk cannot be used directly as a soil amendment as it promotes the fungal black pod disease, which reduces crop yield. The pods are segregated from the trees, and their plant nutrient value is wasted. This is particularly true for the small acreage farmers in West Africa. Cocoa pod husk is well suited to be used as a biomass source for electricity production. The waste ash is rich in potassium, which can be converted in various chemical products, most notably, high-purity potass

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Oduro, Bismark, Ofosuhene O. Apenteng, and Henrietta Nkansah. "Assessing the effect of fungicide treatment on Cocoa black pod disease in Ghana: Insight from mathematical modeling." Statistics, Optimization & Information Computing 8, no. 2 (2020): 374–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.19139/soic-2310-5070-686.

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Black pod disease is caused by fungi of the species Phytophthora palmivora or Phytophthora megakarya. The disease causes darkening of affected areas of cocoa trees and/or fruits and leads to significant reduction in crop yields and decreases lifespan of the plant. This study presents a simple S_1S_2IT-type model with variable population size to assess the impact of fungicide treatment on the dynamics of the black pod disease. We do both theoretical studies and numerical simulations of the model. In particular, we analyze the existence of equilibrium points and their stability, simulate the mod

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LOCKWOOD, G., F. OWUSU-ANSAH, and Y. ADU-AMPOMAH. "HERITABILITY OF SINGLE PLANT YIELD AND INCIDENCE OF BLACK POD DISEASE IN COCOA." Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 4 (2007): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479707005352.

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Broad sense heritabilities were estimated in three long-term cocoa clone trials in Ghana, with 20, 18 and 15 entries. They were 0.15, 0.05 and 0.15 for yield in pods per plant, and 0.26, 0.19 and 0.40 for incidence of ‘bad’ pods, mostly due to black pod disease, caused by infection with Phytophthora spp. The low heritability of single plant yield, which has been known for 80 years, has been widely overlooked in cocoa research and extension, compromising the success of clone selection programmes. The heritability of the incidence of black pod disease is high enough to justify mass selection whe

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Agustiawan, Pajri, Ayu Kartini Parawansa, and Mahir S. Gani. "UJI DETACHED POD BEBERAPA KLON BUAH KAKAO TERHADAP PHYTOPTHORA PALMIVORA BUTLER." AGrotekMAS Jurnal Indonesia: Jurnal Ilmu Peranian 2, no. 2 (2022): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/agrotekmas.v2i2.186.

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PAJRI AGUSTIAWAN (08220160081) Phytopthora palmivora Butler, is one of the most damaging pathogens for cocoa in the world, it can not only attack the cocoa pods in plantations but are also found on the leaves and stems. P. palmivora will cause symptoms of Black pod. P. palmivora is the most important disease in cocoa cultivation in all over the world, including Indonesia, so that due to the attack of this pathogen, besides drastically decreasing production, it can also cause crop failure and yield quality. The success of developing superior cocoa clones that are more resistant or tolerant to P

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Bowers, John H., Bryan A. Bailey, Prakash K. Hebbar, Soumaila Sanogo, and Robert D. Lumsden. "The Impact of Plant Diseases on World Chocolate Production." Plant Health Progress 2, no. 1 (2001): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2001-0709-01-rv.

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Many factors contribute to a decline in production of cocoa beans worldwide. Plant diseases such as black pod, witches' broom, and frosty pod rot are major components of the decline in production. Plant pathologists and microbiologists must discover and devise means to reduce disease losses and to save chocolate for the enthusiastic consumers of the world. This review discusses the major disease of cacao and their effect on world production. Accepted for publication 14 June 2001. Published 9 July 2001.

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Sahin Honorine Guiraud, Boguinard, Gnion Mathias Tahi, Klotioloma Coulibaly, et al. "BREEDING OF COCOA TREES (THEOBROMA CACAO L.) RESISTANTTO PHYTOPHTHORA MEGAKARYA, AGENT OF BLACK POD DISEASE IN COTE DIVOIRE." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 09 (2021): 793–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13482.

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Backgrownd : Black pod disease is the cause of significant production losses of cocoa trees. This work aims to select tolerant and resistant genotypes to Phytoththoramegakarya within the main collection of cocoa trees of the National Center for Agronomic Research. Methods : The artificial inoculation test on leaf discs, was used in this study to assess the susceptibility of 52 clones of high-producing cocoa trees resistant in the field to black podcausing by P. megakarya. Results : Three groups of susceptibility to P. megakarya were demonstrated according to the reference controls. The first g

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Okeoghene, Ebewore Solomon. "Management of Cocoa Black Pod Disease by Farmers in Edo State, Nigeria: The Role of Farmer Field School." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 10, no. 2 (2020): 528–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.ajard.2020.102.528.540.

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The specific objectives of the study were to find the contribution of FFS training in control of the disease; examine the role of FFS in improving farmers’ competency in management of black pod disease, and determine the proportion of farmers that benefited from FFS training on management of black pod disease. A multi-stage sampling procedure was employed in selecting 76 FFS farmers and 74 other farmers, and various descriptive statistics and t-tests were used to analyze data. The results showed that FFS played a major role in improving FFS farmers’ competency in the management of black pod di

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Adeniran, A. O., A. S. Onanaye, and O. J. Adeleke. "Optimal control of Cocoa Black pod disease: A multi-pronged approach." Franklin Open 7 (June 2024): 100100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fraope.2024.100100.

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I, Made Sudarma, Wayan Prandi Adnyana I, and Nengah Darmiati Ni. "TRICHODERMA SP. AS ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI ONE CANDIDATE FOR POD ROT DISEASE COTROL OF COCOA." GPH-International Journal of Agriculture and Research 06, no. 11 (2023): 88–96. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10441163.

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<strong>Black pod rot of cocoa is one of the most dangerous diseases causing crop losses in cocoa plants around the world. The disease is caused by the fungus <em>Phytophthora palmivora</em> (Butler) Butler, the disease needs to be controlled through biocontrol with the <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. Is an endophytic fungus found in cocoa plant stems. The results showed that the isolate of endophytic fungi found both from the stem, leaf and skin of healthy cocoa fruit was 15 isolates, from 15 isolates having in vitro inhibitory ability were collected five types of isolates such as stem endophytic fu

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Jayalakshmi, K., Adivappar Adivappar, Nagarajappa Nagarajappa, et al. "Occurrence and distribution of black pod rot of Cocoa (Theobromae cocoa L.) in southern transition zone of Karnataka." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 4 (2017): 1901–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i4.1460.

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Straminipile genus Phytophthora cause significant disease losses to global cocoa production. Phytopthtora palmivora is one of the major constraints in cocoa production causes significant pod losses. P. palmivora has a complex disease cycle involving several sources of primary inoculum and several modes of dissemination of secondary inoculum. This results in explosive epidemics during favorable environmental conditions. Highest severity of Seedling blight was observed in raised bed nurseries as compared to poly bag nurseries in Shivamogga district (59.26%) followed by Chikkamagluru (53.85%) of

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Sing Soh, Ker, Ervin Gubin Moung, Khoo John Julius Danker, Jamal Ahmad Dargham, and Ali Farzamnia. "Cocoa Diseases Classification using Deep Learning Algorithm." ITM Web of Conferences 63 (2024): 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20246301014.

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This work addresses the critical issue of cocoa plant diseases, which pose a significant threat to global agriculture and the livelihood of millions of farmers. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) has been utilized for classifying cocoa diseases, focusing on combating the significant agricultural and economic impacts of black pod rot and pod borer. Utilizing a dataset of 4390 images, five CNN architectures—Custom CNN, VGG-16, EfficientNetB0, ResNet50, and LeNet-5—were assessed for their ability to accurately identify disease presence. The Custom CNN model was found to be the most effective, ac

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Santos, Elisa Susilene Lisboa dos, Carlos Bernard Moreno Cerqueira-Silva, Didier Clement, and Edna Dora Martins Newman Luz. "Resistance gradient of black pod disease in cocoa and selection by leaf disk assay." Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 11, no. 4 (2011): 297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-70332011000400002.

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To characterize the gradient of resistance to black pod disease experimentally, the leaf disk assay was applied to 217 cocoa genotypes. The parameters time interval, number of leaves evaluated per genotype and distribution of experimental treatments were evaluated. Significant differences between genotypes were found, resulting in the grouping in five homogenous groups (p < 0.01). In the assessments with the leaf disk test, five and seven days after inoculation, the F value was highest after seven days, clearly separating the resistant from susceptible genotypes. There was no difference bet

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KOUASSI, Kouassi Simeon, Mamadou DIARRA, Kouassi Hilaire EDI, and KOUA Brou Jean-Claude. "Detection of cocoa pod diseases using a hybrid feature extractor combining CNN and vision transformer with dual classifier." Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology 9, no. 1 (2025): 668–81. https://doi.org/10.55214/25768484.v9i1.4209.

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Ivory Coast is the world’s leading cocoa producer, with a harvest of over two million tons in 2023. This dominance is severely threatened by several diseases, including Swollen Shoot, which was first detected in 1943. The epidemic, particularly severe in 2003, destroyed over 77,000 hectares of plantations. The prevalence of the disease has continued to rise, affecting new farms and causing substantial economic losses. In response to this situation, research is focusing on innovative solutions, such as artificial intelligence, to automate the detection of these diseases. In this study, a comput

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Bwambale Bisereko, Blasio, Godfrey Sseremba, and Julius Mwine. "Disease prevalence and shade tree diversity in smallholder cocoa (Theobroma cacao) farms: case of Bundibugyo District, Western Uganda." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 9, no. 02 (2021): 330–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v9i02.ah01.

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Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) growing systems in Uganda consists of shade systems with different tree species. Tree shade systems are the pure stand trees in the cocoa plantation which have been attributed towards reducing on pests and disease incidences, shade provision, boosting fertility, Agro biodiversity, fodder and improving production. The study was aimed at identifying potential shade tree species that can minimize disease threats on cocoa farms. Eighty-two cocoa farmers were reached out of 120 cocoa farmers in Bundibugyo that possessed at least five acres of the plantation in a purposive sa

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OWUSU-ANSAH, F., R. N. CURNOW, and Y. ADU-AMPOMAH. "OPTIMAL PLANNING OF COCOA CLONAL SELECTION PROGRAMMES." Experimental Agriculture 49, no. 4 (2013): 574–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479713000239.

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SUMMARYData from three cocoa (Theobroma cacao) clonal selection trials are used to investigate the genetic and environmental components of variation in yield and the percentage of total pods affected by black pod disease (Phytophtora pod rot). Simulations based on these estimated components of variation are then used to discuss the best choice in future of numbers of clones, replicates and years of harvest to maximise selection advances in the traits measured. The three main conclusions are the need to increase the number of clones at the expense of the number of replicates of each clone, the

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Perrine-Walker, Francine. "Phytophthora palmivora–Cocoa Interaction." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 3 (2020): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6030167.

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Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) is an hemibiotrophic oomycete capable of infecting over 200 plant species including one of the most economically important crops, Theobroma cacao L. commonly known as cocoa. It infects many parts of the cocoa plant including the pods, causing black pod rot disease. This review will focus on P. palmivora’s ability to infect a plant host to cause disease. We highlight some current findings in other Phytophthora sp. plant model systems demonstrating how the germ tube, the appressorium and the haustorium enable the plant pathogen to penetrate a plant cell and how th

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A. S. C., Ling,, Darmesah, G., Chong, K. P., and Ho, C. M. "Application of ARIMAX Model to Forecast Weekly Cocoa Black Pod Disease Incidence." Mathematics and Statistics 7, no. 4A (2019): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ms.2019.070705.

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Pradana, Akbar Ganang, De Rosal Ignatius Moses Setiadi, and Ahmad Rofiqul Muslikh. "Fine tuning model Convolutional Neural Network EfficientNet-B4 dengan augmentasi data untuk klasifikasi penyakit kakao." Journal of Information System and Application Development 2, no. 1 (2024): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26905/jisad.v2i1.11899.

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Cocoa is an important agricultural commodity in Indonesia which contributes to the economy with a production share of 15.68%. Cocoa diseases, such as Black Pod Rot and Pod Borer, are very detrimental to farmers. So it is necessary to build a recognition model that can classify automatically with high performance. Unfortunately the collected dataset is very unbalanced, and this is an additional challenge as it can reduce recognition performance. This study proposes disease recognition in cocoa images using the EfficientNet-B4 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model with fine-tuning. In this st

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Nyasse, S., I. B. Efombagn Mousseni, and A. B. Eskes. "Selection for resistance to black pod disease and yield gains prediction by use of selected cocoa varieties in Cameroon." Plant Genetic Resources 1, no. 2-3 (2003): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pgr200323.

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Research on resistance to black pod caused by Phytophthora megakarya has been carried out in Cameroon for 40 years. It has yielded a significant database which is currently being exploited for the modelling of disease resistance levels of the major clones selected as candidate parents for the creation of new resistant and consequently more productive cocoa varieties. These outputs are expected to meet the increasing need of producers for improved planting material to extend cultivation into emerging cocoa-growing areas or to renew old cocoa production basins. These outputs have been made possi

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Thevenin, J. M., R. Umaharan, S. Surujdeo-Maharaj, B. Latchman, C. Cilas, and D. R. Butler. "Relationships Between Black Pod and Witches'-Broom Diseases in Theobroma cacao." Phytopathology® 95, no. 11 (2005): 1301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-95-1301.

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Field observations were conducted from 1998 to 2001 at the International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad, to evaluate 57 cacao clones for resistance to black pod (BP) and witches'-broom (WB) diseases (caused by Phytophthora sp. and Crinipellis perniciosa, respectively). Each month ripe pods were harvested and the number of healthy and diseased was recorded. The number of brooms on vegetative shoots was recorded three times a year on selected branches. Twenty-three clones showed less than 10% of infection for both BP and WB on pods. Among those, eight clones showed an absence of brooms on the observed

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Priyono, Joko, I. G. M. Parta Tanaya, and Muliati Ningsih. "Foliar Application of Liquid-Silicate Rock Fertilizer Reduced Pest and Disease Attacks and Improved Bean Production of Cocoa." Journal of Agriculture and Crops, no. 65 (May 5, 2020): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jac.65.68.72.

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Besides the lack of soil fertilization, the primary biotic stressor limiting the production of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in Indonesia is pest and disease attacks (PDAs). As a part of the efforts to find out the appropriate solution for the farming constraints, a field trial was carried out for 14 months (2015 – 2016) in Genggelang - North Lombok Regency, Indonesia. The main objective of the experiment was to identify the effects of the use of locally-available materials, i.e., liquid-silicate rock fertilizer (LSRF), botanical pesticide (BP) of neem, and black ants (BA) of Doliccoderus thoraci

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RUBIYO, RUBIYO, AGUS PURWANTARA, and SUDARSONO SUDARSONO. "KETAHANAN 35 KLON KAKAO TERHADAP INFEKSI Phytophthora palmivora Butl. BERDASARKAN UJI DETACHED POD." Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 16, no. 4 (2020): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v16n4.2010.172-178.

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<p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Pemuliaan untuk menghasilkan klon yang toleran terhadap penyakitbusuk buah kakao sudah lama dilakukan di Indonesia. Pengendalian yangefektif dan efisien terhadap penyakit ini adalah dengan menggunakanbahan tanaman yang tahan. Tetapi untuk mendapatkan atau merakit bahantanaman yang tahan memerlukan waktu yang lama, juga ketersediaanplasma nutfah yang memiliki keragaman genetik yang tinggi. Penelitian inibertujuan untuk mengevaluasi respon koleksi kakao terhadap infeksipenyakit busuk buah P. palmivora. Kegiatan yang telah dilakukan adalahpengujian ketahanan 35

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Nyadanu, D., R. Akromah, B. Adomako, et al. "Biochemical Mechanisms of Resistance to Black Pod Disease in Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)." American Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 3, no. 1 (2012): 20–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajbmb.2013.20.37.

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Nembot, Christian, Patrice Takam Soh, Gerben Martijn ten Hoopen, and Yves Dumont. "Modeling the temporal evolution of cocoa black pod rot disease caused byPhytophthora megakarya." Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 41, no. 18 (2018): 8816–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mma.5206.

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NUGRAHAENI, FAZRIA, RETNO WIJAYANTI, and Y. V. PARDJO NOTOSANDJOJO. "Effectiveness of mahkota dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) and bengkuang (Pachyrhizus erosus) seed extracts for controlling fruit pest in cocoa." Biofarmasi Journal of Natural Product Biochemistry 11, no. 1 (2017): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biofar/f110102.

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Nugrahaeni F, Wijayanti R, Notosandjojo YVP. 2013. Effectiveness of mahkota dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) and bengkuang (Pachyrhizus erosus) seed extracts for controlling fruit pest in cocoa. Biofarmasi 11: 7-12. Cocoa is one plantation commodity whose role is quite important for the national economy. Nevertheless, the agribusiness of cocoa in Indonesia still had many complex problems, such as a low productivity that caused by pest and disease. Conopomorpha cramerella, or known in Indonesia as Cocoa Pod Borer (CPB), is one of the major pests of the most destructive pest in cocoa. Fruit-sucking pe

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Klotioloma, Coulibaly, Romain Aka Aka, Brahima Camara, et al. "Molecular Identification of Phytophthora palmivora in the Cocoa Tree Orchard of Côte d'Ivoire and Assessment of the Quantitative Component of Pathogenicity." International Journal of Sciences Volume 7, no. 2018-08 (2018): 7–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3350378.

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Black pod rot is one of the most widespread diseases in the species Theobroma cacao L. In Côte d'Ivoire, it causes significant yield losses, estimated at about 10 to 60% depending on the ecological zones. This study was conducted in order to identify Phytophthora spp isolates in the cocoa orchard by the analysis of their molecular features and assess their pathogenicity on cocoa tree leaf disks having different sensitivity. Thirty-six isolates of Phytophthora spp., from 06 producing regions (Divo, Soubré, Daloa, Duékoué, Abengourou and Aboisso) were taken from immature pods naturally affected

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Coulibaly, Klotioloma, F. J. M. Koffi Kassi, Adama Ouattara, et al. "Comparative efficacy of essential oils of three aromatic plants as alternatives in the control of Phytophthora spp., agent of cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao L.) black pod disease in Côte d'Ivoire." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 15, no. 4 (2021): 1398–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i4.8.

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This study aimed at comparing the efficacy of essential oils from three aromatic plants species (Cymbopogon citratus, Eucalyptus citriodora and Ocimum gratissimum) in vitro and in vivo against two Phytophthora strains (Phytophthora palmivora and P. megakarya) in a view to developing new biofongicides for the control of cocoa tree black pod disease. Essential oils were applied at four different concentrations (0.5; 1; 3 and 5 mL/L) in vitro and in vivo on leaf discs of three cocoa clones (NA32, PA150 and SCA6) whichsusceptibility is known. As results, all three essential oils significantly (p˂

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Nwaogu, A.G., and R.C. Wokocha. "Effects of Extracts of Some Botanicals against Three Species of Fungi Isolated from Cocoa (Theobroma cacoa L.) Pods." Greener Journal of Medicinal Plant Research 2, no. 1 (2018): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.15580/GJMPR.2018.1.081517106.

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<strong>Cocoa is an important cash crop in the tropics and sub-tropics. However, its production is reported to be immensely constrained due to black pod disease caused by fungal agents. This study evaluated <em>in vitro</em> the efficacy of ethanolic and aqueous extacts of purging nuts (<em>Jatropha curcas L.</em>), bitter leaf (<em>Vernoma amygdalina</em>), lemon grass (<em>Cymbopogon</em>  <em>citratus</em>), pods of guinea pepper (<em>Xylopia aethropica</em>), seeds of black pepper (<em>Piper guinense</em>), rhizomes of ginger (<em>Zingiber officinale</em>) and stem ash

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N'GUESSAN, Adou Bedel Carlos, Koutoua Seka, Anthelme Jocelin N’Cho, Mah Eba, Yadom Yao François Régis Kouakou, and Hortense Atta Diallo. "Epidemiology of cocoa pod rots and characterization of causal agents in Cote d'ivoire." Journal of Applied Biological Sciences 19, no. 2 (2025): 88–96. https://doi.org/10.71336/jabs.1443.

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Cocoa pod rot poses a real threat to cocoa farming in tropical countries. In Côte d'Ivoire, these diseases are caused by a fungal complex that can lead to severe yield losses of up to 60 %. The aim of this study was to assess the epidemiological parameters of cocoa pod rots and characterize the fungal agents responsible. To this end, a phytosanitary survey was carried out in eight producing areas (Agboville, Aboisso, Abengourou, Bouaflé, Daloa, Méagui, Soubré and Tiassalé). The symptoms observed were described, their severity have been assessed. The fungi associated with these different sympto

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Barreto, M. A., J. C. S. Santos, R. X. Corrêa, E. D. M. N. Luz, J. Marelli, and A. P. Souza. "Detection of genetic resistance to cocoa black pod disease caused by three Phytophthora species." Euphytica 206, no. 3 (2015): 677–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-015-1490-4.

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O., Adejumo T., and O. Adejoro D. "Assessment of Bacteria, Fungi and Protozoa in Three Theobroma Cacao Soils in Ondo State, Nigeria." International Journal of Sciences Volume 4, no. 2015-07 (2015): 28–33. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3348957.

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The microbial community of 3 cocoa soils in Ondo State, Nigeria was investigated. Fourteen bacterial isolates, 8 fungi and 9 protozoa were obtained. The bacteria include Actinomyces sp., Bacillus spp, Corynebacterium sp., Lactobacillus sp., Micrococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp. and Streptomyces sp. The fungi were Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., Phytopthora palmivora, Phytophthora spp., Rhizopus sp., Saccharomyces sp., Trichoderma spp. and Alternaria sp., while the protozoa include Balantiophorus, Biomyxa spp, Bodo spp, Colpoda spp, Tetramitus spp, Naegleria spp and U

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