Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cocoa fermentation

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Academic literature on the topic 'Cocoa fermentation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 22 June 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Cocoa fermentation"

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Soemarno, Joko, Yuli Hariyanti, Soetanto Abdoellah Soeparto, and Diany Faila Sophia Hartatri. "Study on Incentive Price of Fermented Cocoa to Overcome Reluctance of Farmer to Apply Fermentation : Case Study in Jembrana Regency." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 31, no. 2 (August 31, 2015): 130–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v31i2.66.

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Improving cocoa quality through encouraging farmers to do fermentation is one of the ways to increase the added value of cocoa. However, majority ofIndonesian farmers are reluctance to do fermentation. This research aimed to study factors causing farmers reluctant to do fermentation, weight differencebetween fermented and unfermented cocoa, cocoa processing time difference between fermented and unfermented cocoa, quality difference between fermentedand unfermented coco refers to cocoa bean standard (SNI): 01-2323-2008/Amd-2010, and feasible added value incentive of fermented cocoa beans. The data collectionwere conducted through household farmers’ survey, focus group discussion and experimental research. The experimental research was conducted to understandthe weight and processing time differences; and to asess the quality, including moisture content, bean count, pH and fermentation index. Analysis of the datawere conducted by methods of Fishbone Ishikawa and logit multiplier linear analysis. The research results showed that the main factors causing farmers reluctant todo fermentation were insuitable of selling price of fermented cocoa, the existence of village collectors in buying unfermented cocoa, the lack of cooperation amongfarmers in farmer group (Subak Abian) and the lack of farmers’ skills on cocoa bean fermentation. This study also found that the weight depreciation differencebetween fermented and unfermented cocoa was 0.5-3.75%, and the processing time difference between fermented and unfermented cocoa was 12-24 hours. Qualityof fermented cocoa beans was higher than that of unfermented cocoa beans and it can fulfill the standard of SNI: 01-2323-2008/Amd-2010. It was found that thefeasible added value incentive of fermented cocoa benas was 2,126-3,426 IDR/kg. Keywords: cocoa, fermentation, unfermented, quality, incentive
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Papalexandratou, Zoi, Gwen Falony, Edwina Romanens, Juan Carlos Jimenez, Freddy Amores, Heide-Marie Daniel, and Luc De Vuyst. "Species Diversity, Community Dynamics, and Metabolite Kinetics of the Microbiota Associated with Traditional Ecuadorian Spontaneous Cocoa Bean Fermentations." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 21 (September 16, 2011): 7698–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.05523-11.

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ABSTRACTTraditional fermentations of the local Ecuadorian cocoa type Nacional, with its fine flavor, are carried out in boxes and on platforms for a short time. A multiphasic approach, encompassing culture-dependent and -independent microbiological analyses of fermenting cocoa pulp-bean samples, metabolite target analyses of both cocoa pulp and beans, and sensory analysis of chocolates produced from the respective fermented dry beans, was applied for the investigation of the influence of these fermentation practices on the yeast and bacterial species diversity and community dynamics during cocoa bean fermentation. A wide microbial species diversity was found during the first 3 days of all fermentations carried out. The prevailing ethanol-producing yeast species werePichia kudriavzeviiandPichia manshurica, followed bySaccharomyces cerevisiae. Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides(glucose and fructose fermenting),Fructobacillus tropaeoli-like (fructose fermenting), andLactobacillus fermentum(citrate converting, mannitol producing) represented the main lactic acid bacterial species in the fermentations studied, resulting in intensive heterolactate metabolism of the pulp substrates.Tatumella saanichensisandTatumella punctatawere among the members of the familyEnterobacteriaceaepresent during the initial phase of the cocoa bean fermentations and could be responsible for the production of gluconic acid in some cases. Also, a potential new yeast species was isolated, namely,Candida sorbosivorans-like. Acetic acid bacteria, whose main representative wasAcetobacter pasteurianus, generally appeared later during fermentation and oxidized ethanol to acetic acid. However, acetic acid bacteria were not always present during the main course of the platform fermentations. All of the data taken together indicated that short box and platform fermentation methods caused incomplete fermentation, which had a serious impact on the quality of the fermented dry cocoa beans.
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Racine, Kathryn, Andrew Lee, Brian Wiersema, Haibo Huang, Joshua Lambert, Amanda Stewart, and Andrew Neilson. "Development and Characterization of a Pilot-Scale Model Cocoa Fermentation System Suitable for Studying the Impact of Fermentation on Putative Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivity of Cocoa." Foods 8, no. 3 (March 19, 2019): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8030102.

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Cocoa is a concentrated source of dietary flavanols—putative bioactive compounds associated with health benefits. It is known that fermentation and roasting reduce levels of native flavonoids in cocoa, and it is generally thought that this loss translates to reduced bioactivity. However, the mechanisms of these losses are poorly understood, and little data exist to support this paradigm that flavonoid loss results in reduced health benefits. To further facilitate large-scale studies of the impact of fermentation on cocoa flavanols, a controlled laboratory fermentation model system was increased in scale to a large (pilot) scale system. Raw cocoa beans (15 kg) were fermented in 16 L of a simulated pulp media in duplicate for 168 h. The temperature of the fermentation was increased from 25–55 °C at a rate of 5 °C/24 h. As expected, total polyphenols and flavanol levels decreased as fermentation progressed (a loss of 18.3% total polyphenols and 14.4% loss of total flavanols during fermentation) but some increases were observed in the final timepoints (120–168 h). Fermentation substrates, metabolites and putative cocoa bioactive compounds were monitored and found to follow typical trends for on-farm cocoa heap fermentations. For example, sucrose levels in pulp declined from >40 mg/mL to undetectable at 96 h. This model system provides a controlled environment for further investigation into the potential for optimizing fermentation parameters to enhance the flavanol composition and the potential health benefits of the resultant cocoa beans.
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Dian Adi A. Elisabeth and Ludivica Endang Setijorini. "KERAGAAN MUTU BIJI KAKAO KERING DAN PRODUK SETENGAH JADI COKELAT PADA BERBAGAI TINGKATAN FERMENTASI." Jurnal Matematika Sains dan Teknologi 10, no. 1 (August 15, 2009): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33830/jmst.v10i1.570.2009.

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Basic of cocoa bean preparation process is fermentation. Fermentation is done especially to improve and build specific chocolate flavour of cocoa bean and its products, i. e. cocoa liquor, butter, and powder; and also to decrease the disliked flavors, like bitter and acid. Research of cocoa bean fermentation was hold on in Subak Abian Pucaksari, Tabanan. This research involved 20 cooperative farmers with 0,5 hectare farm area per each farmer. The treatment used was time of cocoa bean fermentation, i.e. without fermentation, not fully fermentation (4 days), and fully fermentation (5 days). Variables observed were dried cocoa beans physic and chemical quality, and also cocoa products chemical and organoleptic quality. Organoleptic test done to cocoa liquor and powder was descriptive and ranking test used 15 semi-trained panelists. The result showed that the fermentation process had significant influence to dried cocoa beans chemical quality and its products. Fermentation had no significant influence to dried cocoa beans physic quality. For organoleptic quality attributes, all panelists gave the highest rank for cocoa liquor and powder prepared from fully fermented cocoa bean.
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Rahmadi, A., Y. Yunus, M. Ulfah, K. P. Candra, and S. Suwasono. "Microorganism population, theobromine, antioxidant, and FTIR analysis of Samarinda cocoa bean fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Acetobacter aceti." Food Research 4, no. 6 (July 27, 2020): 1912–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(6).178.

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This research aimed to observe S. cerevisiae and A. aceti induced fermentation of cocoa bean from Samarinda, Indonesia, in comparison to commercial cocoa bean in terms of microbial population, pH, total acids, total phenols, theobromine, antioxidant capacity, and FTIR profile. Cocoa beans were fermented with a boxed fermentation method resembling commercial plantation for four days at ambient box temperature (35-40°C). Four fermentation samples were produced which were spontaneous, 2% Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Acetobacter aceti, or mixed culture (S. cerevisiae and A. aceti) induced fermentations. Total Plate Count (TPC) and Total Yeast-Mold (TYM), pH, total phenol, theobromine, antioxidant activity, and FTIR analyses were performed according to the established method. There was no significant difference in the microbe population in all fermented cocoa. Mixed culture fermented cocoa had a slightly lower final pH. S. cerevisiae fermented cocoa produced the highest total phenol compared to the same compound content in other fermented cocoa. The mixed culture fermented cocoa had better theobromine content 162.3±22.6 ppm, antioxidant capacity 424.9±3.3 ppm, and the closest theobromine and caffeine identification zones to commercial cocoa samples. The use of mixed culture of S. cerevisiae and A. aceti is suggested as the better inoculum to ferment cocoa bean at local farms.
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Meersman, Esther, Jan Steensels, Tinneke Paulus, Nore Struyf, Veerle Saels, Melissa Mathawan, Jean Koffi, Gino Vrancken, and Kevin J. Verstrepen. "Breeding Strategy To Generate Robust Yeast Starter Cultures for Cocoa Pulp Fermentations." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 18 (July 6, 2015): 6166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00133-15.

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ABSTRACTCocoa pulp fermentation is a spontaneous process during which the natural microbiota present at cocoa farms is allowed to ferment the pulp surrounding cocoa beans. Because such spontaneous fermentations are inconsistent and contribute to product variability, there is growing interest in a microbial starter culture that could be used to inoculate cocoa pulp fermentations. Previous studies have revealed that many different fungi are recovered from different batches of spontaneous cocoa pulp fermentations, whereas the variation in the prokaryotic microbiome is much more limited. In this study, therefore, we aimed to develop a suitable yeast starter culture that is able to outcompete wild contaminants and consistently produce high-quality chocolate. Starting from specifically selectedSaccharomyces cerevisiaestrains, we developed robust hybrids with characteristics that allow them to efficiently ferment cocoa pulp, including improved temperature tolerance and fermentation capacity. We conducted several laboratory and field trials to show that these new hybrids often outperform their parental strains and are able to dominate spontaneous pilot scale fermentations, which results in much more consistent microbial profiles. Moreover, analysis of the resulting chocolate showed that some of the cocoa batches that were fermented with specific starter cultures yielded superior chocolate. Taken together, these results describe the development of robust yeast starter cultures for cocoa pulp fermentations that can contribute to improving the consistency and quality of commercial chocolate production.
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Nunes, Cassiane S. O., Marília L. C. da Silva, Geany P. Camilloto, Bruna A. S. Machado, Katharine V. S. Hodel, Maria Gabriela B. Koblitz, Giovani B. M. Carvalho, and Ana Paula T. Uetanabaro. "Potential Applicability of Cocoa Pulp (Theobroma cacao L) as an Adjunct for Beer Production." Scientific World Journal 2020 (September 2, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3192585.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of cocoa pulp as an adjunct for malt in beer production. The cocoa pulp was analyzed for humidity, proteins, lipids, sugars, total soluble solids, organic acids, and minerals. A study was carried out to reduce the cocoa pulp viscosity by enzymatic depectinization, making its use viable in beer production. The cocoa pulp showed relevant quantities of compounds important in fermentation, such as sugars, acids, and minerals. In fermentation using the adjunct, the proportions of pulp used were 10, 30, and 49%. A significant difference was found between the adjunct and all-malt worts. The 30% cocoa pulp concentration as an adjunct for malt in the fermentation medium contributed the most to the fermentative performance of the yeasts at both 15 and 22°C based on the consumption of apparent extract (°Plato), ethanol production, and cellular growth.
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Korcari, Dea, Alberto Fanton, Giovanni Ricci, Noemi Sofia Rabitti, Monica Laureati, Johannes Hogenboom, Luisa Pellegrino, Davide Emide, Alberto Barbiroli, and Maria Grazia Fortina. "Fine Cocoa Fermentation with Selected Lactic Acid Bacteria: Fermentation Performance and Impact on Chocolate Composition and Sensory Properties." Foods 12, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12020340.

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Cocoa fermentation is a central step in chocolate manufacturing. In this research, we performed controlled fermentations of a fine cocoa variety to evaluate the impact of adjunct cultures of selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on fermentation parameters, chemical composition, and sensory profile of fine cocoa and chocolate. Improved fermentation processes were carried out at the Centre for the Integral Transformation of Cacao (CETICO) in Dominican Republic. Two strains of LAB, previously isolated from cocoa, and belonging to Lactiplantibacillus fabifermentans and Furfurilactibacillus rossiae species, were employed. Fermentation parameters, protein, peptide and free amino acid profiles of the fermented cocoa and volatile molecules were determined. Sensory analysis of the derived chocolate was also carried out. The obtained results indicated that the addition of the adjunct cultures influences the proteolytic processes and the free amino acid profile. Finally, the adjunct cultures increased the complexity of the flavour profile of the chocolate as they received a higher score for descriptors commonly used for fine chocolate, such as honey and red fruits. The results obtained showed that the selected strains can be an added value to the development of specific flavours that are desirable at industrial level.
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Balcázar-Zumaeta, César R., Alexa J. Pajuelo-Muñoz, Deisy F. Trigoso-Rojas, Angel F. Iliquin-Chavez, Editha Fernández-Romero, Ives Yoplac, Lucas D. Muñoz-Astecker, et al. "Reduction in the Cocoa Spontaneous and Starter Culture Fermentation Time Based on the Antioxidant Profile Characterization." Foods 12, no. 17 (September 1, 2023): 3291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12173291.

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In current systems, the fermentation spontaneous process produces fermented beans of heterogeneous quality due to the fermentation time. This study demonstrated that the fermentation time should be reduced. For this purpose, the physicochemical parameters, antioxidant profile, and volatile compounds were characterized in two types of fermentation (spontaneous and starter culture) for 168 h in cocoa from three altitude levels. Multivariate analysis (cluster and PCA) was used to discriminate the fermentation stages. We found three stages in all fermentations, where the first two stages (0 h to 96 h) were characterized by a higher antioxidant potential of the cocoa bean and the presence of desirable volatile compounds such as acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and esters, which are precursors of cocoa aroma; however, prolonged fermentation times affected the antioxidant profile of the bean. In addition, the use of a starter culture facilitates the release of compounds in a shorter time (especially alcohols and esters). It is concluded that it is necessary to reduce the fermentation time under these conditions in the region of Amazonas.
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Murtiningrum, Murtiningrum, Isak Silamba, Parlindungan Sijabat, Sritina N. P. Paiki, and Zita L. Sarungallo. "Chemical and Organoleptic Characteristics of Cocoa Powder from Fermented and Unfermented Cocoa Beans from Masni District and Sidey in Manokwari Regency." Indonesian Journal of Food Technology 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.ijft.2023.2.1.9083.

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beverage industry, such as chocolate drinks and ingredients for cakes, puddings, and ice cream. The fermentation process of cocoa beans is one of the determining factors for the quality of cocoa powder products produced. This is because during the fermentation process, physical, chemical, and organoleptic characteristics are formed, which become the standard for high-quality cocoa powder products. One of the factors that influences the success of the cocoa bean fermentation process is the fermentation time. The right fermentation time is expected to produce high-quality cocoa beans with a distinctive chocolate flavor, according to consumer preferences. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical, and organoleptic characteristics of cocoa powder from cocoa beans originating from Masni District and Sidey District with different fermentation times. The study consisted of six treatments: cocoa beans processed by the community (BKT), cocoa beans without fermentation (BKTF), cocoa beans fermented for 3 days (BK3), 4 days (BK4), 5 days (BK5), and 6 days (BK6). The differences between the treatments of unfermented cocoa beans and the fermentation time affect the physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics of the resulting cocoa powder. The fermentation process tends to improve the color of cocoa powder from dark brown to a lighter shade of brown, increase the moisture content, decrease the fat content, and significantly influence the organoleptic characteristics. Fermenting cocoa beans for 5 days results in cocoa powder with the best physical, chemical, and organoleptic characteristics. The organoleptic test of cocoa powder from cocoa beans fermented 5 days (BK5) show a slightly light brown to brown color, a strong to very strong cocoa powder flavor, a taste from less bitter to moderately bitter, and acidity levels from less acidic to moderately acidic.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cocoa fermentation"

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Buyukpamukcu, Elif. "Isolation and characterisation of peptides involved in cocoa flavour formation." Thesis, University of York, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251808.

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Fevola, Martina. "Quality evaluation of cocoa beans produced by smallholder cocoa farmers in Ghana." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.

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Il cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) è un’importante coltura a livello mondiale. La sua produzione è alla base dell’economia della maggior parte dei paesi produttori e dei profitti di molte industrie dolciarie. Attualmente, circa il 70% delle fave di cacao nel mondo è raccolto in Africa. Il Ghana è il secondo paese produttore dopo la Costa d’Avorio. La maggior parte del cacao proviene da piccoli agricoltori che spesso usano sistemi di coltivazione obsoleti e poco organizzati. La crescente domanda di cacao nel mercato mondiale ha aumentato l’attenzione su una produzione sostenibile attraverso una serie di miglioramenti per la coltivazione e i processi post-raccolta. Questa tesi fa parte di un progetto che ha come obiettivo a lungo termine quello di incrementare la produzione di cacao di alta qualità da parte di piccoli coltivatori in Africa occidentale. Per questo lavoro sono state esaminate fave di cacao prodotte da 30 piccoli agricoltori di sei regioni del Ghana. I campioni sono stati analizzati e comparati sotto forma di fave di cacao intere, in polvere e liquore di cacao. I risultati hanno rilevato alcuni difetti nel processo di fermentazione evidenziati dai bassi livelli dell’ indice di fermentazione e dalla presenza di Ocratossina A. Dai risultati si evince anche che le fave di cacao prodotte in Ghana hanno grandi dimensioni, alto contenuto di grassi e presentano note aromatiche fruttate.
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Schwan-Resende, Rosane Freitas. "Pectinolytic enzyme production by cocoa-degrading yeasts : production, characterization and distribution of polygalacturonase in wild type and mutant Kluyveromyces marxianus." Thesis, University of Bath, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260255.

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Racine, Kathryn Claire. "Evaluation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) bean processing strategies to enhance alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of dietary cocoa." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/90295.

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Cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao) are a highly concentrated source of dietary flavanols- bioactive compounds associated with the health protective properties of cocoa. Cocoa beans undergo processing steps, such as fermentation, roasting, winnowing, grinding, pressing, etc., to produce a final product with specific desirable sensory attributes. It is well established that these processing steps, specifically fermentation and roasting, result in dramatic degradation of cocoa's native flavanols, but it is possible that these processing steps may generate compounds with novel activities, potentially preserving or enhancing bioactivity. Raw unfermented cocoa beans were processed by way of a partial factorial approach to produce cocoa powders from the same batch of raw beans using various combinations of fermentation [unfermented, cool fermented (maximum 46°C), hot fermented (maximum 60°C))] and roasting [unroasted, cool roasted (120°C), hot roasted (170°C)]. To simulate cocoa fermentation in a highly controlled environment, a pilot-scale fermentation model system was employed to eliminate many external unknowns and ensure that the differences between our cocoa powders were due to our various treatments, rather than unknown factors occurring during fermentation and roasting. Low and high molecular weight fractions (8-10 kDa cutoff) were produced from cocoa powder extracts (CPE) of each treatment to quantify Maillard reaction products (MRP). A HILIC-UPLC MS/MS method was developed to more efficiently and sensitively quantify cocoa flavanols with high degrees of polymerization (DP) produced during processing. Overall, cocoa processing significantly (p<0.05) decreased the total phenolic and total flavanol concentrations of CPEs. Hot roasting had the greatest impact on native flavanol degradation yet produced CPEs with the highest mean degree of polymerization (mDP). All CPEs dose-dependently inhibited α-glucosidase enzyme activity, with cool fermented/cool roasted cocoa powder exhibiting the best inhibition (IC50 of 62.2 µg/mL). Increasing flavanol mDP was correlated with decreasing IC50 values, suggesting that the complex flavanols produced during processing enhance cocoa's bioactivity (or their production is associated with other products that enhance bioactivity). Alternatively, high molecular weight CPE fractions were correlated with increasing IC50 values, suggesting that MRPs interfere with enzyme inhibition or are associated with other products (polyphenols, macronutrients, etc.) that interfere with enzyme inhibition. Overall, the data presented within this work indicate that the components of processed cocoa powders are promising inhibitors of α-glucosidase, despite a significant reduction in native flavanol composition induced by processing, and moreover that fermentation and roasting conditions can positively influence the bioactivity of cocoa despite losses of native flavanols.
Master of Science in Life Sciences
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, obesity-related chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) are the leading cause of preventable and/or premature death, with 51% of the American population predicted to be obese by 2030. Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) is a highly concentrated source of polyphenols, and these compounds have been shown to interact with and inhibit digestive enzymes responsible for carbohydrate breakdown. By inhibiting the activity of these digestive enzymes, it is possible to slow down carbohydrate absorption after a meal and ultimately reduce large spikes in blood glucose levels, being a promising strategy in the prevention and maintenance of T2D. Cocoa beans undergo processing steps to produce a final product, such as cocoa powder, and it is known that these processing steps reduce the levels of beneficial polyphenols. Yet, how this processing-induced degradation effects the health protective activities of cocoa is still widely unknown and is the focus of this work. Through highly controlled cocoa bean processing, cocoa powders of different processing conditions were produced and used to assess how various processing parameters impacted digestive enzyme activity. Overall, processing steps did reduce levels of native polyphenols. However, these losses did not demonstrate a reduction in enzyme inhibition and certain processing conditions actually enhanced digestive enzyme inhibition. This research shows promise for the potential use of processed cocoa powder as an effective strategy in the prevention and maintenance of T2D and further work must be done to understand the mechanisms behind this relationship.
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[Verfasser], Fahrurrozi, and Bernward [Akademischer Betreuer] Bisping. "Microbiological and biochemical investigations of cocoa bean fermentation / Fahrurrozi. Betreuer: Bernward Bisping." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1072713268/34.

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Pelicaen, Rudy. "Genome-scale metabolic modeling of candidate functional starter cultures for cocoa bean fermentation." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/308886.

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Cocoa bean fermentation is an essential but spontaneous fermentation process to obtain the necessary raw material for the production of cocoa-derived products, among which chocolate. Successful cocoa bean fermentation processes are typically dominated by three microbial groups, namely yeasts, lactic acid bacteria, and acetic acid bacteria. The use of functional starter cultures may allow to gain a better control over the fermentation process. Previously, a number of candidate functional starter cultures have been proposed for the lactic acid bacteria, namely Lactobacillus fermentum 222 and Lactobacillus plantarum 80, and for the acetic acid bacteria, namely Acetobacter pasteurianus 386B, Acetobacter ghanensis LMG 23848T, and Acetobacter senegalensis 108B. The metabolism of bacteria determines an important part of their physiology, and this is recently being investigated by using computational models. The aim of this PhD thesis was to develop such models for the candidate functional starter cultures for the cocoa bean fermentation process and to perform the related computational analysis. The computational models developed were genome-scale metabolic models, which constitute a comprehensive repertoire of metabolic enzymes with their concomitant reactions, and this at genome-scale. The reconstruction of such models requires a combination of high-quality genome re-annotation, comparative genomics, manual curation, and experimental validation. Genome-scale metabolic modeling together with the use of previously published experimental data under cocoa fermentation conditions allowed to contextualize the experimental data and to gain new insights into the metabolic properties of the candidate functional starter cultures. Simulations with the A. pasteurianus 386B genome-scale metabolic model revealed the metabolic roles of lactate and ethanol, the energetic properties of the strains’ aerobic respiratory chain, and the possible functional role of an NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase. Modeling the metabolite dynamics of A. ghanensis LMG 23848T under cocoa fermentation conditions revealed an alternative strategy for its diauxic growth, compared with A. pasteurianus 386B, which was related to a difference in lactate consumption rate and pyruvate overflow. For A. senegalensis 108B, it was shown that, next to lactic acid, also citric acid could sustain its growth in vitro as the sole carbon source. Furthermore, the absence of the glyoxylate cycle predicted from its genome did not correspond with its species description that reports growth on ethanol as the sole carbon source. For L. fermentum 222 and L. plantarum 80, core genome-scale metabolic models allowed to gain insight into the possible metabolic flux distributions as a function of environmental conditions. The modeling also indicated a current lack in knowledge; for example, concerning the presence and consumption of undefined substrates in the complex medium used.In summary, genome-scale metabolic modelling of candidate functional starter cultures for the cocoa bean fermentation process provided useful in silico tools to gain insight into their metabolic properties at a systemic level.
La fermentation du cacao est un processus essentiel pour obtenir la matière première nécessaire pour la production de produits dérivés du cacao, comme par exemple le chocolat. Une fermentation de cacao favorable est caractérisée par la domination de trois groupes de microorganismes :les levures, les bactéries lactiques, et les bactéries acétiques. L'utilisation de cultures de départ fonctionnelles permet un meilleur contrôle sur le processus de fermentation. En ce qui concerne les bactéries, de nombreuses cultures "starter" ont été proposées, à savoir Lactobacillus fermentum 222 et Lactobacillus plantarum 80 pour les bactéries lactiques et Acetobacter pasteurianus 386B, Acetobacter ghanensis LMG 23848T, et Acetobacter senegalensis 108B pour les bactéries acétiques. Le métabolisme des bactéries constitue une partie importante de leur physiologie et la recherche actuelle se concentre de plus en plus sur la modélisation du métabolisme et la simulation des flux métaboliques par ordinateur. Cette thèse de doctorat a été consacrée au développement et à l'analyse de tels modèles computationnels pour des cultures fonctionnelles "starter" proposés pour la fermentation du cacao.Les modèles qui ont été développés dans cette thèse sont des modèles métaboliques à l’échelle du génome. La reconstruction du réseau métabolique a entraîné la ré-annotation du génome, une étude de génomique comparative, la curation manuelle des annotations et la validation du modèle par des expériences in vitro. La modélisation nous a permis de contextualiser des données expérimentales déjà publiées pour en obtenir de nouvelles informations concernant les propriétés métaboliques des cultures starter. Des simulations utilisant le modèle métabolique de A. pasteurianus 386B ont clarifié les rôles métaboliques de l’acide lactique et de l’éthanol, les propriétés énergétiques de sa chaîne respiratoire, et ont permis d'assigner un rôle possible à une NAD(P)+ transhydrogénase. La modélisation de la dynamique des métabolites provenant d’un milieu de croissance de A. ghanensis LMG 23848T dans des conditions simulant la fermentation du cacao, a mis en évidence une stratégie alternative de croissance biphasique comparé à A. pasteurianus 386B. Ceci est dû à une différence dans le taux de consommation de l’acide lactique et à l’éventuelle production de pyruvate. Pour A. senegalensis 108B, les expériences ont démontré, tant pour l’acide lactique que pour l’acide citrique, que ces sources de carbone permettaient, à elles seules, la croissance de cette bactérie. L’absence du cycle du glyoxylate chez A. senegalensis 108B ne correspondait pas à la description de cette espèce, laquelle pouvant croître sur l’éthanol comme seule source de carbone. Pour L. fermentum 222 et L. plantarum 80, la modélisation de leur métabolisme du carbone a permis d’explorer les distributions de flux métaboliques en fonction des substrats consommés. Les simulations ont aussi révélé le manque de connaissance que nous avons sur ces bactéries lactiques, telle que la consommation de substrats non identifiés venant du milieu de croissance et qui pourrait influencer leur dynamique de croissance.En résumé, la modélisation métabolique à l’échelle du génome des cultures starter proposées pour la fermentation du cacao a permis le développement d’outils in silico qui peuvent être utilisés pour mieux comprendre le métabolisme global de ces souches.
Het cacaoboonfermentatieproces is een essentieel maar spontaan proces dat nodig is om de noodzakelijke grondstof, met name de gefermenteerde cacaobonen, voor de productie van cacao-afgeleide producten, waaronder chocolade, te bekomen. Succesvolle cacaoboonfermentatieprocessen worden typisch gedomineerd door drie microbiële groepen, met name gisten, melkzuurbacteriën en azijnzuurbacteriën. Om meer controle te verkrijgen over het fermentatieproces is het gebruik van functionele starterculturen aangewezen. In vorige studies werd reeds een reeks kandidaat-functionele starterculturen voorgesteld. Voor de melkzuurbacteriën zijn dit Lactobacillus fermentum 222 en Lactobacillus plantarum 80 en voor de azijnzuurbacteriën zijn dit Acetobacter pasteurianus 386B, Acetobacter ghanensis LMG 23848T en Acetobacter senegalensis 108B. Het metabolisme van bacteriën bepaalt in grote mate hun fysiologie, en dit wordt recent onderzocht door middel van computationele modellen. Het ontwikkelen en analyseren van zulke modellen voor de voorgestelde kandidaat-functionele starterculturen vormde het onderwerp van deze doctoraatsthesis.De computationele modellen waarvan sprake waren genoomwijde metabole modellen (GEMs), dewelke het repertoire aan metabole enzymen en de biochemische reacties die zij katalyseren in de bacteriële cellen omvat. De reconstructie van het metabole netwerk op genoomschaal vraagt om een gecombineerde aanpak van hoge-kwaliteit genoomherannotatie, comparatieve genomica en experimentele validatie. De GEMs werden gebruikt om reeds gepubliceerde experimentele data onder cacaofermentatiecondities te contextualiseren en nieuwe inzichten te verkrijgen in de metabole karakteristieken van de kandidaat-functionele starterculturen. Door middel van simulaties met het A. pasteurianus 386B GEM kon de metabole rol van melkzuur en ethanol, en de energetische karakteristieken van de aerobe respiratieketen van deze stam aangetoond worden, alsook de mogelijke metabole functie van een NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase. Het modelleren van de microbiële dynamica van A. ghanensis LMG 23848T onder cacaofermentatiecondities wees op een alternatieve strategie voor de tweevoudige groei van deze stam ten opzichte van de tweevoudige groei van A. pasteurianus 386B onder dezelfde condities, en dit omwille van een verschil in melkzuurconsumptiesnelheid en pyruvaatsecretie. Voor A. senegalensis 108B werd aangetoond dat deze stam, naast melkzuur, ook op citroenzuur als enige koolstofbron kon groeien. De afwezigheid van de glyoxylaatcyclus, voorspeld op basis van het genoom, bij A. senegalensis 108B is in tegenstelling tot de soortbeschrijving, dewelke stipuleert dat deze azijnzuurbacteriesoort in staat is tot groei op ethanol als enige koolstofbron. Voor L. fermentum 222 en L. plantarum 80 leidde de ontwikkeling van GEMs tot nieuwe inzichten in de mogelijke metabole fluxverdelingen, voornamelijk ten aanzien van substraatverbruik. Het modelleren van de microbiële dynamica wees ook op een tekortkoming aan huidige kennis over deze stammen, bijvoorbeeld met betrekking tot het gebruik van ongedefinieerde substraten in een rijk groeimedium.Samenvattend werden door middel van de ontwikkelde GEMs van de kandidaat-functionele starterculturen voor cacaoboonfermentatieprocessen nieuwe inzichten verkregen in hun metabolisme en dit op systeemniveau.
Doctorat en Sciences
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7

Guzman, Penella Santiago. "Development of Fine and Distinctive Cocoa Flavors from Trinitario and CCN-51 Beans, Following Specific Fermentation Techniques and Processing Conditions." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UMONG018.

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La demande croissante pour des chocolats de qualité supérieure a généré un besoin de diversification des arômes dans les gammes de chocolats proposées par les producteurs. La qualité du chocolat découle fortement du potentiel aromatique du cacao, qui est le résultat des réactions biochimiques qui ont lieu pendant la culture, la récolte, le traitement post-récolte et la transformation des fèves de cacao. Les composés volatils et non volatils du cacao contribuent à la perception sensorielle finale du chocolat. Au cours de la transformation, les arômes caractéristiques du chocolat se développent principalement pendant la fermentation, le séchage, la torréfaction et, dans une moindre mesure, le conchage. Bien que la fermentation du cacao ait un impact important sur sa qualité, et qu'elle soit étudiée depuis plusieurs décennies, il s'agit toujours d'un processus empirique et non maîtrisé. Les conditions de torréfaction et de conchage ont également un impact significatif sur la transformation des précurseurs d'arômes obtenus au cours de la fermentation, principalement en raison des réactions de Maillard qui ont lieu au cours de ces étapes. Dans un objectif de compréhension des mécanismes de formation de la qualité aromatique et sensorielle du chocolat, des essais de fermentation, de torréfaction et de conchage, tous dans des conditions spécifiques, ont été réalisés. Les caractéristiques, chimiques et sensorielles des fèves de cacao, tout au long de leur transformation en chocolat, ont ensuite été étudiées. Une attention particulière a été portée sur l'impact de la fermentation sur le développement des composés aromatiques et de leurs précurseurs. L'étude de l'utilisation de starters levuriens pour les fermentations s'est révélée particulièrement intéressante. Elle a permis de caractériser son impact et celui du temps de fermentation sur les différences observées dans la taxonomie microbienne, fongique et bactérienne, dans la masse en fermentation. En effet, la composition du microbiote peut influencer considérablement la composition volatile et non volatile des fèves, ce qui se traduit par des différences dans les profils aromatiques perçus au cours de l'analyse sensorielle des liqueurs et des chocolats obtenus. Enfin, des modèles prédictifs ont été développés afin de prédire les arômes des produits du cacao sur la base de leur composition chimique, en tenant compte des conditions de traitement auxquelles ont été soumises les fèves. Globalement, l'étude vise à mieux comprendre la formation des arômes dans le cacao et fournit des outils importants pour la production de chocolats capables de présenter des notes sensorielles fines, uniques et très recherchées, afin de mieux répondre à la demande croissante des consommateurs
The increasing demand for high-quality chocolate creates the need to diversify the range of flavors offered by chocolate producers. Cocoa quality derives strongly from its flavor, which may in itself be seen as the result of the biochemical reactions that take place during the cultivation, harvest and post-harvest processing of the cocoa beans. Both, volatile and non-volatile compounds contribute to the final flavor perception of cocoa. During processing, the characteristic flavors of chocolate are developed mainly during fermentation, drying, roasting and, to a lower extent, conching. Although cocoa fermentation has an important impact on the homogeneity of cocoa quality and has been studied for several decades, it is still an empirical and not mastered process. Roasting and conching conditions also have a significant impact on the subsequent transformation of the flavor precursors obtained during fermentation, mainly driven by the non-enzymatic Maillard reactions that take place during these steps. By carrying out fermenting, roasting and conching trials, all under specific conditions, and by later proceeding to the analysis of the physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of cocoa beans throughout their transformation all the way into chocolate, it is hoped to better understand the mechanism of aroma formation and its link with flavor perception. In this study, an important focus has been placed on the impact of fermentation on the development of aroma compounds and their precursors. The use of yeast starter cultures during fermentation has been of special interest in this study, as well as their impact and that of fermentation time on the compositional differences in the taxonomy of fungal and bacterial microbiota present in the fermentation mass throughout the entire process. This, because the microbial composition has the potential of greatly influencing the resulting volatile and non-volatile composition of the beans, which translates into differences in the perceived flavor profiles of the liquors and chocolates obtained thereof. Lastly, predictive models have been developed in an attempt predict the flavor of the cocoa products based on their chemical composition, taking into account the processing conditions to which they had been submitted. Globally, the study aims to gain a deeper understanding of flavor formation in cocoa and provides important tools for the production of chocolates capable of displaying unique and highly sought-after flavors in an attempt to better meet the increasing demand for fine flavor cocoa and chocolate products
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8

Kouamé, Christelle. "Modélisation de la fermentation de la pulpe du cacao." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NSAM0013.

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La fermentation du cacao qui conditionne la qualité aromatique du chocolat, commence par une étape de fermentation alcoolique suivie d’une fermentation acétique, conduites par des souches sauvages de levures et de bactéries acétiques. Réalisée localement à petite échelle, en absence de tout contrôle, elle conduit à des produits finaux de qualité variable, allant du meilleur au pire. Le travail présenté ici fait partie d’un projet qui vise à maitriser la qualité aromatique du chocolat par l’utilisation d’un starter microbien associée à un mode de conduite de la fermentation. Un objectif spécifique est le développement d’un modèle de la fermentation du cacao pour disposer d’un outil permettant le choix d‘un starter et des conditions de sa mise en œuvre. La stratégie de modélisation utilisée est modulaire, pas à pas, avec le souci de construire un modèle simple capable de décrire l’essentiel des processus et des réactions qui occurrent lors de la fermentation. La première étape a été la sélection de deux souches de levures L35 (S. cerevisiae) et L36 (P. kudriavzevii) et d’une souche de bactérie acétique B17 (A. ghanensis) lors de fermentations industrielles ayant conduit à du chocolat de bonne qualité aromatique. Le modèle de la fermentation alcoolique a été développé en utilisant une souche sélectionnée LM (S. cerevisiae) puis a été adapté pour les souches L35 et L36. Le modèle de la fermentation acétique a été développé en utilisant la souche B17. Le modèle global résulte de l’intégration de ces deux sous modèles et d’un modèle permettant de décrire l’élévation de la température des fèves du fait de la production de chaleur lors de la fermentation. Le modèle global permet de décrire assez bien l’ensemble des phénomènes ayant lieu lors de fermentation du cacao : évolution des populations microbiennes, de la consommation/production de glucose, éthanol et acide acétique, et l’évolution de la température, en fonction des conditions initiales (température, concentration en sucres de la pulpe de cacao et niveau d’inoculation du starter). Les résultats de simulations ont permis d’identifier les phénomènes et paramètres clé pour le bon déroulement de la fermentation du cacao. Concernant la fermentation alcoolique, le modèle montre qu’elle est rapide, soit une journée, qu’elle s’achève généralement par l’épuisement des sucres et que la réussite de l’inoculation nécessitera de maitriser la qualité microbiologique de la pulpe de cacao qui dépend du délai entre l’écabossage et l’inoculation. La fermentation acétique avec la souche B17 est conditionnée par la température initiale et l’évolution de la concentration en éthanol qui peut paradoxalement ralentir le démarrage de cette fermentation
The fermentation of cocoa, which drives the aromatic quality of chocolate, begins with an alcoholic fermentation stage followed by an acetic fermentation, conducted by wild strains of yeasts and acetic bacteria. Realized locally on a small scale, in the absence of any control, it leads to products of variable quality, ranging from the best to the worst. The work presented here is part of a project aimed to control the aromatic quality of chocolate using a microbial starter in controlled conditions of fermentation. A specific objective is the development of a model of cocoa fermentation to have a tool allowing the choice of a starter and the conditions of its implementation. The used modeling strategy is modular, step by step, with the aim of building a simple model able of describing the major processes and reactions that occur during fermentation. The first step was the selection of two strains of yeasts, L35 (S. cerevisiae) and L36 (P. kudriavzevii), and a strain of acetic bacteria, B17 (A. ghanensis), during industrial fermentations that led to chocolate of good aromatic quality. The model of alcoholic fermentation was developed using a selected strain LM (S. cerevisiae) and was adapted for strains L35 and L36. The model of acetic fermentation was developed using the B17 strain. The overall model results from the integration of these two sub-models and a model that describes the rise in temperature of the beans due to the production of heat during fermentation. The global model makes it possible to describe quite well all the phenomena that occur during cocoa fermentation: evolution of microbial populations, consumption / production of glucose, ethanol and acetic acid, and the evolution of temperature, depending on initial conditions (temperature, sugar concentration of the cocoa pulp and level of inoculation of the starter). The results of simulations made it possible to identify the key phenomena and parameters for the smooth running of cocoa fermentation. Regarding the yeast fermentation, the model shows that it is fast, one day is sufficient, and usually ends with the exhaustion of sugars and that the success of the inoculation will require control the microbiological quality of cocoa pulp conditioned by the delay between pods opening and the inoculation. The acetic fermentation with B17 strain is conditioned by the initial temperature and the evolution of the ethanol concentration, which can paradoxically slow down the start of this fermentation
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9

Alvarez, Jonatan Peregrino. "Aroma-producing yeasts associated with cocoa beans fermentation: starter culture selection for flavor modulation of chocolate." Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11612/1046.

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Chocolate is one of the most important products for the food industry, being of economic interest all over the world. The cocoa quality depends directly on the post-harvest processing, being the cocoa-pulp fermentation a crucial step for chocolate quality development. The aim of this work was to study the diversity of aroma-producing yeasts associated with cocoa beans fermentation and to select suitable yeast starter culture to cocoa flavor modulation. A total of 39 cocoa-derived yeast isolates were screened for their capacity to produce volatile aroma compounds in a cocoa pulp simulation medium. The seven highest aroma-producing yeasts were identified by ITS-rRNA gene sequencing as belonging to Pichia kudriavzevii, in spite of exhibiting different metabolic profiles. A computer-assisted analysis of rep-PCR genomic fingerprints of Pichia kudriavzevii strains clearly differentiated the upper aroma-forming yeast strains (G1 group; P. kudriavzevii LPB06 and P. kudriavzevii LPB07) from the other strains (G2 group). This demonstrates the potential of rep-PCR technique as a promising genotypic tool for rapid and reliable speciation of aromatic yeast strains. In the second stage of this study, two strains with superior aroma production, namely P. kudriavzevii LPB06 and P. kudriavzevii LPB07, were used in cocoa beans fermentation at laboratory scale. They were able to establish an accelerated fermentation process with efficient yeast growth, sugars consumption and ethanol formation compared to the spontaneous process. The resulting cocoa beans were analyzed by diverse chemical analysis methods, including SPME-GC/MS, FTIR spectroscopy and metal and colorimetric analysis. All together, the results indicated that inoculated fermentations generated cocoa beans with better color development and richer aroma composition, suggesting that cocoa-associated yeast diversity at strain level can be exploited for flavor modulation of cocoa beans.
Atualmente, o chocolate é um dos produtos mais importantes para a indústria de alimentos, sendo de interesse econômico em todo o mundo. A qualidade do cacau depende diretamente do processamento pós-colheita, sendo a fermentação da polpa um passo crucial para o desenvolvimento da qualidade do chocolate. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a diversidade de leveduras aromáticas associadas à fermentação de cacau e selecionar uma cultura iniciadora com potencial para modular o flavor de chocolate. Um total de 39 leveduras foram isoladas e caracterizadas quanto à formação de compostos aromáticos. As sete melhores produtoras foram identificadas através do sequenciamento do gene ITS-rRNA como Pichia kudriavzevii, apesar de apresentarem diferentes perfis metabólicos. Análise de impressões digitais (fingerprints) dos isolados pela técnica de rep-PCR claramente distinguiu as cepas com maior produção de compostos aromáticos, demonstrando o potencial desta técnica como uma ferramenta para rápida e confiável seleção de leveduras. Na segunda etapa deste estudo, duas cepas com superior formação de aroma (P. kudriavzevii LPB06 e P. kudriavzevii LPB07) foram testadas como culturas iniciadoras para fermentações de cacau em escala laboratorial. Estas duas cepas foram capazes de estabelecer um acelerado processo fermentativo, com eficiente consumo de açúcares e formação de etanol, em comparação ao método natural. As amêndoas de cacau resultantes destes processos foram analisadas por diferentes métodos químicos, incluindo SPME-GC/MS, espectroscopia FTIR e análises de metal e calorimetria. Os resultados indicaram que as fermentações inoculadas desenvolveram amêndoas de cacau com melhor cor e composição de aroma, sugerindo que a diversidade de levedura em fermentações de cacau pode ser explorada para a modulação do flavor de chocolate.
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Oliveira, Marcos Pinto Monteiro de. "Seleção de leveduras pectinolíticas para melhoria da fermentação do cacau." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11138/tde-04052015-101101/.

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As principais matérias-primas do chocolate, obtidas a partir das sementes secas do fruto do cacaueiro (Theobroma cacao), são a manteiga e o líquor de cacau. Para se obter matérias-primas de alta qualidade é necessário que o processo que antecede a industrialização, no caso a fermentação, seja padronizado para que sejam formados nas sementes os precursores de aroma, sabor e cor característica do chocolate. No interior do fruto do cacaueiro são encontradas as sementes envoltas por uma mucilagem composta por: água, pectina, sacarose, glicose, frutose, proteínas, ácidos e sais. O processo fermentativo do cacau ocorre sem qualquer tipo de inóculo ou padronização. Devido a este fato, os padrões de qualidade das sementes obtidas são as mais adversas e muitas vezes a presença de compostos interferentes e não desejáveis são formados ao longo desse caminho. Visando a otimização do processo fermentativo este trabalho teve por objetivo selecionar leveduras de ocorrência espontânea presentes na fermentação do cacau, reinoculá-las no processo natural in locu e comparar com o processo de ocorrência espontânea, avaliando assim o potencial do coquetel de leveduras a ser utilizado futuramente para padronizar o processo. Para tanto, foram isoladas 367 linhagens de leveduras de ocorrência espontânea em duas fazendas no sul da Bahia. As linhagens passaram por uma seleção onde foi implementado um programa de seleção composto por três ensaios: ensaio de crescimento em pectina; análise de Açúcar Redutor Total livre (ART); e avaliação de atividade enzimática. Foi possível selecionar três linhagens de leveduras promissoras com potencial pectinolítico as quais foram testadas in locu no município de Itabuna-BA. O processo de isolamento, seleção e reintrodução das linhagens selecionadas no processo fermentativo do cacau se mostrou uma prática altamente eficaz. Os resultados obtidos com a inoculação inicial de leveduras selecionadas, antecipou os eventos como produção de etanol, ácido acético, drenagem do mel e elevação da temperatura em 24 horas em relação ao controle.
The fundamental raw material to produce chocolate, obtained from dried seeds of cocoa fruit (Theobroma cacao), are butter and cocoa liquor. In order to obtain high quality of raw materials, it is necessary standardize the procedure before industrialization, known as fermentation, so that the aroma, taste and color precursors of chocolate must be formed in the seeds. Inside the fruits exists a white mucilaginous pulp, which covers the beans, it contains water, pectin, sucrose, glucose, fructose, proteins, acids and salts. The fermentation of cocoa seeds occurs in wooden boxes or piles on the ground without any control or standardization. Due to this fact, the quality of the seeds are the most adverse, the presence are often of interfering compounds and undesirable products could be formed along the way. To optimize the fermentation process this study aimed to select pectinolytic yeasts of spontaneous occurrence from cocoa fermentation, re-inoculate them in the natural process and compare with the spontaneously occurring process. Consequently evaluate the yeast cocktail potential as a standard inoculum. Therefore, we isolated 367 yeast strains from spontaneous cocoa fermentation in two different farms in southern Bahia - Brazil. The strains were analyze to a selection-screening program, which consists of three tests: ability to grow in pectin medium; Total free Reducing Sugar Analysis (ARTL); and evaluation of enzyme activity. It was possible to select three yeast strains with promising pectinolitic potential. Those strains were tested in locu in Itabuna-BA, Brazil. The results of that program, selection and re-introduction in the fermentation process proved to be a highly effective practice. The results obtained with the initial inoculation of selected yeasts, could anticipate the fermentation events in 24 hours, such as the production of ethanol, acetic acid, sweating drainage and temperature rise when compared with the control.
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Books on the topic "Cocoa fermentation"

1

Takrama, Jemmy. Science of Cocoa Fermentation - a Practical Guide. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2018.

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Fleet, Graham H., and Rosane F. Schwan. Cocoa and Coffee Fermentations. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.

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Cocoa And Coffee Fermentations. CRC Press, 2013.

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Fleet, Graham H., and Rosane F. Schwan. Cocoa and Coffee Fermentations. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.

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Fleet, Graham H., and Rosane F. Schwan. Cocoa and Coffee Fermentations. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.

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Bamforth, Charles W., and Robert E. Ward, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Food Fermentations. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199742707.001.0001.

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This handbook showcases a variety of food fermentations ranging from beer and wine to cider, whisky, rum, vinegar, bread, cocoa, tea, and coffee. With authoritative accounts from many experts, it also features a diversity of fermentation products such as dairy products, vegetables, fermented meats and fishery products, and Asian foods. Fermentations for producing flavors and other components for use in foods are discussed as well. Finally, the book describes the use of micro-organisms to produce microbial biomass protein (MBP).
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Book chapters on the topic "Cocoa fermentation"

1

Lopez, Alex S., and Paul S. Dimick. "Cocoa Fermentation." In Biotechnology, 561–77. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527620920.ch14.

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Mahunu, Gustav Komla, Newlove Akowuah Afoakwah, Abdalbasit Adam Mariod, Abdul Rashid Hudu, and Haroon Elrasheid Tahir. "Fermentation of Cocoa Bean." In African Fermented Food Products- New Trends, 473–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82902-5_31.

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Nielsen, Dennis S., Michael Crafack, Lene Jespersen, and Mogens Jakobsen. "The Microbiology of Cocoa Fermentation." In Chocolate in Health and Nutrition, 39–60. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-803-0_4.

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Arunga, R. O. "Lactic Acid Bacteria in Coffee and Cocoa Fermentation." In The Lactic Acid Bacteria Volume 1, 409–29. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3522-5_16.

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Aubain, Yro, N’Zi Édié Camille, and Kpalma Kidiyo. "Machine Vision-Based Cocoa Beans Fermentation Degree Assessment." In Advances in Smart Technologies Applications and Case Studies, 144–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53187-4_17.

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Hamdouche, Yasmine, Corinne Teyssier, and Didier Montet. "Impact of Acetic Acid Bacteria on Cocoa Fermentation." In Acetic Acid Bacteria, 288–98. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, [2016] | Series: Food biology series | “A science publishers book.”: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315153490-13.

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De Vuyst, Luc, and Stefan Weckx. "The Functional Role of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Cocoa Bean Fermentation." In Biotechnology of Lactic Acid Bacteria, 248–78. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118868386.ch16.

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Quito, Ana, Sara Salas, Pablo Parra, and Kevin Cedeño. "Physical-Chemical Characterization of Cocoa Oil Subjected to an Accelerated Fermentation Process." In Systems, Smart Technologies and Innovation for Society, 60–70. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51982-6_6.

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Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Olugbemi Tope Olaniyan, Florence U. Masajuwa, Saher Islam, Devarajan Thangadurai, Olusola Olawale Olaleye, Daniel Ingo Hefft, Wadazani Palnam Dauda, and Benjamin Ewa Ubi. "Nutritional and Health Benefits of Nutraceutical Beverages Derived from Cocoa and Other Caffeine Products." In Fermentation and Algal Biotechnologies for the Food, Beverage and Other Bioproduct Industries, 105–18. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003178378-6.

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Hartuti, Sri, Joko Nugroho Wahyu Karyadi, and Nursigit Bintoro. "Effect of Aeration on Temperature and Index Fermentation of Cocoa Beans Using a Fermentor Packed Bed." In Proceeding of the 1st International Conference on Tropical Agriculture, 639–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60363-6_64.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cocoa fermentation"

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Veira, Jesus, Esteban Cuaycuan, and Nohora Espana. "Automatic fermentation and drying cocoa process." In 2019 IEEE 4th Colombian Conference on Automatic Control (CCAC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccac.2019.8921378.

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Kresnowati, M. T. A. P., Agus Yodi Gunawan, and Winny Muliyadini. "Kinetics model development of cocoa bean fermentation." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CHEMICAL AND MATERIAL ENGINEERING (ICCME) 2015: Green Technology for Sustainable Chemical Products and Processes. AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4938289.

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Parra, Pablo, Odalys Castillo, and Paul Maldonado. "Alternative Method for the Fermentation of Cocoa Beans." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Automation/XXIII Congress of the Chilean Association of Automatic Control (ICA-ACCA). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ica-acca.2018.8609760.

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Ruiz Reyes, Jessica, Juan Soto Bohorquez, and William Ipanaque Alama. "Hyperspectral Analysis Based Anthocyanin Index (ARI2) during Cocoa Bean Fermentation Process." In 2015 Asia-Pacific Conference on Computer-Aided System Engineering (APCASE). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apcase.2015.37.

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Ganda-Putra, G. P., Ni Made Wartini, and Luh Putu Trisna Darmayanti. "Characteristics of cocoa vinegar from pulp liquids fermentation by various methods." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOSCIENCES AND MEDICAL ENGINEERING (ICBME2019): Towards innovative research and cross-disciplinary collaborations. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5125542.

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"Quantification of fermentation levels in cocoa beans using FT-NIR spectroscopy." In 2016 ASABE International Meeting. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20162461813.

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Parra, Pablo, Teddy Negrete, Jorge Llaguno, and Nino Vega. "Computer Vision Methods in the Process of Fermentation of the Cocoa Bean." In 2018 IEEE Third Ecuador Technical Chapters Meeting (ETCM). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/etcm.2018.8580345.

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Ochoa, Daniel, Ronald Criollo, Wenzhi Liao, Juan Cevallos-Cevallos, Rodrigo Castro, and Oswaldo Bayona. "Improving the detection of cocoa bean fermentation-related changes using image fusion." In SPIE Defense + Security, edited by Miguel Velez-Reyes and David W. Messinger. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2262827.

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Yakin, Engkus, and Ahimsa Sariri. "Effect Of Aspergilllus Niger to Nutrient Content on Cocoa Pod (Theobroma Cacao) Fermentation." In International Conference on Applied Science and Engineering (ICASE 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icase-18.2018.25.

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Castillo, Jose, Ivan Belupu, and William Ipanaque. "Implementation of a stainless steel prototype to improve the fermentation of cocoa beans." In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Automation/XXIV Congress of the Chilean Association of Automatic Control (ICA-ACCA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaacca51523.2021.9465312.

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Reports on the topic "Cocoa fermentation"

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Santos, Taís Letícia de Oliveira, Isabela Portelinha Tonin, and Priscilla Efraim. Cocoa Fermentation Systems and Their Influence on Process Efficiency and the Quality of Its Derivatives: A Systematic Review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.7.0055.

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