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Lesmana, Andrik, Ning Iriyanti, and Titin Widiyastuti. "KADAR NDF DAN ADF KULIT BUAH KAKAO YANG DIFERMENTASI SECARA BERTINGKAT MENGGUNAKAN Trichoderma viride DAN Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NDF and ADF Levels of Cocoa Pod Husk Gradually Fermented Using Trichoderma viride and Saccharomyces cerevisiae)." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Peternakan 8, no. 2 (2020): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jitp.v8i2.6825.
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The research aimed to examine the effect of gradual fermentation using Trichoderma viride and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its most optimal level of use on lowering NDF and ADF levels of cocoa pod husks. The experiment was conducted experimentally according to a completely randomized design (CRD) consisted of four treatments and five replications. The treatments were R0: cocoa pod husks without fermentation, R1: cocoa pod husk fermentation (T. viride 4% and S. cerevisiae 4%), R2: cocoa pod husk fermentation (T. viride 8% and S. cerevisiae 8%), R3: cocoa pod husk fermentation (T. viride 12% and S. cerevisiae 12%). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the orthogonal polynomial test. The results showed that the gradual fermentation using T. viride and S. cerevisiae was highly significant in reducing levels of NDF and ADF of cocoa pod husks, following the equation Y = 78.926 – 0.087X – 0.092 X2 + 0.007 X3, (R2) = 93.4% and Y = 75.274 – 5.698X + 1.277 X2 – 0.073 X3, (R2) = 99.5%, respectively. In conclusion, the optimal level of using T. viride and S. cerevisiae in lowering the levels of NDF of cocoa pod husk was 9.21%, which can reduce the NDF level as much as 3.98%, while the optimal level of using T. viride and S. cerevisiae in lowering the levels of NDF of cocoa pod husks was 3.01%, which can decrease the ADF level as much as 10.01%.
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Cahyati, Neni, Eko Heri Purwanto, and Selly Harnesa Putri. "Pemanfaatan kulit buah kakao pada proses alkalisasi biji kakao serta pengaruhnya terhadap mutu kakao bubuk." Agrointek : Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian 18, no. 4 (2024): 777–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/agrointek.v18i4.15746.
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The problem facing the industry of cocoa powder in Indonesia is that cocoa powder on the market has a high fat content, high acidity, a color quality that is not comparable with imported cocoa products, and a variety of flavors and aromas. Alkalization is a method that can handle these problems. Alkalization is a process to improve the quality and appearance of cocoa powder. Alkalization is carried out by adding potassium, magnesium, and others to cocoa. High potassium content can be found in cocoa pod husks. Cocoa pod husks are the main by-product from the cocoa industry, constituting 67 – 76% of the cocoa fruit weight. Cocoa pod husk contains potassium, fiber, and antioxidants that function as biomaterials for food and non-food products. The aims of the study were to determine and evaluate the quality of cocoa powder with the effect of alkalization treatments using cocoa pod husks. The study was carried out at The Indonesian Industrial and Beverage Crops Research Institute, Sukabumi, West Java, from January to June 2022. This study was designed in a factorial completely randomized design. The first factor was the alkaline material, which consisted of two levels (cocoa pod husk and baking soda). The second factor was the concentration, which consisted of 3 levels (1%, 2%, and 3%). The variables observed were the L*, a*, b*, moisture content, ash content, fineness, pH, fat content, protein, antioxidant activity, and organoleptic properties. The results showed that the alkalization process with alkaline material from cocoa pod husk and a concentration of 2% is the best quality characteristic of cocoa powder in accordance with SNI 01-3747-2013.
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Arise, Rotimi, Samuel Tobi Farohunbi, and Halimat Olanike Ayilara. "Blood Pressure Regulating and Antioxidant Potentials of Theobroma Cacao Pod Husk Protein Hydrolysates." Avicenna Journal of Medical Biochemistry 9, no. 1 (2021): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ajmb.2021.05.
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Background: Agrowastes like Theobroma cacao (Cocoa) pod husk can be used to prepare bioactive peptides with various bio-functionalities. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate antioxidant and angiotensin converting enzyme I (ACE) inhibitory peptides contained in Theobroma cacao (cocoa) pod husks – an agro-waste. Methods: Protein isolated from cocoa pod husk was enzymatically digested with alcalase, pepsin, and trypsin. ACE inhibition, kinetics of ACE inhibition, and antioxidant properties of the cocoa pod husks hydrolysates were evaluated in vitro. Results: Trypsin and alcalase hydrolysates displayed higher peptide yields (63.1% and 61.2%) than pepsin hydrolysate (61.2%). However, no significant difference (P>0.05) was observed in the degree of hydrolysis (DH) of the three proteases on cocoa pod husk protein. Methionine, lysine, and cysteine were the amino acid residues presented in cocoa pod husk hydrolysates. A concentration-dependent ACE inhibition by cocoa pod husk hydrolysates was observed. The highest ACE inhibitions of 84.4%, 81.5%, and 73.5% were obtained at 2.0 mg/mL of pepsin, trypsin, and alcalase hydrolysates, respectively, with the minimum IC50 value of 0.36 mg/mL obtained for trypsin hydrolysate. An uncompetitive and mixed-type inhibition was obtained from double reciprocal plots of alcalase and pepsin as well as trypsin cocoa pod husk protein hydrolysates. The Ki values of ACE inhibition for pepsin, trypsin, and alcalase hydrolysates were 3.05, 2.19, and 3.57 mg/mL, respectively. A concentration-dependent increase in the scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and superoxide radicals as well as ferric reducing antioxidant power were recorded for the cocoa pod husk hydrolysates. Conclusion: Trypsin and alcalase cocoa pod husk protein hydrolysates could be an effective source of a natural ACE inhibitor and antioxidant.
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Hougni, D. G. J. M., A. G. T. Schut, L. S. Woittiez, B. Vanlauwe, and K. E. Giller. "How nutrient rich are decaying cocoa pod husks? The kinetics of nutrient leaching." Plant and Soil 463, no. 1-2 (2021): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-04885-1.
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Abstract Aim Recycling of cocoa pod husks has potential to contribute to mineral nutrition of cocoa. Yet little is known of the nutrient content and nutrient release patterns from the husks. The potassium (K) rich husks are usually left in heaps in cocoa plantations in Africa. We aimed to understand and quantify release patterns of K and other nutrients from husks under varying rainfall regimes and assessed the effects of partial decomposition and inundation on nutrient leaching rates. Methods We incubated chunks of cocoa pod husks to assess decomposition rates and we measured nutrient leaching rates from two sets of husk chunks: one set was placed in tubes that were submitted to simulated scheduled rainfall events while the second set was continuously inundated in beakers. Results Decomposition of husks followed a second-order exponential curve (k: 0.09 day−1; ageing constant: 0.43). Nutrient losses recorded within 25 days were larger and more variable for K (33%) than for other macronutrients released in this order: Mg > Ca ≈ P > N (less than 15%). Potassium leaching was mainly driven by rainfall frequency (P < 0.05) and reinforced by intense rainfall, especially at lower frequency. Under water-saturated conditions, 11% of K was leached out within 48 h from fresh husks compared with 92% from partially decayed husks. Conclusion Some initial decomposition of cocoa pod husks is required to expose K to intense leaching. As decomposition progresses, abundant K losses are to be expected under frequent and/or intense rainfall events.
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Adeyanju, Anthony Ademola. "Comparisons of Cocoa Pod Husks and other Biomass Wastes for Syngas Production." E3S Web of Conferences 336 (2022): 00037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202233600037.
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In this study, the characteristics of sawdust, switch grass, cocoa pod husks, and bagasse were investigated and compared, as well as the effects of blended nickel and silicon dioxide catalysts on syngas production by gasification utilising a fluidised bed reactor. Because of their high volatile matter and cellulose content as well as low moisture content, sawdust, switch grass, cocoa pod husks, and bagasse were found to be appropriate for generating syngas. Experimental analysis was conducted on the sawdust, switch grass, cocoa pod husks and bagasse samples with and without catalyst. The grains in the samples were comparable in size, ranging from 2mm to 6mm. The catalysts were revealed to have a distinct influence on the gasification process. The efficiency of the processes improves with catalysts, while the generation of CO, CO2, HC, and NO decreases. Cocoa pod husks produced the highest HC value of 7928 ppm without catalysts while bagasse produced 1679 ppm that is the lowest HC value.
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Nelson, Nii, Jo Darkwa, John Calautit, et al. "Potential of Bioenergy in Rural Ghana." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (2021): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010381.
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Crop residues are common in rural Ghana due to the predominant role agriculture plays in livelihood activities in these communities. In this paper we investigate the prospects of exploiting agricultural crop residues for rural development in Ghana through bioenergy schemes. A theoretical energy potential of 623.84 PJ per year, which is equivalent to 19,781 MW was estimated using crop production data from the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations and residue-to-product ratios. Ghana has a total installed generation capacity of 4577 MW which is four times less the energy potential of crop residues in the country. Cocoa pod husks were identified as important biomass resources for energy generation as they are currently wasted. To further assess the energy potential of cocoa pod husks, different cocoa pod husks samples were collected across the six cocoa growing regions in Ghana and thermo-chemically characterised using proximate and ultimate analysis. The low levels of nitrogen and sulphur observed, together with the high heating value, suggest that cocoa pod husks and for that matter crop residues are eco-friendly feedstock that can be used to power rural communities in Ghana.
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Jerome Undiandeye, Joseph Nwabanne, Silas Kiman, and Haruna Mavakumba Kefas. "OPTIMIZATION AND KINETIC STUDY OF THE HYDROTHERMAL PRETREATMENT OF COCOA POD HUSKS AND UNRIPE PLANTAIN PEELS." JOURNAL OF THE NIGERIAN SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS 37, no. 3 (2022): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.51975/22370304.som.
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Cocoa pod husks and unripe plantain peels are mass flows that are hugely available in Nigeria without any known industrial application. This study involves the kinetic analysis of the decomposition of hemicellulose into xylose and furfural during the hydrothermal pretreatment of cocoa pod husks and unripe plantain peels within a temperature, time, and solid concentration range of 110 - 140 °C, 5 - 10 minutes and 60 – 100 g/dm3 respectively. The experimentally obtained kinetic constants determined the optimal time for the desired product's (xylose) maximum yield. At the process temperature of 110, 125 and 140 °C, the optimal times were 332, 140 and 79 minutes respectively for the cocoa pod husks, and 210, 117 and 29 minutes respectively for unripe plantain peels. The kinetic models developed from the Response Surface Methodology show that the formation of xylose and furfural from cocoa pod husks and unripe plantain peels depends only on the process temperature and time but not on the concentration of biomass in the reactor. Keywords: lignocellulosic biomass; severity factor; response surface methodology
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Budaraga, I. K., and D. P. Putra. "Study of liquid smoke toxicity cocoa shell with different purification methods." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1306, no. 1 (2024): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1306/1/012003.
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Abstract Cocoa shell is an underutilized agricultural trash. Cocoa shells can be used to make liquid smoke and cocoa charcoal as basic materials. The charcoal made from cocoa pod husks can be used as a dye adsorbent. The study will look at the effects of different purification and filtering procedures on the toxicity of liquid smoke from cocoa husks in order to determine which purification process is best for making liquid smoke from cocoa husks that is not harmful. The results demonstrated that several procedures for purifying and filtering liquid smoke from cocoa peels were non-toxic. Cocoa shell is an underutilized waste from plantations. Cocoa shells can be used as raw materials in the manufacture of liquid smoke and cocoa charcoal. The burning of cocoa pod husks charcoal can be used as a dye adsorbent. The research intends to observe the different purification and filtering methods on the liquid smoke toxicity from cocoa husks to find out which purification method is more appropriate for liquid smoke from cocoa husks so that it is not toxic. The results showed that the purification and filtering of liquid smoke from cocoa peels using various methods were non-toxic. The best approach with the highest LD50 value is zeolite purification, which has an LD50 value of 3019.95 ppm. The activated charcoal technique, activated charcoal + zeolite method, and distillation method were then used, with LD50 values of 2,951.21 ppm, 2,398.83 ppm, and 1,412.54 ppm, respectively.
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Loppies, Justus Elisa. "KARAKTERISTIK ARANG KULIT BUAH KAKAO YANG DIHASILKAN DARI BERBAGAI KONDISI PIROLISIS." Jurnal Industri Hasil Perkebunan 11, no. 2 (2016): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33104/jihp.v11i2.3417.
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characteristics are determined by main components of the constituent materials, techniques, and pyrolysisconditions. This study aims to determine the characteristics of cocoa pod husk charcoal. The method usedto produce charcoal is carbonization (pyrolysis) process on various conditions. The observed parameterswere temperature and duration of pyrolysis process which is adjusted to obtain charcoal’s maximumquality. Determining parameters of charcoal’s characteristics is caloric value, fixed carbon, volatile, watercontent, and ash. The research shows that to obtain high quality charcoal, 4 – 5 kg cocoa pod husk isprocessed in 350oC during 2 hours. The charcoal’s quality and characteristics processed in 350oC gainoptimum caloric value 6,500 – 7,600 kcal/kg, total carbon 42.57 – 45.53%, volatile matter 30.14 – 32.98%,ash content 16.21 – 16.22%, and water content 6.25 – 8.44%.Keywords: charcoal, characteristics, cocoa pod husks, pyrolysis
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Umi, Nafisah, Sinung Adi Nugroho Praptanti, and Setyorini Wahyu. "Liquid Soap Formulation from Cocoa Pod Husk Extract (Theobroma Cacao L.) and Antioxidant Activity." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIO-MEDICAL SCIENCE 04, no. 12 (2024): 1034–39. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14557987.
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Liquid soap is a cleaning agent made from synthetic surfactants, including anionic surfactants combined with amphoteric and nonionic surfactants; it can be supplemented with other additives that do not cause skin irritation. The active ingredient or substance, which can function as an antiseptic, antioxidant, or other significant roles, is an equally important component in soap making. Cocoa pod husk waste is one natural ingredient that can serve as an active substance in soap making. Cocoa husks contain flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and triterpenoids. The cocoa pod husk extract has very strong antioxidant activity and also possesses antibacterial activity. This research aims to determine the formulation and physical stability of liquid soap made from cocoa pod husk extract, as well as its antioxidant activity. The study commenced by extracting cocoa pod husk using the maceration method, which yielded a concentrated extract, and then proceeded with phytochemical analysis. Subsequently, we carried out the formulation of liquid soap, evaluated its homogeneity, organoleptic characteristics, pH, viscosity, specific gravity, foam height, and stability testing, and assessed its antioxidant activity. The evaluation results indicated that the liquid soap with cocoa pod husk extract had good physical properties in terms of homogeneity, organoleptic characteristics, pH, viscosity, specific gravity, and foam height. The results of the antioxidant activity test showed that the higher the concentration of cacao pod extract in the liquid soap, the lower the IC<sub>50</sub> value. In formula V, the liquid soap with a 4% concentration of cacao pod extract obtained an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 44.5
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Kone, Kouwelton, Karl Akueson, and Graeme Norval. "On the Production of Potassium Carbonate from Cocoa Pod Husks." Recycling 5, no. 3 (2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling5030023.
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Cocoa beans are found inside an outer husk; 60% of the cocoa fruit is the outer husk, which is a waste biomass. The husk cannot be used directly as a soil amendment as it promotes the fungal black pod disease, which reduces crop yield. The pods are segregated from the trees, and their plant nutrient value is wasted. This is particularly true for the small acreage farmers in West Africa. Cocoa pod husk is well suited to be used as a biomass source for electricity production. The waste ash is rich in potassium, which can be converted in various chemical products, most notably, high-purity potassium carbonate. This study reviews the information known about cocoa and cocoa pod husk, and considers the socio-economic implications of creating a local economy based on collecting the cocoa pod husk for electricity production, coupled with the processing of the waste ash into various products. The study demonstrates that the concept is feasible, and also identifies the local conditions required to create this sustainable economic process.
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Londoño-Larrea, Pablo, Estefania Villamarin-Barriga, Angela N. García, and Antonio Marcilla. "Study of Cocoa Pod Husks Thermal Decomposition." Applied Sciences 12, no. 18 (2022): 9318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12189318.
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Thermal decomposition of cocoa pod husks under inert and oxidizing atmospheres was studied. Samples from Cotopaxi, Ecuador were used as raw material. Thermogravimetry based experiments were used to obtain decomposition data vs. temperature. A novel strategy to fit the TG and DTG curves was used giving good fit by considering, in the kinetic model, four biomass fractions following independent reactions. Analytical pyrolysis was used to determine the composition of volatile compounds obtained in slow (150–350, 350–500 °C) and flash pyrolysis (400 °C). The results indicate that in the slow pyrolysis experiments at low temperatures (150–350 °C), the highest area percentages correspond to ketones (7.5%), organic acids (12.5%) and phenolic derivatives (10%), while at increased temperatures (350–500 °C) the higher percentages are clearly focused on phenolic derivatives (12%) and aromatic compounds (10%). Comparing the results of flash pyrolysis at 400 °C (i.e., higher heating rate but lower final temperature), an increase in the yield of ketones and organic acids is observed compared to slow pyrolysis, but the percentage of phenols and aromatics decreases. The results obtained allow deducing the operating conditions to maximize the mass fraction of the different functional groups identified.
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Simpson, B. K., J. H. Oldham, and A. M. Martin. "Extraction of potash from cocoa pod husks." Agricultural Wastes 13, no. 1 (1985): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-4607(85)90013-7.
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Rahayu, Yani Corvianindya, Ernie Maduratna Setiawatie, Retno Pudji Rahayu, and Doaa Elsayed Ramadan. "Analysis of antioxidant and antibacterial activity of cocoa pod husk extract (Theobroma cacao L.)." Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) 56, no. 4 (2023): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/j.djmkg.v56.i4.p220-225.
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Background: Theobroma cacao bean manufacturing worldwide includes undesired byproducts such as cocoa pod husks. Cocoa pods contain a variety of beneficial chemicals, including polyphenols. Polyphenols have a vital function in the treatment of many illnesses and infections of the oral cavity. This is due to their vital qualities in the oral cavity, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant actions. Purpose: The goal of this study was to look at the antioxidant content and antibacterial activity of cocoa pod husk extract (Theobroma cacao L.) against Phorphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Methods: Cocoa pod husk extract was produced using an ultrasonic homogenizer and 70% ethanol. Thin layer chromatography and the Folin–Ciocalteu test were used to determine the phytochemical content and total phenolic content of the extract. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate technique was used to measure antioxidant activity. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests were used to measure the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract at concentrations of 1, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 mg/ml using a deep-well broth microdilution technique. Results: The presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and triterpenoids was discovered in the cocoa pod husk extract. Conclusion: The antioxidant activity of the extract was significant (IC50 = 62 ppm), and the MIC of P. gingivalis and S. mutans was 16 mg/ml and 8 mg/ml, respectively.
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Burgos-Arcos, Carlos, Diana M. Caicedo-Concha, Alberto Coz, Tamara Llano, Juan Carlos Colmenares-Quintero, and Ramón Fernando Colmenares-Quintero. "Assessment of the Potential for Biogas Production in Post-Conflict Rural Areas in Colombia Using Cocoa Residues." Energies 18, no. 12 (2025): 3091. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18123091.
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This paper studies the potential of utilizing cocoa residues to address energy demands in post-conflict regions of Colombia. Through a systematic review, the findings indicate that cocoa byproducts from 170 municipalities could produce enough biogas to power a population nearing one million inhabitants. Three main residues can be obtained from processing cocoa—mucilage, cocoa bean shells, and cocoa pod husks—which are analyzed and recognized as the most significant in terms of potential biogas yield. The review highlights a considerable gap in existing research regarding the specific characteristics of cocoa residues and their biogas production rates. Additionally, this study emphasizes the need to investigate pretreatment methods for these materials, particularly cocoa pod husks, as well as the critical impact of transportation logistics. It also suggests exploring integrated valorization strategies and various energy conversion pathways. Finally, the article emphasizes the importance of establishing markets and promoting new initiatives to effectively utilize this abundant amount of waste. The insights gained from this analysis are relevant to similar regions, not only across South America but also in any cocoa-producing area worldwide.
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Mustarichie, Resmi, Aliya Nur Hasanah, Gofarana Wilar, Dolih Gozali, and Nyi Mekar Saptarini. "New Hair Growth Cream Formulation with Cocoa Pod Peel (Theobroma cacao L.)." Scientific World Journal 2022 (March 14, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2299725.
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Our previous study verified that the waste skin of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L) fruit or waste cocoa pod husks had the efficacy to overcome hair loss or alopecia. This study aims to determine the formula and activity of hair cream of cocoa pod peel water fraction, which is effective in stimulating hair growth. Activity testing uses the modified Tanaka method. The results showed that the cocoa husk wastewater fraction could be formulated into hair cream, but there were changes in viscosity and pH after the freeze-thaw test, but still within the allowed limit. The hair cream water fraction gel stimulated hair growth activity based on the hair length data with a significant difference in concentration of the preparation. The best activity in hair cream preparation was at 12.5% concentration. In addition, there were no signs of irritation to the rabbit’s skin where hair cream preparation was applied. The results of this study indicated that cocoa fruit peel cream can be used for antialopecia treatments.
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Fitriawaty, F., Rahmi H, N. Nurhafsah, Ida Andriani, and F. Fitrahtunnisa. "Kualitas Fisik dan Kandungan Protein Kasar Silase Kulit Buah Kakao Berbeda Klon Sebagai Pakan Ternak." JURNAL GALUNG TROPIKA 9, no. 2 (2020): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31850/jgt.v9i2.618.
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This study aims to determine the physical quality and crude protein content of cocoa pod husk silage (CBC) from different clones. The pods used came from six clones, namely Sulawesi1 (S1), Sulawesi2 (S2), Local 01 (L01), local 02 (L02), local Padantana (LP), and a mixture of all clones (S1+S2+L01+L02+LP), which is referred to as mixed silage. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with silage treatment of cocoa pod husks for each clone with 30% rice bran added. Meanwhile, the bran was not added to mixed silage. The data were analyzed using the analysis of variance test (ANOVA), and the Duncan test followed the difference between treatments. The results showed that the silage of all clone treatments had good physical quality with a distinctive sour fermentation aroma and a color that did not differ much from the original color of each clone's cocoa pods. There are differences in crude protein content of mixed cocoa pod husk silage and between clones. The highest crude protein content was found in mixed silage, namely 6.02%, and the lowest in local clones 02, namely 4.80%.
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Lozano-Reátegui, Ronald M., Vitelio Asencios-Tarazona, Fernando P. Taboada-Gutiérrez, et al. "Removal of metals from water of Yarinacocha Lagoon with activated carbon from cocoa pod husks." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 27, no. 2 (2023): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v27n2p108-113.
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ABSTRACT The problem addressed is the contamination of the Yarinacocha Lagoon water by heavy metals and poor use of agricultural residues. It was manufactured activated carbon from cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) pod husks and determined its adsorbent effect in removing polluting metals from the waters of the Yarinacocha Lagoon. The response surface methodology was applied with factorial designs 33 and 32, with three replicates to optimize obtaining the adsorbent and measure its effectiveness in metal removal. The modeling of the pyrolysis process resulted in 17.27 g of activated carbon from 295.72 g of dry pod husks, optimal with the following optimal parameters: 150 °C as activation temperature, 450 °C as carbonization temperature, and 2.5 hours as modification time. This resulted in effective removal of pollutant metals (aluminum: 91.43%, copper: 75%, iron: 58.33% and zinc: 58.33%), from waters samples demonstrating that it is possible to manufacture activated carbon from cocoa pod husks, with an adsorbent potential to remove metals from the waters of the Yarinacocha Lagoon.
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López-Arroyo, José I., and J. Angel Saavedra. "BREEDING SITES AND INSECTICIDES EVALUATION TO PROTECT AND INCREASE POPULATION OF COCOA POLLINATORS." HortScience 28, no. 5 (1993): 560c—560. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.560c.
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In Mexico, the amount of pollinators in cocoa orchards is being considerably reduced by the use of insecticides and the lack of practices that promote the permanence of pollinator insects. In this study we determined the effect of insecticide sprays and the establishment of breeding sites for pollinators (cocoa husks, decay) banana pseudo stems, and a combination of both) on their population density, pollination level, and cocoa dry bean production. It was observed that mortality rate of pollinators was 73% for both insecticides, Monocrotophos (300 g a.i. ha-1) and Parathion (500 g a.i. ha-1). Even though pollinator insects repopulated the treated area, populations never reached their original levels. Pollination was reduced in 29% to 37% and there was a tendency to decrease dry bean production. Cocoa husks increased pod and dry bean production by 25% and 34%, respectively. The incidence of Phytophthora spp. on the pod did not increase.
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Wahid, Masyitha, Gaby Maulida Nurdin, and Nur Amaliah. "Pemanfaatan Limbah Kulit Kakao Menjadi Briket Arang Sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif (Kemandirian Energi) Pada Kelompok Masyarakat Dusun Beru-Beru, Desa Ongko, Kec Campalagian, Kab Polewali Mandar." JATI EMAS (Jurnal Aplikasi Teknik dan Pengabdian Masyarakat) 5, no. 3 (2021): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.36339/je.v5i3.521.
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Beru-Beru is one of the hamlets located in a mountainous area in Ongko Village, Campalagian, Polewali Mandar, West Sulawesi. In this hamlet, most of the residents work as cocoa farmers. However, the cocoa pod husk cannot be utilized optimally and ussually are abandoned as waste in the plantation area and produces an unpleasant odor. The method of this community service activities were through training and mentoring. The activity were attended by 20 participants from the villagers, 5 village officials, and students of the Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi of Universitas Sulawesi Barat. The training activities were carried out by involving community groups including youth organizations, housewives and several Ongko Village officials as the partners. The purpose of this activity was to provide material counseling related to the utilization of cocoa pod husk into charcoal briquettes and its processing. The whole activity was remarkable, which was indicated by the interest and enthusiasm of the attandee in participating in the entire series of activities, especially when practicing the making of charcoal briquette. These products can provide additional value to local commodities because they were made from cocoa pod husks which are considered as wastes and cocoa as one of the largest agricultural commodities at Beru-Beru, Ongko Village. Cocoa briquettes can be used as an alternative energy source or renewable fuel.
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Irwanto, Dodi, Wiratni Wiratni, Rochmadi Rochmadi, and Siti Syamsiah. "Pre-treatment dan Fermentasi Hidrolisat Kulit Buah Kakao menjadi Asam Laktat menggunakan Lactobacillus Plantarum." REAKTOR 16, no. 3 (2017): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.16.3.123-127.
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Abstract COCOA POD HUSK PRE-TREATMENT AND HYDROLYZATE FERMENTATION INTO LACTIC ACID USING LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM. Lactic acid is a raw material that is widely used in food industry as preservatives in meat, vegetables or canned fish. In the pharmaceutical industry is used as raw material for the manufacture of drugs. Lactic acid can be made from natural materials such as lignocellulosic waste one of them is cocoa shell waste. Indonesia is number three cocoa-producing country in the world. 70% cacao fruit components such as pod husk are composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, so it has the potential to be converted into lactic acid. In this study been the conventional method to determine the overall process in order to know what parts need to be further developed to become a method more effective and efficient. The conventional method is done through several processes, namely the delignification, hydrolysis and fermentation using microorganisms. This study aims to determine the extent of the potential for cocoa pod husk waste to be converted into lactic acid. The results showed that the pod husks delignification with sodium hydroxide solution reaches optimum at a concentration of 6% which results in lower levels of lignin from 30.46 to 24.64%. The process of acid hydrolysis of the pod husks achieve optimum conditions at a concentration of 2.0%, a temperature of 120°C and a 30 minute production of glucose at 32g/L. Glucose is the result of acid hydrolysis produces lactic acid by 13.268g/L. Keywords: lactic acid; delignification; fermentation; hydrolysis; cocoa pod husks Abstrak Asam laktat adalah salah satu bahan baku yang banyak dimanfaatkan pada industri makanan sebagai bahan pengawet daging, sayuran atau ikan kalengan. Dalam industri farmasi digunakan sebagai bahan baku pembutan obat-obatan. Asam laktat dapat dibuat dari bahan alam berupa limbah lignoselulosa yang salah satunya adalah limbah kulit kakao. Indonesia merupakan negara penghasil kakao nomor tiga di dunia. Komponen buah kakao 70% berupa kulit buah yang terdiri dari selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin, sehingga berpotensi untuk dikonversi menjadi asam laktat. Pada penelitian ini dipilih metode konvensional untuk mengetahui proses secara keseluruhan sehingga diketahui bagian mana yang perlu dikembangkan lebih lanjut untuk menjadi metode yang lebih efektif dan efisien. Metode konvensional dilakukan melalui beberapa proses, yakni delignifikasi, hidrolisis, dan fermentasi menggunakan mikroorganisme. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana potensi limbah kulit buah kakao untuk dikonversi menjadi asam laktat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa delignifikasi kulit buah kakao dengan larutan sodium hidroksida mencapai kondisi optimum pada konsentrasi 6% yang menyebabkan penurunan kadar lignin dari 30,46% menjadi 24,64%. Proses hidrolisis asam terhadap kulit buah kakao terdelignifikasi mencapai kondisi optimum pada konsentrasi 2,0%, suhu 120°C dan waktu 30 menit yang menghasilkan glukosa sebesar 32g/L. Glukosa hasil hidrolisis asam menghasilkan asam laktat sebesar 13,268g/L. Kata kunci: asam laktat; delignifikasi; fermentasi; hidrolisis; kulit buah kakao
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Ashreen, Norman, Azurahanim Che Abdullah Che, and Kamil bin Hj Mohd Jaaffar Ahmand. "Luminescent nanoparticles from cocoa pod husks as bioimaging tools." Abstracts of International Conferences & Meetings (AICM) 1, no. 1 (2021): 10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4730893.
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<strong>Introduction: </strong>This study conducted was to investigate the properties of the nanomaterials known as luminescent nanoparticles (LNPs). These LNPs was synthesized with an organic precursor known as cocoa pod husk (CPH). Malaysia has a large agricultural potential that can support economic activity. Rubber, palm oil, and cocoa are major agricultural export in Malaysia. Polyphenols are naturally occurring antioxidants found in foods like fruits and vegetables. They have been linked to numerous health benefits. Luminescent nanoparticles (LNPs) have attracted a great attention of researchers in the current era due to their unique properties. Though, the top-down synthesis of LNPs has always been one of the most preferred method to obtain LNPs in significant yields. <strong>Methods:</strong> The LNPs used in this process could be obtained by a green approach such as the one-step hydrothermal method. The top-down synthesis method of LNPs has side effects such as toxicity which are still a major concern while using as pharmaceutical excipients or drug delivery transporter. Owing to that, herein we proposed green LNPs from agricultural waste for bio-applications. Green technology opens new windows as there are readily available, renewable, economic and environmental-friendly. <strong>Results & Discussions: </strong>The synthesis, structural and optical properties, as well as photoluminescence mechanisms of prepared nanoparticles are reviewed. These LNPs also underwent characterization to show its presence by a facile method of reducing CPH into nanomaterials. The characterizations include UV-Visible spectrophotometer and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR). The results confirm the presence of these LNPs. Furthermore, the LNPs exhibited fluorescence properties when exposed to UV light. In order to determine the toxicity, the LNPs are tested unto brine shrimps. It proved that these LNPs are nontoxic. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> LNPs were successfully synthesized through a simple microwave method. This method is a one-step synthesis and is environmentally friendly. Besides that, the LNPs produced were nontoxic unto the brine shrimp lethality test. Therefore, by using agro-wastes such as CPH, we are able to produce nanomaterials which are fluorescent and has an immense potential to be used as bioimaging tools. <strong>Key words: </strong><em>Luminescent nanoparticles, green synthesis, agricultural wastes, cocoa pod husks</em> <strong>References</strong> 1. Adi-Dako, Ofosua, et al. "Physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of cocoa pod husk pectin intended as a versatile pharmaceutical excipient and nutraceutical." Journal of pharmaceutics 2016 (2016). 2. Khanahmadi, Soofia, et al. "Cocoa pod husk: A new source of CLEA-lipase for preparation of low-cost biodiesel: An optimized process." Journal of biotechnology 231 (2016): 95-105.
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Yahya, Mustanir, Binawati Ginting, and Nurdin Saidi. "In-Vitro Screenings for Biological and Antioxidant Activities of Water Extract from Theobroma cacao L. Pod Husk: Potential Utilization in Foods." Molecules 26, no. 22 (2021): 6915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26226915.
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Increasing production of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) leads to a higher environmental burden due to its solid waste generation. Cocoa pod husk, one of the major solid wastes of cocoa production, contains rich bioactive compounds unveiling its valorization potential. With that in mind, our research aimed to explore the biological and antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts from cocoa pod husks. In this present work, cocoa pod husk was extracted using water and subsequentially partitioned using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The antimicrobial investigation revealed that the ethyl acetate solubles were active against the Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans, where at a 20% w/v concentration, the inhibition diameters were 6.62 ± 0.10, 6.52 ± 0.02, and 11.72 ± 0.36 mm, respectively. The extracts were found non-toxic proven by brine shrimp lethality tests against Artemia salina with LC50 scores ranging from 74.1 to 19,054.6 μg/mL. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were obtained in the range of 47.44 to 570.44 mg/g GAE and 1.96 to 4.34 mg/g QE, respectively. Antioxidant activities of the obtained extracts were revealed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay with EC50 reached as low as 9.61 μg/mL by the ethyl acetate soluble. Phytochemical screening based on gas chromatography—mass spectroscopy analysis on the sample with the highest antioxidant activities revealed the dominant presence of three phytosterols, namely gamma-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol.
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Ridzwan, B. H., M. K. Fadzli, M. B. O. Rozali, Daniel T. F. Chin, B. M. Ibrahim, and B. I. Faridnordin. "Evaluation of cocoa-pod husks on performance of rabbits." Animal Feed Science and Technology 40, no. 2-3 (1993): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(93)90162-d.
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Delgado-Ospina, Johannes, Maria Martuscelli, Carlos David Grande-Tovar, et al. "Cacao Pod Husk Flour as an Ingredient for Reformulating Frankfurters: Effects on Quality Properties." Foods 10, no. 6 (2021): 1243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10061243.
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The cocoa pod husk is considered a source of dietary fiber with a high content of water-soluble pectins, bioactive compounds which should be viewed as a by-product with the potential to be incorporated into food. This study aimed to investigate the effect of adding different cocoa pod husk flour (CPHF) levels as a starch replacement for reformulating frankfurters. Results showed that the addition of 1.5 and 3.0% pod husk proportionally increased the frankfurter’s fiber content by 0.49 ± 0.08 and 0.96 ± 0.19 g/100 g, which is acceptable for a product that does not contain fiber. Textural properties and sensory characteristics were affected when substituting the starch with CPHF, either totally or partially, although these samples had higher water content, hardness, and adhesiveness while springiness decreased. Non-adverse effects of nitrite on polyphenolic compounds content were evidenced in samples enriched with CPHF. The incorporation of CPHF did not significantly affect the color parameters (ΔE < 3). Finally, the panelists indicated a sensation of the unsalted sausage, suggesting that CPHF may have natural mucoadhesion properties. In conclusion, in formulated meat products such as sausages, plant co-products such as cacao pod husks could be a valid new ingredient to improve technological parameters, functional characteristics, and stability.
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Hennessey-Ramos, Licelander, Walter Murillo-Arango, Juliana Vasco-Correa, and Isabel Cristina Paz Astudillo. "Enzymatic Extraction and Characterization of Pectin from Cocoa Pod Husks (Theobroma cacao L.) Using Celluclast® 1.5 L." Molecules 26, no. 5 (2021): 1473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051473.
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Cocoa pod husks are a waste generated during the processing of cocoa beans. We aimed to explore the enzymatic extraction of pectin using cellulases. The extraction process was optimized using a central composite design (CCD) and analyzed by response surface methodology (RSM). The parameters optimized were feedstock concentration (%), enzyme dosage (µL/g), and time (h). Three dependent variables were studied: pectin yield (g/100 g dry husk) (R2 = 97.02), galacturonic acid content (g/100 g pectin) (R2 = 96.90), and galacturonic acid yield (g/100 g feedstock) (R2 = 95.35). The optimal parameters were 6.0% feedstock concentration, 40 µL g−1 of enzyme, and 18.54 h, conditions that produced experimentally a pectin yield of 10.20 g/100 g feedstock, 52.06 g galacturonic acid/100 g pectin, and a yield 5.31 g galacturonic acid/100 g feedstock. Using the chemical extraction method, a yield of 8.08 g pectin/100 g feedstock and a galacturonic acid content of 60.97 g/100 g pectin were obtained. Using assisted sonication, a pectin yield of 8.28 g/100 g feedstock and a galacturonic acid content of 42.77 g/100 g pectin were obtained. Enzymatically optimized pectin has rheological and physicochemical features typical of this biomaterial, which provides an interesting alternative for the valorization of cocoa husks.
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Hozman-Manrique, Ana Sofia, Andres J. Garcia-Brand, María Hernández-Carrión, and Alicia Porras. "Isolation and Characterization of Cellulose Microfibers from Colombian Cocoa Pod Husk via Chemical Treatment with Pressure Effects." Polymers 15, no. 3 (2023): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15030664.
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One of the current challenges is to add value to agro-industrial wastes, and the cocoa industry generates about 10 tons of cocoa pod husks in Colombia for each ton of cocoa beans, which are incinerated and cause environmental damage. This study characterized the Colombian cocoa pod husk (CPH) and to isolate and characterize cellulose microfibers (tCPH) extracted via chemical treatment and pressure. Chemical and physical analyses of CPH were performed, and a pretreatment method for CPH fibers was developed, which is followed by a hydrolysis method involving high pressure in an autoclave machine with an alkaline medium (6% NaOH), and finally, bleaching of the fiber to obtain tCPH. The tCPH cellulose microfibers were also chemically and physically analyzed and characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). Chemical and physical characterization showed a decrease in lignin content in tCPH. FTIR analysis showed the absence of some peaks in tCPH with respect to the CPH spectrum; XRD results showed an increase in crystallinity for tCPH compared to CPH, due to a higher presence of crystalline cellulose in tCPH. SEM images included a control fiber treated without high pressure (tCPHnpe), and agglomerated fibers were observed, whereas cellulose microfibers with a mean diameter of 10 ± 2.742 μm were observed in tCPH. Finally, with TGA and DTGA it was confirmed that in tCPH, the hemicellulose and lignin were removed more successfully than in the control fiber (tCPHnpe), showing that the treatment with pressure was effective at isolating the cellulose microfibers from cocoa pod husk.
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Hansen, Imanuel Jhon. "PENGARUH PEMBERIAN BEBERAPA DOSIS KOMPOS KULIT BUAH KAKAO DAN DOLOMIT TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT KAKAO (Theobroma cacao L.) DI MEDIA ULTISOL." JURNAL AGROTEKNOLOGI 8, no. 1 (2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/ja.v8i1.3871.
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The aim of research to determine the effect of compost main pod husks and dolomite as well as their interaction on the growth of cocoa seedlings in media ultisol. Research conducted at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Riau from November 2015 until February 2016. Research in the form of factorial experiment using completely randomized design (CRD). The first factor pod husks compost comprises four levels (0, 75, 100 and 125 g / polybag) and the second factor dolomite consists of three levels (0, 10, and 20 g / polybag), each combination treatment was repeated 3 times. Parameters measured were plant height, leaf number, stem diameter, and leaf area. Each parameter the observed data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and test of Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at 5% level. The results showed the effect of compost pod husks dose of 125 g / polybag significantly increased plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves and leaf area while dolomite dose of 20 g / polybag no real effect except leaf area compared with no treatment. Interaction pod husks compost dose of 100 g / polybag and dolomite dose of 20 g / polybag increase stem diameter, number of leaves and leaf area significantly compared without compost pod husks and dolomite but less tangible than other combinations.
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Billah, Mu'tasim, Tikat Deri Agratiyan, Dhining Ayu, Nove Kartika Erliyanti, Erwan Adi Saputro, and Rachmad Ramadhan Yogaswara. "Synthesis of Bioethanol from Cocoa Pod Husk Using Zymomonas Mobilis." International Journal of Eco-Innovation in Science and Engineering 1, no. 01 (2020): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/ijeise.v1i01.12.
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Nowadays, energy issue is one of the interesting discussions among the researchers and energy stakeholders. This is due to the reducing of the main source of world energy which consists mostly of non-renewable energy derived from fossils of living things millions of years ago. Alternatively, there are some alternative energy that promising in the future such as bioethanol from plant or fruits. For that reasons, the aim of this research is to make bioethanol from the peel of cocoa fruit. Cocoa pod husk can be used as source of bioethanol through a fermentation process with the help of bacteria. This study will examine the ethanol content in fermented cocoa pod husks. The fermentation time was 0 days, 2 days, 4 days, 6 days, 8 days. The Zymomonas mobilis bacteria is used in the fermentation process and their percentage is 8%v/v, 10%v/v, 12%v/v, 14%v/v, 16%v/v.In the process of fermentation of cocoa pod husk with Zymomonas mobilis inoculum on the 3rd day to 9thshowed an increase. On the eleventh day in all conditions the addition of a starter was decreased. The best condition when fermentation takes place on the 8th day with a starter dose of 14% and obtained an alcohol content of 10.62%.The results of this study indicate that the addition of Zymomonas mobilis starter and fermentation time affect the levels of bioethanol produced. The addition of a starter as much as 14% and the fermentation time for 8 days are the best condition in this study.
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Wijaya, Mochammad, Muhammad Nur Alam, and Muhammad Wiharto. "Characterization of Liquid Smoke and Charcoal from Cocoa Pod Husks (Theobroma cacao L.) in North Kolaka Regency." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 10, no. 12 (2024): 10417–25. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i12.9185.
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This study aims to characterize the pyrolysis products of cocoa pod waste from North Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. Pyrolysis takes place at various temperatures between 112 - 512 oC and produces liquid smoke and charcoal products. The highest liquid smoke yield was obtained at a temperature of 212 oC of 20.05%. The results of GC-MS analysis showed that liquid smoke contains many potential compounds consisting of acetic acid compounds with the highest concentration of 28.1%, Phenol, 2-methoxy- (CAS) Guaiacol with the highest concentration of 4.18%, 3-Hexine-2,5-diol (CAS) Hexine-3-diol-2,5 of 2.94%, and several aromatic and alcohol compound groups. FTIR analysis shows that the typical functional groups of cocoa pod charcoal consist of OH (hydroxyl) and C = C-H (aromatic) groups. XRD analysis shows that charcoal is dominated by an amorphous phase with a degree of crystallinity of 14%. Liquid smoke and cocoa pod charcoal have the potential to be used as raw materials in the chemical, health and manufacturing industries.
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Porto de Souza Vandenberghe, Luciana, Kim Kley Valladares-Diestra, Gustavo Amaro Bittencourt, et al. "Added-value biomolecules’ production from cocoa pod husks: A review." Bioresource Technology 344 (January 2022): 126252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126252.
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Olakunle, Moses Olabode, Adejunmoke Abosede Inyinbor, Adewumi Oluwasogo Dada, and Olugbenga Solomon Bello. "Combating dye pollution using cocoa pod husks: a sustainable approach." International Journal of Sustainable Engineering 11, no. 1 (2017): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19397038.2017.1393023.
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Setiawan, Risqi Firdaus, Pawana Nur Indah, and Endang Yektiningsih. "Analysis of Cocoa Supply Chain Risk in Kare Village, Madiun District with Method Analytic Network Process." AJARCDE | Asian Journal of Applied Research for Community Development and Empowerment 4, no. 2 (2020): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29165/ajarcde.v4i2.43.
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 Cocoa is one of the plantation commodities whose role is quite important for the national economy of Indonesia. However, the cocoa industry faces several problems including the various risks involved in the cocoa supply chain. The aim of this study were: 1) Identifying risks in the cocoa supply chain 2) Analyzing the members of the supply chain with the highest risk 3) Evaluating and mitigating cocoa supply chain risks effectively and efficiently. An integrated analytic network process (ANP) and weighted failure mode effect analysis (WFMEA) method will be used to determine and analyze the highest risk in the cocoa supply chain. The results of the priority of the members of the value chain in the cocoa supply chain risk management are SMEs (0.43801), with the risk having the highest priority is production risk (0.29262) as well as alternative strategic priorities namely by increasing income (0.28754). The results of risk control are mainly focused on efforts to increase the income of cocoa farmers by utilizing cocoa processing byproducts such as cocoa bean pulp and cocoa pod husks. The cocoa bean pulp can be processed into nata products and cocoa juice, while the cocoa pod skin can be used as fertilizer.
 
 
 
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Dimawarnita, F., P. D. Indriyantini, Y. Faramitha та U. Perwitasari. "Isolation and Characterization α-Cellulose from Cocoa Pod Husk using Peracetic Acid". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1187, № 1 (2023): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1187/1/012043.
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Abstract Cocoa Pod Husk (CPH) is the main by-product of cocoa pods (Theobroma cacao L.) with 67-76% of fruit weight. However, CPH has a negative impact if it is not utilized and disposed of directly in the environment. The main fiber content in CPH is in the form of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. Cellulose content, especially α-cellulose has a high potential if it is further utilized, one of which is nanocellulose. This study aims to produce α-cellulose from cocoa husks with high purity. The first research activity carried out was the process of removing pectin and bleaching to be free from impurities such as pectin, lignin, and hemicellulose. Then the cellulose isolation process using Peracetic Acid (PAA) can shorten the α-cellulose isolation process. The variation of PAA concentration was 1:4 (mol/mol) without dilution; 1:4 (mole/mole) by dilution; and 1:1 (mole/mole). The results of this study were the highest α-cellulose content of 69.39% was obtained from a 1:4 mole ratio of PAA without dilution. However, the α-cellulose content obtained did not qualify the SNI 938-2017 standard, which was 94%. FTIR, XRD, and SEM characterization showed that α-cellulose was present in hydrolysed CPH.
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Amrillah, Nafira Alfi Zaini, Farrah Fadhillah Hanum, Aster Rahayu, Alliya BalqisViratu Hapsari, and Nuraini. "Optimization and Characterization Cellulose Content of Cocoa Pod Husk from Cocoa Fermentation Center in Gunung Kidul Regency, Indonesia Through The Extraction Process." JURNAL SAINS NATURAL 14, no. 2 (2024): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31938/jsn.v14i2.703.
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Lignocellulose comprises three biopolymers, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin that form a complex composite structure. Cellulose, as a biopolymer possesses notable properties including biocompatibility, biodegradability and economic viability. Gunung Kidul, one of the areas in Indonesia, precisely in Yogyakarta, where the population is known to live as cocoa farmers, so the potential for cocoa husks production is quite large. One way to obtain cellulose is by extracting the cacao husks from Gunung Kidul Cocoa Fermentation Center. Cellulose extraction were carried out through two main stages: alkaline delignification and bleaching. Based on the FTIR characterization results, the cocoa skins from Gunung Kidul Fermentation Center have the potential to separate cellulose from lignin and hemicellulose, which is shown in the presence of the function groups O-H, CH2, and C=O. So, the study aimed to get the optimum condition of the cellulose through several variations of the alkaline (NaOH and KOH), and the type of bleaching reagent (NaOCl and H2O2). The concentration of H2O2 (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%). The potential for cellulose can be developed and modified into nanocellulose in the future perspective.
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Utami, Esssylia Afriyanti, Umar Kalmar Nizar, and Sri Benti Etika. "Peningkatan Pemurnian Minyak Jelantah melalui Sistem Adsorben Ganda: Bleaching Earth dan Karbon dari Kulit Buah Kakao (Theobroma cacao L)." MASALIQ 5, no. 3 (2025): 1368–92. https://doi.org/10.58578/masaliq.v5i3.6039.
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Used cooking oil (minyak jelantah) is a household and industrial waste product that poses environmental risks and undergoes significant quality degradation due to the breakdown of chemical compounds during repeated use. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a combination of activated carbon derived from cocoa pod husk waste and bleaching earth in improving the quality of used cooking oil. The research was conducted experimentally in the laboratory of Universitas Negeri Padang using used cooking oil obtained from local vendors. Activated carbon was prepared by calcining cocoa pod husks at 350°C for varying durations of 30, 45, 60, and 75 minutes, followed by activation with 1M NaOH solution. The purification process was carried out in stages through the addition of activated carbon and bleaching earth under controlled heating conditions. Parameters analyzed included acid number, moisture content, density, saponification value, and functional group characterization using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results indicate that the most effective adsorbent combination was achieved with activated carbon calcined for 60 minutes, which reduced the acid number from 14.92 to 5.09 mg KOH/g, decreased moisture content to 0.11%, and increased the saponification value to 75.30 mg KOH/g. The FTIR spectrum showed reduced intensity in functional groups associated with degradation, indicating effective purification. In conclusion, the combination of activated carbon from cocoa pod husk waste and bleaching earth is proven effective in improving the physicochemical quality of used cooking oil, while also demonstrating the potential for sustainable and environmentally friendly use of agricultural waste as raw material for adsorbents.
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Barrezueta-Unda, Salomon Alejandro, Holger Azuero-Caamaño, and Ivan Rogelio Goottman Jadan. "Development of banana (Musa AAA) under different doses of biochar and chemical fertilizers." Bionatura 8, no. 3 (2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2023.08.03.85.
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The main objective of the research was to evaluate the application of different doses of biochar as organic fertilizer to a banana (Musa AAA) crop. The biochar was derived from cocoa pod husks (CPH-B) and banana stalk (BC) and applied to banana plants between 130 and 140 cm tall. The treatments included doses of 32 kg ha-1 (T1) and 48 kg ha-1 (T2) of CPH-B, 32 kg ha-1 (T3) and 48 kg ha-1 (T4) of BC. In all experiments, 100 kg ha-1 potassium nitrate and 100 kg ha-1 phosphorus (P2O5) were applied. Significant differences (p≤0.05) were found in root weight, height and pseudostem circumference at T4. Bunch weights ranged from 16.44 kg (T2) to 21.10 kg (T4). The number of clusters per bunch increased from 6.6 (T1) to 8.5 (T2), with significant differences. Treatments T2 and T4 positively affected plant growth compared to the control plot, suggesting they could be used as an alternative in fertilization programs. Keywords: banana stalk; cocoa pod husk; nutrients
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Azhar, Nurulain Hasya, Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan, Suhaili Shamsi, Siti Salwa Abd Gani, and Arief Huzaimi Md Yusof. "Nutritional Composition and Optimization of Extraction Conditions of Cocoa Pod Husk using Response Surface Methodology." Malaysian Applied Biology 52, no. 6 (2023): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v52i6.2730.
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Cocoa pod husks (CPH) are usually disposed of from the farm, and this can lead to environmental problems, such as being a breeding ground for the cocoa pod borer. This study aimed to determine the nutritional composition and concentration of ultra-trace elements (As, Cd, Pb & Hg) in CPH. The optimization of the extraction conditions of CPH in response to the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) by using response surface methodology (RSM) was also conducted. The findings show that the total carbohydrate and crude fibre content of CPH are high (35.75% & 35.47%, respectively) while having low levels of moisture, ash, crude protein, and fat (11.86%. 8.60%, 7.46% & 0.86, respectively). In addition, the results demonstrate that CPH has a low content of toxic metals As, Cd, Pb, and Hg (0.0046 mg/kg, 0.0028 mg/kg, 0.0011 mg/kg & 0.00003 mg/kg respectively) which is considered as a safe range. The optimized extraction conditions were a solvent concentration of 93.64%, a temperature of 38.18°C, and a time of 73.64 min. The actual value of the flavonoid content of CPH obtained was 1038.94 µmoL Fe2+/L, which is acceptable compared to the predicted value of 1039.40 µmoL Fe2+/L. The discovery from this research represents a significant contribution towards finding cocoa pod husk from a plentiful, affordable, and feasible source, which could potentially be used in various fields such as pharmaceutical, medical, and nutraceuticals.
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Bello, Olugbenga Solomon, and Mohd Azmier Ahmad. "Adsorptive removal of a synthetic textile dye using cocoa pod husks." Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 93, no. 7 (2011): 1298–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2011.590490.
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Zeh Lisette TOKPA, Gizèle Golou ZANH, and Sié Pacôme OUATTARA. "Study of the effect of five growing media used for the nursery production of Bombax costatum Pellegr. et Vuillet: A multipurpose tree in Côte d'Ivoire." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 24, no. 1 (2024): 2641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.24.1.3288.
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Bombax costatum Pellegr. et Vuillet is a species frequently recommended for reforestation in West Africa. Mass production of vigorous seedlings of this species in nurseries is necessary for the reconstitution of colonies. The effect of five growing media on the growth parameters and dry matter production of Bombax costatum was studied in a completely randomised design. The Soil substrate was compared with a mixture of three (3) portions of Soil + one (1) portion of organic matter based on poultry droppings, rice straw compost, cocoa pod husks compost and wood chips compost, respectively. The growing media enriched with organic matter had pH values close to neutral and high levels of organic matter and nitrogen. The Soil + Poultry droppings substrate favored the production of plants with the highest values of stem height (87.84 cm; p ≤ 0.042), collar diameter (13.72 mm; p ≤ 0.004), number of leaves (19.34; p ≤ 0.025) and total dry matter (20 g.plant-1; p ≤ 0.036). Since the quality of transplant affects plant establishment and initial growth, the substrate Soil + Poultry droppings must be recommended for the nursery production of Bombax costatum, followed by the substrates Soil + Rice straw and Soil + Cocoa pod husks compost.
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Fasakin, O., K. O. Oyedotun, A. A. Mirghni, et al. "Electrochemical investigation of flower-like sodium cobalt phosphate-based materials and activated carbon derived from cocoa pod husks as potential electrode for asymmetric supercapacitor." Ife Journal of Science 27, no. 1 (2025): 201–14. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v27i1.16.
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This study presents a hydrothermal synthesis of a flower-like sodium cobalt phosphate (Co3H18Na4P41O24) material, both in pristine form and as composites with varying masses of graphene foam (GF). The electrochemical performance of these materials is thoroughly investigated, with Co3H18Na4P41O24/10mg GF showing the best specific capacity (52mAh g-1 at 1 A g-1 in 1 M KOH). The kinetic analysis using Dunn's approach indicates that the material's charge storage is predominantly diffusion-controlled (76%). Furthermore, activated carbon derived from cocoa pod husks exhibits promising capacitive performance (148 F g-1 at 1 A g-1). When assembled into a full asymmetric device (Co3H18Na4P41O24/10mg GF as the positive electrode and cocoa pod husk-derived activated carbon as the negative electrode), the device achieves a specific capacity of 23 mAh g-1, an energy density of 18 W h kg-1, and a power density of 0.3996 kW kg-1. Notably, it retains 97.8% of its capacity over 10,000 cycles at 10 A g-1, demonstrating excellent stability. This work highlights the potential of Co3H18Na4P41O24/10 mg GF composites in energy storage applications, particularly in high-performance supercapacitors.
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Hafid, Harapin, N. Nuraini, and Asma Bio Kimestri. "Efek Pemberian Kulit Buah Coklat Fermentasi Terhadap Pertumbuhan Kambing Kacang." JURNAL GALUNG TROPIKA 10, no. 1 (2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31850/jgt.v10i1.737.
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Utilization of fresh cocoa fruit skin and the results of fermentation as green feed a goat was conducted to determine the effect of fermentation of the cocoa fruit skin against weight gain local goats. The study was conducted for 3 months using 8 goats aged 4-5 months who were randomly assigned to two treatment groups. The treatments were 85% field grass added 15% fresh cacao pods (F1) and 85% field grass added 15% fermented cocoa pod husks (F2). Each treatment consisted of four groups as replicates. The results showed that both treatments of giving fresh and fermented cocoa pods had the same effect on palatability and weight gain of goats. Feeding fresh and fermented cacao pods can still be used as a supplementation material for local goats.
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Tang, Hong T. K. "Optimum condition of manufacturing hybrid particleboard from mixture of cocoa pod husk and bamboo particles." Journal of Agriculture and Development 18, no. 03 (2019): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52997/jad.2.03.2019.
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This study was to investigate the feasibility of using cocoa pod husks (CPH) and bamboo in manufacturing hybrid particle board. Three-layer experimental particleboards from mixture of bamboo and CPH participles were manufactured using different surface to core layer ratios (30, 40 and 50%) and various UF ratios for surface layer (6, 8 and 10%) and for core layer (4, 6 and 8%). Modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bond strength (IB) and thickness swelling (TS) properties of the boards were evaluated based on Standard TCVN7756:2007 Test Methods for general purpose used in dry conditions. The results showed that boards in all ratios of surface to core layer investigated could be manufactured using up till 8% UF resin for surface layer and up till 6% UF resin for core layer without falling below the minimum Standard VN7754:2007. The optimal condition was the surface to core layer ratio of 30% used with 9.51% UF resin for surface layer and 7.45% UF resin for core layer obtaining the lowest thickness swelling (TS) 11.13%. The highest values of MOR and IB were 15.25 MPa and 0.45 MPa, respectively. This study demonstrates that cocoa pod husks and bamboo waste can be an alternative raw material source for particleboard production.
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Zulkharnaim, Jasmal A Syamsu, Muhammad Ihsan A Dagong, and Sahiruddin Sabile. "PENINGKATAN MUTU GENETIK INDUK DAN CALON INDUK KAMBING PE PROLIFIK MELALUI PEMANFAATAN PAKAN KULIT BUAH KAKAO." AVES: Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan 10, no. 2 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35457/aves.v10i2.185.
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Pod husks from waste cocoa crops used as alternative feed goats Peranakan Etawah. This study aims to determine the impact of the pod husks as a feed supplement to increase body size of adult female and parent in preparing for pregnancy. A total of 30 goats were divided into 16 tails dara and 14 breeding, reared intensively for 60 days. Pod husks were feeding as many as 1000-1500 g / head / day. The analysis used the PCR RFLP. The results showed the average growth of Body Lenght for the adult female, the prolific parent and single parent respectively by 1.75, 2:18 and 1:59 cm, while the average increase respectively Shoulder Height 1:49, and 1:12 1.97 cm. The results of the analysis of PCR RFLP GH MspI produced three genotypes, namely TT; TC and CC. Obtained genotype frequencies of TT (0091); TC (0409) and CC (0500). GH MspI gene polymorphism is not associated with the prolific nature, but related with the average increase in body size. It can be seen in the TT genotype showed the average increase Body Lenght (2.26 cm) and Shoulder Height (1.80), while TC and CC is almost the same (not different). Program selection on the growth potential of goats can use TT genotype.
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Zulkharnaim, Jasmal A Syamsu, Muhammad Ihsan A Dagong, and Sahiruddin Sabile. "PENINGKATAN MUTU GENETIK INDUK DAN CALON INDUK KAMBING PE PROLIFIK MELALUI PEMANFAATAN PAKAN KULIT BUAH KAKAO." AVES: Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan 10, no. 2 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30957/aves.v10i2.185.
Full textAbstract:
Pod husks from waste cocoa crops used as alternative feed goats Peranakan Etawah. This study aims to determine the impact of the pod husks as a feed supplement to increase body size of adult female and parent in preparing for pregnancy. A total of 30 goats were divided into 16 tails dara and 14 breeding, reared intensively for 60 days. Pod husks were feeding as many as 1000-1500 g / head / day. The analysis used the PCR RFLP. The results showed the average growth of Body Lenght for the adult female, the prolific parent and single parent respectively by 1.75, 2:18 and 1:59 cm, while the average increase respectively Shoulder Height 1:49, and 1:12 1.97 cm. The results of the analysis of PCR RFLP GH MspI produced three genotypes, namely TT; TC and CC. Obtained genotype frequencies of TT (0091); TC (0409) and CC (0500). GH MspI gene polymorphism is not associated with the prolific nature, but related with the average increase in body size. It can be seen in the TT genotype showed the average increase Body Lenght (2.26 cm) and Shoulder Height (1.80), while TC and CC is almost the same (not different). Program selection on the growth potential of goats can use TT genotype.
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Ouattara, Leygnima Yaya, Doudjo Soro, Guy Didier Fanou, et al. "Optimization of the autoclave-assisted alkaline delignification of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) pod husks using KOH to maximize reducing sugars." BioResources 17, no. 1 (2021): 826–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.1.826-848.
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Cocoa pod husks are a type of biomass that is still poorly explored. This work was carried out as part of the optimization of the delignification process for this residue with potassium hydroxide, to maximize the reducing sugars content. Screening for potentially influencing factors showed that the biomass to solvent ratio and the temperature had the greatest effect on the delignification process. Optimization of these factors using a composite central plan revealed that the quadratic model was the most suitable for predicting the rate of delignification. The predicted R² (0.815) was in good agreement with the adjusted R² (0.906). The correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.945) between the predicted and experimental results confirmed the fit of the model. The optimal conditions were a biomass to solvent ratio of 9.14% and a temperature of 128 °C, which resulted in a maximum degree of delignification of 93.9%, with 80% of the solids recovered. This study found that the removal of extractables before the pretreatment considerably improved the delignification of cocoa pod husks and the production of reducing sugars, which increased from 3.15 ± 0.006 mg/mL to 5.33 ± 0.143 mg/mL. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction confirmed physicochemical changes in the biomass after pretreatment.
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Zeh, Lisette TOKPA, Golou ZANH Gizèle, and Pacôme OUATTARA Sié. "Study of the effect of five growing media used for the nursery production of Bombax costatum Pellegr. et Vuillet: A multipurpose tree in Côte d'Ivoire." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 24, no. 1 (2024): 2641–47. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15064536.
Full textAbstract:
<em>Bombax costatum </em>Pellegr. et Vuillet is a species frequently recommended for reforestation in West Africa. Mass production of vigorous seedlings of this species in nurseries is necessary for the reconstitution of colonies. The effect of five growing media on the growth parameters and dry matter production of <em>Bombax costatum </em>was studied in a completely randomised design. The Soil substrate was compared with a mixture of three (3) portions of Soil + one (1) portion of organic matter based on poultry droppings, rice straw compost, cocoa pod husks compost and wood chips compost, respectively. The growing media enriched with organic matter had pH values close to neutral and high levels of organic matter and nitrogen. The Soil + Poultry droppings substrate favored the production of plants with the highest values of stem height (87.84 cm; p ≤ 0.042), collar diameter (13.72 mm; p ≤ 0.004), number of leaves (19.34; p ≤ 0.025) and total dry matter (20 g.plant<sup>-1</sup>; p ≤ 0.036). Since the quality of transplant affects plant establishment and initial growth, the substrate Soil + Poultry droppings must be recommended for the nursery production of <em>Bombax costatum</em>, followed by the substrates Soil + Rice straw and Soil + Cocoa pod husks compost.
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Amponsah, Seth Kwabena, Simon Yeboah, Kennedy Kwami Edem Kukuia, Benoit Banga N’guessan, and Ofosua Adi-Dako. "A Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of a Pectin-Based Oral Multiparticulate Matrix Carrier of Carbamazepine." Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2021 (July 3, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5527452.
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Background. Carbamazepine is a drug used in the treatment of neurological disorders such as epilepsy. However, due to its erratic absorption, oral bioavailability is often poor. There is, therefore, the need to develop alternative formulations for carbamazepine with better pharmacokinetic characteristics. Aim. The aim of this study was to formulate an oral modified-release multiparticulate matrix of carbamazepine from cocoa pod husk (CPH) pectin and evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of this formulation using in vitro and in vivo models. Methods. CPH pectin was extracted from cocoa pod husks with hot aqueous and citric acid solutions. Oral multiparticulate carbamazepine matrices were formulated from CPH pectin cross-linked with calcium. The formulation was evaluated for carbamazepine content and release profile in vitro. For in vivo pharmacokinetic profile estimation, rats were put into 4 groups of 5 animals each to receive carbamazepine multiparticulate matrix formulations A and B, carbamazepine powder, and Tegretol CR®. Animals in each group received 200 mg/kg of each drug via the oral route. Maximum plasma concentration C max , area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), elimination rate constant K e , and terminal half-life t 1 / 2 of the formulations were estimated by noncompartmental analysis. Results. The pectin extraction from fresh cocoa pod husks using hot aqueous and citric acid solutions gave pectin yields of 9.63% and 11.54%, respectively. The drug content of carbamazepine in CPH pectin formulations A and B was 95% and 96%, respectively. There was controlled and sustained release of carbamazepine for both formulations A and B in vitro. AUC0⟶36 (176.20 ± 7.97 µg.h/mL), C max (8.45 ± 0.71 μg/mL), T max (12 ± 1.28 h), and t 1 / 2 (13.75 ± 3.28 h) of formulation A showed a moderately enhanced and comparable pharmacokinetic profile to Tegretol CR® (AUC0⟶36: 155 ± 7.15 µg.h/mL, C max : 8.24 ± 0.45 μg/mL, T max : 8.0 ± 2.23 h, and t 1 / 2 : 13.51 ± 2.87 h). Conclusion. Findings from the study suggest that formulations of CPH pectin had the potential to control and maintain therapeutic concentrations of carbamazepine in circulation over a period of time in the rat model.
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Sudarma, I. Made, Ni Made Puspawati, and I. Ketut Suada. "The Potency of Endofit Fungi in Cocoa as Biological Agent to Control Cocoa Pod Disease Caused by Phytophthota Palmivora (Butler) Butler." Advances in Tropical Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences 1, no. 1 (2017): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/atbes.2017.v01.i01.p02.
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Cocoa pod disease caused by the fungus Phytophthora palmivora has resulted in loss of cacao in Indonesia, especially in Bali. So far the disease control strategy is not fully understood. So there is a need to find an alternative by using endophytic fungi associated with cocoa plant. Endophytic fungi are needed to be explored in all parts of the cocoa plant such as stems, leaves and husks. The prevalence of fungal endophyte was determined by the size of its domination on the surface tissue for protection against pathogen. The exploration of the endophytic fungi benefits is aimed at finding biological agent s that could control of pathogenic P. palmivora. The results showed that 15 types of endophyte fungi have been found in the healthy leaves, stem and pod husks, with the prevalence of fungal endophyte originated from healthy leaf Mecelia sterilia (hyphae sterile) around 30%, the endophyte fungi originated from the healthy cocoa stem are Mycelia sterilia, Neurospora spp and Trichoderma spp around 25%. While the endophytic fungi originated from healthy skin fruit is Trichoderma spp. around 35%. The in vitro test results of endophytic fungi antagonistic against P. palmivora indicated that the endophyte fungi originated from the leaf namely Aspergillus spp was obtained at 80 ± 2%, A. niger 90 ± 2%, A. flavus 100%, and Trichoderma spp. 90 ± 1.5%, the endophytic fungus originated from rods namely Neurospora spp. was 95 ± 2%, and Trichoderma spp. was 90 ± 2%. While the endophytic originated from rind namely Neurospora spp . was 95 ± 1.5 % and Trichoderma spp. was 80 ± 2%. The results of in vivo test of antagonistic endophytic fungi against P. palmivora showed that all of endophytic fungi (Aspergillus sp., A. niger, A. flavus, Neurospora sp., and Trichoderma sp.) have a significant effect in suppressing the growth of mycelium P. palmivora.Keywords: Endophytic Fungus, Phytophthora Palmivora, Inhibition, Prevalence, Biological Agents
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Aisman, Aisman, Sahadi Didi Ismanto, and Nadila Aprilianda. "Effect of Activator Types on the Production of Activated Carbon from Cocoa (Theobroma cacao, L.) Pod Husk as Metal Adsorbent." Andalasian International Journal of Agriculture and Natural Sciences (AIJANS) 4, no. 02 (2023): 84–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/aijans.v4.i02.84-98.2023.
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The objective of this study is to investigate the distinctive properties of activated carbon derived from cocoa pod husks that have been activated using various activators. The study seeks to assess the absorption capacity of the resulting activated carbon for the heavy metal Fe, and to identify the most effective activator for this purpose. The activators used were ZnCl2, H3PO4, KOH, and MgCl2 each at a concentration of 10%. The characteristics of the activated carbon produced include; yield 70.18–82.24%, water content 0.75–2.25%, ash content 3.50–11.00%, part lost on heating 950? or volatile matter 9.38–15.61 %, pure activated carbon of 76.94–79.16%, and absorption of iodine of 574.36–628.30 mg/g. The utilization of activated carbon derived from cocoa pod husks has demonstrated its efficacy in the adsorption of the heavy metal iron (Fe) present in well water. This adsorption process exhibits a notable absorption capacity within the range of 0.0967–0.0991 mg/g, accompanied by a high absorption efficiency ranging from 96.62% to 99.02%. The most effective activator, as determined by its iodine number, was found to be potassium hydroxide (KOH), which exhibited an impressive absorption capacity of 628.30 mg/g of iodine. On the other hand, magnesium chloride (MgCl2) emerged as the most economically viable activator, with a price of Rp. 30,00 per gram.