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1
Baah, Francis, and Vincent Anchirinah. "A review of Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana extension activities and the management of cocoa pests and diseases in Ghana." American Journal of Social and Management Sciences 2, no. 1 (March 2011): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5251/ajsms.2011.2.1.196.201.
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Ameyaw, G. A., O. Domfeh, H. Dzahini-Obiatey, L. A. A. Ollennu, and G. K. Owusu. "Appraisal of Cocoa swollen shoot virus (CSSV) Mild Isolates for Cross Protection of Cocoa Against Severe Strains in Ghana." Plant Disease 100, no. 4 (April 2016): 810–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-15-0974-re.
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Two mild strains of Cocoa swollen shoot virus (CSSV), N1 and SS365B, were assessed for their capability to mitigate the devastating effects of CSSV in field trials at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana in comparison with noninoculated cocoa plants. Analysis of growth, mortality, and yield of cocoa trees inoculated with the mild strains over a period of two decades between 1996 and 2014 indicated that the cocoa plants inoculated with mild strains performed significantly (P < 0.05) better in the presence of the severe strains (CSSV 1A) than noninoculated cocoa, albeit degenerated over time. The development of cocoa hybrids studied in the trial showed differences in their performance in the presence of the mild-strain viruses. Spread of the severe virus increased and deteriorated the effects of the mild isolates over time, thereby decreasing the economic life span of the cocoa trees. This observation was consistent in all the trials regardless of the type of mild strain involved. Apparently, the immunity and protection conferred by mild strains of CSSV (SS365B and N1) on cocoa declined over time, and we further confirmed ‘Amelonado’ cocoa to be very susceptible to CSSV infection in terms of effects on growth and yield.
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Gyedu-Akoto, Esther, Eric Kumi Asare, Stephen Yaw Opoku, Abu Mustapha Dadzie, and Emmanuel Ofosu-Agyei. "Effects of roasted coffee on the chemical, microbiological and sensory qualities of fermented cocoa and cashew juices." Nutrition & Food Science 51, no. 6 (January 27, 2021): 989–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nfs-09-2020-0355.
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Purpose Roasted coffee provides a complex blend of different flavours which produce a range of sensory qualities. With the development of protocols for the production of fresh juices, jams and marmalades from cocoa and cashew pulp juices at Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, this paper aims to study the effects of roasted coffee powder on fermented cocoa and cashew juices to diversify the uses of these two juices. Design/methodology/approach Cocoa and cashew juices were fermented with the incorporation of 2% roasted coffee powder using Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast starter. The fermenting juices were monitored by measuring pH, temperature, specific gravity and titratable acidity. At the end of the fermentation, the juices were poured into clean, sterilized containers to mature. They were then analysed for their physicochemical, microbiological and sensory qualities. These were repeated with cocoa and cashew juices without coffee powder to determine the effects of the roasted coffee on the fermented juices. Findings The addition of roasted coffee powder to cocoa and cashew juices did not have any significant effect on the fermentation performance of the juices. Three out of the four juices took a total of 13 days to complete fermentation with an average final specific gravity of 0.99. The quality of the fermented juices was not compromised by microbial activities. However, the addition of roasted coffee powder reduced the alcohol content of fermented cocoa juice from 9.0 to 5.0% and that of cashew from 11.0% to 7.5%. Sensory analysis using untrained panellists, who were ordinary consumers, showed significant differences among the four fermented juices in terms of appearance, taste and aroma. Their mean scores for coffee aroma ranged from 0.3 to 2.0 with coffee incorporated fermented juices having higher rankings. Originality/value These findings have shown the possibility of processing cocoa and cashew juices, which under normal circumstances would have been discarded along their value chains, into coffee-flavoured wines. They are also important to cocoa, cashew and coffee farmers, processors, as well as wine enthusiasts.
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Akpertey, Abraham, Esther Anim-Kwapong, Paul Kwasi Krah Adu-Gyamfi, and Atta Ofori. "Genetic variation among biparental Robusta coffee families and implications for variety development." Experimental Agriculture 56, no. 2 (August 6, 2019): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479719000255.
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AbstractUnderstanding the genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance (GA) of traits in any plant population is an important pre-requisite for variety development. The objectives of the study were to assess the level of genetic variability among vegetative growth traits and yield, assess the relationship among the growth traits and yield and predict GA for the most heritable traits among Robusta coffee full-sib families. The trial was established in June 2009 at the experimental fields of the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana with 62 full-sib families planted in a randomized complete block design with six replications. Significant (p < 0.05) variation was observed among the full-sib families evaluated for all traits, except for span (canopy diameter). Span and number of laterals were genetically correlated (p < 0.001) with cumulative yield (2013–2017), with span being the vegetative growth trait most strongly related to cumulative yield (rg = 0.60, p < 0.001). The most heritable vegetative growth and yield traits were, respectively, number of laterals (H2 = 0.59) and cumulative yield (H2 = 0.41). The top 10 families (BP40, BP41, BP9, BP36, BP34, BP28, BP37, BP14, BP4 and BP10) in terms of cumulative yield are proposed for multi-location evaluation and possible release as hybrids for coffee farmers in Ghana.
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Domfeh, O., G. A. Ameyaw, H. K. Dzahini-Obiatey, and L. E. del Río Mendoza. "Spatiotemporal Spread of Cacao Swollen Shoot Virus Severe Strain 1A in Mixed Hybrid Cacao Pre-inoculated With Mild Strain N1." Plant Disease 103, no. 12 (December 2019): 3244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-18-2175-re.
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The spatiotemporal spread of cocoa swollen shoot virus disease (CSSVD), which is caused by cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) severe strain 1A in mixed hybrid cacao pre-inoculated with CSSV mild strain N1 (CSSV-N1), was investigated during a field experiment from 2006 to 2017, at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana. The development of disease epidemics has been described by the use of statistical modeling. Protecting all cacao plants with CSSV-N1 reduced the rate of CSSV-1A symptom appearance by 43% (P = 0.05) compared with the nonprotected control and by 33% compared with plots where cacao plants in the outer three or five rows were protected with CSSV-N1. Similarly, creating the protective outer rings three or five rows deep reduced the rate of CSSV-1A symptoms by 14% (P = 0.05) compared with the nonprotected control. CSSV-1A epidemics increased approximately 18% faster (P = 0.05) in transects oriented from the north and east compared with those oriented from the south and west. During the last 2 years of the study, CSSVD spread decreased significantly (P = 0.05) faster in plots where all test cacao plants were inoculated with CSSV-N1 compared with other treatments. The growth of cacao did not differ significantly among the treatments over the 9-year assessment period. Similarly, differences in the cumulative yield among the treatments over the 8-year assessment period were not significant.
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Bigger, M. "Time series analysis of variation in abundance of selected cocoa insects and fitting of simple linear predictive models." Bulletin of Entomological Research 83, no. 2 (June 1993): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300034647.
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AbstractA plot of cocoa trees at the Cocoa Research Institute, Tafo, Ghana, was inspected weekly for the presence on each tree of 18 species of insects. The 306 consecutive weekly records of percentage of trees occupied by each species were subjected to time series analysis. Auto-correlation and partial auto-correlation functions were calculated for each series and used to identify simple autoregressive linear models to account for the serial correlation. It was found that all species needed a stabilizing autoregressive parameter of lag 1 and all but four a second autoregressive parameter of lag 2. Seasonal autoregressive parameters at lags 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, or 13 were needed for over half the species, either in addition to the parameter at lag 2 or in place of it. It is postulated that these seasonal parameters mimic generation cycles. Runs of the models using random inputs produced series which were close to the originals in general form. The models could be further refined by adjusting the fixed mean levels assumed by the models to take into account the effects due to the abundance of young extension growth on the trees and atmospheric moisture, as measured by afternoon relative humidity readings. Although the production of extension growth is cyclical it would seem that it does not induce the cyclical behaviour observed in some of the insect series. The peaks in the latter cycles are, however, reinforced when they coincide with peaks in extension growth.
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Domfeh, O., G. A. Ameyaw, H. K. Dzahini-Obiatey, L. A. A. Ollennu, K. Osei-Bonsu, K. Acheampong, F. Aneani, and F. Owusu-Ansah. "Use of Immune Crops as Barrier in the Management of Cacao Swollen Shoot Virus Disease (CSSVD)—Long-Term Assessment." Plant Disease 100, no. 9 (September 2016): 1889–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-16-0404-re.
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A field trial was conducted at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana from 1992 to 2004 to investigate the prospects of using Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV)-immune crops as a barrier to prevent the spread of the virus from existing outbreaks into newly established cacao plantings. The treatments consisted of four crops—citrus (Citrus spp.), oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), kola (Cola nitida Vent.), and cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)—planted as a barrier between cacao trees serving as test plants on one side and as source of CSSV strain 1A infection on the other. Over a 7-year period post CSSV 1A inoculation, the citrus and oil palm barriers were the most effective in protecting test cacao trees from cacao swollen shoot virus disease (CSSVD) spread. The two crops gave comparable results (P = 0.9766) in terms of the cumulative number of visibly infected trees (1 and 5 of 522, respectively). The kola barrier, on the other hand, had a significantly (P < 0.000l) higher number of symptomatic trees (89 of 522) than citrus and oil palm. All three crops (citrus, oil palm, and kola) provided better protection than the control (cacao), which had 134 visibly infected trees out of 522. As shown by economic analyses, growing citrus, oil palm, or kola as barrier crops was as profitable as growing cacao. The implications of the results on the management of CSSVD in Ghana are discussed.
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Dogbatse, Jerome A., Alfred Arthur, Godfred K. Awudzi, Amos K. Quaye, Sampson Konlan, and Andrews A. Amaning. "Effects of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth and Nutrient Uptake by Young Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)." International Journal of Agronomy 2021 (March 19, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5516928.
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Sustainable cacao cultivation in Ghana has been seriously hampered by high seedling mortality due to the low soil fertility of lands used for the establishment of new cacao farms. Alleviating the low soil fertility to enhance sustainable cacao cultivation requires the use of fertilizers. A study was therefore conducted at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana to determine the effect of integrated application of poultry manure (PM) and sulphate of ammonia (SOA) fertilizers on survival, growth, and nutrient uptake by cacao seedlings under marginal field conditions. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used to evaluate the effects of six treatments. Traits assessed were percentage survival, height, trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), and nutrient uptake. Results from the study showed no significant differences in soil N and K among the treatments. PM-amended plots had significantly higher soil P than nonamended control and SOA alone. Seedling survival rate ranged from 73.3 to 89.3% with a higher proportion of surviving plants in PM amended soils. The application of PM alone and its combination with SOA improved growth. Cacao trees of T4 (75% recommended dosage of SOA + PM) had the largest TCSA increment, which was significantly different from the other soil treatments. Leaf nutrient concentrations in cacao of T4 were higher than the other soil treatments. It was therefore concluded that T4 could be used during cacao establishment in marginal areas for improved plant survival and growth.
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Bigger, M. "Ant – homopteran interactions in a tropical ecosystem. Description of an experiment on cocoa in Ghana." Bulletin of Entomological Research 83, no. 4 (December 1993): 475–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300039912.
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AbstractOver a period of six years, the presence or absence of 23 species of arboreal insects (13 Homoptera, 1 Heteroptera, 9 ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)) was recorded on each of 866 young Amazon and Amazon hybrid cocoa trees at the Cocoa Research Institute, Tafo, Ghana. The general form of the time-series, derived from the proportion of trees occupied by each species, is described. Analysis of 18 of these series, taken either singly or jointly, was carried out using analysis of variance and principal components analysis and the degree of spatial association between 16 of the species was also investigated. For the latter, the number of joint occurrences of pairs of species was compared with the expected number by means of a chi squared test. An index of association was derived from the proportion of occasions on which the difference was significant. For all but four species, there were highly significant differences between annual means in the analysis of variance and, in many, the overall annual trend was downward with time. For those species where significant differences were not shown between years, trends were often apparent on individual plots but were negated because of inconsistencies between plots in the direction of the trend. In the joint analysis of all 18 species by principal components, the first component accounted for approximately 33% of the total variance and could be identified as representing to a large extent the long-term upward or downward trends shown up by the analysis of variance. The second principal component, accounting for a further 13% of total variance, was interpreted as being a further manifestation of the long-term trend, representing a tendency for deviation from the trend line shown up by the first component to become less with time and to approach the trend line in a damped oscillation. This is thought to be partly caused by a drought at the start of the experiment which affected certain species adversely. The third principal component accounted for 11% of total variance and the scores followed an irregular annual cycle which was related to relative humidity. The scores on this axis were high during dry periods of the year and low during wet periods. In the analysis of variance it was found that 13 species showed significant differences in spatial distribution between seasons and, for most, there was evidence for an annual cycle. There was also some evidence of correlation between the seasonal cycles of some insects with seasonal rainfall level or morning or afternoon relative humidity. These same species are important in contributing to the third principal component scores. Spatial association analysis showed eight species to be strongly associated. These fell into three groups with positive associations between members of the same group and negative association between members of other groups. Each group featured an ant-homopteran association, Crematogaster spp. with Planococcoides njalensis (Laing) in group 1, Oecophylla longinoda (Latreille) with Stictococcus spp. in group 2, and Camponotus spp. and Polyrhachis laboriosa F. Smith with Planococcus citri (Risso) and Toxoptera aurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe in group 3. Three other coccids were loosely linked to these groups through particular members, Waxiella sp. nr zonatus (Newstead) to group 1 through Planococcoides njalensis and to group 2 through Camponotus spp. and Phenacoccus hargreavesi (Laing) and Steatococcus spp. to group 2 through Planococcus citri. Changes taking place with time in the relative abundance of members of these groups could be discerned in the trajectories of the first two principal components. The spatial re-arrangements taking place with time of the territories of the major ant species are followed in some detail, and the effect of these changes on Homoptera is discussed.
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Bakel, M. A., H. Esen-Baur, Leen Boer, Bronislaw Malinowski, A. P. Borsboom, Betty Meehan, H. J. M. Claessen, et al. "Book Reviews." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 141, no. 1 (1985): 149–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003405.
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Vanzza Aji, Rizki, Zulkarnain Ishak, and Mukhlis Mukhlis. "Analisis komparatif daya saing ekspor biji kakao antara Indonesia, Pantai Gading dan Ghana: Pendekatan RCA dan CMS." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan 15, no. 2 (July 3, 2019): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.29259/jep.v15i2.8832.
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This study aim is to compare the competitiveness of Indonesia cocoa exports with the main ecporting countries of world cocoa beans such as Ivory Coast and Ghana from 2001 to 2016. The comparable of cocoa commodities are raw cocoa or cocoa beans. This research uses descriptive analysis using Revelaved Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Constant Market Share (CMS) approach. The analysis of Revelaved Comparative Advantage is used to determine the competitiveness level of Indonesian cocoa beans, Ivort Coast and Ghana, while Costant Market Share is used to decompose the export growth of Indonesia cocoa beans, Ivory Coast and Ghana into three determinants of export growth including Commodity Composite Effect, Market Distribution Securities and Effects of Competitiveness. RCA analysis shows Indonesia’s cocoa commodity has a comparative advantage in the international market, while CMS analysis shows that the increase of Inonesia cocoa exports is influenced by the increasing demand of world cocoa.
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Bannor, Richard Kwasi, Helena Oppong-Kyeremeh, Samuel Atewene, and Camillus Abawiera Wongnaa. "Influence of non-price incentives on the choice of cocoa licensed buying companies by farmers in the Western North of Ghana." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 9, no. 4 (September 26, 2019): 402–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-11-2018-0151.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors influencing the choice and the amount of cocoa beans sold to public and private licensed buying companies in the Western North of Ghana. Design/methodology/approach The study was conducted in the Western North of Ghana. Cragg’s Double Hurdle model was used to examine the factors influencing the choice of licensed buying company (LBC) whereas Kendall’s coefficient of concordance was employed in analysis of the marketing challenges. Findings The results showed that non-price incentives determine the choice and the amount cocoa beans sold to an LBC. Specifically, education, years of experience in cocoa farming and timely payment of sold cocoa beans positively influence the choice of public LBC. However, off farm job participation, provision of credit facilities and extension services affect the choice of private LBC as marketing outlet. Perceived low price of cocoa beans, inadequate credit support, and adjustment of scales used in weighing of cocoa beans were identified as the most important challenges confronting farmers. Research limitations/implications The research provides important information on non-price incentives influencing cocoa marketing outlet decision as well as the marketing challenges faced by farmers which can contribute to improving internal marketing efficiency of the cocoa industry in Ghana. Besides, this study also extends the frontiers in terms of methodological approach by adopting Cragg’s Double Hurdle Model in addressing the research question. Originality/value The research provides important information on non-price incentives influencing cocoa marketing outlet decision as well as the marketing challenges faced by farmers which can contribute to improving internal marketing efficiency of the cocoa industry in Ghana. Besides, this study also extends the frontiers in terms of methodological approach by adopting Cragg’s Double Hurdle Model in addressing the research question.
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Okorley, Ernest L. "Farm Operations and Injury Risks to Children in Cocoa Households in the Western Region of Ghana: Implications for Extension Education." Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education 24, no. 1 (April 15, 2017): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5191/jiaee.2016.24106.
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Cocoa remains the most important cash crop in Ghana, with the Western Region being the leading producer. More recently, concerns have been raised about ethical cocoa production, especially regarding child labour. Drawing on historical sources and a survey, the research assessed the injury risks of children in cocoa farming in the Western Region of Ghana and its implications for extension education. The study concludes that cocoa farm households in Ghana, typically in Western Region, engage children in the households in almost all aspects of cocoa production operations as a way of socializing them into the family cocoa production business – a complex and socially tolerable practice in Ghana. The extent of engagement however, is low across the operations. The operations engaged by the children are generally repetitive and include carrying loads, land preparation, planting, fertilizer application, harvesting, and breaking cocoa pods. More importantly, the study concludes that cocoa farmers are more at risk to injuries caused by repetitive strain, and lifting and carrying of loads, which are the work normally done by children. Nonetheless, the focus of extension education in Ghana has been on adult farmers in design and content. To effectively manage the risk associated with this complex phenomenon, the study emphasized the need for a holistic extension education that includes child-sensitive labour practices in cocoa production, focusing on the entire farm household. This will best empower cocoa households to ethically and health-wise socialise children as part of a livelihood system for sustainable cocoa production.
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PEPRAH, WILLIAMS KWASI, Enoch Asuah-Duodu, and Ruben T. Carpizo. "The Difference Between Ghana Cocoa Farmers’ Personal Profile on their Financial Sustainability." Abstract Proceedings International Scholars Conference 7, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 1054–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35974/isc.v7i1.953.
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Introduction: In pursuing their enterprises, cocoa farmers now need financial sustainability. This research focuses on financial sustainability because it is linked to the accessibility of agricultural funding and the effect on society for current and future generations in order to guarantee a sustainable livelihood. This study considers the personal profiles of cocoa farmers, which are sex, education level, number of dependents, and farm sizes. The cocoa farmers profile has a divergent view on their financial sustainability. The study is quantitative research and correlational design research. The sample population of 1,000 Cocoa farmers was conveniently sampled from the six cocoa-growing regions of Ghana as respondents.
Method: The study used self-constructed questionnaires to measure financial sustainability, which had sub-variables of financial viability, financial self-sufficiency, and financial impact. The statistical analysis for the differences was computed by using SPSS 23 with T’Test and ANOVA.
Result: The results of the study revealed that there was no significant difference in a number of dependents and educational level of cocoa farmers on their financial sustainability. Also, farm size and sex proofed to have a significant difference in the financial sustainability of the cocoa farmer. Large farm size indicated a major difference in financial sustainability as compared to small farm size. Male cocoa farmers were better than the female cocoa farmers on their financial sustainability.The dominance of males in cocoa farming in Ghana makes them consider the financial sustainability of the cocoa farming venture more than females. This is because they are mainly supporting the livelihood of their families. Farm Size as a determinant of financial sustainability is evident by the yield larger farm size can give a cocoa farmer.
Discussion: The study recommends that in order to attain financial sustainability for the cocoa farmer, the farm size and sex must be considered.
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Prah, Ishmael, and Peter Dzakah Fanam. "Empirical analysis of the best warehousing practices and its impact on cocoa beans quality." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 35, no. 3 (January 13, 2020): 230–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v35i3.353.
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The importance of cocoa to the economy of Ghana cannot be overemphasized. For several decades, cocoa has been the backbone of the country's economy and plays a major role in employment, foreign exchange earnings, government revenue, education, and infrastractural development of Ghana. Ghana is the world premier supplier of high quality cocoa and second largest exporter of the commodity. Maintaining this high quality of cocoa beans is important if Ghana is to maintain this status, and in so doing, continue charging a premium price for its cocoa. In this study, four best practices of cocoa warehousing were identified from literature and the impact they have on the quality of cocoa beans was explored in mach detail using data collected from sixty-six district managers and depot keepers of cocoa warehouses in the Agona East and Agona West districts of the Central region of Ghana. A structural equation model was developed and tested to explore this phenomenon and the findings revealed that the four cocoa warehousing best practices - inventory control, warehouse maintainance, warehouse inspection, and records keeping- were significantly positively associated with the quality of cocoa beans. This suggests that all efforts aimed at improving these aspects of cocoa warehousing would reflect positively on the quality of cocoa beans. The study also revealed important challenges to cocoa warehousing in the sampled cocoa warehouses and depots including low capacity of warehouses, poor lighting, poor ventilation, attack by pest and diseases, mishandling, insufficient equipments and facilities, pilferage and damage of cocoa beans, and lack of training for staff and other workers of cocoa warehousing and storage institutions. These challenges threaten to lower the quality of Ghana's cocoa beans. The study recommends that greater investment should be channelled into cocoa warehousing as doing so would address most of the challenges identified. The study also calls for further research into other cocoa warehousing practices not tackled in this study to determine how they impact on the quality of cocoa bean.
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Obodai, Jacob, Paul Kitson Baffour Asamoah, and Joseph Edusei. "Cocoa Purchasing and the Issue of Insecurity in the Akontombra District in the Western Region of Ghana." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 34, no. 2 (August 31, 2018): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v34i2.321.
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The cocoa industry in Ghana is plagued with a number of challenges. Among such challenges is the issue of insecurity. This notwithstanding, there are limited scholarly findings on the nature and the underlying factors associated with these insecurity issues. This paper examined the cocoa industry in the Sefwi Akontombra District in the Western Region of Ghana and presents an analysis of the processes and procedures for cocoa purchasing in the district; the securityarrangements and mechanisms put in place during cocoa purchasing peak periods; the nature of access roads in cocoa growing areas in the district; and the influence of access roads on the insecurity of cocoa purchasing in the district. The study adopted a qualitative research approach and using a cross sectional study design, the case of OLAM Ghana Limited, a private licensed cocoa buying company operating in Sefwi Akontombra was examined. Primary data were gathered from purchasing clerks, drivers, warehouse keepers and officials of the company. Data from the District Command of the Ghana Police Service and the Department of Feeder Roads district office were solicited using interview guides. Non-participant observation and taking of photography were also employed as data capturing mechanism during the study. The study espoused content analysis in analysing the contents of the interviews and observational field notes in order to identify the main themes that emerge from the responses given by the respondents or the observation notes made. Inferences and implications were drawn then drawn from the analysis. The study found out that there was no security measure by OLAM Ghana Limited to ensure the safety of funds meant for cocoa buying, the storage and the transportation of cocoa beans in the study district. There was also no security arrangement during peak cocoa purchasing periods in the study district by key stakeholders within the cocoa sector in the district. Moreover, access road was further found out to be a major factor that accounts for some of the insecurity issues associated with cocoa purchasing activities in the Sefwi Akontombra District. The study thus recommends the development and adoption of security arrangements and mechanism by all stakeholders within the cocoa industry in the study district and the making of security issues a top priority by OLAM Ghana Limited.
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Harsanti, Ari, Bambang Juanda, and Sahara Sahara. "Dampak Bea Keluar Kakao Indonesia terhadap Country Market Power di Pasar Biji Kakao Amerika Serikat dan Terms of Trade." Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia 2, no. 2 (March 22, 2017): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jai.2014.2.2.107-126.
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<em>As the world’s third-largest cocoa beans producer, Indonesia is expected to have a comparative advantage and to become cocoa beans price reference. This research investigates market power of Indonesia cocoa beans export for the United State market as an impact of an export tax. Five cocoa beans exporting countries namely Cote d’Ivoire, Ecuador, Ghana, Dominica Rep and Nigeria are calculated their market power as Indonesia’s competitors by estimating residual demand elasticity with two stage least square method. The results show that Indonesia’s market power suffered after imposing the export tax. Cote d’Ivoire and Ghana get advantages from this export restriction. The effect of export tax on welfare is analyzed by calculating terms of trade. The gain from cocoa beans trade depicts a declining terms of trade for dealing with the international cocoa beans market.</em>
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Aneani, Francis, R. Adu-Acheampong, and O. Sakyi-Dawson. "Exploring Opportunities for Enhancing Innovation in Agriculture: The Case of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Production in Ghana." Sustainable Agriculture Research 7, no. 1 (October 27, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v7n1p33.
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An exploratory study was conducted to identify opportunities to enhance innovation in the cocoa sector in Ghana. The specific objectives were to identify the key stakeholders in the cocoa industry, and elicit farmers and other stakeholders’ perceptions on cocoa production and marketing practices, as well as the inherent constraints and opportunities. The study involved literature review of published information and the use of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools such as focus group discussion, problem tree analysis, seasonal calendar, and ranking techniques to elicit information from the respondents and purchasing clerks in the Eastern and Western Regions of Ghana. The problem tree analysis indicated that low cocoa incomes were due to low cocoa yields which were in turn caused by high incidence of pest and diseases such as capsids/black pod/cocoa swollen shoot virus disease (CSSVD), declining soil fertility and use of unapproved planting materials. The seasonal calendar analysis indicated that most cocoa farmers were financially constrained, experience high labour availability and cost from May to July during which farm activities are high. Based on the study, researchers recommend that the Ghana Cocoa Board (COCOBOD) intensifies its efforts in implementing the opportunities such as crop/livelihood diversification, provision of crop insurance against risk, etc. identified to enhance farmers’ welfare and the development of the entire cocoa industry. Addressing these constraints requires collaboration among the various stakeholders in the sector, including the government, research and extension as well as smallholder farmers.
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Tham-Agyekum, Enoch Kwame, Ernest Laryea Okorley, Joseph Kwarteng, John-Eudes Andivi Bakang, and Fred Nimoh. "Enhancing Market Orientation of Cocoa Farmers through Farmer Business Schools: The Ghana Cocobod Experience." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 11, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.ajard.2021.111.129.138.
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The study sought to ascertain how the Farmer Business School (FBS) introduced in 2012 by the Ghana Cocoa Board as an extension approach makes the Ghanaian cocoa farmer more business and entrepreneurially minded. The research methods included using the descriptive survey and multi-stage sampling techniques to cover the six cocoa regions and 600 cocoa farmers. The 600 cocoa farmers selected were made up of 230 non-participants and 370 participants of the FBS. In terms of competency, the results showed that FBS participants had greater knowledge, a more positive attitude, and better skills than non-participants. In terms of market orientation, FBS participants were more competitor oriented, had less intelligence generation, were less market responsive, had less intelligence dissemination, had more customer emphasis, and had more interfunctional coordination than non-participants. The market orientation of cocoa farmers can be enhanced by provision of relevant practical experience for attitudinal change.
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Tham-Agyekum, Enoch Kwame, Joseph Kwarteng, Ernest Laryea Okorley, Fred Nimoh, and John-Eudes Bakang. "Market Orientation and Entrepreneurial Proclivity as Antecedents of Innovative Behaviour: Implications for Cocoa Farmers in Ghana." Journal of Agriculture and Crops, no. 74 (September 24, 2021): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jac.74.132.139.
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Despite the increasing importance of innovation in literature, there is no agreement about its antecedents. This clearly makes it difficult and risky for cocoa farmers to choose suitable strategies to adopt, develop and promote successful innovations to fit their farm situations. The research questions were aimed at assessing the level of the entrepreneurial proclivity of cocoa farmers, their level of market orientation, their level of innovative behavior, and the influence of entrepreneurial proclivity and market orientation on innovative behavior. Cocoa farmers were sampled from all the six Cocoa Regions in Ghana. In total, 370 cocoa farmers, who participated in the Farmer Business School, were sampled using the multi-stage sampling procedure. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (multiple linear regression). The study showed evidence that market orientation and entrepreneurial proclivity can be considered as antecedents of innovation with the key factors being, customer emphasis, intelligence dissemination, and market responsiveness. The study recommends improved flexibility in the cocoa marketing system of Ghana giving attention to the systems of customer/export options available to cocoa farmers.
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Sraku-Lartey, M. "Library Computerization at the Forestry Research Institute of Ghana." Information Development 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026666690301900106.
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Annoh, Grace. "Agricultural Research in Ghana: the role of the Animal Research Institute Library." Information Development 15, no. 4 (December 1999): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266666994239994.
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Irène, Guemche Sillag Jeanne, Patience Bongse Kari Andoseh, Tchamba Joël, and Pauline Mounjouenpou. "Evaluation of Some Technologies Developed by the Food Technology Laboratory of the Institute of Agricultural Research for Development: Case of Cocoa, Coffee and Rice." Journal of Agricultural Science 8, no. 1 (December 7, 2015): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v8n1p195.
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<p>The cultivation of plant such as cocoa, coffee and rice is practised by a large number of rural Cameroonian populations. Unfortunately, they are the most suffering of malnutrition, food insecurity and poverty. To improve their livelihoods, the Food Technology Laboratory (FTL) has developed some simple and innovative techniques to transform cocoa, coffee and rice and transferred them to producers. This study aims to evaluate the adoption of those innovations by producers. The survey was conducted in five most important markets in Yaoundé and in one pilot village named Bialanguéna. Data were analysed based on a comparison of the state before and after the acquisition of innovative technologies by producers. Changes observed in the food and economic habits were evaluated. The results show that cocoa products are the most adopted ones. Bialanguena women and Yaounde cocoa producers convert some cocoa beans to cocoa powder and cocoa butter for their therapeutic and nutritive needs. Yaounde cocoa producers go further to commercialize them and generate incomes. This is now their main source of financial income. Therefore, they can afford for food and housing of quality. These innovative technologies could be considered as an alternative to ensure food security in rural area. But the vulgarisation of technologies must continue to reach a large number of producers.</p>
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Zakariyya, Fakhrusy, Endang Sulistyowati, and Dwi Suci Rahayu. "Abundance of Pollinator Insect (Forcipomyia spp .) of Cocoa Under Some Shade Trees." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 32, no. 2 (August 31, 2016): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v32i2.230.
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Cocoa production is affected by cocoa flowering and fruiting. The factor affects fruit seeting is pollinator agent such as Forcipomyia spp. Until now, information concerning population dynamics of Forcipomyia in some models of cocoa shading trees remains limited. This research was studied to observe the population dynamics of Forcipomyia spp. in some models of cocoa shading trees, namely lamtoro (Leucaena sp.), krete (Cassia surithensis) and areca nut (Areca catechu) in two main season of rainy and dry seasons. The research was conducted in Kaliwining research station of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI), Jember, by surveying the existing cocoa under different types of shading trees as mentioned above. The insects were observed using modified sticky trap method, whilst micro climate condition was also observed. The highest population was in January (rainy season) under Leucaena spp. shade tress and the lowest population was in October under all type of the shading trees. There was no relationship between microclimate condition under cocoa trees (temperature, RH and light intensity) and Forcipomyia spp. population (r = 0.08 and 0.04).
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Maalekuu, Bonaventure Kissinger, and Nicholas Teye. "Comparative Evaluation of some Physical and Biochemical Quality Attributes of Cocoa Beans Produced in Assin Fosu, Assin Bereku and Nkawie Cocoa Districts of Ghana." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 12 (November 15, 2017): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n12p169.
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Cocoa contributes significantly to the economy of Ghana due to the premium quality it enjoys in the international market. However, the quality of Ghana cocoa is dwindling gradually making buyers raise serious concerns about the negative impact of poor quality cocoa beans on their products. The study was conducted at Assin Fosu and Assin Bereku cocoa districts in the Central region and Nkawie cocoa district in the Ashanti region. The research was field survey, cut test as well as laboratory work. It was a 3 by 2 factorial experiment in completely randomized design with three replications. There were two factors: the first consisted of the various locations (districts) the study was conducted whilst the second factor comprised the varieties of cocoa (Amelonado and ‘Akokorabedi’) obtained from the various locations. The survey report showed that there were differences in postharvest practices by farmers such as turning during fermentation and duration of fermentation. A report from the cut test revealed that the interaction effect between cocoa varieties and the locations were of significant difference for percentage mouldy cocoa beans (p = 0.00) and slaty cocoa beans (p = 0.05) at 5% probability level. For percentage mouldy beans, Assin Fosu District (location) recorded the highest (2.57%) mean value whilst Nkawie cocoa district (location) recorded the least (0.89%). Similarly, the interaction effect between cocoa varieties and the locations for percentage free fatty acid content (p = 0.01) and pH (p = 0.00) was significantly different at 1% probability level. Assin Fosu District (location) recorded the highest (1.22%) mean percentage free fatty acid value whilst Nkawie district (location) registered the least (1.15%). For pH, Nkawie District (location) recorded the highest (5.82) whilst Assin Fosu district (location) registered the least (5.50). Generally, cocoa beans from the various locations (districts) were of good quality since they all fell within the range of Quality Control Company Limited quality standards, however, beans from Nkawie cocoa district were rated as the best in terms of physical and biochemical quality attributes of the beans.
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Berry, Sara. "Christine Okali, Cocoa and Kinship in Ghana: the matrilineal Akan of Ghana, London: Kegan Paul for the International African Institute, 1983, 180 pp., £9.95." Africa 55, no. 1 (January 1985): 98–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1159846.
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LOCKWOOD, G., F. OWUSU-ANSAH, and Y. ADU-AMPOMAH. "HERITABILITY OF SINGLE PLANT YIELD AND INCIDENCE OF BLACK POD DISEASE IN COCOA." Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 4 (October 2007): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479707005352.
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Broad sense heritabilities were estimated in three long-term cocoa clone trials in Ghana, with 20, 18 and 15 entries. They were 0.15, 0.05 and 0.15 for yield in pods per plant, and 0.26, 0.19 and 0.40 for incidence of ‘bad’ pods, mostly due to black pod disease, caused by infection with Phytophthora spp. The low heritability of single plant yield, which has been known for 80 years, has been widely overlooked in cocoa research and extension, compromising the success of clone selection programmes. The heritability of the incidence of black pod disease is high enough to justify mass selection where family level data are not available. The findings will be applied in a new large-scale programme in Ghana to select clones that are high yielding in the presence of P. megakarya.
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Arko, Augustine Blay. "Factors Influencing the Implementation of Agricultural Policy: A Case Study from Ghana’s Cocoa Diseases and Pests Control (CODAPEC) Program." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 10, no. 1 (March 4, 2020): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v10i1.16613.
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Implementations of public policies and programs have been the bane of developing countries. Ghana is no exception as past policy measures initiated to resuscitate the dwindling cocoa industry have been implemented with less success. The introduction of the Cocoa Diseases and Pests Control (CODAPEC) program has been unique from the earlier reforms. The article explores on this program using a case study research based on survey questionnaire data from 100 farmers in Bia District of Ghana. The analysis focuses on the contributory factors and the relative importance of these factors towards implementation of this agricultural program. Five main factors of success were identified. The results showed that all these factors mattered as they played different and important roles. However, three key successes of factors based on statistical evidence were the supply of skilled personnel, active participation of farmers in the education program and high quantity of agrochemicals supplied. The study recommends the creation of incentive systems to reduce cost of production, periodic review of the producer price of cocoa and the development of the private sector.
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Yulianti, Tria, Soetanto Abdoellah, Didik Suprayogo, and Niken Puspita Sari. "Cocoa Production as Affected by Shade Tree Species and Soil Quality." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 34, no. 2 (August 31, 2018): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v34i2.316.
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Cocoa is one of the agricultural commodities that have important role and are reliable in realizing agricultural development program of Indonesia. The cocoaproduction of Indonesia tends to decrease that caused by in appropriate farming. This research aimed to evaluate the shade management to cocoa productivity and evaluating the correlation between soil quality and the cocoa production with the different shade management. This research was conducted from October 2016 until June 2017 in Kaliwining Experimental Station and Soil Laboratory of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI), Jember, Indonesia. Clones at the trial plots were Sulawesi 1 and Sulawesi 2, 10 years old, and arranged in 3 m x 3 m spacing. The design of this research was conducted by observing parameters of sample trees on cocoa field. This research used three observation plots, with shade trees of leucaena (Leucaena sp.), teak (Tectona grandis), and teak combined with krete (Cassia surithensis) shade. The results indicated that shade species affected the cocoa production. Teak shade gave higher production of cocoa (i.e 3,01 kg.tree-1) compared to other species of shade (1.83 and 1.39 kg.tree-1 for leucaena and teak and krete combination, respectively). The correlation of soil quality with cocoa production showed that soil calcium content, earthworm biomass and soil bulk density were positively correlated with the production of cocoa. Shade species greatly affected the production in combination with the soil quality.
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Firmanto, Hendy, Edy Suharyanto, and Kuswanto. "Performance of Cooled Cone Grinding Machine in Cocoa Cake Processing." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 31, no. 2 (August 31, 2015): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v31i2.152.
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The process of cocoa paste pressing has a function to separate the fatty component of cocoa from its cake. Cocoa paste is further processed into cocoa powder using grinding machine for cocoa cake. The cooled cone type of cocoa grinding machine is used to solve the problem of plug in the maschine caused by melting of fat in cocoa cake due to hot effect as a result of friction in the grinding machine. Grinding machine of cocoa has conical form of cylinder for grinding and stator wall wrapped by source of cold and closed with jacket wool. Research was conducted at Kaliwining Experimental Garden of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI) using cocoa cake containing 26.75% originated from Forastero type of cocoa seed. The capacity and recovery of the machine was influenced by space between rotor cylinder and stator wall. Grinding machine operated at cooling temperature of 25.5oC and space between rotor – stator 0.9 cm and the capacity of 187.5 kg/hour with recovery of 200 mesh cocoa powder as much as 24%. The maximum power of machine required was 2.5 kW with efficiency of energy transfer of 97%. Results of proximate analysis showed that there was no change of protein content, but protein and carbohydrate content increased after processing, i.e. from 5.70% and 59.82% into 5.80% and 61.89% respectively.Key words : cocoa cake, cooling, grinding, cocoa powder
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Eshun, Gabriel, and Christopher Tettey. "Agrotourism development in Ghana: A study of its prospects and challenges at Adjeikrom Cocoa Tour Facility." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 25, no. 25 (September 1, 2014): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2014-0031.
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Abstract Literature depicts agrotourism as a tool for environmental conservation and rural development. Nonetheless, there is a glaring lacuna in literature concerning agrotourism research from Western Africa. This paper seeks to contribute towards filling this gap in literature. The paper investigates the current situation of agrotourism at Adjeikrom in Ghana, the challenges facing Adjeikrom Cocoa Farm Tour Facility, the opportunities Adjeikrom offers as an agrotourism destination and the role of agrotourism in the socio-economic development of the people of Adjeikrom. Fifty questionnaires were administered to purposively selected residents from Adjeikrom, alongside interviews with the management of the agrotourism facility. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study revealed that Adjeikrom Cocoa Farm Tour Facility is bereft with challenges such as inadequate skilled personnel, poor state of the Visitor Centre, incoherent marketing of the destination, inadequate Government support and low record of domestic tourists. The study maintains that the Adjeikrom Cocoa Farm Tour Facility has huge prospects for growth if the aforementioned challenges are addressed.
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Atkins, Jane E., and Ivan Eastin. "Seeing the trees: Farmer perceptions of indigenous forest trees within the cultivated cocoa landscape." Forestry Chronicle 88, no. 05 (October 2012): 535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2012-102.
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Throughout Ghana’s high forest zone, cocoa farmers clear secondary or primary forest to establish new farms, capturing the capacity of nutrient-rich forest soils to increase cocoa yields. However, many cocoa farmers preserve remnant forest trees on existing farms as an integral and necessary component of the production landscape, making decisions about tree removal and tree retention based on a unique set of selection criteria. How they perceive trees plays a crucial role in daily management decisions made at the micro level, which in turn influence landscape patterns on the macro level. The central question of this research relates to how Ghanaian farmers perceive forest trees within the cultivated cocoa landscape. The research data were collected using an exploratory case study approach that combined ethnographic and survey techniques, and draws on 34 farmer interviews, 34 farm surveys, and interviews with key informants representing diverse stakeholder interests in the Domeabra Traditional Lands, Ashanti-Akim in south central Ghana. The research data were analyzed to identify the important functions of forest trees as perceived by study participants, both as a biophysical component within the farm ecosystem and as an input to the rural economy.
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Nur'aini, Febrilia. "Control of Vascular Streak Dieback Disease of Cocoa with Flutriafol Fungicides." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 30, no. 3 (December 30, 2014): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v30i3.43.
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Vascular streak dieback caused by the fungus Oncobasidium theobromae is one of the important diseases in cocoa crop in Indonesia. One approach to control the disease is by using fungicides. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of class triazole fungicides to the intensity of the vascular streak dieback disease on cocoa seedling phase, immature and mature cocoa. Experiments were conducted in Kotta Blater, PTPN XII and Kaliwining, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute. Flutriafol 250 g/l with a concentration 0,05%, 0,1% and 0,15% foliar sprayed on cocoa seedlings, immature and mature cocoa. Active compound combination of Azoxystrobin and Difenoconazole with 0,1% concentration used as a comparation fungicides. The result showed that Flutriafol with 0,05%, 0,1% and 0,15% concentration and Azoxystrobin & Difenoconazol with 0,1% concentration could suppress the vascular streak dieback disease on seedlings. On immature plants, the application of Flutriafol was not effectively suppress the vascular streak dieback disease whereas the fungicide comparison could suppress with the efficacy level of 46.22%. On mature plants,both of fungicides could not suppress the vascular streak dieback disease. Key words: Fungicide, cocoa, vascular streak dieback, triazole, flutriafol, azoxystrobin+difenoconazol
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Manteaw, Seth Awuku, Jonathan Nicholas Anaglo, Seth Dankyi Boateng, and Benjamin Yao Folitse. "How the policy environment influences value chain linkages: a comparative study of cocoa and pineapple in Ghana." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 34, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v34i1.288.
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This paper takes its point of departure from the school of thought that linkages in agricultural commodity value chains may hold the key to making actors in the chain innovative. Ghana's agricultural export sector is characterized by two main types of export: traditional and non-traditional. The traditional agricultural export sector is driven largely by the cocoa industry, while the pineapple industry represents one of the leading commodity industries in the non-traditional export sector. Using a multiple case study methodology, the paper seeks to examine how the policy environment could strengthen value chain linkages and make activities in the value chains more competitive. The study was derived from interactions with actors in the cocoa and pineapple value chains, namely input suppliers, producers, buyers, processors and some support services providers and regulatory agencies. The intention was to assemble their perceptions as interpreted in their own settings. The study showed how the existing policy on research, extension and marketing had encouraged better linkages horizontally and vertically among actors in the pineapple value chain. On the other hand, the policy underpinned by a public sector leadership in the cocoa value chain, had lowered the motivation for stronger linkages in the cocoa value chain. In terms of policy implication, the study makes a strong case for more participation of private sector actors as it is more likely to expand the platform for more interactive learning among actors for their mutual benefit.
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Sraku-Lartey, Margaret. "Introducing Information and Communication Technologies at the Forestry Research Institute in Ghana." Information Development 17, no. 4 (December 2001): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266666014241060.
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Ido, Eiji, Takashi Suzuki, William K. Ampofo, Irene Ayi, Shoji Yamaoka, Kwadwo A. Koram, and Nobuo Ohta. "Joint Research Project on Infectious Diseases in West-African Subregion." Journal of Disaster Research 9, no. 5 (October 1, 2014): 813–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2014.p0813.
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A research collaboration project in Ghana has joined the MEXT program supported by the Japanese government since 2008. The Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), the University of Ghana, and Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) are core parties in the project, and researchers from other institutions also participate temporarily. Two TMDU faculty members are sent to Ghana to manage and implement joint research projects for virology and parasitology, which cover HIV, African trypanosomes, malaria parasites, and vector insects. Along with joint research, mutual exchange activities for young researchers and students have been promoted to develop human resources in tropical infectious disease research. Subjects in our project are all public health concerns both in Ghana and West-Africa and in other parts of the world. Our joint projects have strengthened and promoted global information networks on infectious diseases and the health and welfare of the residents of Ghana and Japan.
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Poku, Kofi, and Martin Owusu Ansah. "Design Thinking as a Strategy for Marketing Confectionery Products: A Case Study of Cocoa Processing Company—Ghana." Business and Management Horizons 2, no. 1 (June 19, 2014): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/bmh.v2i1.5281.
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This research looked at a shift from plain technology improvements to real endeavours in order to address the needs of consumers and to generate powerful and sustainable solutions that could tackle the current and future challenges at Cocoa Processing Company through Design Thinking. The main objective was to investigate how Design Thinking can be used by Cocoa Processing Company as a critical strategic tool for the marketing of their confectionery products.The research aimed at investigating how C.P.C used design thinking in its market strategies, to help increase its sales through discovery and creativity, bearing in mind the encouragement of customer satisfaction through design thinking and also differentiate its product from competitors. Primary and secondary data were used in collecting the data. The primary data was gathered through interviews with personnel from Marketing, R&D and Production departments of CPC and customers. The secondary data was information from Cocoa Processing Company’s web pages, annual reports and previous related research works on design thinking done by others on the Internet. The research population was ten and hence all were chosen as the sample size. Purposive sampling technique was used in gathering the data. The data was analysed using pattern matching which is also known as analytic technique. The study revealed that the organisation made use of design thinking in their marketing strategies in differentiating products from its competitors. The integration of the various departments within the organization also contributed in marketing the company’s products. It was recommended for CPC to use the Design Thinking Processes to assess its current design capabilities and identify the gaps in their design process. It was recommended for C.P.C to liaise with students with background in design, business and technology in the form of multidisciplinary teams to help improve marketing activities in the organisation.
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Sari, Indah Anita, Sobir ., Irvan Faizal, Agung Wahyu Susilo, Marcelinus A.S, Adhiwibawa ., and R. A. P. Nugroho. "Anthocyanin and Chlorophyll Content in Flush as Selection Markers on Fine Flavor Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 32, no. 3 (December 31, 2016): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v32i3.244.
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Level of anthocyanin content in flush is different between fine flavor cocoa and bulk cocoa. This study was aimed to determine the potential of anthocyanin and chlorophyll content in flush as one of the selection indicator for fine flavor cocoa. Flush sampling was carried out at Cocoa Germplasm Collections in Kaliwining Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, while anthocyanin and chlorophyll analysis was conducted at Laboratory of Ma Chung Research Center for Photosynthetic Pigments, Ma Chung University, Malang.The research utilized a completely randomized design consisted of four genotypes of fine flavor cocoa, namely DR 2, ICCRI 02, DRC 16, PNT 16 and five genotypes of bulk cocoa, namely Sulawesi 1, MCC 01, MCC 02, KW 617 and PA 191.Each treatment was repeated three times. Anthocyanin and chlorophyll content in flush was measured. Anthocyanin analysis was done by destructive methods, while flush color was observed based on Munsell Color Chart for Plant Tissues Data analysis used orthogonal contrast, multivariate and simple correlation. The results showed that there were differences in flush color on fine flavor cocoa and that of bulk cocoa. The flush of the fine flavor cocoa had a tendency towards yellow and that of bulk cocoa had a tendency toward red with different levels of variation among genotypes. The analysis results of chlorophyll content in flush showed that chlorophyll content of fine flavor cocoa was higher than bulk cocoa with a range of 2376-3692 µmol/L for fine flavor cocoa and 1567-2628 µmol/L for bulk cocoa. On the contrary, anthocyanin content in fine flavor cocoa was lower than bulk cocoa with a range of 3.82-5.72 µmol/L for fine flavor cocoa and 6.01-11.88 µmol/L for bulk cocoa. The analysis results of orthogonal contrasts showed that chlorophyll content value was more stable than anthocyanin. There was negative relationship between anthocyanin and chlorophyll in flush with the regression Y = -221,1X + 3935 with a value of correlation r = -0.50. The anthocyanin and chlorophyll content in flush had a potential to be used as selection markers for fine flavor cocoa hybrid
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Zakariyya, Fakhrusy, and Didik Indradewa. "Drought Stress Affecting Growth and Some Physiological Characters of Three Cocoa Clones at Seedling Phase." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 34, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v34i3.330.
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Drought stress can have substantial negative impacts on cocoa plant growth until affect the death of plant. The present study aimed to determine theeffect of drought stress on the some physiological characters of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) seedlings. The research was carried out at the Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, Jember, East Java, Indonesia. This research was conducted from January–December 2017. The experiment was designed by using completely randomized block design with two factors and with three replications. The first factor was clones, namely ICS 60, Sulawesi 1 and KW 641 clones. The second factor was interval of watering treatment, namely watering every 2 days (control/adequate water condition), watering every 5 days (moderate stress), and watering every 8 days (severe stress). Result of this study concluded that drought stress reduced the growth of cocoa seedlings, mainly as a result of reducing photosynthetic activities in all stressed cocoa clone seedlings. Under drought stress, KW 641 and Sulawesi 1 had higher leaf area, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll content, relative water content, and photosynthetic rate than ICS 60 clone.
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Susilo, Agung Wahyu, Bayu Setyawan, and Indah Anita Sari. "Yield Performance of Some Promising Cocoa Clones (Theobroma cacao L.) at Dry Climate Condition." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 36, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v36i1.372.
Full textAbstract:
El Nino effect as impact from global climate change needed anticipation effectively to keep cocoa production still give farmer benefit because effect of long dry season make some trouble in cocoa production. Cocoa production technology package that suitable in dry land needed for sustainable and empowerment cocoa production in marginal dry land. Principal component of this technology package is superior planting material because success of cocoa production depend on accuracy of selecting planting material. Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute consistently carries out cocoa breeding programs aimed at overcoming problems in the field, specifically to obtain superior planting material that is tolerant to biotic and abiotic stress. This research method was carried out by observing 22 promising clones of cocoa that were planted in the Kaliwining experimental station in the 2013-2017 observation period, each clone planted in three blocks. The observed variables included estimation of production, resistance to VSD, helopeltis, and pod rot. Based on multivariate analysis, it was found that ICCRI 09 had a stable production performance from 2013 - 2017 while the promising clone of KW 641 had a special adaptation to dry conditions. Both of these clones have the potential to be developed as drought tolerant planting material to overcome the impact of climate change on cocoa production. The observation results of pest and disease attacks obtained a pattern that the clones that have tolerance to drought have good resistance to VSD.
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Munawaroh, Rosyidatul Putri, Indah Anita-Sari, and Sri Rahayu. "Cocoa Seed Shelf-Life and Seed Germination as Influenced by Pectin-Coat Application." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 36, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v36i2.436.
Full textAbstract:
The time difference between the availability and the needs of cocoa seeds causes the national needs can not be fulfilled. Recalcitrant cocoa seed cannot be stored for a long time, germinating seeds during the storage process change in abnormal seedling growth. One of seed technology to maintain the seed quality during the storage is seed coating. Pectin is one of the compounds that can be used for coating on several commodities, also possible to be used on cocoa seeds. The study was conducted at Plant Breeding Laboratory of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, Jember. The experiment used a factorial randomized completely block design consisting of two factors. The first factor were concentration of pectin 0% (control), 1%, and 3%, while the second factor were shelflife of 1 week, 2 weeks, and 3 weeks. Each treatment combination was repeatedthree times. The results showed that pectin-coat treatment could keep cocoa seeds from germinating for 3 weeks but unable to maintain the quality of seeds during storage.
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Firmanto, Hendy. "Cocoa Butter Characteristic on Different Roasting Temperature and Its Final Sensory Profiles." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 34, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v34i3.312.
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Cocoa butter is an intermediate product of cocoa processing separated from cocoa nibs or cocoa mass. Heat through cocoa processing affect the characteristic of fat including roasting process. The aim of this experiment is to evaluate the characteristic changes and sensory profile of cocoa butter in different operational roasting temperature. This experiment was conducted in Postharvest Laboratory of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute using dry cocoa bean from Glenmore estate in Banyuwangi (G) and from Kaliwining estate in Jember (K) in grade A according to standard of SNI 2323:2008/Amd1:2010 with moisture content of 7.5% originated from Trinitario bean and roasting temperature 120OC (T1) and 150OC (T2). Cocoa butter characteristic evaluated based on yield of separated fat, saponification, free fatty acid, peroxide value, colour and its melting profiles. Flavour description evaluated by sensory test using native panelist. Result shows nosignificant difference between roasting temperature but shows difference in appearance and flavour profile. Yield of separated fat is 35.95% per cocoa mass weight, saponification value is 193.36, free fatty acid is 0.72 and peroxide value 2.96 comply to the national standard of commercial butter. Cocoa butter appearance in T2 shows more intense of red colour than T1. Roasting temperature T1 and T2 enhance the chocolaty and nutty flavour but T2 shows burnt off-flavour for bean of Kaliwining (K). Melting point cocoa butter is 36.63OC and qualified as hard cocoa butter.
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Zakariyya, Fakhrusy, Didik Indradewa, and Teguh Iman Santoso. "Changes of leaf anatomical profile of cocoa clones seedlings in response to drought." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 35, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v35i3.390.
Full textAbstract:
Cocoa is a plant that is very sensitive to drought during its growth and development phase, which causes changes up to the anatomical and morphologicallevel. This research is aimed to examine the changes on several leaf anatomical characteristics of three cocoa clones under the drought stress. This research was conducted in a greenhouse of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, Jember, East Java, Indonesia in January – December 2017. The research was designedusing randomized complete block design with two factors including clones and watering time interval, with three replications. The clone factor comprised of ICS 60,KW 641, and Sulawesi 1. The result showed that the clones of Sulawesi 1 and KW 641 cocoa had a higher mesophyll thickness, lower stomatal density, narrowerstomatal opening, thicker abaxial and adaxial epidermis, and higher relative water content compared to ICS 60 clone. The 8-day watering interval caused a decreasein mesophyll thickness, leaf thickness, increase in stomatal density, stomatal closure, decrease in abaxial epidermis thickness, and decrease in water status within the plant tissue. The thicker the leaf mesophyll tissue, the higher the leaf water content was. This showed that the water status within a plant leaf tissue determined bythe leaf mesophyll thickness.
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Agyen-Gyasi, Kwaku, and Michael Sakyi Boateng. "Performance appraisal systems in academic and research libraries in Ghana: a survey." Library Review 64, no. 1/2 (February 2, 2015): 58–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lr-02-2014-0019.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to discuss the impact of performance appraisal on the productivity levels of professional and para-professional librarians in selected academic and research libraries in Ghana, namely, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Building and Road Research Institute, Crop Research Institute and the Forestry Research Institute of Ghana of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research and the Kumasi Polytechnic. Design/methodology/approach – Both primary and secondary sources of data were used for the study. The primary data involved the use of a structured questionnaire to 60 respondents, but 50 of them, representing 83.3 per cent, responded. This was supplemented by secondary sources such as records on file, journals, books and Internet sources. Findings – The survey revealed that these institutions practice performance appraisal on an annual basis as a way of promoting team work, reducing grievances, identifying employees’ strengths and weaknesses and their training needs. It was observed that these institutions do not have a common appraisal format for appraising their staff. Furthermore, only the Head Librarians carry out the appraisals instead of the Line Mangers who are always in touch with these employees on a daily basis. Originality/value – The paper will be of significant value to policymakers and administrators in academic and research institutions in the planning and implementation of performance appraisal systems. Challenges facing these institutions in implementing effective performance appraisal have been highlighted and appropriate recommendations have been made to ensure quality service delivery.
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Otoo, Emmanuel. "Yam Breeding in Ghana." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 10 (September 13, 2017): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n10p122.
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CSIR-Crops Research Institute of Ghana is the National Centre of Specialization (NCOs) for Root and Tuber Crops and migrating into a Regional Centre of Excellence (RCOE) in Root and Tuber research in the West African sub-region. Yam is one of the major root and tuber crops of importance in the sub-region and for that matter the NCOS. Even though yams are indigenous to the West African sub-region, with the exception of Dioscorea alata (Asiatic origin), yams are often aptly described as an orphan crop due to the relatively little research effort compared to its significance in the sub-region in particular and the world at large. Breeding of yams therefore can be a challenge due to little literature available on the subject matter. This paper looks at the historic perspective, what can be done presently and projects into future direction of yam breeding in Ghana and the world at large. It also serves as a guide for yam breeding in particular and root and tuber crops in general.
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Odoom, Isaac. "Dam In, Cocoa Out; Pipes In, Oil Out: China’s Engagement in Ghana’s Energy Sector." Journal of Asian and African Studies 52, no. 5 (October 26, 2015): 598–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909615599419.
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Ghana, like other African countries, suffers a huge infrastructure gap. In recent times China has become a major bilateral source of investment in Ghana’s energy infrastructure. This article examines the strategic importance of Chinese infrastructure investment in Ghana’s energy sector in recent times. The study is based on field research conducted by the author in Ghana and on the analysis of semi-structured interviews with Ghanaian policy makers, journalists, civil society organizations, academics and individuals. Additional data were collected on some key projects China has been sponsoring in the energy sector. The paper suggests that China has become a key partner in Ghana’s development efforts as its provision of infrastructural projects soars and its involvement in Ghana’s economy grows. Yet China’s engagement presents a complex dynamic given its dual role as financier of energy infrastructure and at the same time a competitor or seeker of Ghana’s oil and other natural resources.
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Anita-Sari, Indah, Bayu Setyawan, and Agung Wahyu Susilo. "Germination and Water Content of Cocoa Seeds After Storage Treatments." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 34, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v34i3.329.
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The challenge of providing cocoa seeds is the characteristic of recalcitrant seed, thus requiring storage techniques that can slow down the decline in seed viability in an effort to manage the distribution of cocoa seeds which depend to the time of demand and harvest. The research aimed to study the effect ofpackaging method for storage of cocoa seeds; the effect of shelf life and temperature to germination and water content of seeds, and the stability of seed germination at different age and storage temperature. The research was conducted at Kaliwining Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, Jember, East Java. The research used complete randomized design with research design using split plot. The treatments consisted of packaging methods, storage temperature and storage life. Packaging methods consisted of two methods, i.e. vacuum methods and non vacuum methods. Storage temperature consisted of three treatments, i.e. 15OC, 25OC and 30OC. both of packaging and temperature treatments were stored at four shelf life treatment included 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks. Each treatment was repeated with three replications and each treatment per replication consisted of 50 seeds. Data analysis used SAS 9.0 and stability analysis used R program and PB Tool. Water content of seeds, germination of seeds and number of seedy seeds were observed. The results showed that type of packaging and storage temperature effect to germination of cocoa seeds but did not effect to seeds water content. Storage of cocoa seeds by non-vacuum packaging showed a higher of germination compared to vacuum packaging in all temperature treatments. Storage with non vacuum packaging at a temperature 25OC showed a germination more than 85% for 2 weeks of shelf life, while storage of cocoa seeds at a temperature of 30OC had a germination of more than 85% for only 1 week shelf life. Storage of cocoa seed at 15OC showed the lowest of germination at treatment. Storage treatments did not show effect on water content of cocoa seeds.
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Aini, Febrilia Nur, Teguh Iman Santoso, and Sudarsianto Sudarsianto. "Application of Copper Fungicide and Row Covers to Control Phytophthora Seedling Blight Disease on Cocoa." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 32, no. 2 (August 31, 2016): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v32i2.221.
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Phytophthora seedling blight disease is one of the important diseases in cocoa. The disease is caused by the fungus of Phytophthora palmivora belongs to class Oomycetes. The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of the use of row covers and copper oxide fungicide applications to control seedling blight Phytophthora. Covering treatment was to place cocoa seedlings inside bamboo frame covered by transparent plastic in order to avoid from rainfall effect. The research was conducted in the Kaliwining Experimental Station at Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI). Experiments were carried out four treatments and repeated 6 times. Each treatment consists of 100 seedlings planted in polybags and placed in the nursery area with a protective paranet. The treatment consisted of (1) row covers, (2) spraying of copper oxide 0.2%, (3) a combination of row covers and copper oxide 0.2% and (4) control (no covers and spray). Observations made 7 days after treatment with an interval of 7 days for 10 weeks. The results showed that row covers able to prolong the incubation period of the disease for 14 days, while the application of row covers + copper oxide 0.2% was able to save cocoa seedlings by 96.2%.
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Zakariyya, Fakhrusy, Bayu Setyawan, and Agung Wahyu Susilo. "Stomatal, Proline, and Leaf Water Status Characters of Some Cocoa Clones (Theobroma cacao L.) on Prolonged Dry Season." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 33, no. 2 (August 31, 2017): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v33i2.264.
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ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) occurring in 2015 in Indonesia caused drought stress and the decrease in the percentage of production and even death of plants. One effective and relatively inexpensive way of reducing damage and economic losses due to drought is the availibility of tolerant cocoa. The objective of this research was to obtain tolerant clones based on morpho-physiological characters under drought stress. The experiment was conducted in Kaliwining Experimental Station of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI) during dry season (El Nino period with 5 consecutive dry months, from May to October 2015). Stomata, proline, leaf water status was measured at the peak of dry season on tested cocoa clones. The cocoa clones that predicted tolerant against to drought stress were KW 641, KW 514, KW 535, KW 619, and KW 516, whereas the cocoa clones that predicted susceptible under drought stress were KW 609, KW 614, KW 635, KW 606, and KW 651. The treatment clones had higher values of RWC, leaf proline content, narrower width and length of stomata openings, but smaller value of WSD compared to susceptible clones. Meanwhile, the character of leaf thickness might not significanly different to the character of drought tolerance.
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Sari, Indah Anita, Bayu Setyawan, Marcelinus A. S. Adhiwibawa, and Agung Wahyu Susilo. "Chromatographic identification of leaf color characteristics on fine-flavor and bulk cacao as selection indicator." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 32, no. 1 (April 30, 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v32i1.210.
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A problem encountered in plant breeding process to determine bean color quality of fine-flavor cocoa is a long selection period. Preliminary results indicatedthat the fine-flavor cocoa has a low color reflectance than bulk cocoa. The objectiveof this study is to find more applicable and easier method to do the early detectionof fine-flavor cocoa on the breeding population. Detection of the leaf color haracteristics was done by chromatographic and spectrophotometry analysis. hromatographic analysis was carried out in Kaliwining Experimental Station, IndonesianCoffee and Cocoa Research Institute using complete random design consistedof two types of cocoa; fine-flavor (10 clones) and bulk cocoa (10 clones). pectrophotometric analysis was conducted at Ma Chung University, Malang, East Java.Four clones of bulk cocoa and six clones of fine flavor cocoa were used in thisanalysis. The results of the study showed that the flush color characteristics of thefine-flavor cocoa were different from the bulk cocoa characteristics as shown bythe differences in the value of L*, b* and anthocyanin content. Flush characteristic s ofthe fine-flavor cocoa had brighter color, more toward green with higher yellowlevel, while the bulk cocoa had darker flush, red and lower yellow level. Thecolor parameter of L* and b* had a higher genetic variation compared with theenvironment variation. However, the parameter a* had a higher environmental variation compared with genetic variation. Grouping of fine-flavor cocoa and bulk cocoacould be done through the detection of flush anthocyanin content, when tendencyof flush anthocyanin content on fine-flavor cocoa was lower than bulk cocoa.The detection of flush color particularly L* and b* parameters through hromatographic analysis and anthocyanin content through spectrophotometric analysismay be used as a criteria for selection the fine flavor cocoa on seedling phase.