Academic literature on the topic 'Cocoa tree'
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Journal articles on the topic "Cocoa tree"
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Andze, Laura, Oskars Bikovens, Marite Skute, et al. "Characterization of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) wood branches as a potential resource for paper production." BioResources 19, no. 4 (2024): 9660–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.4.9660-9672.
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For sustainable use of lignocellulosic resources, pruned tree branches of cocoa, one of the major evergreen tropical tree crops with significant economic importance worldwide, were investigated as a potential source of kraft pulp. This study determined the chemical composition, fiber dimensions, kraft pulp, and paper properties of the cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao L.) branches compared to the deciduous trees traditionally used in the paper industry. A handsheet of cocoa pulp showed promising results with narrow fiber length distribution, high paper density, and high mechanical strength. The yield of kraft pulp made from cocoa branches wood was lower. The tensile and burst indices of cocoa pulp handsheet were 2 and 2.5 times higher than that of hardwood traditionally used in the paper industry. These results suggest a potential use of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) tree branch wood for pulp production using the kraft process.
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Suprapto, Muhamad Eza, Santi Rosniawaty, and Mira Ariyanti. "Pengaruh Pupuk Kompos Kulit Buah Kakao Dan Pupuk Tablet Terhadap Produksi Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.)." Paspalum: Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian 6, no. 1 (2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.35138/paspalum.v6i1.76.
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Cocoa is one of the estate crop whose role is quite important for the national economy, particularly as a provider of employment, income and foreign exchange. The high export opportunities of cocoa beans has not been followed by the production of cocoa beans in Indonesian. The production of dried cacao beans in Indonesia is still low. The low productivity of seeds generally caused by Cherelle wilt of cacao. Wilting occurs due to inability of the cherelle to compete with the other cherelle in absorbing nutrients. Fertilization is an effort to maintain and fulfill the nutrients in the plants. This research is aimed to assess the effect of fertilization using cocoa pod husk and NPK tablets fertilization on cocoa crop yields. This experiment was conducted at PT. PP. Bajabang Indonesia, Cipeundeuy, West Bandung regency from December 2016 to March 2017. The experiment was conducted using a Simple Randomized Block Design that consists 10 treatments: control, single N, P, K fertilizer 297 g/tree, cocoa pod husk 9 kg/tree, cocoa pod husk 9 kg/tree + single N, P, K fertilizer 297 g/tree, cocoa pod husk 18 kg/tree + single N, P, K fertilizer 297 g/tree, cocoa pod husk 9 kg/tree + NPK tablet fertilizer 20 tablets/tree, NPK tablet fertilizer 20 tablets/tree, cocoa pod husk 9 kg/tree + NPK tablet fertilizer 10 tablets/tree, cocoa pod husk 18 kg/tree + NPK tablet fertilizer 20 tablets/ tree, cocoa pod husk 18 kg/ tree + NPK tablet fertilizer 10 tablets/tree. The result of experiment showed that there was an influence of cocoa pod husk and NPK tablet fertilizer on cocoa fruit weight at 12 MSP, that is cocoa pod husk 9 kg/tree + NPK tablet fertilizer 20 tablets/tree. Number of cherelle wilted at 12 MSP with cocoa pod husk 9 kg/tree + NPK tablet fertilizer 20 tablets/tree.
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Atangana, Alain R., Juvenal Zahoui Gnangoh, Allegra Kouassi Yao, Thomas d’Aquin Kouakou, Anatole Mian Ndri Nda, and Christophe Kouamé. "Rebuilding Tree Cover in Deforested Cocoa Landscapes in Côte d’Ivoire: Factors Affecting the Choice of Species Planted." Forests 12, no. 2 (2021): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12020198.
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Intensive cocoa production in Côte d’Ivoire, the world’s leading cocoa producer, has grown at the expense of forest cover. To reverse this trend, the country has adopted a “zero deforestation” agricultural policy and committed to rehabilitating its forest cover through the planting of high-value tree species in cocoa landscapes using a participatory approach. However, little is known regarding the factors influencing farmers’ introduction of high-value tree species to cocoa landscapes. We tested the hypothesis that ten previously reported factors to influence agroforestry system adoption to predict the number and choice of tree species that farmers introduce to cocoa farms. We interviewed 683 households in the cocoa-producing zone of Côte d’Ivoire and counted tree species on their cocoa farms. On average, two tree species were recorded per surveyed farm. Generalized Poisson regression models revealed that, in the cocoa production area, experience in tree planting and expected benefits, including income and food, influence tree species introduction through planting or “retention” when clearing land for cocoa establishment. The age of the farmer also influenced (p = 0.017) farmers’ tree species planting on cocoa farms. Fewer tree species were introduced into current intensive cocoa-production areas than in “old cocoa-loops” and forested areas. The number of tree species introduced to cocoa farms increased with expected benefits and experience in tree planting. The number of planted tree species also increased with farmers’ age. Tree species were mostly selected for the provision of shade to cocoa, production of useful tree products (38%), and income from the sale of these products (7%). Fruit tree species were the most planted, while timber tree species were mostly spared when clearing land for cocoa production.
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Fuentes, Sigfredo, Gabriela Chacon, Damir D. Torrico, Andrea Zarate, and Claudia Gonzalez Viejo. "Spatial Variability of Aroma Profiles of Cocoa Trees Obtained through Computer Vision and Machine Learning Modelling: A Cover Photography and High Spatial Remote Sensing Application." Sensors 19, no. 14 (2019): 3054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19143054.
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Cocoa is an important commodity crop, not only to produce chocolate, one of the most complex products from the sensory perspective, but one that commonly grows in developing countries close to the tropics. This paper presents novel techniques applied using cover photography and a novel computer application (VitiCanopy) to assess the canopy architecture of cocoa trees in a commercial plantation in Queensland, Australia. From the cocoa trees monitored, pod samples were collected, fermented, dried, and ground to obtain the aroma profile per tree using gas chromatography. The canopy architecture data were used as inputs in an artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm, with the aroma profile, considering six main aromas, as targets. The ANN model rendered high accuracy (correlation coefficient (R) = 0.82; mean squared error (MSE) = 0.09) with no overfitting. The model was then applied to an aerial image of the whole cocoa field studied to produce canopy vigor, and aroma profile maps up to the tree-by-tree scale. The tool developed could significantly aid the canopy management practices in cocoa trees, which have a direct effect on cocoa quality.
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Eso, Rosliana, La Ode Saifuddin, Sitti Kasmiati, et al. "Analisis Sifat Fisik dan Magnetik Tanah di Bawah Tegakkan Pohon Kakao, Pohon Kelapa dan Jambu Mete." BioWallacea : Jurnal Penelitian Biologi (Journal of Biological Research) 9, no. 2 (2022): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.33772/biowallacea.v9i2.28544.
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This study aims to analyze the physical properties of soil, such as texture, color, temperature, moisture content, bulk density and permeability as well as the magnetic properties of the soil under a tree stand of cashew, coconut and cocoa. This research was conducted on mixed farms where there are cashew, coconut and cocoa trees close to each other. Samples were taken vertically from top soil to a depth of 100 cm. The results showed that the soil color and texture of the soil under cashew, coconut and cocoa trees tended to be the same considering the locations of these three trees were very close together, but the soil texture at a depth of 50-100 cm tended to vary for these three tree species. Likewise, the water content and the ability to pass water vary from one to another following the trend of changes in bulk density and soil texture. The variation in magnetic susceptibility values which increased towards the top of the soil profile both under cashew tree stands and cocoa tree stands followed the trend of normal soil variation where superparamagnetic grain enrichment occurred and was largely influenced by pedogenesis factors. Although the magnetic properties of both are the same as well as in the paramagnetic category, the magnetic susceptibility value under cashew tree stands is greater than that under cocoa tree stands.
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Ferreira, Diogo F., Alexandra Darling, Crinan Jarrett, et al. "Not all farms are created equal: Shady African cocoa farms promote a richer bat fauna." Biological Conservation 284 (June 7, 2023): 110191. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14818680.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Bats provide important pest suppression services with economic value to cocoa farmers, yet the impact of cocoa farm management on bat diversity metrics is still poorly understood. This is especially important if we consider that Afrotropical cocoa farms supply 68 % of the world's chocolate market, with expected increases in pro duction in the forthcoming decades. In this study, we investigated for the first time how bat abundance, richness and diversity varied between African cocoa farms with different levels of shade tree cover, shade tree commu nities and cocoa characteristics. We found that shade tree cover and shade tree height were the main drivers associated with an increase of Shannon diversity, and abundance and richness of insectivores. Frugivorous and nectarivorous bats were positively associated with the presence of planted shade trees, but richness varied with the size of shade trees. The insectivorous Hipposideros fuliginosus was only present in high shade farms, being captured 51 times only in this shade system, while the frugivorous Myonycteris angolensis was associated with low shade farms. Our findings show that indeed not all farms are created equal, with high shade farms with large, tall forest shade trees (i.e., containing key plant resources) having richer bat communities. Therefore, policymakers seeking to conserve wildlife within cocoa farming systems should adopt cocoa management systems like those mentioned above and promote a combination of forest and planted shade trees to be able support a rich com munity of insectivorous, frugivorous and nectarivorous bats and maintain their associated ecosystems services.
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Adahé, Léontine N'guettia Abenan, Venance-Pâques Gniayou Kouadio, Emmanuel Joël N'gouan Abrou, et al. "Plant species diversity in cocoa and rubber tree landscapes in Côte d’Ivoire." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 17, no. 6 (2024): 2377–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v17i6.19.
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In Côte d’Ivoire, although slash and burn practice, particularly associated with cocoa and rubber farming, have greatly contributed to the degradation of forest cover and biodiversity loss. There is a dearth of studies documenting the latter. A study was conducted in the central-west and southern regions respectively with the objective to bridge this gap by assessing the diversity of trees species in cocoa and rubber landscapes. An inventory of tree species in eighteen cocoa and rubber plantations was conducted respectively in 45 plots of 400 m² each. Also, 15 plots of the same area were delimited in forests considered as reference systems. Cocoa plantations are 8 times richer than rubber plantations. Moreover, tree density varied from 36 to 56.8 stems.ha-1 in cocoa plantations including 6 species with special-status for conservation and from 0 to 5 stems.ha-1 in rubber plantations. This study confirmed that rubber farming is a driver of tree diversity loss thereby revealing the need to work out credible rubber agroforestry options. As for cocoa farming, the high diversity of companion trees is indicative of the high potential of transitioning to cocoa agroforestry. The contribution of this study to agroecological transition based on cocoa and rubber agroforestry in Côte d’Ivoire is discussed.
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Numbisi, Frederick N., Dieudonne Alemagi, Ann Degrande, and Frieke Van Coillie. "Farm Rejuvenation-Induced Changes in Tree Spatial Pattern and Live Biomass Species of Cocoa Agroforests in Central Cameroon: Insights for Tree Conservation Incentives in Cocoa Landscapes." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (2021): 8483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158483.
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Cocoa agroforests sustain ecosystem services (ESs) to varying degrees. These services are otherwise mostly provided by other non-cocoa shade or companion trees. However, the density of shade trees is associated with services and/or disservices that drive farm-specific tree management successions. Considering the growing impacts of climate crisis on farm productivity and the need for adaptation strategies, the ESs are increasingly provisional and contingent on the prevailing vegetation, land tenure, and management successions, amongst others social and ecological factors. To assess the temporal changes in shade management, we surveyed an age gradient of “family farms” in cocoa agroforests created from forest (fCAFS) and savannah (sCAFS) land cover. We evaluated the temporal changes in farm structure, relative tree abundance, and live aboveground biomass of the major canopy strata. We used a spatial point process and linear mixed effect analysis to assess the contributions of associated perennial trees (AsT) on farm rejuvenation patterns. The density of cocoa trees was inconsistent with farm age; this was significantly high on farms in sCAFS (1544 trees ha−1) with spatially random configuration across farm age. On farms in fCAFS, we observed a transition of the cocoa tree configuration in the order regular, random, and clustering from young (with highest density of 1114 trees ha−1) to old farms. On a temporal scale, there is no clear distinction of farm structure and biomass between fCAFS and sCAFS. However, the cycle of tree species and structural composition of the canopy strata are dissimilar; the live biomass allocation for the considered use groups of tree species was different with farm age. The observed dynamics in canopy tree structure and live biomass provide insights into farmers’ temporal allocation of uses and prioritization of different tree species with farm age. We recommend the consideration of such landscape-specific, tree management dynamics in proposing on-farm tree conservation incentives. Our results are also conducive to reliable estimates of the ecosystem services from CAFS in the national implementation of conservation mechanisms such as REDD+.
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Kouassi, Jean-Luc, Allegra Kouassi, Yeboi Bene, Dieudonné Konan, Ebagnerin J. Tondoh, and Christophe Kouame. "Exploring Barriers to Agroforestry Adoption by Cocoa Farmers in South-Western Côte d’Ivoire." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (2021): 13075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313075.
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Agroforestry is part of the package of good agricultural practices (GAPs) referred to as a reference to basic environmental and operational conditions necessary for the safe, healthy, and sustainable production of cocoa. Furthermore, cocoa agroforestry is one of the most effective nature-based solutions to address global change including land degradation, nutrient depletion, climate change, biodiversity loss, food and nutrition insecurity, and rural poverty and current cocoa supply chain issues. This study was carried out in South-Western Côte d’Ivoire through a household survey to assess the willingness of cocoa farmers to adopt cocoa agroforestry, a key step towards achieving sustainability in the cocoa supply chain markedly threatened by all types of biophysical and socio-economic challenges. In total, 910 cocoa households were randomly selected and individually interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Findings revealed that from the overwhelming proportion of farmers practicing full-sun cocoa farming with little or no companion trees associated, 50.2 to 82.1% were willing to plant and to keep fewer than 20 trees per ha in their farms for more than 20 years after planting. The most preferred trees provide a range of ecosystem services, including timber and food production, as well as shade regulation. More than half of the interviewed households considered keeping in their trees in their plantations for more than 20 years subject to the existence of a formal contract to protect their rights and tree ownership. This opinion is significantly affected by age, gender, access to seedlings of companion trees and financial resources. A bold step forward towards transitioning to cocoa agroforestry and thereby agroecological intensification lies in (i) solving the issue of land tenure and tree ownership by raising awareness about the new forest code and, particularly, the understanding of cocoa agroforestry, (ii) highlighting the added value of trees in cocoa lands, and (iii) facilitating access to improved cocoa companion tree materials and incentives. Trends emerged from this six-year-old study about potential obstacles likely to impede the adoption of agroforestry by cocoa farmers meet the conclusions of several studies recently rolled out in the same region for a sustainable cocoa sector, thereby confirming that not only the relevance of this work but also its contribution to paving the way for the promotion of agroecological transition in cocoa farming.
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Jérémie, Gala Bi Trazié, Bohoussou N’Dri Yves, Akotto Odi Faustin, and Yao-Kouamé Albert. "Impact Des Arbres Associés Sur L’exploitation Cacaoyère Dans Les Zones De Transition ForêtSavane : Cas De M’Brimbo (Centre-Sud De La Côte d’Ivoire)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 1 (2017): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n1p164.
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Despite its status as the first world's cocoa producer, the cocoa production system in Côte d'Ivoire remains characterized by low yields. To solve this problem, a study was carried out on the cocoa farms of the Agricultural Society of Bandama, in southern center of Côte d'Ivoire, in the forest and savannah transition zone. It focused on determining the impact of associated forest species in cocoa farms on cocoa tree development. Thus, the associated tree species have been inventoried. The number of associated species per hectare allowed classification of the cocoa farm according to the degree of shade. From o to more than 80 trees / ha, rates of parasitic attack and mortality increase, while yield of cocoa bean decreases. For cocoa trees at the beginning of maximum yield stage (8 years old plantation), the full-sun system is more productive, with 498 kg of cocoa beans / ha. For the highest density of associated forestspecies, the yield was 127 kg / ha, with a cocoa plant success rate of 55% and a parasitic attack rate of 40%. Moreover, the parasitic attack rate of less than 20%, due to the associated trees, could lead to a reduction of almost half of the potential yield. To avoid a fall in yield and maintain the success rate at an acceptable level, in shade systems, a threshold of 25 to 30 associated trees / ha has been established. But the parasitic attacks, responsible for the drop in yield should be controlled.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cocoa tree"
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Oro, Zokou-Franck. "Analyse des dynamiques spatiales et épidémiologie moléculaire de de la maladie du swollen shoot du cacaoyer au Togo : étude de diffusion à partir des systèmes d'information géographiques." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSAM0050/document.
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Le Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) est un virus infectant le cacaoyer transmis par des cochenilles farineuses de la famille des Pseudococcidae. La maladie qui en découle existe aujourd'hui dans les principales zones de production de cacao d'Afrique de l'Ouest qui représentent 72% de la production mondiale de cacao. Le CSSV a été découvert en 1922 au Ghana et identifié avec certitude dans le Kloto au Togo en 1955 ; le premier isolat étudié moléculairement est l'isolat très virulent Agou1 du Togo. Cet isolat provoque des gonflements de tiges et de rameaux ainsi que des colorations rouge intense au niveau des nervures des jeunes feuilles engendrant ensuite une défoliation complète de l'arbre et sa mort au bout de 5 ans. La progression actuelle du CSSV dans les nouvelles zones de production, notamment au Togo (Litimé) en 1996 et en Côte d'Ivoire (Issia, Bouaflé, Sinfra) en 2000, indique une nouvelle émergence de la maladie. La découverte de ces nouveaux foyers soulève des questionnements sur l'origine des isolats et sur les mécanismes épidémiologiques impliqués dans la propagation de la maladie à l'échelle parcellaire et à l'échelle des territoires.Ces questionnements scientifiques sont pris en compte dans cette étude à trois niveaux : i) l'analyse statistique de la répartition spatiale et temporelle de la maladie à l'échelle des parcelles (fonctions de Ripley et analyse du nombre de liens entre arbres malades) et la cartographie des dynamiques d'évolution au moyen de systèmes d'information géographique (SIG), ii) la diversité moléculaire des isolats de CSSV en lien avec leur répartition géographique afin d'établir une carte de répartition dans les deux régions de production (Kloto et Litimé) et d'essayer de retracer l'historique de la propagation du virus, iii) la cartographie des zones cacaoyères, des cacaoyères saines en comparaison aux cacaoyères malades, à l'échelle des territoires par la combinaison des données satellites Spot5 à 2.5 m de résolution spatiale et des motifs de paysage relevés sur le terrain.L'analyse spatiale avec les fonctions de Ripley et l'analyse du nombre de liens ont montré que les différents états sanitaires (sain, malade, mort) des cacaoyers sont agrégés indiquant ainsi une propagation à partir de foyers d'infection au niveau parcellaire. L'analyse du nombre de liens indique un processus de contamination de plante à plante dans les parcelles. Les études des dynamiques d'évolution au moyen de SIG ont montré à travers des cartes de densités que les cacaoyers malades et les cacaoyers morts sont regroupés en agrégats dans les parcelles et que la taille de ces agrégats augmente entre les deux années d'observation (2008 et 2009). Les dynamiques de changement ont permis de détecter une progression de la maladie plus rapide dans certaines parcelles, qui peut s'expliquer par leur moins bon entretien. La caractérisation des isolats de virus dans les cacaoyères togolaises a montré l'existence de trois groupes dont les groupes A et B uniquement dans le Litimé, et le groupe C uniquement dans le Kloto, indiquant une forte différenciation géographique. Les coefficients de corrélation de Pearson et de Spearman indiquent qu'il existe un lien entre distance génétique et distance géographique des isolats du groupe A, ce qui implique une contamination de proche en proche pour ce groupe à l'échelle du territoire. Compte tenu de la différenciation marquée entre les groupes du Kloto et du Litimé, nous pouvons conclure que les cacaoyères du Litimé n'ont pas été contaminées par du matériel venant du Kloto mais plus probablement à partir de parcelles cacaoyères situées au Ghana et contaminées précédemment pour se répandre ensuite dans le Litimé. L'étude des images satellites a montré qu'il n'existait pas de relation simple entre l'état sanitaire des motifs de cacaoyers et leur radiométrie en raison de la forte hétérogénéité du système agroforestier du Litimé<br>Cacao swollen shoot virus 'CSSV ' is a virus transmitted by mealybugs, insects of the Pseudococcidae family. The disease occurs in all the main cocoa-growing areas of Western Africa. It induces swellings on shoots and roots and mosaic and chlorosis on the leaves and has caused very serious crop losses in Ghana, Nigeria and more recently, Togo and Côte d'Ivoire. The cocoa production in Western Africa, representing about 72 % of the worldwide production is particularly important for the economic equilibrium of these countries. The actual progress of the CSSV epidemic in the large production areas in Togo like ‘Litimé' and ‘Kloto' and in Côte d'Ivoire (Issia, Bouaflé, Sinfra) requires to understand and forecast its spread in time. The discovery of these new focuses of the disease raises questions about the origin of the isolates and the mechanisms involved in the epidemiological spread of the disease at field scale and across territories.These scientific questions are addressed in this study at three levels: i) the spatial and temporal distribution of disease across the plots with statistical methods (Ripley and analysis of the number of links) and geographical information systems (GIS) to map the dynamics of evolution, ii) the molecular diversity of CSSV isolates related to their geographical distribution in order to establish a distribution map in the two regions of production (Kloto and Litimé) and try to understand the history of the virus spread, iii) the mapping of cocoa area in Litimé, the mapping of disead cocoa in comparison with healthy cocoa at the territories scale by combining satellite data with SPOT5 2.5 m spatial resolution and landscape motifs field surveys.The spatial analysis with Ripley's method and analysis of the number of links have shown that the different states of health (healthy, disead, dead) of cocoa trees are aggregated indicating a spread by patch at plot level. The analysis of the number of links indicates a process of contamination from plant to plant in the plots. Studies of the dynamics of evolution from Sig showed through density maps that disead cocoa trees and dead cocoa tree are grouped into clusters in the plots and the size of these aggregates increases significantly between the two years observation (2008 and 2009). The dynamics of change have detected a similar progression of the disease in plots 2 and 3 speedy than Parcel 1. This difference of the disease progress on the three plots can be explained by better maintenance of Parcel 1. The characterization of virus isolates on cocoa plots in Togo has shown the existence of three groups with groups A and B only in the Litimé, and group C only in the Kloto, indicating strong geographical differentiation. The correlation coefficients of Pearson and Spearman indicate a link between genetic distance and geographical distance of the isolates of group A, which implies a contamination step by step for this group at territories scale. Given the marked differentiation between the groups of Kloto and Litimé, we can conclude that the cocoa tree of Litimé were not contaminated with material from the Kloto but more likely from plots located in Ghana and previously infected then spread in the Litimé. The study with the satellite images showed that there was no simple relationship between the health patterns of cocoa trees and their radiometry because of the high heterogeneity of the agroforestry system of Litimé. The combination of landscape motifs and radiometry, however, possible to distinguish areas with dominant "cocoa", areas dominated by "crops", areas dominated by "forest". Among the areas to be dominant "cocoa", we have distinguished the cocoa denuded areas that correspond to potential disease areas and cocoa shade. These various studies indicate that disease progression is slow and works gradually. Emergences observed in new areas probably come from human movements
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Gateau, Lauranne Aude Marina. "Cocoa yield, nutrients and shade trees in traditional cocoa agroforests in a climate change context : a case study in Bahia, Brazil." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/286339.
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Brazil is the world's sixth largest cocoa producer with 270,000 tonnes of cocoa produced per year. In a world with an increasing demand for chocolate, but with agriculture threatened by climate change, the chocolate industry is worried about a possible shortage of cocoa. Furthermore, growing cocoa is a main cause of deforestation. However, in the state of Bahia, Northeast Brazil, cocoa is grown in traditional agroforests called 'cabrucas' which maintain a forest cover. Cocoa, an understorey crop, is planted under the shade of native Atlantic Forest trees and exotic fruit trees introduced by the farmers. These cabrucas have high conservation value but very low cocoa yield. In my thesis I investigate the factors limiting cocoa yield and how to increase yield in cabrucas. I explore the role of shade trees and the nutrient dynamics in litterfall. Finally, I explore the risk that climate change could represent for cocoa production in the future by looking at the effects of an unexpected drought caused by an El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event between November 2015 and May 2016. My study is based on data collected in permanent transects in 32 randomly chosen cabruca farms in Barro Preto a municipality of Bahia over a period of three years. I also established littertraps in 10 cocoa farms where I intensively studied nutrient dynamics and cocoa yield per tree over 12 months. My results showed that unproductive trees, low cocoa tree density, high shade cover and high cocoa mortality due to drought were the main factors limiting cocoa yield in cabrucas. Surprisingly, adding fertilisers to the cocoa trees did not increase yield. This suggests that there is no nutrient deficiency in cabrucas. In the farms, I found 69 species of shade trees for an average density of 125 ± 32 trees per hectare. Half of the species of shade trees were Atlantic Forest species of conservation value. The litterfall experiment showed the shade tree species and the quantity of litterfall produced, can affect the number of cocoa pods per tree. In cabrucas, a higher number of cocoa pods was found on cocoa trees under shade trees than under no shade. Finally, I showed that the exceptionally severe ENSO-related drought caused 80% loss in yield and 11% cocoa tree mortality in Barro Preto. Climate models predict an increased frequency of strong ENSO events in the future. Farmers in Bahia are not prepared to face regular drought events. The 2015/16 drought affected the dynamics of cocoa production in Brazil: it accelerated the decrease of extensive wildlife-friendly cocoa production in Bahia whereas it increased the development of cocoa production in intensive low shade plantations in the state of Pará. This suggests that climate change could be a threat to traditional cocoa agroforests in Bahia. Developing wildlife-friendly certification schemes and Payment for Ecosystem Services to internalise the value of forest conservation and to encourage farmers to maintain their shade trees could save cabruca systems from going extinct.
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Boateng, Samuel Kwasi. "An investigation into the potential use of some indigenous fruit trees as shade trees in cocoa farms in Ghana." Thesis, University of Reading, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.558730.
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This study investigated the potential of some indigenous fruit trees as high value crops for use as shade trees in cocoa farms and the interactions between the cocoa and the indigenous fruit trees with the aim of maximising productivity. A survey on farmers' knowledge on Theobroma cacao-Chrysophyllum albidum agroforestry in the Suhum-Kraboa-Coaltar District using a structured questionnaire revealed challenges in propagation of C. albidum and the need to address them. The study also showed that the use of indigenous fruit trees in cocoa farms could bring economic gains to the farmer. A range of pre-sowing treatments were evaluated to determine the most effective method to break the dormancy of C. albidum hard seed coats. The results of the investigation showed that mechanical scarification was the best treatment for mass and uniform germination of C. albidum seeds with a percentage of 73.8% Experiments were also conducted to optimise vegetative propagation of C. albidum. In this study the effects of leaf area treatments, IBA concentrations and propagating media were examined. The results showed that stem cuttings with 40 cm2 leaf area on Sawdust medium gave optimum rooting with a percentage of 88.5%. A field experiment to study the interactions between the cocoa and indigenous fruit trees of C.albidum, Irvingia gabonensis and Oacryodes klaineana agroforestry was set up at Afosu in Ghana. The experiment showed that at 15 months, the species allocated varying percentages of plant resources to root, stem and leaves biomass. This showed the growth strategies of the various plants. From these early measurements, C. albidum showed the initiation of a tap root system which could be expected to be less competitive with cultivation with cocoa. An on-farm study confirmed little competition for soil water between T. cacao and C. albidum both in the wet and dry seasons. On-farm data collection enabled stocking of C. albidum fruit tree per hectare to be calculated based on series of allometric equations. The key recommendations for the study are optimal planting distances and density for different age and class sizes of C. albidum trees in cocoa farms as well as pruning of fruit trees and cocoa trees to increase percentage light interception for higher yield.
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Dunn, Geoffrey. "Design and construction of a novel low-field NMR device to investigate cocoa trees." Thesis, University of Kent, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408512.
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N-unkyer, Anglaaere Luke Cyprian. "Improving the sustainability of cocoa farms in Ghana through utilization of native forest trees in agroforestry systems." Thesis, Bangor University, 2005. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/improving-the-sustainability-of-cocoa-farms-in-ghana-through-utilization-of-native-forest-trees-in-agroforestry-systems(2db9c4a0-0a9c-4a66-a2b1-570ccecbf094).html.
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The study investigatedf armers' ecologicalk nowledgea nd managemenrte lating to cocoa aggroforestins the Atwima district of Ghana,w ith the view to selecting and developing the potential of native forest tree species for use as shade in multi-strata cocoa agroforestry systems. More specifically, the study investigate farmers' knowledge about the ecology and managemenot f multi-stratac ocoas ystems,w ith the view to identifying native forest tree species preferred by farmers as shade for cocoa. Based on this preliminary survey of fanner knowledge and preferences, eight indigenous forest tree speciesw ere selectedf or field screening. Field studies involved: (i) assessmenot f their natural distribution in different landuse systems, to determine natural regeneration potential; (ii) evaluation of their phenological patterns and light regimes under their canopies, with the view to determining their suitability for shade provision; (iii) evaluation of growth performance, when planted as shade on cocoa farms; (iv) determination of potential below-ground complementarity in resource use (particularly water) between planted shade and the cocoa, through evaluation of root competitivity indices for the planted species, as well as determination of water use by means of sap flow measurementT. he study also evaluatedm ethodso f seedp re-treatmentt o enhance germinationo f T. letraptera seedsw, hich usually take a long time to germinate. Farmers' knowledge on site selection for cocoa cultivation was based on soil types and biological indicators. Their description of soil types was based on soil texture and colour. Trees, shrubs, and herbaceous species are used as indicators of soil fertility status. Farmers identified over 50 forest tree species and their role in the cocoa farming system. In Eight of these were selected for screening on-farm and on-station. These included: Albizia adianthifolia, Entandrophragma angolense, Entandrophragma utile, Newbouldia laevis, Pericopsis elata, Terminalia ivorensis and Tetrapleura tetraptera. The natural distribution of these species in mature cocoa farms, fallow lands and natural forest was evaluated and their regeneration potential discussed. Results of phenolog&icIa l patterns and crown characteristicso f the shadet ree speciesa re presenteda nd discussedw ith regards to their temporal complementarity in light (PAR and Red/Far Red light) capture. Seed pre-treatment and vegetative propagation techniques for T. tetraptera were investigated, with results indicating a good potential for the use of locally grown Citrusjambhiri Lush. (rough lemon) juice for seed pre-treatment. Auxin (IBA) application on leafy stem cuttings, at concentrations of 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.6% produced good rooting responses, compared to a control (0%), with 0.4% producing the highest response. Growth performance of all the planted species was evaluated over a two-year period, while root structure of, and rates of water uptake by, E. angolense, T. ivorensis and T tetraptera, which appeared to be the most promising species in terms of initial growth performance on the field, were also investigated. The results showed that T ivorensis, which appeared to be more shallow rooting than the others at this age Q years), was drawing more water from the soil than the other two species while T. tetraptera, with its roots oriented more vertically, was using less water than the others. Above-ground biomass, carbon and nutrient content, as well as litterfall, decomposition and nutrient release patterns of a multi-strata cocoa-Gliricidia agroforest are also reported and discussed.
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Rankin, Erik. ""Önskar man hade två käftar och tre telefoner" : COCOM och kontroll inom flygledning." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-117603.
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Denna magisteruppsats redogör för en anpassning av COCOM (Contextual Control Model) till flygledningsdomänen. COCOM är en modell som kan användas för att beskriva och förutse kontroll hos operatörer i komplexa system. En central del av modellen är begreppet kontrollnivå vilket beskriver hur graden av kontroll hos ett JCS (Joint Cognitive System) beror av och påverkar de parametrar som beskriver dess prestation. Fokus i denna uppsats ligger på det JCS som omfattar flygledaren i sin arbetsposition. I uppsatsen anpassas Hollnagels generella beskrivning av kontrollnivåer i COCOM till flygledningsdomänen. Till grund för anpassningen ligger en kvalitativ studie i form av observation och intervju av sju operativa flygledare vid en svensk kontrollcentral. De tre parametrarna målavvägning, subjektivt tillgänglig tid samt planering och prioritering befinns särskilt lämpliga för att beskriva kontroll inom flygledning. I uppsatsen identifieras också, med utgångspunkt i resilience engineering, tolv strategier som flygledare använder för att bibehålla kontroll i det vardagliga arbetet. Två exempel på strategier är att anpassa sig till kollegor och deras arbetssituation, samt användandet av ”extra ögon”, att låta en kollega övervaka arbetet. Valet av strategi kopplas i uppsatsen samman med vilken kontrollnivå flygledaren befinner sig på. Domänanpassningen av COCOM visar att modellen är lämplig för modellering av operatörer. COCOM för flygledning kan användas för att bättre klassificera prestation specifikt inom detta område, samt som stöd i samband med utvecklandet av nya verktyg och arbetsmetoder. Kunskap om kontrollstrategier kan med fördel utnyttjas vid utbildning av flygledare, som med denna typ av metakunskap kan få mer medvetna verktyg för att bibehålla kontroll.
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Hazelwood, Kirsten. "The role of trophic interactions in shaping tropical tree communities." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/28637.
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Tropical rainforests contain exceptionally high biodiversity and account for >30% of the world's carbon fixed by photosynthesis. Consequently, there are compelling reasons to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms that maintain these highly diverse forests and of the potential long-term threats to their preservation. An important process shaping tropical plant communities is negative density dependence (NDD). NDD occurs when plant performance is negatively impacted by increased neighbourhood density. Reduced performance at high neighbourhood density is thought to arise through ecological interactions between plants and their natural enemies. Thus in a healthy ecosystem, trophic interactions play vital roles as mechanisms driving NDD and are important as dispersers facilitating escape from NDD mortality. However, interruption to ecological processes caused by human activities, such as hunting, can perturb NDD interactions and cause cascading effects throughout an ecosystem. In my thesis I investigate the role of dispersal and mortality in NDD dynamics of tropical tree communities, as well as investigating local and global impacts of removing ecological interactions in tropical rainforests. In my thesis, I begin by addressing the presence and variation in strength of NDD among tree species and ontogenetic stages, the mechanisms driving NDD, and the role of trophic interactions in this process. The Janzen-Connell hypothesis predicts that host-specific natural enemies drive NDD by selectively reducing conspecific density, and increase diversity by suppressing competitive exclusion, thus allowing heterospecifics to persist. In chapters 2 and 3 of this thesis, I show that mortality driven by conspecific NDD is prevalent at the early life stages, and this effect is considerably stronger during the year after germination. Furthermore, this process is driven exclusively by host-specific fungal pathogens, which cause mortality selectively among conspecifics and drive diversity. As seedlings age beyond their first year, NDD interactions become less impacted by conspecifics but are impacted by closely related neighbours or by general neighbourhood density, representing changes in the mechanism driving NDD as seedlings age, and a decline in host-specificity of natural enemies. Equally, relative growth rates (RGR) are reduced under high neighbourhood density irrespective of species identity. Results suggest insect herbivores are the strongest driver of reduced RGR but not mortality under increased neighbourhood density. As a consequence of stronger inter than intra-specific NDD effects on RGR, insects had no impact on seedling diversity in the short term. This study supports assertions that regionally rare species experience stronger NDD than common species, accounting for the high variability in species relative abundance in the tropics. In the second part of my thesis, I address the role of large vertebrate dispersers in shaping tropical tree communities and the consequences of defaunation for tree assemblage and carbon storage. Dispersal allows seeds to escape NDD and persist to reproductive maturity and is therefore vital for the maintenance of diversity. Vertebrates disperse the seeds of more than 70% of neo-tropical tree species. However, many large vertebrates are becoming scarce due to widespread hunting. The decline of large vertebrates and their role as dispersers is predicted to alter tree community composition. Additionally, large vertebrates are responsible for the dispersal of large-seeded species, which are linked to species with high wood density. With wood density positively associated with carbon storage, there is a potential cascading influence of defaunation on global carbon storage. We investigate the consequences of declining large vertebrate mortality agents in chapter 3, and the consequences of declining large vertebrate dispersers in chapters 4 and 5. Although community composition is altered in a defaunated forest, species dispersed by extirpated fauna do not appear to drive this. In fact we find that many species thought to be heavily reliant on extirpated fauna manage to persist. Although it is thought that the simultaneous loss of seed predation from large terrestrial vertebrates may create compensatory effects, we found little support for this, with an absence of large terrestrial vertebrates driving only temporary changes to species diversity. Neither a loss of large frugivores or large-seeded species lead to declines in species with high wood density, but we detect a worrying decline in large stemmed species, which has negative implications for carbon storage. Overall, my thesis highlights the importance of NDD and trophic interactions, particularly fungal pathogens, at the early life stages in shaping tropical tree communities and in maintaining diversity. I provide evidence that the removal of trophic interactions among larger natural enemies and dispersers does not impact community assemblage in the directional manner found in previous studies. I provide evidence for the variability in response to trophic interactions among species and ontogenetic stages. I show disproportionate relative importance among natural enemies and dispersers in the maintenance of tropical tree assemblage, with implications for conservation and for assessing the consequences for tree diversity under the influence of degradation.
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Queiroz, Abel Felipe de Oliveira. "Indução de voláteis em cocos nucifera (Arecaceae) por Brassolis sophorae (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) e biologia de Winthemia analis (Macquart, 1846) (Diptera: Tachinidae)." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2015. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4403.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Plants have evolved various strategies to defend themselves against herbivory. Under herbivore attack, they emit volatile organic compounds that indirectly defend the plant, by attracting herbivore s natural enemies or directly by repelling the herbivore. The coconut tree, Cocus nucifera, is grown in all regions of the country, being predominant in the northeast and hold socio-economic importance for the country. In this sense, the objective of this study was to characterize the emission of volatiles by C. nucifera induced upon herbivory of Brassolis sophorae caterpillars and to assess the behavioral response of Winthemia analis, larval parasitoid of B. sophorae, to B. sophorae induced volatiles. In addition, the biology of W. analis was studied. Were collected, using the aeration process, volatiles emitted by C. nucifera under the following treatments: 1 undamaged plants; 2 mechanically-damaged plants and 3 plants upon herbivory of Brassolis sophorae caterpillars. The collected volatiles were chemically analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The behavioral response of the parasitoid to the induced compounds was tested in a Y-tube olfactometer, and the life cycle was determined from 79 larvae emerged from 28 B. sophorae pupae. The compounds nonanal, decanal and two ketones, geranyl acetone and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, were identified in the samples containing volatiles emitted by C. nucifera 48h after the application of the three treatments. The homoterpene (E)-4-8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT) was identified only in the samples containing volatiles emitted by C. nucifera upon herbivory of Brassolis sophorae caterpillars and mechanically-damaged plants. The DMNT contribution was higher in the sample emitted by plants upon herbivory of Brassolis sophorae caterpillars than in the samples emitted by mechanically-damaged plants. W. analis files were not attracted to the odors emitted by C. nucifera upon herbivory of Brassolis sophorae caterpillars. The emergence rate of adults was about 73%. Were possible to check sexual dimorphism in the adults wings using geometric morphometric (p<0.0001). The morphological analysis of the W. analis adults show one characteristic in the male abdomen.<br>As plantas apresentam diversas estratégias de defesa contra herbivoria. Muitas plantas, quando atacadas emitem compostos orgânicos voláteis que auxiliam na sua defesa, por meio da atração de inimigos naturais dos herbívoros ou repelindo diretamente o herbívoro. O coqueiro, Cocus nucifera, tem seu cultivo presente em todas as regiões do país, sendo predominante na região nordeste e apresenta uma grande importância social e econômica para o país. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a liberação de voláteis de C. nucifera induzidos pela herbivoria de lagartas de Brassolis sophorae e a resposta comportamental de Winthemia analis, parasitoide de lagartas de B. sophorae, aos compostos induzidos. Adicionalmente estudou-se a biologia de W. analis. Foram coletados, por meio do processo de aeração, voláteis emitidos por C. nucifera sob os seguintes tratamentos: 1 planta sadia; 2 planta com dano mecânico e 3 planta sob herbivoria de lagartas de B. sophorae. Os voláteis coletados foram analisados quimicamente por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (CG-EM). A resposta comportamental do parasitoide aos compostos induzidos pela herbivoria das lagartas foi testada em um olfatômetro em Y e seu ciclo de vida foi registrado a partir de 79 larvas que emergiram de 28 pupas de B. sophorae. Os compostos nonanal, decanal e duas cetonas, geranil acetona e 6-metil-5-hepten-2-ona, foram identificados nas amostras de voláteis emitidos por C. nucifera 48h após a aplicação dos três tratamentos. O homoterpeno (E)-4-8-dimetil-1,3,7-nonatrieno (DMNT) foi encontrado somente nas amostras de voláteis emitidos por C. nucifera sob herbivoria de B. sophorae e com dano mecânico. A contribuição do DMNT foi maior nas amostras de planta sob herbivoria de lagartas de B. sophorae do que nas amostras de planta com dano mecânico. Os adultos de W. analis não foram atraídos pelos extratos obtidos da aeração de plantas sob herbivoria de lagartas de B. sophorae. A taxa de emergência dos adultos de W. analis foi de aproximadamente 73%. Foi possível verificar dimorfismo sexual alar por meio de morfometria geométrica (p<0,0001). A análise morfológica dos adultos de W. analis constatou a existência de uma característica no abdômen dos machos.
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SANTOS, Ivandelson Siqueira. "Proposta de redução de volume de água a ser aplicado pela irrigação localizada na fase inicial da cultura do Coqueiro Anão." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2015. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/796.
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Previous issue date: 2015-07<br>Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar diferentes possibilidades de redução do volume
de água a ser aplicado pela irrigação localizada na cultura do coqueiro anão no semi-árido
nordestino, através de um manejo de água, solo e da cultura. Para isto, foram realizadas as seguintes tarefas: testou-se uma nova metodologia de cálculo para o volume de água
aplicado na cultura do coqueiro, que considera apenas a área efetiva de maior
adensamento do sistema radicular, visando à domesticação de seu desenvolvimento num
determinado bulbo molhado; controlou-se a temperatura do solo através da plasticultura,
tendo em vistas redução na evaporação d'água no solo e, consequentemente, diminuição
no volume d'água a ser aplicado; e avaliou-se o desenvolvimento inicial da cultura do
coco, através das variáveis altura de planta e diâmetro do caule, para os procedimentos de manejo de água, solo e da cultura propostos nesta pesquisa. O experimento de campo foi instalado em blocos inteiramente casualizados, resultante de duas combinações fatoriais entre quatro diâmetros molhados (D| = 0,7 m, D2 = 0,8 m, D3 = 0,9 m, D4 = 1,0 m), delimitados por anéis de zinco que possuíam uma altura de 35 cm, sendo 20 cm
enterrados no solo, e duas condições de cobertura de solo (coberto e nu), mais uma
testemunha (4x2+ 1), perfazendo nove tratamentos com três repetições, totalizando
vinte e sete parcelas. Para ambas as condições de cobertura do solo, os diferentes volumes de água aplicados nos diversos diâmetros de influência do sistema radicular não
apresentaram efeito significativo no desenvolvimento da cultura do coco, no que diz
respeito à sua altura e ao diâmetro caulinar, durante os primeiros 120 dias após
transplantio. O procedimento de cálculo do volume de água aplicado promoveu
considerável economia de água, com valores máximos e mínimos, respectivamente, de
93,95 e 87,62%, na condição de solo sem cobertura, e de 96,98 e 93,81%, em solo com
cobertura. O isolamento da evaporação contribuiu para redução substancial (50%) no
volume de água aplicado, ficando demonstrada a importância de se controlar a
temperatura do solo em regiões semi-árias e a eficiência do filme de polietileno de duas
faces para esta finalidade.<br>This research had as objective to study different possibilities of reduction of the water
volume to be applied by localized irrigation in the dwarfish coconut crop in the Northeast
semi-arid region, through a management of water, soil and of the crop. Thus, the following
tasks were accomplished: a new calculation methodology was tested for the volume of
water applied to the coconut crop, that considers only the effective area of higher
concentration of the root system, seeking to the domestication of its development in a
certain wetted bulb; the soil temperature was controlled by using plastic manta, purposing
the reduction in the soil water evaporation and, consequently, decrease in the volume of
water to be applied; and the initial development of the coconut crop was evaluated, through
the variables plant height and diameter of the stem, for the water, soil and crop
management procedures proposed in this research. The field experiment was installed in
entirely randomized blocks, resulting from two factorial combinations between four wetted
diameters (Di = 0,7 m, D2 = 0,8 m, D3 = 0,9 m, D4 = 1,0 m), delimited by zinc rings having
a height of 35 cm, being 20 cm buried into the soil, and two conditions of soil covering
(covered and nude), plus a control (4x2 + 1), resulting in nine treatments with three
replications, totaling twenty-seven plots. For both conditions of soil covering, the different
applied volumes of water in the several diameters of influence of the root system didn't
present significant effect on the development of the coconut crop, regarding its height and
stem diameter, during the first 120 days after sowing. The procedure of calculation of the
applied volume of water promoted considerable economy of water, with maximum and
minimum values, respectively, of 93.95 and 87.62%, in the soil condition without
covering, and of 96.98 and 93.81%, in soil with covering. The isolation of the evaporation
contributed to substantial reduction (50%) in the applied volume of water, being
demonstrated the importance of controlling the soil temperature in semi-arid áreas and the
efficiency of the two faces polyethylene film for this purpose.
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CHEN, WEI-CHI, and 陳威志. "A Study of the Enterprise Franchise Chain Model -Taking Tomato Cocoa Tree Art in Chengdu As Example." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/w7mscv.
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碩士<br>世新大學<br>企業管理研究所(含碩專班)<br>107<br>Under the circumstance of limited resources, large enterprises nowadays mostly adopt the strategy of chain to disperse market risks and try to attract more aspiring enterprises to cooperate and jointly expand the market competition scope and enhance brand market popularity. But Chain is not a panacea either. There are also many failure cases in the market. Therefore, the study tried to take Tomato Cocoa Tree Art as an example and through research design to explore the strategy planning and business model of enterprise franchise chain in mainland China early childhood education market. The results indicate that besides considering market competition conditions, market consumption demand and cooperation ability as the criteria for chain franchisers, enterprises need to adjust elasticity according to market differences of different operating positions on the basis of unified norms. Especially, it is suggested that enterprises should make clear the heterogeneity of development between franchising and chain franchising, and more through complementary resources and cooperative guidance. It is required to strengthen the cooperation and interaction between the two sides so as to enhance the overall market competitive advantage of the industry.
Books on the topic "Cocoa tree"
1
Conference, Ghana Science Association. 24th biennial conference plenary presentations, 1st-4th August, 2005: Theme "Maximizing the benefits of the cocoa tree". Ghana Science Association, 2005.
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2
Le, Quang Binh. Cocoa tree in Dak Lak: Main barriers to development in local ethnic minority groups : case study of the M'nong ethnic group in Lak District. Institute for Studies of Society, Economy, and Environment, 2012.
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3
COCOBOD Conference for Promotion of Local Consumption of Cocoa Products (1st 2005 Legon, Ghana). 1st COCOBOD Conference for Promotion of Local Consumption of Cocoa Products and 24th Biennial Conference of the Ghana Science Association: Theme, Maximizing the benefits of the Cocoa tree : venue, Erata hotel, East Legon, and Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration, (GIMPA), Legon, date, Monday, 1st, Thursday, 4th August 2005 : programme and book of abstracts. Ghana Science Association, 2005.
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4
Díaz, Wilson. M.L.C.P.: Liberación de la planta de coca : en tres actos (movimientos). La Silueta Ediciones, 2016.
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5
A, Rudgard S., Maddison A. C, and Andebrhan T, eds. Disease management in cocoa: Comparative epidemiology of witches' broom. Chapman & Hall, 1993.
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6
Hetzel, Friedrich. The nutrient and water cycle in a tropical rain forest and a cocoa plantation in Côte d'Ivoire. Abteilung Landschaftsökologie am Geographischen Inst. der Georg-August Univ. Göttingen, 1998.
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Filho, João Calazans, and Bianca Bonami Rosa. Enchanted Cocoa Tree. Babelcube Inc, 2020.
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Filho, João, Guilherme Neto, and Bianca Rosa. Enchanted Cocoa Tree. Independently Published, 2020.
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10
Butler, John. Address to the Cocoa-Tree from a Whig. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Cocoa tree"
1
Nair, Kodoth Prabhakaran. "Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)." In Tree Crops. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62140-7_5.
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Asitoakor, Bismark Kwesi, Anders Ræbild, Philippe Vaast, et al. "Shade Tree Species Matter: Sustainable Cocoa-Agroforestry Management." In Agroforestry as Climate Change Adaptation. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45635-0_3.
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AbstractShade trees are important components of cocoa-agroforestry systems because they influence yields, soil fertility and the occurrence of pests and diseases and may support adaptation to climate change. Based on a review of the existing literature and on primary data from field experiments, this chapter reports on the species-specific effects of shade trees in relation to the management of insect pests, black pod diseases and their impacts on cocoa yield. Shade tree species in cocoa systems impact soil available phosphorus differently and shade tree species such as Spanish cedar (Cedrela odorata), limba (Terminalia superba) and mahogany (Khaya ivorensis) increase cocoa yield compared with cocoa systems without shade trees. The architecture of shade tree species may influence below-canopy temperatures and relative humidity, which potentially affect pests such as mirids and black pod disease infections and ultimately cocoa yield. As farmers have local knowledge of and preferences for certain shade tree species, strengthening the combination of scientific and local knowledge can prove a powerful tool for the improved management of shade tree species, as well as cocoa pests and diseases.
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Boadi, Sylvester Afram, Aske Skovmand Bosselmann, Kwadwo Owusu, Richard Asare, and Mette Fog Olwig. "Household Economics of Cocoa Agroforestry: Costs and Benefits." In Agroforestry as Climate Change Adaptation. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45635-0_5.
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AbstractCurrent research suggests that cocoa agroforestry systems could offer stable yields, additional benefits and income from shade trees, despite potential added costs, such as from the purchase of insecticides. There is a paucity of profitability studies of different cocoa agroforestry systems. Only few of them go beyond a narrow focus on cocoa yields to model the entire agroforestry system and thus do not advance our understanding of the socio-economic value of other ecosystem goods. Based on survey data covering a thousand cocoa plots and group interviews with cocoa farmers, we explore the costs and benefits at the household level of including trees in cocoa systems. Comparing low and medium tree diversity systems, we find that income from cocoa beans, timber and fruit trees are higher and labour costs are lower in plots with medium diversity, while insecticide costs are lower on low-diversity plots. Overall, net benefits were higher on cocoa plots with higher tree diversity. Thus, cocoa agroforestry systems offer cost-reduction and income-improving advantages. Since cocoa systems vary among different agro-ecological zones in Ghana, we recommend that interventions aimed at increasing tree diversity consider the specific management practices of each farming household and the location in question.
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Bosselmann, Aske Skovmand, Sylvester Afram Boadi, Mette Fog Olwig, and Richard Asare. "Social Challenges and Opportunities in Agroforestry: Cocoa Farmers’ Perspectives." In Agroforestry as Climate Change Adaptation. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45635-0_4.
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AbstractAgroforestry practices in cocoa cultivation have historical roots going back to the Mayan sacred groves in Mesoamerica. Today, agroforestry cocoa, i.e., the integration of shade trees, plants and crops in cocoa systems, is promoted as a climate smart practice by public and private institutions. Shaded cocoa can sustain or even increase cocoa yields and the agroforestry systems may provide additional output for household consumption and sale as well as improve the microclimate and soil conditions on the farm. Despite these promising features, cocoa agroforestry systems are far from the norm in producing countries like Ghana. Based on discussions with groups of farmers across the Ghanaian cocoa belt, this chapter shows that while farmers are well aware of the positive aspects of shaded cocoa systems, traditional cocoa practices, village chiefs’ command of local land uses, land and tree tenure systems, alternative land uses and inability to access inputs and extension services limit the adoption and constrain the management of shade trees. As still more policies are developed to improve the Ghanaian cocoa sector, policymakers must consider these often overlooked social and institutional factors that prevent cocoa farmers from engaging in longer-term agroforestry practices and thereby benefiting from the opportunities they present.
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Fowler, Mark S., and Fabien Coutel. "Cocoa beans: from tree to factory." In Beckett's Industrial Chocolate Manufacture and Use. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118923597.ch2.
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Olwig, Mette Fog, Richard Asare, Philippe Vaast, and Aske Skovmand Bosselmann. "Can Agroforestry Provide a Future for Cocoa? Implications for Policy and Practice." In Agroforestry as Climate Change Adaptation. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45635-0_6.
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AbstractClimate change is threatening cocoa production in Ghana, the world’s second largest cocoa exporter. Yet, as we have shown in this book, the impacts of climate change must be understood in the context of the multiple socioeconomic and biophysical pressures facing cocoa farmers, including the conversion of farms for other land uses, increasing hired labor costs as well as pests and diseases. This final chapter summarizes the book’s overall findings on cocoa agroforestry as climate change adaption and points to ways forward in terms of policy, practice and research. Our findings suggest that a nuanced view of farmers, agroecosystems and sites is necessary and emphasize the need to study shade tree species and species diversity, in addition to shade levels, to optimize the sustainability of cocoa farming. We further suggest that it may not be possible to sustainably grow cocoa in marginal regions of the cocoa belt, where yields are lower and where agroforestry may be unable to mitigate the negative impacts of the adverse climate. Finally, we point to the importance of considering rights and access to trees, land, extension services and resources, and call for more multidisciplinary research on differently situated farmers’ opportunities and needs.
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dos Santos Menezes, Fredson, Jonathan Javier Mucherino-Muñoz, Cláusio Antônio Ferreira, et al. "Genomic Designing for Biotic Stress Resistant Cocoa Tree." In Genomic Designing for Biotic Stress Resistant Technical Crops. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09293-0_2.
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Mensah, Eric Opoku, Philippe Vaast, Richard Asare, et al. "Cocoa Under Heat and Drought Stress." In Agroforestry as Climate Change Adaptation. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45635-0_2.
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AbstractCocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is an important cash crop in many tropical countries, particularly in West Africa. Heat and drought are both known to affect the physiology of cocoa plants through reduced rates of photosynthesis and transpiration, as well as changed physiological processes such as the functions of photosystems, chlorophyll synthesis, stomatal conductance and expression of heat-shock proteins. This in turn leads to decreased yields and increased risks of mortality under severe heat and drought. To help cocoa plants adapt to climate change, the literature suggests agroforestry as a potential farm management practice. It has been argued that the lack of tree cover in cocoa cultivation systems exposes the crop to heat and direct solar radiation, thus increasing evapotranspiration and the risk of drought. Drawing on data generated from two on-field studies, this chapter assesses the shade effect on cocoa’s physiological responses to drought and heat stress to determine whether shade would be beneficial under climate change scenarios. We conclude that shade improves the physiology of cocoa, but that this may not be sufficient to compensate for the negative effects of high temperatures and severe drought exacerbated by climate change in sub-optimal conditions.
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Nair, Kodoth Prabhakaran. "Technological Advancements in Coconut, Arecanut and Cocoa Research: A Century of Service to the Global Farming Community by the Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, Kerala State, India." In Tree Crops. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62140-7_11.
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Olwig, Mette Fog, Richard Asare, Henrik Meilby, Philippe Vaast, and Kwadwo Owusu. "Introduction: Climate, Cocoa and Trees." In Agroforestry as Climate Change Adaptation. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45635-0_1.
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AbstractClimate change is predicted to significantly reduce areas suitable for the cultivation of cocoa, an important cash crop providing a livelihood to over six million smallholders in the humid tropics. Cocoa agroforestry shows potential to increase climate resilience while providing more stable incomes, enhancing biodiversity, supporting healthy ecosystems and reducing the pace at which farms expand into forested areas. Based on the multidisciplinary ‘Climate Smart Cocoa Systems for Ghana’ research project, this book investigates the case of the biophysical and socioeconomic sustainability of cocoa agroforestry in Ghana, the second largest producer of cocoa in the world. After a brief introduction to the research project, this introductory chapter reviews the literature on the links between climate change, farming and agroforestry, thereby situating the study within a wider context. It then presents an in-depth analysis of historical Ghanaian cocoa yields and climate data at both the national and regional levels to establish a foundation for understanding the new climate risks faced by cocoa farmers. The chapter concludes by providing an overview of the chapters that follow and introducing the overall argument that agroforestry can only successfully address climate change impacts on cocoa farming if location-specific biophysical and socioeconomic factors are considered.
Conference papers on the topic "Cocoa tree"
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Wijonarko, Arman, Eka Tarwaca Susila Putra, Taufan Alam, and Priyono Suryanto. "Quality Improvement the Off-Farm and On-Farm of Menoreh Coffee toward Sustainable Agriculture in Sidoharjo Village." In 3rd International Conference on Community Engagement and Education for Sustainable Development. AIJR Publisher, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.151.9.
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Menoreh mountainous region, especially the Samigaluh district, has been long known as a coffee producer in Yogyakarta Special Region. The coffee trees were planted with other kinds of trees, known locally as “Kebun Campur”. The advantages of “Kebun Campur” in those regions were its capability to provide food resilience and sustainability. Meanwhile, “Kebun Campur” usually has low productivity due to poor maintenance and tight competition with other plants in a small area. We introduced high-yield and aroma coffee clones from National Coffee and Cocoa Research Center (Puslitkoka), supervising the local farmer in making good coffee-tree framing to support good harvest and easy picking of coffee beans. To support environmentally good farming practices, we also introduce how to produce Liquid Organic Fertilizers based on local resources. In the Off-farm aspects, we are introducing knowledge on how to process fresh coffee beans and how to operate a mini gas-powered roasting machine so that the farmer could get more value-added on their coffee beans.
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Maruri, Diego, and Gabriela Vega. "Urban green network for the urban area of Milagro, Guayas, Ecuador." In 8th International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002727.
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Currently, a large part of the urban population resides in cities where there is little or almost no relationship between nature and the urban environment, which is a fundamental parameter for achieving quality of life for people. On the other hand, the disorderly and accelerated growth of informal settlements in search of different economic activities in recent years in the canton of Milagro, and the unbridled development of the sugar and cocoa agroindustry, has led to the deforestation of the native forest areas of the canton. The objective of this study is to promote the conservation and creation of new green areas in the urban area of Milagro by identifying and incorporating native tree species of the sector, which should be compatible with the ecosystems. In order to determine the needs of each sector, we identify and analyze the available useful green area surfaces, through the use of precision spatial geographic software that allows us to establish the exact areas of the territory under study and to relate them to the current population to arrive at the analysis of the urban green area index (U.G.I.), with the aim of establishing the urban green area index (U.G.I.), in order to create new spaces of green areas, with the result of increasing the index of urban green area within the parameters established by the Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador (M.P.H.), and establish a strategic planning as a consolidated axis for the city based on green concepts linked to sustainable land use planning.
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Merino-Gaibor, Elvia, Adriana A. Amaya Rivas, and Xavier Gellynck. "Perceptions on resources and resilience attributes of short food supply chains to external shocks: A case study of Ecuadorian fine cocoa sector." In New Business Models 2023. Maastricht University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26481/mup.2302.31.
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Spatially extended Short Food Supply Chains (SFSCs) can enable small-scale producers' resilience capacity to external shocks, offering secure and traceable food sources. Furthermore, expanding sustainable commercial cocoa crops in spatially extended SFSCs may increase the production of cocoa beans in a way that is environmentally sustainable and socially responsible. This can involve promoting the use of agroforestry systems, which integrate trees and crops to enhance biodiversity and soil health, reducing the use of harmful chemicals. By implementing this type of SFSCs, small-scale farmers can obtain a reliable source of income while simultaneously preserving the environment. This study examines Ecuador, a major fine cocoa exporter, and aims to advance knowledge on the resources and attributes of SFSC intra-firm resilience that determine small-scale cocoa farmers' resilience capacity. Qualitative research methods reveal that small-scale farmers in spatially extended SFSCs exhibit resilience during crises, highlighting the importance of this organizational model in enduring market disruptions.
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AKO, Joel E., Camille E. N’ZI, and Kidiyo KPALMA. "Cocoa beans moisture content prediction using Machine Learning Model based on the color image features." In Computer Science Research Notes. University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24132/csrn.3401.25.
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The aim of this article is to investigate the possibility of modeling the moisture content of cocoa beans as a function of RGB images features of unshelled cocoa beans. Features are extracted by calculating mean, standard deviation, energy, entropy, kurtosis and skewness of the components of the rgb (RGB normalized), HSV, L*a*b*, YCbCr color spaces without the brightness components. These features are extracted from 4 types of samples, namely 10, 30, 50 and 70 bean samples per image. Feature analysis using the F-test and RReliefF methods shows that the features based on the energy and entropy of the components rg, yb, Cr, Cb, a*, b* and h* are fairly relevant for predicting the water content of cocoa beans. However, they are highly correlated. The selected predictors allow the analysis of linear models, such as Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Ridge Regression (RR), PLS Regression (PLSR) and non-linear models, such as polynomial, Support Vector Regression (SVR) with RBF kernel, Decision Trees Regression (DTR). With the exception of RR and PLSR, the other models were preceded by a principal component analysis (PCA) to handle the collinearity problem. The non-linear models give good predictions, with coefficients of determination R2 ranging from 0.95 to 0.98 and RMSE from 2.31 to 4.08. The regularization and penalization method is more better for handling multi-colinearity between predictors. It is therefore possible to predict the moisture content of cocoa beans from the features of RGB images. However, the prediction of new data from the models designed is still problematic.
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"Evaluation of Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Husk Fibre as a Potential Reinforcing Material for Bioplastic Production." In By-Products of Palm Trees and Their Applications. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644900178-14.
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Pir Mohammadiani, Rojiar, Maryam Mozaffari, and Soma Solaiman Zadeh. "Unsupervised Feature Selection Method based on Structural Particularity of Minimum Spanning Tree." In 4th International Conference on Communication Engineering and Computer Science (CIC-COCOS’2022). Cihan University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/cocos2022/paper.828.
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Unsupervised Feature Selection (UFS) methods try to extract features that can well keep the intrinsic structure of data. To make full use of such information in this paper we use one of the simplest graph sparsification strategies MST (Minimum Spanning Tree) for the task of UFS. A novel graph structural information method is proposed for unsupervised feature selection, we simplify and preserve correlation between features via MST through a structure that simultaneously captures the local and global structure of data, and then use graph structural information directly to achieve the subset representative features with minimum redundancy and more discriminative power. To show the effectiveness of our method, some of the most representative and referenced UFS methods are used for conducting experiments on some benchmark datasets. Experimental results verify that the proposed feature subset selection algorithm is effective, more specifically at the running time.
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Justam, Indrabayu, Zahir Zainuddin, and Basri. "Detection and Counting of the Number of Cocoa Fruits on Trees Using UAV." In 2023 IEEE International Conference on Industry 4.0, Artificial Intelligence, and Communications Technology (IAICT). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iaict59002.2023.10205752.
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Kavitha, M. G., M. L. Raviprakash, Zaid Alsalami, Y. Nagendar, and A. C. Ramachandra. "COCOs Nucifera Tree Disease Prediction Using Faster Region-Convolutional Neural Network with ResNet-50." In 2024 Third International Conference on Distributed Computing and Electrical Circuits and Electronics (ICDCECE). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdcece60827.2024.10549290.
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Hassan Hussen, Skala, and Gullanar M Hadi. "Utilizing Various Machine-Learning Techniques in Breast Cancer Detection." In 5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE (CIC-COCOS'24). Cihan University-Erbil, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/cocos2024/paper.1531.
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Worldwide, cancer is the most frequent cause of passing away for women. Any development in predicting and diagnosing cancer is crucial for a healthy life. As such, vital cancer accuracy in predicting patients' survival parameters and treatment aspects is necessary. Machine learning methods significantly impact breast cancer diagnosis and early diagnosis. This study aims to increase prediction accuracy using a novel statistical feature selection technique. This article examines the classification test accuracy, standard data precision, and the process performance of multiple machine learning (ML) algorithms, such as Random; using the Wisconsin Diagnostic Breast Cancer (WDBC) dataset, the following models were used: Support Vector Machine, Logistic Regression, Decision Tree (C4.5), Forest Naïve Bayes (NB), Linear Regression (LR), k-nearest-neighbors (KNN), and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP). The data set is partitioned to use the machine learning algorithm: 20% is used during the test phase, while 80% is used throughout training. Hyper-parameters that are manually assigned are utilized to modify the classifier. When applied to a subset of data, it showed that combining SVM and model in machine learning reached the maximum accuracy of up to 90%, which was noticeably superior to the other ML model.
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Guamán Guamán, Alex Oswaldo, Santiago Cristóbal Vásquez Matute, Jhonny Fernando Granja Travez, Marlene Lorena Molina Müller, and Mirian Irene Capa Morocho. "Influence of shade on morphophysiological and nutritional characteristics in young cocoa trees in south-eastern Ecuadorian Amazonia." In VIII Congreso Internacional de Investigación REDU. Medwave, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2022.s1.ci35.
Full textReports on the topic "Cocoa tree"
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Amanor, Kojo, Joseph Yaro, and Joseph Teye. Long-Term Change, Commercialisation of Cocoa Farming, and Agroecosystems and Forest Rehabilitation in Ghana. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2022.002.
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Cocoa production has a long history in Ghana, originating in the late nineteenth century. Since then, cocoa production has seen significant changes. Originally, cocoa was cultivated in newly cleared forests in which many forest trees were preserved as shade trees. Cocoa is ideally suited to these conditions and produces high yields with minimum investment in labour and inputs. However, over time, as the forest conditions change, the cost of cultivating cocoa has increased and yields have declined. As long as new forest frontiers exist, farmers have continued to move into these areas, which have displaced older areas of cultivation, since the costs of production are significantly lower in the new frontiers. In recent years, however, new forest frontiers have declined and most cocoa farmers have been forced to rehabilitate and replant cocoa in open land. This study examines the rational of frontier development; changes in land relations, labour relations and use of technology; and the impact of these factors on different categories of farmers, including women and youth. This is developed through two comparative case studies drawn from the older cocoa frontier of the Eastern Region, and the more recent frontier of Western North Region.
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Amanor, Kojo, Joseph Yaro, Joseph Teye, and Steve Wiggin. Ghana’s Cocoa Farmers Need to Change Gear: What Policymakers Need to Know, and What They Might Do. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2022.008.
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Cocoa farmers in Ghana face increasing challenges. In the past, many of them could make a living from cocoa thanks to the advantages – ‘forest rents’ – that initially apply when forest is cleared to create cocoa farms: fertile soils, few pests and diseases. With time, however, weeds invade, pests and diseases build up, and trees age. To maintain production requires more labour, more inputs and more skill. In the past, farmers would often abandon older groves and seek new forest to clear. As they did so, the frontier for cocoa farming moved westwards across Ghana to the remaining high forest. But by 2000 or so, no new forest was available. Farmers now have to manage aging stands of trees, clear weeds and parasites, and combat pests, fungi and diseases. In Suhum District in the east and in Juaboso District in the far west of Ghana, we talked to farmers. They understood the challenges they faced, and knew how to deal with some of them. But many were not farming their cocoa as well as they could, losing yields and income as a result. This brief provides a basis for policymakers to move forward in responding to the current challenges facing cocoa farmers.