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Sulistyani, Erlinda, Daniel Boi Tamado, Futri Wulandari, and Esmar Budi. "Coconut Shell Activated Carbon as an Alternative Renewable Energy." KnE Energy 2, no. 2 (2015): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ken.v2i2.360.
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<p>Research coconut shell activated carbon as an alternative renewable energy has been done. Coconut shell activated carbon is processed into fuel that can replace coal. Coconut shell densely textured, hard, and old became a mainstay to be used as activated carbon. The process of forming into a coconut shell coconut shell activated carbon made by drying, pyrolysis, and carbonization. After it was examined DSC and SEM, so the coconut shell activated carbon obtained temperature of 500 0C is activated carbon which can produce the greatest heat and durable because of the many elements contained carbon and many pores are formed. </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: activated carbon; alternative renewable energy; coconut shell.</p>
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Rampe, Meytij Jeanne, Johny Zeth Lombok, Vistarani Arini Tiwow, Henny Lieke Rampe, and Marlen Garani. "SURFACE STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COCONUT SHELL CHARCOAL USING NIRA AREN (Arenga pinnata) ACID ACTIVATION." Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy 60, no. 2 (2025): 269–74. https://doi.org/10.59957/jctm.v60.i2.2025.8.
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Coconut shell is a waste of copra manufactured in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Pyrolysis coconut shell charcoal is potentially a raw material for bio-adsorbent for health. Bio-adsorbent activated carbon is produced from coconut shells using an acetic acid activator from palm sap (Arenga pinnata). Coconut shell pyrolysis was carried out at a temperature of 400 - 600oC and an acetic acid activator was obtained by fermenting the palm for six months. The results of the FT-IR analysis of coconut shell charcoal activated with CH3COOH 3 M and CH3COOH fermented palm sap showed a decrease or removal of impurity functional groups and an increase in coconut shell charcoal functional groups. The results of SEM-EDS analysis of coconut shell charcoal with CH3COOH activator fermentedpalm sap has a larger average pore diameter of 7.82 μm. The elemental content of carbon C is 87.88 % by mass. Thus, coconut shell charcoal activated using CH3COOH resulting from palm sap fermentation has potential as an adsorbent for industrial liquid waste.
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Leslie Mendame, Lauri, Patricia Silangen, and Alfrie Rampengan. "PERBANDINGAN KARAKTERISTIK KARBON AKTIF ARANG TEMPURUNG KELAPA DAN ARANG TEMPURUNG KEMIRI MENGGUNAKAN SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC DAN FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRA RED." Jurnal FisTa : Fisika dan Terapannya 2, no. 2 (2021): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.53682/fista.v2i2.138.
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Utilization of coconut shell and candlenut shell in Indonesia has not been used optimally as in North Sulawesi. The purpose of this research was to compare the characteristics of the pore size and functional groups of activated carbon, coconut shell charcoal and candlenut shell charcoal. The research method includes the activation stage and characterization of activated carbon using Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR). The results of this study are the characteristics of coconut shell charcoal activated carbon which has a larger pore size of 31.5 µm - 41.9 µm when compared to candlenut shell charcoal activated carbon which has a small pore size, namely 23.0 µm - 33.1 µm. . Both of these activated carbons have the same functional group, namely O-H, C=C, C-O, C-H which is an activated carbon composition.
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Oktaviansyah, Ikbal, Erna Yuliwati, and Eko Ariyanto. "Optimization of Domestic Wastewater Treatment Using a Mixture of Coconut Shell Activated Carbon Adsorbent and Fly Ash." Sainmatika: Jurnal Ilmiah Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam 21, no. 2 (2024): 122–33. https://doi.org/10.31851/sainmatika.v21i2.16246.
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Utilization of solid waste raw materials in the form of coconut shells and fly ash as adsrobents for domestic wastewater treatment. This study aims to optimize the effect of coconut shell activated carbon and fly ash with variations in mass ration and stirring time on changes in pH, COD, BOD, ammonia, TSS, and total coliform by adsorption on domestic liquid waste to meet waste quality standards. The research method includes the preparation of activated carbon from coconut shell, SEM characterization and experiments of a mixture of coconut shell activated carbon mass and fly ash (5:10, 10:5, 5:15, 15:5 grams) with variations in stirring time (30 minutes, 60 minutes). The results of the study, the most optimal mixture for changes in pH, ammonia, TSS, COD, BOD, total coliform parameters in domestic wastewater was a mixture of coconut shell activated carbon adsorbent mass of 15 grams and fly ash of 5 grams with a stirring time of 60 minutes.
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Nasri, Noor Shawal, Ramlan Noorshaheeda, Usman Dadum Hamza, Jibril Mohammed, Murtala Musa Ahmed, and Husna Mohd Zain. "Enhancing Sustainable Recycle Solid Waste to Porous Activated Carbon for Methane Uptake." Applied Mechanics and Materials 705 (December 2014): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.705.19.
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Potential agro wastes (i.e palm kernel shell and coconut shell) for producing low cost activated carbon (AC) was investigated. In this study, the activated carbon was produced by carbonization, chemical impregnation with KOH and microwave irradiation. The pyrolysis was carried out at 700 °C in an inert environment for 2 h. Microwave activation was carried out at 400W for 6 minutes. Characteristics of the material were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis and scanning electrode microscopy (SEM). Methane adsorption equilibrium data on the activated carbons produced were obtained using static volumetric method. Microwave palm shell activated carbon (MPAC) and microwave coconut shell activated carbon (MCAC) recorded highest methane uptake of 2.489 and 1.929 mmol/g at 3 bar, 30°C. The adsorption data were correlated with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The results shows that microwave activated carbon from palm shell and coconut shell have good methane adsorption characteristics.
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Nyamful, A., E. K. Nyogbe, L. Mohammed, et al. "Processing and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Coconut Shell and Palm Kernel Shell Waste by H3PO4 Activation." Ghana Journal of Science 61, no. 2 (2021): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjs.v61i2.9.
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Palm kernel shell and coconut shell are used as a precursor for the production of activated carbon, a way of mitigating the tons of waste produced in Ghana. The raw Palm kernel shell and coconut shell were activated chemically using H3PO4. A maximum activated carbon yield of 26.3 g was obtained for Palm kernel shell and 22.9 g for coconut shell at 400oC, an impregnation ratio of 1.2 and 1-hour carbonization time. Scanning electron microscopy reveals well-developed cavities of the H3PO4 activated coconut shell and Palm kernel shell compared to the non-activated carbon. Iodine number of 743.02 mg/g and 682.11 mg/g, a porosity of 0.31 and 0.49 and the electrical conductivity of 2010 μS/cm and 778 μS /cm were obtained for the AC prepared from the coconut shell and Palm kernel shell respectively. The results of this work show that high-quality activated carbon can be manufactured locally from coconut shell and Palm kernel shell waste, and a scale-up of this production will go a long way to reduce the tons of coconut shell and Palm kernel shell waste generated in the country.
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Nuthongkum, Pilaipon, and Prasopporn Junlabhut. "Rapid Aqueous Dye Adsorption Using Carbon Powder Derived from Agricultural Waste of Coconut in Bangtalad Sub-district, Chachoengsao Province." Journal of Science Ladkrabang 33, no. 2 (2024): 18–35. https://doi.org/10.55003/scikmitl.2024.261438.
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This research emphasizes the significance of dye contaminants in industrial textile wastewater and their potential impact on health and the environment. The study aims to investigate the efficiency of low-cost carbon adsorbents derived from coconut waste through a single-step carbonization process for removing dye from aqueous solutions. The preparation of carbon powder from agriculture coconut waste, including coconut husk, young coconut shell and mature coconut shell, involves carbonization in a vertical furnace with a capacity of 200 L at a temperature of 600ºC for four hours. The characteristics of the carbon adsorbents derived from coconut waste were compared with commercially activated carbon powder. The crystalline structure was analyzed by X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), while the surface morphology and elemental composition were examined with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS). The results revealed that the carbon from coconut waste exhibited a carbon structure similar to commercial activated carbon. The surface morphology showed average surface pore size of 23.45±0.69, 4.72±0.17, 4.22±0.19, and N/A micrometers for coconut husk, young coconut shell, mature coconut shell and commercial activated carbon, respectively. Elemental analysis indicated that all the carbon materials mainly consisted of carbon and oxygen as the major components, with less than 2.84% impurities occurring in the carbonization process. The adsorption performance of methylene blue using carbon materials as adsorbents revealed that the suitable contact time was 15 minutes. The carbon waste from mature coconut shells and commercial activated carbon exhibited removal efficiencies of 94.78% and 97.38%, respectively. Despite a small difference in removal efficiency at 2.70%, indicating that the adsorption efficiency was similar to the commercial activated carbon. The pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics based on Lagergren's equation exhibited a similar value of 0.02968 min-1, comparable to the commercial activated carbon's value of 0.03775 min-1. However, efficient resource utilization focuses on the environmental, particularly in Chachoengsao Province. Additionally, efforts are being made to use low-cost waste materials from the community to be used as adsorbents for dye removal in wastewater treatment.
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Duan, Su Ming, Miao Jia, Ji Wei Hu, et al. "Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Regeneration Process for Coconut Shell Activated Carbon Based on Response Surface Method." Advanced Materials Research 788 (September 2013): 450–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.788.450.
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The single-factorial design of experiments and response surface methodology was applied to optimize ultrasonic-assisted regeneration of coconut shell activated carbon. With the pH values of the solution, solid-liquid ratio, irradiation time chosen as the independent variable and the activated carbon release of antimony as response values, the central composite design method was used to study each of the variables and their interactions on coconut shell activated carbon regeneration. The results of this study showed that: the optimum pH value was 13; solid-liquid ratio was 372 mL·g-1; irradiation time was 6.7 h. The average content of the release of Sb from the activated carbon was 6233.95 μg·g-1 under the optimum condition. Regeneration rate of the activated carbon was 84.45%. This demonstrated that the adsorption efficiency of Sb was close in regenerative carbon and the original carbon. The results proved that the ultrasonic-associated coconut shell activated carbon regeneration process was accurate and reliable, and can provide a reference for the regeneration of coconut shell activated carbon which had adsorbed Sb.
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Haryadi, Winarto, Muchalal Muchalal, and Robby Noor Cahyono. "PREPARATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM SILK COTTON WOOD AND COCONUT SHELL BY PYROLISIS WITH CERAMIC FURNACE." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 5, no. 2 (2010): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21817.
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Preparation of activated carbon from silk cotton wood and coconut shell has been done. Carbon was made by pyrolysis process in the Muchalal furnace with 3000 watt electric power. The electric power was increased gradually from 1000, 2000 and then 3000 watt with interval 2 hours during 7 hours. Carbon was activated in Muchalal furnace with 4000 watt electric power during 2 hours and flowed with nitrogen gas. Product of the activated carbon was compared to standart product with several analysis including the surface area, acetic acid adsorption, iod adsorption and vapour adsorption. The results of analysis showed that surface area for silk cotton wood carbon, coconut shell carbon, and E.Merck product were 288.8072 m2/g, 222.9387 m2/g and 610.5543 m2/g, respectively. Acetic acid adsorption for silk cotton wood carbon, coconut shell carbon, and standart product were 157.391 mg/g, 132.791 mg/g, and 186.911 mg/g, respectively. Iodine adsorption for cotton wood carbon, coconut shell carbon, and standart product were 251.685 mg/g, 207.270 mg/g and 310.905 mg/g, respectively. Vapour adsorption for cotton wood carbon, coconut shell carbon and standart product were 12%, 4%,and 14%., respectively Key words : Activated carbon, pyrolysis, Muchalal furnace
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Hakim, Lukman, Ramli Ramli, and Sugiyarto Sugiyarto. "Pemanfaatan Limbah Cangkang Kerang Kijing (Pilsbryoconcha Exilis) Sebagai Katalisatator Pada Proses Carburizing." Jurnal Inovasi Teknologi Terapan 2, no. 2 (2024): 371–76. https://doi.org/10.33504/jitt.v2i2.182.
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Indonesia's natural products are very rich, including containing several types of animals, one of which is a clam that belongs to one type of shellfish. Mussel shells contain 39.55% calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The presence of calcium carbonate in the shell makes it possible to use it as a source of catalyst in the carburization process. Carburization adds carbon to the steel when heated to austenitic temperatures, causing the carbon to diffuse onto the steel surface. Low carbon steels with a carbon content of less than 0.3% are usually used in this process. Among the low-carbon steels widely used in industry, there is St 42 Steel, which has exceptional strength. Coconut shell charcoal is used as a catalyst. Coconut shell charcoal is one of the active carbon materials. Activated charcoal from coconut shell has low ash content, high reactivity and good solubility in water. The research method used is experimental. Steel ST 42 is used as the material. At the same time, the carburizing medium is activated carbon powder from coconut shell and shellfish powder by 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively, when heated for 3.6 and 9 hours.
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Ngadi, Norzita, M. Jusoh, Hajar Alias, and Z. Y. Zakaria. "Renewable Coconut Shell Activated Carbon Based for Ethyl Orange Dye Removal." Applied Mechanics and Materials 695 (November 2014): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.306.
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A study on the performance of a renewable activated carbon towards concentration reduction for ethyl orange dye was conducted. The coconut shell activated carbon was prepared by varying the carbonization temperature and impregnation ratio of chemical activation agent and coconut shell. The effect of adsorbent dosage and temperature on performance of the synthesized AC was determined. The finding showed that the impregnation ratio of 2 and carbonization temperature of 800 °C were the best condition to synthesis the activated carbon. The result also showed that the increment in adsorbent dosage increased the sorption capacity for coconut shell AC. However, the temperature changes caused the fluctuation in reduction of dye concentration. Comparison with commercial activated carbon indicated that coconut shell AC had proved to be a low cost and efficient adsorbent in this research.
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Ali, L. Yaumi, G. Mustafa Bintu, A. Isah Umar, Babagana Gutti, and A. Ojih Faith. "The effectiveness of coconut shell activated carbon on the adsorption of heavy metal using different activating agents." Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal 2, no. 4 (2015): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13730266.
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The effect of chemical activation on the adsorption of metals ions (Al<sup>2+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>and Fe<sup>2+</sup>) using waste Nigerian based coconut shell was investigated. Coconut shell was carbonized at 400 ˚C and activated at 400, 500, 600 and 650 ˚C using four activating agents. The produced activated carbon was characterized which revealed that increase in carbonization temperature leads to a decrease in both the ash content and char yield while the moisture content decreases with increase in carbonization temperature and pore volume are in a rise and fall pattern and increase in volatile content. The iodine value increased progressively with activation temperature, and then decreased when the temperature exceeded 600 ˚C, the optimum temperature for the production of activated carbons from coconut shell is approximately 600 ˚C The adsorption of metal ions using coconut activated with H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and HCl was significantly higher than carbons activated with NaOH and Ca(OH)<sub>2. </sub>This shows that waste coconut activated with H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and HCl can effectively be used to remove metal ions from waste waters and in different metal recovery processes than coconut shell activated with NaOH and Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>.
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Yanti, Irma Fifa, Pratama Jujur Wibawa, and Aris Mukimin. "Fabrication of Coconut Shell-Derived Graphitic Activated Carbon for Carbon-based Electrode Materials." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 27, no. 9 (2024): 456–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.27.9.456-463.
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This study aims to convert low-value plantation biomass waste into high-value materials. The process involves transforming coconut shell charcoal (CSC) into activated carbon and subsequently producing coconut shell graphitic-like activated carbon (CSGAC). Using a thermal graphitization method with a FeCl3 catalyst at 900°C for 1 hour in a nitrogen atmosphere, graphite microstructures (CSGAC) were formed on the coconut shell activated carbon (CSAC) framework. XRD, FTIR, SEM, and BET analyses confirmed the successful formation of CSGAC. The electrical conductivity of CSGAC, measured at 148 µS, highlights its potential as a cost-effective, renewable, and environmentally friendly raw material for carbon-based electrodes.
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Sutrisno and Yusnaidar. "CHARACTERIZATION AND KINETIC ADSORPTION OF THE DIFFERENT SOURCES ACTIVATED CARBON FOR LIQUID-PHASE ADSORPTION." Jurnal Riset Kimia 2, no. 1 (2015): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jrk.v2i1.107.
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ABSTRACT The activated carbon from oil-palm stones of agriculural by-products from palm-oil mills in several tropical countries, a coconut shells and a solid waste exploring coals mining (ex-coal mining) were studied in this paper. The activated and characterized carbon are carried out both chemical and adsorptive properties. The different chemical activators such as H3PO4, KOH, H2SO4 in the different ratio and also different temperature from 550° to 850°C was done. The adsorptive properties are including the textural properties of the activated carbons are investigated. It was found that the temperature and hold time had significantly influences on the surface area and pore size in the distribution of the activated carbon. The optimum conditions for preparing these activated carbons from chars. paralyzed at 600°C to derive the highest specific surface areas were found to be an activation temperature of 750°C for phenol adsorption of KOH for carbon from coconut shells, H3PO4 for oil palm stone and ex-coal mining activator in 850°C. For chemical characterization, AAS and a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to identify the inorganic components and surface organic functional groups of the activated carbons, respectively. For the determination of the adsorptive capacity of the activated carbons, adsorption of phenol was carried out using spectrophotometric analyses. Experimental results showed that phenol and iodine could be adsorbed effectively by the three different activated carbons. The adsorptive capacity of these activated carbons was comparable with those of some commercial activated carbons by using Juan, R-S et al’s model[1]. Keywords: activated carbon, oil palm stone, coconout shell, ex-coal maining, phenol reduction, kinetic adsorption, adsorptive capacity
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Adha, C. N., U. Istiqomah, A. W. Safitri, and T. Tarmini. "Adsorption of Ammonium Ion from Tofu Industrial Liquid Waste by Coconut Shell-Activated Carbon." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry and Environment 2, no. 2 (2021): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/ijce.v2i2.38190.
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Liquid waste from tofu industry will flow or discharge into water. It causes pollution which is characterized by unpleasant odor. If this continues, it can damage the environment and threaten the health of the people who inhale the unpleasant odor. Activated carbon is a carbon that is able to adsorb in the liquid phase or gas phase. Activated carbon is the best adsorbent in the adsorption system. The material for activated carbon comes from animals, plants, and waste or minerals that contain carbon. Coconut shell is an ingredient that can be made into activated carbon. Activated carbon from coconut shell has many benefits one of them can adsorb liquid waste from tofu industry. This study aims to examine the ability of coconut shell to adsorben, that have been activated by K2CO3 or HCl activator. In this study given the variation of activated charcoal mass and contact time variations to determine the effect on the ability of activated coconut shell charcoal adsorption on ammonia content in Liquid waste from tofu industry. The results of this study are the greater the mass of activated charcoal and the longer the contact time, the greater the ammonia absorbed by activated charcoal, which indicates that the percent decrease in ammonia concentration is greater
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Sarswat, Ankur, and Dinesh Mohan. "Sustainable development of coconut shell activated carbon (CSAC) & a magnetic coconut shell activated carbon (MCSAC) for phenol (2-nitrophenol) removal." RSC Advances 6, no. 88 (2016): 85390–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra19756f.
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Arie, Arenst Andreas, and Joong Kee Lee. "Preparation of Capacitor’s Electrode from Coconut Shell." Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (February 2014): 1585–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.1585.
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Activated carbons were prepared from coconut shell by chemical activation method and utilized as electrode materials for electrochemical double layer capacitor (EDLC). A preliminary characteristic of activated carbon from coconut shell includes the Brunnaeur Emmett Teller (BET) analysis and cyclic voltammetry measurements. The BET surface area is not affected by the variation of activation temperature as both of the samples showed BET surface area of about 850-870 m2g-1. The N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms showed that the sample exhibited type I characteristics according to IUPAC classification, which confirms its micro-porosity. Compared with the un-activated carbon samples, the activated ones exhibited the better electrochemical properties with a specific capacitance of 150 F g−1 at a scan rate of 2 mV s−1. The good performance of activated carbon is attributed to the enhancement of surface area due to the KOH pretreatment which can open new pores accessible for the ionic transport
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Zhang, Yong Gui, Yang Wang, Chun Yong Yang, Gui Qiang Li, and Hao Chun Yan. "Study on the Reduction of Radon Exhalation Rates of Concrete with Different Activated Carbon." Key Engineering Materials 726 (January 2017): 558–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.726.558.
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Four different material of activated carbon, i.e., coconut shell, fruit shell, wood and coal, were used to be mixed with concrete, the radon exhalation rates of concrete then was measured. At the same time, the pore distribution of activated carbon and some performances of concrete were tested. The results show that coconut shell carbon has the best effect for reduction radon exhalation rates of concrete, fruit shell carbon comes second. The adsorption mechanisms of activated carbon towards the radon gas in the solid and in the air are similar. Activated carbon have less effect on the strength of concrete, however, they have greater influence on the constructability and durability.
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Mohd Azmi, Nuradila Zahirah, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman, Nor Adilla Rashidi, Muhammad Fazly Abdul Patah, and Archina Buthiyappan. "Activated hydrochar derived from coconut shell and microalgae through hydrothermal carbonization for the CO2 adsorption." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1281, no. 1 (2023): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1281/1/012018.
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Abstract Activated carbon (AC) has proven to be an effective adsorbent for gas and liquid. However, the production of AC involves high energy consumption and the use of limited non-renewable resources as feedstock. In this study, activated carbon was synthesized through hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) at a low temperature using coconut shells and microalgae. The adsorbents were characterised by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine the surface function. The results indicate that the coconut shell activated carbon (CSAC) precursor had a higher yield compared to microalgae-based activated carbon (MAAC). However, the carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake of MAAC at 1.0 bar is 115.4% higher. A combination of algae and coconut shells as feedstock resulted in competitive activated carbon compared to MAAC (7.74 wt% instead of 8.28 wt%). The results of this study suggest that waste biomass hydrochars could be considered as low-cost adsorbents for carbon dioxide removal and that this would be useful in environmental applications for post-combustion carbon capture.
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M. Vasuki, M. Vasuki, M. Karthika M. Karthika, G. Saraswathi, and S. Akila S. Akila. "Batch Adsorption Study of Synthetic Dye Mix in Aqueous Solution using Activated Carbon Prepared from Coconut Shell." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 38, no. 4 (2022): 1074–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/380434.
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This investigation focuses on the effectiveness of coconut shell activated carbon in removing synthetic dye mixture from aqueous solutions. Coconut shell activated carbon, an economical and effective adsorbent, was made from agricultural waste raw material and chemically activated by sulphuric acid treatment. Activated carbon is characterised using FT-IR and SEM analysis. Batch adsorption studies were conducted by adjusting conditions such contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration and temperature. The equilibrium of the adsorption process was described through analysis of isothermal models including Freundlich, Langmuir, and Scatchard. Kinetic data followed a pseudo-second order model. Thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption was endothermic, spontaneous, and feasible. The results of the experiment indicate that coconut shell activated carbon is an effective, environmentally acceptable adsorbent for eliminating synthetic dye mixt from aqueous solution.
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Bakti, Andi Ikhtiar, and Paulus Lobo Gareso. "Characterization of Active Carbon Prepared from Coconuts Shells using FTIR, XRD and SEM Techniques." Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika Al-Biruni 7, no. 1 (2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/jipfalbiruni.v7i1.2459.
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Activated carbon is produced from coconut shells through physical and chemical activation. With pyrolysis method, the optimum activation temperature for physics activation is 600oC, and for chemical, activation is to soak it in activator ZnCl2 10% and Na2Ca3 10%. Activated carbon was analyzed by Fourier Transformation Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) methods. The FTIR result showed that the coconut shells succeeds in becoming carbon. The XRD results confirm the existence of several phases of crystals like graphite around the peaks of 36o and 44o, there are two wide diffraction peaks and can be interconnected with carbon and graphite content. The SEM result showed that the carbonization of pyrolysis and activation processes created porosity and a large surface area for absorption.Keywords: activated carbon, coconut shell, FTIR, SEM, XRD
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Desiana, Niza, Ngatijo, and Mohammad Ikrar Lagowa. "Pengelolaan air limbah tambang dengan metode bioadsorbsi menggunakan karbon aktif tempurung kelapa." Jurnal Teknologi Mineral dan Batubara 18, no. 2 (2022): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.30556/jtmb.vol18.no2.2022.1175.
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Mine wastewater is formed as the impact of mining activities. One of mine wastewater management methods that has not been studied widely is bioadsorption method using coconut shell activated carbon.This research aims to examine the effect of bioadsorption using coconut shell activated carbon on pH, Fe, Mn and TSS concentrations of mine wastewater. The method used was an experimental one with 2 variables, those were concentrations of active carbon and contact time. The results showed that coconut shell activated carbon by 20% H3PO4 contained 98.20% of carbon, 9.75% of moisture, volatile matter of 20.52%, ash of 10.02% and bound carbon of 69.46%. The optimum increasing pH was obtained at the addition of activated carbon concentration of 5 g/L with the contact time of 10 minutes, the final pH was 7.01. The reduction in Fe and Mn concentration happened by applying 5 g/L activated carbon, with contact time 60 and 20 minutes respectively. The Fe concentration became 0.3570 mg/L and Mn 0.0344 mg/L. The optimal TSS reduction was 0.078 mg/L at the addition of 5 g/L activated carbon and contact time of 20 minutes. The coconut shell activated carbon is proven to be able to increase pH and reduce Fe, Mn and TSS concentrations and can be offered as alternative option as bioadsorption material for mine waste water management.
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Ademiluyi, F. T., and E. O. David-West. "Effect of Chemical Activation on the Adsorption of Heavy Metals Using Activated Carbons from Waste Materials." ISRN Chemical Engineering 2012 (December 6, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/674209.
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The effect of chemical activation on the adsorption of metals ions (Cr2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Fe2+, and Zn2+) using waste Nigerian based bamboo, coconut shell, and palm kernel shell was investigated. The bamboo, coconut, and palm kernel shell were carbonized at 400°C–500°C and activated at 800°C using six activating agents. Chemical activation had significant effect on the iodine number and invariably increased the micropores and macropores of the activated carbons produced from bamboo, coconut, and palm kernel shell. It also affected the adsorption of metal ions and the type of carboneous material used for activation. The highest metal ions adsorbed were obtained from bamboo activated with HNO3. The cellulose nitrite formed during the activation of bamboo with HNO3 combined with high pore volume and low ash content of bamboo effectively create more reaction sites for adsorption of different metal ions. This shows that waste bamboo activated with HNO3 can effectively be used to remove metal ions from waste streams and in different metal recovery processes than activated carbon from coconut shell and palm kernel shell.
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Cobb, Ami, Mikell Warms, Edwin P. Maurer, and Steven Chiesa. "Low-Tech Coconut Shell Activated Charcoal Production." International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering, Humanitarian Engineering and Social Entrepreneurship 7, no. 1 (2012): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ijsle.v7i1.4244.
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Water treatment technologies in the developing world typically focus on removing two types of impurities from water sources: suspended, particulate materials and microbial pathogens. However, as industrialization and high-input agriculture has expanded into the developing world, a third type of impurity has increased in importance. Chemical impurities such as pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers have found their way into drinking water supplies and have been linked to severe health-related issues. Activated carbon has the capacity to remove these problematic chemicals from water sources. The possibility of producing a low-tech, inexpensive, and effective activated carbon from local agricultural waste by-products was assessed for the community of Bluefields, Nicaragua. Coconut shell charcoal was produced on site, and various chemical activation steps were then investigated. Ultimately, it was discovered that sodium chloride (common table salt) could successfully activate the coconut shell-based charcoal. The adsorption capacity of three separate chemically activated coconut shell charcoals was analyzed, with common table salt being the most inexpensive and feasible option.
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Mufandi, Ilham, Siti Jamilatun, Dwi Astri Ayu Purnama, and Riska Utami Melani Putri. "Effectiveness Of Activated Carbon From Coconut Shell Through Potassium Hydroxide." al-Kimiya 7, no. 2 (2020): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/ak.v7i2.7956.
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The aim of this work is to synthesis of activated carbon from pyrolysis of coconut shell through 2 N potassium hydroxide (KOH). Carbon can be produced from material through heating at high temperatures with a porous solid containing 85%-95%. During the heating process, the carbon is only carbonized, and without oxidized in the heating chamber to avoid air leakage. Activated carbon can be used as an adsorbent. The absorption capacity of activated carbon is determined by the surface area of the particles. The absorption ability of activated carbon can be improved through an activation with chemicals such as KOH. Carbon will change in physical and chemical properties. This research used the pyrolysis process at an operating temperature of 550 °C. There were three stages of active carbon production by activating KOH, namely 1) immersion of coconut shell through 2 N KOH with a variable time of 5 days, 2) drying process of coconut shell in sunlight, 3) the burning process of dry coconut shell with the temperature of 500°C, and 4) the KOH activation process by reabsorbing activated carbon using KOH and drying in the sun. The results indicated that the water content of activated carbon was affected by drying time. The testing of the activated carbon water content shows that the quality of activated carbon meets Indonesian Standards (SNI, 1995), which is less than 15%. According to Indonesian Industrial Standard (SII) No.0258-79, the ash content of activated carbon is 2.5%, While the result in this study is exceeded 2.5%.
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Nasri, Noor Shawal, Jibril Mohammed, Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini, Usman Dadum Hamza, Husna Mohd. Zain, and Farid Nasir Ani. "Characteristics of Potassium Acetate - Activated Coconut Shell Carbon." Advanced Materials Research 1043 (October 2014): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1043.193.
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There is significant portion of agricultural wastes in the world posing environmental challenge; however, they could be converted into useful products like activated carbon. In this study, coconut shell based carbons were synthesized using chemical activation with potassium acetate (PAAC), potassium hydroxide (PHAC) and physical activation by CO2 (CSAC). The properties of potassium acetate-activated carbon were characterized and the results were compared with the other activation methods. The pyrolysis temperature of 700°C for 2h yielded 32% of char. The BET surface area and pore volume of PAAC are 622m2/g and 0.31cm3/g; while 369m2/g and 0.19cm3/g, and 1354m2/g and 0.61cm3/g were recorded for CSAC and PHAC, respectively. CSAC yielded lower surface area with approximately 88% micropores. On the other hand, PAAC yielded higher surface area with approximately 50% of both micropores and mesopores, whereby this heteroporous property would suffice for a wider range of application. From the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis, hydroxyls, alkenes, carbonyls and aromatics functional groups were identified with more prominent peaks on the chemically activated porous carbons. From thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), lignin decomposition occurred in a wider temperature range (390-650°C). The properties of PAAC could offer a sustainable means for treatment of toxic waste streams.
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Suleiman, Hadiza Ado, and Salamatu Surajo Isah. "The Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Effluents using Biomass Based Modified Activated Carbon." IIARD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 8, no. 2 (2023): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.56201/ijgem.v8.no2.2022.pg55.63.
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Modified coconut shell based activated carbon was used as a precursor in this study to remove heavy metals Lead (Pb), Aluminium (Al), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), and Cadmium (Cd) from industrial effluent using the thermal process of pyrolysis and carbonization for 2 hr and impregnation ratio of 1:2 with phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) and sodium hydroxide( Na O H) for three different biomass particle size at 600 0 c temperature using Znlc 2 as an activating agent. A maximum activated carbon yield of 68g was obtained for the coconut shell. The optimum activation temperature, impregnation ratio, time, uptake capacity and removal rate were determined. The results of this work illustrates that high-quality activated carbon can be locally manufactured from coconut shell waste, and a scale-up of this production will go a long way in reducing the tons of coconut shell waste generation in the country.
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Adawiyah, Sy Rabiatul, M. Faisal, and Syaifullah Muhammad. "CHARACTERIZATION OF YOUNG COCONUT SHELL CHARCOAL ACTIVATED BY NAOH FOR POTENTIAL USE AS A NATURAL ADSORBENT." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 18, no. 03 (2025): 1394–400. https://doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2025.1839173.
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Young coconut shell is ideal for adsorption applications due to the high content of hemicellulose, lignin, and cellulose, coupled with the porous structure and significant activated carbon content. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the characterization and potential of coconut shell charcoal as a natural adsorbent. To produce charcoal, young coconut shells were pyrolyzed at 400 °C. About 0.1 N of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution was used for the chemical activation process to increase pore volume and surface area. XRD (X-ray diffraction), FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) were selected to characterize coconut shellactivated carbon. The results showed that based on XRD analysis, charcoal had an amorphous structure with minimal crystallinity. SEM results showed significant pore development after activation. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of -OH, C=O, and C-O functional groups. In conclusion, coconut shell charcoal has the potential to be an effective and inexpensive adsorbent to reduce environmental pollution.
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Emahi, Ismaila, Patrick O. Sakyi, Pennante Bruce-Vanderpuije, and Abdul Rasheed Issifu. "Effectiveness of Raw versus Activated Coconut Shells for Removing Arsenic and Mercury from Water." Environment and Natural Resources Research 9, no. 3 (2019): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v9n3p127.
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Relatively inexpensive biosorbents, made from coconut shell, were explored as alternatives to high-quality activated carbon for use in small-scale, wastewater treatment in developing economies. Simple charring and activation procedures were followed to produce CaCl2-activated coconut shell charcoal and its effectiveness was compared with raw coconut shell powder for removal of mercury (Hg) and arsenic (As) from contaminated water. From atomic absorption spectroscopy analyses, the removal efficiency of As and Hg with the use of activated charcoal were 67% (vs 65% for the raw form), and 53% (vs 49% for the raw form), respectively, from their corresponding &ldquo;artificially&rdquo;-contaminated wastewater. These results suggest that despite the slightly improved removal efficiencies recorded for activated coconut shells, the raw version could equally be used in treating wastewater towards the removal of the toxic metals- As and Hg. In order to understand the chemistry of the adsorption processes, FT-IR spectroscopy was employed to study similarities and differences in chemical compositions of the raw versus activated coconut shells before and after the biofiltration processes. To further investigate the effect of this biofiltration process on the overall quality of water, the physicochemical parameters (pH, conductivity, colour, turbidity, TDS and TSS) were measured on river water samples, pre-treated with the biosorbents. For both the raw and activated coconut shell, there was general improvement, although the conductivity of the water treated with the activated version was slightly elevated, was likely due to leaching of CaCl2 that was used for activation.
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Qisti, Aulia, Yudhi Utomo, and Deni Ainur Rokhim. "Treatment of Dye Wastewater from Batik Industry by Coconut Shell Activated Carbon Adsorption." Fullerene Journal of Chemistry 6, no. 1 (2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.37033/fjc.v6i1.213.
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Batik is a characteristic Indonesian textile product. The color of batik is one component that affects the quality of batik. Various types of batik dyes, one of which is remazol dyes. Remazol dyes are synthetic dyes that have strong chemical bonds. This is what underlies the process of production of the household batik industry in the village of Purwosekar, District of Tajinan, Malang Regency, with remazol coloring will produce liquid waste that is difficult to be deciphered naturally. This study aims to provide a water treatment solution using the coconut shell activated carbon adsorption method with chemical activation and the ability to adsorb remazol dyes. Adsorption experiments were carried out in batches with a mesh size of 8 with coconut shell carbon activated with 1 M HCl solution for 24 hours. The absorption of remazol dyes by coconut shell activated charcoal is carried out with a stirring speed variation for 60 minutes and the mass of activated charcoal to find the optimum adsorption conditions. Stirring speed variations are 30 rpm, 60 rpm, and 90 rpm, resulting in the highest efficiency at a speed of 90 rpm. While the variations in mass are 200 grams and 300 grams, the highest efficiency is obtained with a mass of 300 grams. Thus, the efficiency of the coconut shell activated carbon is proportional to the stirring speed and mass of the coconut shell activated carbon used
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Yasdi, Yasdi, Dhea Ussarvi, Rinaldi Rinaldi, Febri Juita, and Shassy Endah Cahyani. "Coconut shell-based activated carbon preparation and its adsorption efficacy in reducing BOD from The Real Wastewater from Kitchen Restaurant (RWKR): Characteristics, Sorption Capacity, and Isotherm Model." Jurnal Presipitasi : Media Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan 18, no. 1 (2021): 116–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/presipitasi.v18i1.116-130.
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Real Wastewater from Kitchen Restaurant (RWKR) contains high concentrations of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) pollutants to pollute the environment. One of the processing alternatives to reduce BOD is the adsorption method using activated carbon from coconut shells. This study aims to determine coconut shell-activated carbon as an adsorbent for the adsorption of organic matter to reduce BOD in RWKR. The method begins with making adsorbents that are activated with activators on HCl 3 M, NaOH 3 M, and H3PO4 M, then a preliminary adsorption test is carried out to select the best activator on coconut shell activated carbon to reduce BOD in RWKR. Determining the optimum conditions for adsorption was carried out by varying pH 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. Variation of contact time with a stirring speed of 250 rpm, then determined the isotherm model. The remaining organic matter in the wastewater will be measured using a DO meter based on SNI 6989.72: 2009 concerning the method of testing for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). The results showed that the appropriate activator for coconut shell activated carbon was H3PO4 3 M with an average percentage value of uptake of 89.690%. The adsorption process's optimum pH is at pH 3 with an absorption percentage value of 88.626%. The optimum contact time is at 10 minutes and the adsorption isotherm model used is the Freundlich isotherm with a regression value of R2 = 0.8864.
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Umaisaroh, Umaisaroh, Mudrik Alaydrus, Erfan Handoko, and Nadio Alferinanda. "Design of Biomaterial Absorber using coconut shell charcoal for 38 GHz frequency." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2866, no. 1 (2024): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2866/1/012027.
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Abstract Activated carbon derived from coconut shells has gained significant attention as an effective and sustainable absorber material. The process involves carbonizing coconut shells to create a carbon-rich base, followed by activation through heat and steam, leading to a porous structure with a vast surface area. In this research, coconut shell charcoal is used to make an absorber for microwave application. We used relative permittivity (ε) 3.178, relative permeability, (µ) 1.215 and dielectric loss tangent (σ) 0.0719 to simulate the material based of coconut shell charcoal. We investigate the absorption in terms of design and the size of the proposed absorber in the frequency region of 26.5 GHz to 40 GHz (Ka band). The optimal absorption was achieved with a transmission factor of -29.22 dB and -52.94 dB in both simulation and measurement. The absorption percentage > 99 % for the flat design of the coconut shell charcoal design with the thickness of 16.9 mm.
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Yusmartini, Eka Sri, Mardwita Mardwita, and Tarra Mawarni. "Coconut Shell Waste as an Adsorbent for Methylene Blue Dye Removal." International Journal on Computational Engineering 1, no. 4 (2024): 94–99. https://doi.org/10.62527/comien.1.4.39.
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Coconut shells, a byproduct with significant economic value, pose environmental challenges when not properly processed. One effective way to mitigate these impacts is by converting coconut shells into activated carbon, which is widely used as an adsorbent due to its superior adsorption capabilities. This study aims to evaluate the quality of adsorbents activated through physical and physico-chemical methods. The parameters assessed include moisture content, ash content, iodine absorption, and methylene blue absorption, all in accordance with the SNI 1995 standards. Additionally, the study investigates the impact of adsorbent mass and contact time on the effectiveness and capacity of coconut shell adsorbents for methylene blue solutions.The research methodology comprises three main stages: adsorbent preparation, adsorbent activation, and the adsorption process. During the adsorption process, various adsorbent masses (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 grams) and contact times (15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 minutes) are tested using two types of activation: physical and physico-chemical. The results demonstrate that the highest adsorption percentage, 99.91%, is achieved with a physico-chemically activated adsorbent mass of 25 grams and a contact time of 60 minutes. This study underscores the effectiveness of physico-chemical activation and optimal adsorbent mass and contact time in enhancing the adsorption capacity of coconut shell-derived activated carbon for methylene blue solutions. By optimizing these parameters, the environmental impact of coconut shells can be significantly reduced while maximizing their economic value.
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Clement, Oluwaseun Ademoriyo1 and Christian Ebere Enyoh2*. "Batch Adsorption Studies of Sunset Yellow and Tartrazine Using Coconut and Groundnut Shells." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 1, no. 5 (2020): 163–72. https://doi.org/10.37871/jbres1138.
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This report was based on the comparative study on effectiveness of adsorption of food colors using coconuts and groundnut shell. The activated carbon (coconuts and groundnut shells) were cut into pieces in a furnace at a temperature of 450°C then crushed and sieved using different mesh sizes and activated using hydrochloric acid of different concentration. The food colors (sunset yellow and tartrazine) was prepared with different concentration and calibration curve was drawn, and the required measured concentration was contacted with varied masses of the adsorbent (coconuts and groundnut shell) for an equilibrium adsorption at room temperature on effect of time, pH, shaking speed, and temperature. The results on contact time on the pseudo-first and second using the test mechanism shows pseudo-first order model is more preferable than pseudo second order and the different effect result on the isotherm shows that Freundlich is best fitted for the adsorption process. Overall, groundnut shell showed higher adsorption for both sunset yellow and Tartrazine compared to coconut shell.
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Abdul Shukor, Nurul Shazlinie, Khudzir Ismail, Raja Razuan Raja Deris, Azil Bahari Alias, and Mohd Azlan Mohd Ishak. "Production and Characterisation of Single and Mixed Activated Carbons from Coconut Shell and Rubber Seed Pericarp Using Microwave-Induced Chemical Activating Agent." Materials Science Forum 889 (March 2017): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.889.209.
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Activated carbon from biomass namely coconut shell (CS-AC), rubber seed pericarp(RSP-AC) and their mixed blend (50:50 w/w) coconut shell-rubber seed pericarp activated carbon(CSRSP-AC) were successfully produced by using ZnCl2 as chemical activating agent viamicrowave irradiation heating system. Activation process was performed in commercial microwaveoven at power of 600W for 20 min by using 30%, 40% and 50% of ZnCl2 concentrations. Theactivated carbon was characterized according to BET surface morphology, iodine number andpercentage of MB removal. The results showed that the mixed CSRSP-AC produced the highestsurface area of 584.68 mg2/g with comparison to single CS-AC and RSP-AC at 445.9 mg2/g and462.5 mg2/g respectively. Although CSRSP-AC has the highest surface area and pore volumedevelopment, RSP-AC was found to have the highest iodine number, with the opposite trend beingobserved with MB removal indicating that RSP-AC has the highest adsorptive capacity among thethree activated carbons. The iodine number value and percentages of MB removal increased as theZnCl2 concentration increase from 30% to 50%. These findings revealed that activated carbonproduced from mixed blend of coconut shell and rubber seed pericarp has almost similarcharacteristics to their respective activated carbon derived from single individual biomass.
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Aprilianti, Rena, Dera Selviani, Diani Lestari, and Herman Aldila. "Green Synthesis Nanopartikel Karbon Aktif dari Limbah Tempurung Kelapa." Jurnal Riset Fisika Indonesia 4, no. 1 (2023): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/jrfi.v4i1.4525.
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Activated carbon from coconut shell waste is a porous solid that has a large surface area with high absorption capacity, making it an alternative for reducing levels of heavy metal ions in the air. Active carbon is made by carbonization and chemical activation, then SEM testing is carried out to see the morphology of the activated carbon and analyzed using ImageJ software. This research aims to determine the effect of chemical activation and no activation on the number of pores formed in activated carbon. From the results of research that has been carried out, there are more pores formed after carbon is activated compared to carbon without activation. This is because the carbon surface without activation is still covered by impurities. In addition, unactivated carbon and activated carbon from coconut shells have pore sizes that fall into the mesoporous category.
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Astuti, Widi, Anggelita Dwi Handayani, and Diah Ayu Wulandari. "Adsorpsi Methyl Violet oleh Karbon Aktif dari Limbah Tempurung Kelapa dengan Aktivator ZnCl2 Menggunakan Pemanasan Gelombang Mikro." Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan 13, no. 2 (2018): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.23955/rkl.v13i2.11945.
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Synthesis of activated carbon from coconut shell waste with ZnCl2 activation using microwave heating have been carried out. Coconut shell consists of 36.51% lignin, 33.61% cellulose and 19.27% hemicellulose which causes it can be used as a precursor in the synthesis of activated carbon. The activated carbon was further characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) and NOVA Gas Sorption Analyzer-Quantachrome and used for the adsorption of methyl violet in aqueous solution with variation of pH, contact time and concentration of solution. The result showed that the pore of activated carbon was larger than that of the char. The optimum adsorption occurred at pH 3 and the equilibrium time was reached after 180 minutes. The Langmuir equilibrium model was more appropriate than the Freundlich equilibrium model. While the kinetics model analyzed using pseudo first order, pseudo second order, internal diffusion and external diffusion indicated that the pseudo second order was most suitable for the adsorption of methyl violet by coconut shell activated carbon.
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Kurnianingsih, Nining Putri, Maherwati Maherawati, and Tri Rahayuni. "TRADITIONAL COCONUT OIL PURIFICATION USING ACTIVATED CHARCOAL COCONUT SHELL ADSORBENTS." AGRISAINTIFIKA: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian 4, no. 1 (2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32585/ags.v4i1.848.
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Coconut oil in West Kalimantan is still largely a traditional coconut oil because it has not gone through a refining process. To improve the quality of traditional coconut oil, the addition of activated charcoal can be used as an adsorbent so as to improve the quality of coconut oil. Activated charcoal can be made from materials that contain high carbon, one of which is a coconut shell. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding activated charcoal to improving the quality of traditional coconut oil and the concentration of adding activated charcoal that produced the best characteristics of coconut oil. The research design used was a Randomized Block Design with one factor (coconut shell active charcoal concentration) 6 levels of treatment (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%) with 4 replications. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA (ɑ = 5%) if there was an influence followed by BNJ test (ɑ = 5%). The results showed that the addition of coconut shell activated charcoal with a concentration of 1% -5% to traditional coconut oil can significantly reduce free fatty acid levels. In addition, the addition of activated charcoal affects the sensory attributes of color and aroma to be better than the control (without the addition of activated charcoal). The best traditional coconut oil produced in this study is traditional coconut oil added with coconut shell activated charcoal with a concentration of 5% with chemical and sensory characteristics as follows: water content 0.138%, free fatty acid content 0.428%, saponification number 231, 9 mg KOH / g, color value 4,88, and aroma value 3,68.Keywords: adsorbent, activated charcoal, coconut oil, refining, coconut shell
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Budianto, A., E. Kusdarini, W. Mangkurat, E. Nurdiana, and N. P. Asri. "Activated Carbon Producing from Young Coconut Coir and Shells to Meet Activated Carbon Needs in Water Purification Process." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2117, no. 1 (2021): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2117/1/012040.
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Abstract Young Coconut products have many benefits for society as for drinks and medicine, and it produces young Coconut shells and coir waste. The contents of cellulose and carbon elements are interesting to be utilized to be activated carbon. This research aimed to know the activator concentration of hydroxide potassium chemical and heating physical with microwave electrical power to produce activated carbon products. This research was conducted in laboratory experiments with chemical and physical activation methods, measuring proximate and iodine product numbers. The result showed that activated carbon from young Coconuts shells and coir with activation process used chemical activation and produced activated carbon products that met SNI standard number 06-3730-1995. Iodine number of activated carbons was in the range of 1776.60 mg/g – 2220.75 mg/g, iodine number as more than 23.5% of SNI Standard.
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Mu, Dawei, Xiangzhen Meng, Huali Zhang, and Zhi Luo. "The Influence of Mixed Filter Materials on the Performance of Biological Slow Filtration in Rainwater Treatment." Applied Sciences 15, no. 13 (2025): 7394. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137394.
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Freshwater resources are scarce in tropical island areas. Treating rainwater to produce drinking water through biological slow filtration (BSF) technology can significantly alleviate the problem of freshwater shortages. The characteristics of the filter material are the key factors determining the decontamination performance of BSF technology. However, most existing studies focus on a single filter material. This study was conducted using volcanic rock and coconut shell activated carbon to compare their pollutant removal characteristics in slightly polluted rainwater during the early stage of BSF operation (from the start of operation to day 6, with the first sampling time being 48 h after operation) and during the stable stage (26 days later) and further explore the influence of their mixing ratio. The results show that in the early stages of operation, the pollutant removal performance of volcanic rock and coconut shell activated carbon is better than that of quartz sand. Among them, coconut shell activated carbon showed average removal rates for NH3-N, TOC, and Cr(VI) that were 6.72, 8.46, and 19.01 percentage points higher than those of volcanic rock, respectively, but its average turbidity removal rate decreased by 5.00%. The removal effect of the mixed filter material was enhanced through the synergistic adsorption mechanism, but most of the improvements were within the standard deviation range and did not exceed the removal range of the single filter material. When the mixing ratio was 1:3, the average total organic carbon removal rate of the filter material was 71.51 ± 0.64%, approximately 0.96 percentage points higher than that of coconut shell activated carbon (70.55 ± 0.42%). While coconut shell activated carbon showed the best removal effect among all single filter materials, this improvement was still within the standard deviation range.
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Ho, Zhi Hoong, and Liyana Amalina Adnan. "Phenol Removal from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption Technique Using Coconut Shell Activated Carbon." Tropical Aquatic and Soil Pollution 1, no. 2 (2021): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.53623/tasp.v1i2.21.
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Adsorption is one of the simplest techniques with low economic requirements. Coconut shell is an abundant agriculture waste which is inexpensive and easy to be obtained in Malaysia. This agriculture waste was transformed to activated carbon via 600°C of carbonization and zinc chloride activation. The ability of coconut shell-based activated carbon to remove phenolic compounds from aqueous solutions was evaluated. From the experiment, the equilibrium time for the adsorption of phenol onto coconut shell-based activated carbon is 120 minutes. The effect of the operating parameters, such as contact time, initial concentration, agitation speed, adsorbent dosage, and pH of the phenolic solution were studied. Adsorption kinetics models (pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich equation) and isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich) were used to fit the experimental data.Pseudo-second-order was found to be the best fitted kinetics model to describe the adsorption of phenol on coconut shell-based activated carbon. While the equilibrium experiment data was well expressed by the Temkin isotherm model, The maximum adsorption capacity is determined as 19.02 mg/g, which is comparatively lower than the previous research. Meanwhile, 92% of removal efficiency was achieved by a dosage of 10g/L. Meanwhile, the adsorption of phenol by activated carbon was more favorable under acidic conditions. The favourable isotherm behavior was indicated by the dimensionless separation factor. The functional group and compound class of activated carbon before and after the experiment were determined through the analysis of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.
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L. Efiyanti, S. Darmawan, N. A. Saputra, H. S. Wibisono, D. Hendra, and G. Pari. "QUALITY EVALUATION OF COCONUT SHELL ACTIVATED CARBON AND ITS APPLICATION AS PRECURSOR FOR CITRONELLAL-SCENTED AROMATIC BRIQUETTE." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 15, no. 03 (2022): 1608–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2022.1536799.
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Coconut shell, as a lignocellulosic material, has a great potential to be developed as a briquette for energy production. In this research, the aromatic briquette is obtained from a mixture of carbon and activated carbon from coconut shell waste using citronellal as an aromatic additive. A tremendous advantage can be gathered compared to the use of other briquettes. The methods used are carbonization and activation of coconut shell raw material followed by the production of briquette with carbon, activated carbon, adhesive, and aromatic addition. The activated carbon quality results meet all the requirements set by the Indonesian National Standard through a series of analysis procedures. Moreover, the briquette surface successfully adsorbs the citronellal aromatic group. The proximate analysis of briquette, consisting of moisture, ash content, volatile matter content, and fixed carbon, were 8-11%, 2-3%, 8-14.5, 82-87%, respectively. Meanwhile, the briquette's density, compressive strength, and calorific value were 0.7-0.8; 222-393 kg, and 6400- 6700 Kcal/kg. This green aromatic-functionalized briquette produced from a mixture of carbon and activated carbon offers an alternative energy source for a society that mainly gives an economic benefit
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He, Guo Li, Hong Hong Yi, Xiao Long Tang, Fen Rong Li, Yun Dong Li, and Kai Li. "Experimental Study on Dynamic Adsorption of Xenon over Adsorbents." Advanced Materials Research 739 (August 2013): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.739.142.
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Selecting effective xenon adsorbents is important for preventing significant global nuclear proliferation. The adsorption capacity of coconut shell activated carbons (SAC),zeolite 10X,zeolite 5A, zeolite 13X were researched and the Xenon adsorption of the coconut shell activated carbon modified by KOH(SAC/KOH-1 and SAC/KOH-2) were compared in this paper. The factors of temperature and flow rate that influenced the dynamic adsorption of xenon by 10X were discussed. The order of the Xenon adsorption capacity is as follows: zeolite 10X, SAC/KOH-2, SAC/KOH-1, SAC, zeolite 13X, zeolite 5A.
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Aldila, H., I. Puspita, A. Arsyadi, F. Afriani, and Megiyo. "High porosity activated carbon developed from biomass waste." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1267, no. 1 (2023): 012094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1267/1/012094.
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Abstract The biomass waste (Bw) are abundant and high potential as an activated carbon (AC) precursors. In this study, Bw has been converted to biomass waste AC (BwAC) via chemical-physical activation from ketapang, coconut, candlenut shell, and pepper husk carbon precursors immersed in chemical activator with H3PO4 then pyrolysis at 650°C. The influence of Bw sources on the pore structure development was investigated and discussed. Coconut shell carbon precursors successfully convert to activated carbon with the highest surface area and pore volume relative to the others. Lignocellulosic content plays an important role. The high lignocellulosic content has the most appropriate structure for porosity development, especially microporosity.
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Abioye, A. M., and Farid Nasir Ani. "The Characteristics of Oil Palm Shell Biochar and Activated Carbon Produced via Microwave Heating." Applied Mechanics and Materials 695 (November 2014): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.12.
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Biochar was produced from oil palm shell via microwave-induced pyrolysis. The biochar was subsequently activated via microwave assisted CO2 activation. A simple single layer arrangement of the microwave absorber (coconut shell based activated carbon) and oil palm shell in the reactor was adopted during pyrolysis. In recent times, the treatment of oil palm biomass using microwave heating technology has been on the increase. Value added products such as bio-oil, gas, biochar and activated carbon are being produced while at the same time serving as waste management control. Biochar is seen as a promising climate mitigation tool. Activated carbons can be used as absorbent for the removal of pollutants from wastewaters, as air pollution control and as electrode for supercapacitor. This paper presents comparative study between the characteristics of oil palm shell biochar and oil palm shell activated carbon. BET surface area and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were analyzed to establish the characteristics of the biochar and activated carbon.
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Mao, Yan, Li Huang, Zhiqiang Hao, et al. "Experimental study on modified fruit shell carbon for methane adsorption and decarbonization." BioResources 19, no. 1 (2023): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.1.195-209.
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Modification of activated carbon has the potential to improve its adsorption and separation capacity. Different concentrations of ammonia (6%, 9%, 12%, 15%) and treatment times (4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 10 h) were used to modify jujube shell carbon and coconut shell carbon in ultrasonic washing equipment. Biogas adsorption experiments were carried out with modified activated carbon to study the effect of adsorption and decarbonization on activated carbon surface functional groups. After modification, the surface alkaline functional groups of activated carbon increased, the acidic functional groups decreased, and the adsorption performance of CO2 was enhanced. In addition, the specific surface area and total pore volume of activated carbon decreased, the average pore size increased, and the degree of graphitization increased. In the experimental research range, under ultrasonic conditions, jujube shell carbon impregnated with 12% ammonia water for 4 h and coconut shell carbon impregnated with 9% ammonia water for 10 h had the best modification effect. The adsorption capacity for CO2 was 1.83 and 1.745 mmol/g, respectively, which increased by 0.8 mmol/g and 0.599 mmol/g, respectively, compared with the unmodified sample.
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Ahmed, Aminu Ohueyi, Mohammed Dalhat Abdullahi, Abdullahi Umar, Abdulsamad Muhammad Sani, and Aliyu Dandajeh Adamu. "PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON PRODUCED FROM CORNCOB, COW BONE, AND COCONUT SHELL AS A FILTER MEDIUM." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 8, no. 3 (2024): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2024-0803-2334.
Full textAbstract:
Inaccessibility of safe drinking water coupled with poor sanitation and hygiene and its attendance effect is estimated to cost Nigeria about 1.3 billion dollars. The rural communities adopted different methods to filter their water however these methods have proven ineffective in removing certain impurities. The use of fabric cannot remove the microorganisms and chemicals present in water. It is given that activated carbon filters are applied in the removal of these chemicals to test the performance of activated carbon made from corncob, cow bone, and coconut shell as a filter medium, activated carbons were used separately, and combined in a model filter. Raw water samples from Kubanni River and the borehole in 55 apartment Dogon Itche Samaru, Zaria were filtered by the model without pretreatment. The sieve analysis carried out on the activated corncob, cow bone, and coconut shell shows effective sizes of 0.27mm, 0.08mm, and 0.21mm; and uniformity coefficients of 2.11, 5.38, and 2.33 respectively. The analysis showed that the combined media has the highest turbidity removal, 92% for the river sample and 89% for the borehole sample. In terms of acidity and chloride removal, the activated corncob gave better filtrate quality: 19% and 13% removal respectively. In the case of alkalinity, the activated cow bone and coconut shell showed a gradual removal in alkalinity from the borehole sample. The combined media showed more tendency to remove hardness compared to the other activated carbons
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Khuluk, Rifki Husnul, Ali Rahmat, Buhani Buhani, and Suharso Suharso. "Removal of Methylene Blue by Adsorption onto Activated Carbon From Coconut Shell (Cocous Nucifera L.)." Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology 4, no. 2 (2019): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i2.18179.
Full textAbstract:
This research has been conducted on process of production activated carbon from coconut shells, which are activated both physics and chemistry to improve the adsorption of methylene blue. The process of physical activation was done by burning the coconut shell using a furnace at a temperature of 700°C. The chemical activation was done using H3PO4 activator. The result of activated carbon physical activation (CAP) has a greater absorbency than activated carbon chemical activation (CAC) with each of the absorption of methylene blue at 99.42 and 98.64%. Analysis of surface morphology on the adsorbent was performed using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). SEM results indicated that (CAP) has a surface morphology that is relatively similar to commercial activated carbon (CACm). Adsorption test was conducted on the determination of the optimum pH, adsorption rate, and isotherm adsorption of methylene blue. The results of the optimum pH on CAC, CAP, and CACm respectively obtained at pH 8 and the optimum contact time is obtained respectively at 40, 60, and 80 minutes. Adsorption kinetics data of methylene blue on CACm, CAP, and CAC tend to follow the pseudo second order kinetics with a correlation coefficient (R2) is 0.937; 0.950; and 0.999, respectively. Adsorption isotherm of methylene blue on CACm, CAP, and CAC tend to follow the model of Freundlich isotherms.
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Arief, Rudi Kurniawan, Armila Armila, Arie Liswardi, Hanafi Yahya, Mahammad Salman Warimani, and Perdana Putera. "Coconut Shell Carbonization Process Using Smokeless Kiln." Journal of Applied Agricultural Science and Technology 7, no. 2 (2023): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.55043/jaast.v7i2.135.
Full textAbstract:
Proper processing of coconut shell charcoal can be highly economically and environmentally valuable. The two most common uses of coconut shell charcoal are activated carbon and briquettes, obtained through carbonization. However, traditional carbonization methods involving kilns can produce excessive smoke, polluting the environment and disrupting human activities. A carbonization kiln that produces less smoke is required to address this issue. In this study, a kiln made from a steel drum with a sealer belt was fabricated to trap burning smoke inside the kiln. The results showed that adding this belt effectively reduced the smoke produced, making it more eco-friendly. Regarding charcoal production efficiency, different weigh coconut shells were burnt to produce charcoal. The result showed that burning 25 kg of coconut shell was optimal, producing a 48% charcoal content.
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Lakshmanan, Shyam, and Yen Li Yung. "Reduction of chlorate and regeneration of activated carbon used for chlorate adsorption." Blue-Green Systems 1, no. 1 (2019): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/bgs.2019.193.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Activated carbon (AC) from coal, coconut and palm kernel shell was regenerated after adsorbing chlorate from chlor-alkali plant brine solutions. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) of 17% w/w concentration showed the ability to regenerate AC, with some chlorine gas being released. Regeneration with HCl yielded enhanced adsorption of chlorate. AC from coconut shell adsorbed chlorate better than coal and palm kernel shell AC. Higher chlorate concentration in the influent and lower influent pH resulted in better adsorption. Regeneration of the AC with 17% w/w HCl reduced chlorate to chlorine derivatives. The AC released 107 mg/g of chlorine during the first regeneration and 160–178 mg/g after the second regeneration. During regeneration, coal AC released the highest amount of chlorine at 0.51–0.59 mg/g of chlorate adsorbed followed by palm kernel shell with 0.34–0.36 mg/g, while coconut shell AC released 0.18 mg/g. Scanning electron micrograph of the coconut shell AC carried out after each regeneration showed the structure of AC remained intact, with active sites surfacing on the regenerated AC. Using AC for chlorate adsorption followed by regeneration with 17% w/w HCl may reduce the release of brine and chlorate to the environment from chlor-alkali plants.